EP2742312B1 - Structuring of the ogive surface of a projectile - Google Patents

Structuring of the ogive surface of a projectile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2742312B1
EP2742312B1 EP12746085.5A EP12746085A EP2742312B1 EP 2742312 B1 EP2742312 B1 EP 2742312B1 EP 12746085 A EP12746085 A EP 12746085A EP 2742312 B1 EP2742312 B1 EP 2742312B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
projectile
recesses
ogive
circle
circles
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EP12746085.5A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2742312A1 (en
Inventor
Hannes DIKHOFF
Karlheinz MUSS
Vasile PAPET
Frank MÖNIUS
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RWS GmbH
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RUAG Ammotec GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/32—Range-reducing or range-increasing arrangements; Fall-retarding means
    • F42B10/38—Range-increasing arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/32—Range-reducing or range-increasing arrangements; Fall-retarding means
    • F42B10/38—Range-increasing arrangements
    • F42B10/42—Streamlined projectiles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a projectile with a projecting in the firing direction projectile nose, which merges via an ogive in a rear cylindrical portion, wherein the surface of the ogive is structured and has depressions and the depressions are arranged on circles that surround the ogive and perpendicular to Longitudinal axis of the projectile are arranged.
  • Such a bullet is described in the DE 10 2006 002 643 B3 , There are invariably described dome-shaped depressions that do not touch. These dome-shaped recesses generate minute turbulent flows just above the outer surface of the projectile nose during the flight of the corresponding projectile. These small turbulent flows create a kind of smearing layer of air. This air-to-air friction is much lower than an air-solid friction, so that with such a projectile front part an improvement of the ballistic flight behavior and an increase in range of the corresponding projectile results.
  • the present invention has for its object to improve a projectile according to the preamble of claim 1 so that the air resistance of the projectile is positively changed and add the resulting turbulence to the wells and subtract, whereby an optimum flow resistance coefficient C w value achieved becomes.
  • the surface has recesses. Wells can be easily introduced.
  • the depressions have a teardrop shape. Due to the special drop shape of the depressions on the ogive, the air resistance of the projectile is positively changed. This leads to a stretched and more uniform trajectory and thus improved precision.
  • the depressions are arranged on circles which comprise the ogive and which are arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the projectile, the depressions being arranged abutting one another on the circles.
  • the pits are then arranged so that the resulting swirls add and subtract, thereby achieving an optimum drag coefficient C w .
  • circumferential grooves are arranged below the recesses in the direction away from the projectile tip on the cylindrical region, which run parallel to the circles.
  • the grooves located in the cylindrical area have the task of optimally directing the air flow generated by the drop-shaped depressions around the projectile.
  • the bullet is thus also significantly less sensitive to weather conditions such as wind and rain / snow.
  • the surface of the projectile nose is smooth and below the depressions in the direction away from the projectile nose to the grooves a calming zone is arranged whose surface is smooth. Turbulences occur in these areas. Due to their smooth surfaces, a calming of the air flow takes place.
  • FIG. 1 shows a projectile according to the invention with a projectile nose 9, which merges via an ogive 1 in a cylindrical portion 7. On the surface of the ogive 1 depressions 2 are arranged as structuring.
  • These depressions 2 have a teardrop shape, such that the largest diameter 5 is arranged in the lower half of the drop shape, ie away from the projectile tip 9. Starting from the tip of the drop, which points in the direction of the projectile nose 9, the diameter of the drop shape steadily increases to the largest diameter 5 and then steadily decreases again.
  • These recesses 2 are arranged on circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d (see FIGS. 2a and 2b ), which comprise the ogive 1 and which are arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 3 of the projectile.
  • the recesses 2 are arranged abutting one another in the embodiment shown here.
  • the recesses 2 are arranged on a circle 4b offset to the recesses 2 on an adjacent circle 4a or 4c, so that a recess 2 on a circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d between two recesses 2 on an adjacent circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d is arranged.
  • diameter 5 of the recess 2 the width of the recess 2 on the surface is meant.
  • FIG. 2a shows schematically the circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d on the ogive 1, on which the recesses 2 are arranged. It can be clearly seen that the depressions 2 are arranged radially offset on a circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d to the depressions 2 on the adjacent circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.
  • the wells 2 of FIG. 2a are formed drop-shaped.
  • grooves 8 are arranged on the cylindrical region 7 and run parallel to the circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.
  • the grooves 8 located in the cylindrical region 7 are designed so that they optimally control the air flow generated by the teardrop-shaped recesses 2 by K: ⁇ auto2015 ⁇ OZ11026.053.doc steer the projectile.
  • the bullet is thus also significantly less sensitive to weather conditions such as wind and rain / snow.
  • the region in which the turbulences are located is defined so that the projectile nose 9 is smooth, i. has no depressions and also between the wells 2 and the grooves 8 is a calming zone 10, whose surface is smooth and which contributes to calm the air flow.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Geschoss mit einer in Schussrichtung gesehen vorderen Geschossspitze, die über eine Ogive in einen hinteren zylinderförmigen Bereich übergeht, wobei die Oberfläche der Ogive strukturiert ist und Vertiefungen aufweist und die Vertiefungen auf Kreisen angeordnet sind, die die Ogive umfassen und die senkrecht zur Längsachse des Geschosses angeordnet sind.The invention relates to a projectile with a projecting in the firing direction projectile nose, which merges via an ogive in a rear cylindrical portion, wherein the surface of the ogive is structured and has depressions and the depressions are arranged on circles that surround the ogive and perpendicular to Longitudinal axis of the projectile are arranged.

Ein derartiges Geschoss ist beschrieben in der DE 10 2006 002 643 B3 . Es werden ausnahmslos kalottenförmige Vertiefungen beschrieben, die sich nicht berühren. Diese kalottenförmigen Vertiefungen generieren während des Fluges des entsprechenden Geschosses winzige turbulente Strömungen knapp über der Außenoberfläche des Geschoss-Vorderteiles. Diese kleinen turbulenten Strömungen erzeugen eine Art Schmierschicht aus Luft. Diese Luft-auf-Luft-Reibung ist wesentlich geringer als eine Luft-Festkörper-Reibung, so dass sich mit einem solchen Geschoss-Vorderteil eine Verbesserung des ballistischen Flugverhaltens sowie eine Reichweitensteigerung des entsprechenden Geschosses ergibt.Such a bullet is described in the DE 10 2006 002 643 B3 , There are invariably described dome-shaped depressions that do not touch. These dome-shaped recesses generate minute turbulent flows just above the outer surface of the projectile nose during the flight of the corresponding projectile. These small turbulent flows create a kind of smearing layer of air. This air-to-air friction is much lower than an air-solid friction, so that with such a projectile front part an improvement of the ballistic flight behavior and an increase in range of the corresponding projectile results.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die technische Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Geschoss nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 so zu verbessern, dass der Luftwiderstand des Geschosses positiv verändert ist und sich die entstehenden Verwirbelungen an den Vertiefungen addieren und subtrahieren, wodurch ein optimaler Strömungswiderstandskoeffizient Cw-Wert erzielt wird.The present invention has for its object to improve a projectile according to the preamble of claim 1 so that the air resistance of the projectile is positively changed and add the resulting turbulence to the wells and subtract, whereby an optimum flow resistance coefficient C w value achieved becomes.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.According to the invention, this object is solved by the features of claim 1.

Dadurch, dass die Vertiefungen eine Tropfenform aufweisen ist der Luftwiderstand des Geschosses positiv verändert und dadurch sind die Vertiefungen auf den Kreisen aneinander anstoßend angeordnet und addieren und subtrahieren sich die entstehenden Verwirbelungen an den Vertiefungen, wodurch ein optimaler Strömungswiderstandskoeffizient Cw-Wert erzielt wird.The fact that the wells have a teardrop shape, the air resistance of the projectile is positively changed and thus the depressions are arranged on the circles abutting each other and add and subtract the resulting turbulence at the wells, whereby an optimum flow resistance coefficient C w value is achieved.

Überraschend hat sich herausgestellt, dass sich schon durch geringfügige Strukturierungen der Oberfläche sowohl der Luftwiderstand verringern als auch die Präzision des Geschosses optimieren lässt.It has surprisingly been found that even slight structuring of the surface reduces both the aerodynamic drag and the precision of the projectile.

Erfindungsgemäß weist die Oberfläche Vertiefungen auf. Vertiefungen lassen sich leicht einbringen.According to the invention, the surface has recesses. Wells can be easily introduced.

Erfindungsgemäß weisen die Vertiefungen eine Tropfenform auf. Durch die spezielle Tropfenform der Vertiefungen auf der Ogive wird der Luftwiderstand des Geschosses positiv verändert. Dies führt zu einer gestreckten und gleichmäßigeren Flugbahn und somit verbesserter Präzision.According to the invention, the depressions have a teardrop shape. Due to the special drop shape of the depressions on the ogive, the air resistance of the projectile is positively changed. This leads to a stretched and more uniform trajectory and thus improved precision.

Erfindungsgemäß sind die Vertiefungen auf Kreisen angeordnet, die die Ogive umfassen und die senkrecht zur Längsachse des Geschosses angeordnet sind, wobei die Vertiefungen auf den Kreisen aneinander anstoßend angeordnet sind. Die Vertiefungen sind dann so angeordnet, dass die entstehenden Verwirbelungen sich addieren und subtrahieren, wodurch ein optimaler Strömungswiderstandskoeffizient Cw-Wert erzielt wird.According to the invention, the depressions are arranged on circles which comprise the ogive and which are arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the projectile, the depressions being arranged abutting one another on the circles. The pits are then arranged so that the resulting swirls add and subtract, thereby achieving an optimum drag coefficient C w .

Verbessern lässt sich dies noch, wenn die Vertiefungen auf einem Kreis zu den Vertiefungen auf einem benachbarten Kreis versetzt angeordnet sind, so dass eine Vertiefung auf einem Kreis zwischen zwei Vertiefungen auf einem benachbarten Kreis angeordnet ist.This can still be improved if the depressions on a circle are offset relative to the depressions on an adjacent circle, so that a depression is arranged on a circle between two depressions on an adjacent circle.

Optimal ist es, wenn die Vertiefungen auf einem Kreis zu den Vertiefungen auf dem benachbarten Kreis um die Hälfte des Durchmessers einer Vertiefung versetzt angeordnet sind. Diese Ausführungsform zeigen die Figuren, die weiter hinten beschrieben werden.It is optimal if the depressions are arranged on a circle offset to the depressions on the adjacent circle by half the diameter of a depression. This embodiment is shown by the figures which will be described later.

Bevorzugt sind auf der Ogive vier Kreise angeordnet.Preferably, four circles are arranged on the ogive.

In bevorzugter Ausgestaltung sind unterhalb der Vertiefungen in Richtung weg von der Geschossspitze auf dem zylinderförmigen Bereich umlaufende Rillen angeordnet, die parallel zu den Kreisen verlaufen. Die im zylinderförmigen Bereich liegenden Rillen haben die Aufgabe den Luftstrom, der durch die tropfenförmigen Vertiefungen erzeugt wird, optimal um das Geschoss zu lenken. Das Geschoss wird dadurch auch deutlich unempfindlicher gegen Witterungseinflüsse wie Wind und Regen / Schnee.In a preferred embodiment, circumferential grooves are arranged below the recesses in the direction away from the projectile tip on the cylindrical region, which run parallel to the circles. The grooves located in the cylindrical area have the task of optimally directing the air flow generated by the drop-shaped depressions around the projectile. The bullet is thus also significantly less sensitive to weather conditions such as wind and rain / snow.

In bevorzugter Ausgestaltung ist die Oberfläche der Geschossspitze glatt ausgebildet und ist unterhalb der Vertiefungen in Richtung weg von der Geschossspitze bis zu den Rillen eine Beruhigungszone angeordnet ist, deren Oberfläche glatt ist. In diesen Bereichen treten Verwirbelungen auf. Durch deren glatte Oberflächen findet eine Beruhigung der Luftströmung statt.In a preferred embodiment, the surface of the projectile nose is smooth and below the depressions in the direction away from the projectile nose to the grooves a calming zone is arranged whose surface is smooth. Turbulences occur in these areas. Due to their smooth surfaces, a calming of the air flow takes place.

Bevorzugt ist die Verwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Geschosses für Patronen im Kaliber .22 Ir, insbesondere für Randfeuerpatronen.Preference is given to the use of the projectile according to the invention for .22 Ir caliber cartridges, in particular for rimfire cartridges.

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand zweier Figuren weiter erläutert.The invention will be further explained with reference to two figures.

Figur 1 zeigt ein erfindungsgemäßes Geschoss mit einer Geschossspitze 9, die über eine Ogive 1 in einen zylinderförmigen Bereich 7 übergeht. Auf der Oberfläche der Ogive 1 sind als Strukturierungen Vertiefungen 2 angeordnet. FIG. 1 shows a projectile according to the invention with a projectile nose 9, which merges via an ogive 1 in a cylindrical portion 7. On the surface of the ogive 1 depressions 2 are arranged as structuring.

Diese Vertiefungen 2 weisen eine Tropfenform auf, derart, dass der größte Durchmesser 5 in der unteren Hälfte der Tropfenform, d.h. weg von der Geschossspitze 9 angeordnet ist. Ausgehend von der Spitze des Tropfens, die in Richtung zur Geschossspitze 9 zeigt, nimmt der Durchmesser der Tropfenform stetig zu bis zum größten Durchmesser 5 und nimmt dann stetig wieder ab.These depressions 2 have a teardrop shape, such that the largest diameter 5 is arranged in the lower half of the drop shape, ie away from the projectile tip 9. Starting from the tip of the drop, which points in the direction of the projectile nose 9, the diameter of the drop shape steadily increases to the largest diameter 5 and then steadily decreases again.

Diese Vertiefungen 2 sind auf Kreisen 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d angeordnet (siehe hierzu Figuren 2a und 2b), die die Ogive 1 umfassen und die senkrecht zur Längsachse 3 des Geschosses angeordnet sind. Auf diesen Kreisen 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d sind die Vertiefungen 2 in der hier gezeigten Ausführungsform aneinander anstoßend angeordnet. Die Vertiefungen 2 sind auf einem Kreis 4b sind zu den Vertiefungen 2 auf einem benachbarten Kreis 4a oder 4c versetzt angeordnet, so dass eine Vertiefung 2 auf einem Kreis 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d zwischen zwei Vertiefungen 2 auf einem benachbarten Kreis 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d angeordnet ist. Bevorzugt sind die Vertiefungen 2 auf einem Kreis 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d zu den Vertiefungen 2 auf dem benachbarten Kreis 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d um die Hälfte des Durchmessers 5 (siehe Figur 2b) einer Vertiefung 2 versetzt angeordnet. Mit Durchmesser 5 der Vertiefung 2 ist die Breite der Vertiefung 2 auf der Oberfläche gemeint.These recesses 2 are arranged on circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d (see FIGS. 2a and 2b ), which comprise the ogive 1 and which are arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 3 of the projectile. On these circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, the recesses 2 are arranged abutting one another in the embodiment shown here. The recesses 2 are arranged on a circle 4b offset to the recesses 2 on an adjacent circle 4a or 4c, so that a recess 2 on a circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d between two recesses 2 on an adjacent circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d is arranged. Preferably, the recesses 2 on a circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d to the recesses 2 on the adjacent circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d by half of the diameter 5 (see FIG. 2b ) arranged offset a recess 2. With diameter 5 of the recess 2, the width of the recess 2 on the surface is meant.

Figur 2a zeigt schematisch die Kreise 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d auf der Ogive 1, auf der die Vertiefungen 2 angeordnet sind. Es ist gut zu erkennen, dass die Vertiefungen 2 auf einem Kreis 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d zu den Vertiefungen 2 auf dem benachbarten Kreis 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d radial versetzt angeordnet sind. Die Vertiefungen 2 von Figur 2a sind tropfenförmig ausgebildet. FIG. 2a shows schematically the circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d on the ogive 1, on which the recesses 2 are arranged. It can be clearly seen that the depressions 2 are arranged radially offset on a circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d to the depressions 2 on the adjacent circle 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d. The wells 2 of FIG. 2a are formed drop-shaped.

Unterhalb der Vertiefungen 2 in Richtung weg von der Geschossspitze 9 sind auf dem zylinderförmigen Bereich 7 Rillen 8 angeordnet, die parallel zu den Kreisen 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d verlaufen.Underneath the depressions 2 in the direction away from the projectile nose 9, grooves 8 are arranged on the cylindrical region 7 and run parallel to the circles 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.

Durch die spezielle Tropfenform der Vertiefungen 2 auf der Ogive 1 des Geschosses wird der Luftwiderstand des Basisgeschosses positiv verändert. Dies führt zu einer gestreckten und gleichmäßigeren Flugbahn und somit verbesserter Präzision. Die Vertiefungen 2 sind so angeordnet, dass die entstehenden Verwlrbelungen sich so addieren und subtrahieren, wodurch ein optimaler Cw-Wert erzielt wird.Due to the special drop shape of the depressions 2 on the ogive 1 of the projectile, the air resistance of the base projectile is positively changed. This leads to a stretched and more uniform trajectory and thus improved precision. The pits 2 are arranged so that the resulting perturbations add and subtract, thus achieving an optimum C w value.

Die im zylinderförmigen Bereich 7 liegenden Rillen 8 sind so konzipiert, dass sie den Luftstrom, der durch die tropfenförmigen Vertiefungen 2 erzeugt wird, optimal um K:\auto2015\OZ11026.053.doc das Geschoss lenken. Das Geschoss wird dadurch auch deutlich unempfindlicher gegen Witterungseinflüsse wie Wind und Regen / Schnee.The grooves 8 located in the cylindrical region 7 are designed so that they optimally control the air flow generated by the teardrop-shaped recesses 2 by K: \ auto2015 \ OZ11026.053.doc steer the projectile. The bullet is thus also significantly less sensitive to weather conditions such as wind and rain / snow.

Der Bereich in dem sich die Verwirbelungen befinden ist so definiert, dass die Geschossspitze 9 glatt ist, d.h. keine Vertiefungen aufweist und sich auch zwischen den Vertiefungen 2 und den Rillen 8 eine Beruhigungszone 10 befindet, deren Oberfläche glatt ist und die zur Beruhigung der Luftströmung beiträgt.The region in which the turbulences are located is defined so that the projectile nose 9 is smooth, i. has no depressions and also between the wells 2 and the grooves 8 is a calming zone 10, whose surface is smooth and which contributes to calm the air flow.

Claims (7)

  1. A projectile having a projectile tip (9) at the front, viewed in the firing direction, that changes, by way of an ogive (1), into a rear cylindrical region (7), wherein the surface of the ogive (1) is structured and has recesses (2), and the recesses (2) are arranged on circles (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) that encompass the ogive (1) and are arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis (3) of the projectile (1), characterised in that the recesses (2) have the shape of a drop, and the recesses (2) are arranged on the circles (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) so that they butt against each other.
  2. A projectile according to claim 1, characterised in that the recesses (2) on one circle (4b) are arranged in an offset manner with respect to the recesses on an adjacent circle (4a and 4c) so that one recess (2) on one circle (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) is arranged between two recesses (2) on an adjacent circle (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d).
  3. A projectile according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the recesses (2) on one circle (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) are arranged with respect to the recesses (2) on the adjacent circle (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) in such a manner that they are offset by half of the diameter (5) of a recess (2).
  4. A projectile according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that four circles (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) are arranged on the ogive (1).
  5. A projectile according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that arranged underneath the recesses (2) in the direction away from the projectile tip (9) on the cylindrical region (7) there are circumferential grooves (8) running parallel to the circles (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d).
  6. A projectile according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the surface of the projectile tip (9) is formed in a smooth manner and arranged underneath the recesses (2) in the direction away from the projectile tip (9) as far as the grooves (8) there is a calming zone (10), whose surface is smooth.
  7. Use of a projectile according to one of claims 1 to 6 for .22 LR calibre cartridges, in particular for rimfire cartridges.
EP12746085.5A 2011-08-08 2012-08-07 Structuring of the ogive surface of a projectile Active EP2742312B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011109666 2011-08-08
PCT/EP2012/065435 WO2013020976A1 (en) 2011-08-08 2012-08-07 Structuring of the ogive surface of a projectile

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EP2742312A1 EP2742312A1 (en) 2014-06-18
EP2742312B1 true EP2742312B1 (en) 2016-03-23

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DE (1) DE102012015476A1 (en)
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WO (1) WO2013020976A1 (en)

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EP3470769A1 (en) * 2017-10-16 2019-04-17 Next Generation Tactical, LLC Small arms projectile
US10989507B2 (en) 2019-01-29 2021-04-27 Mark Thompson Systems and methods for matching ogive twist and barrel twist
DE102019116125A1 (en) * 2019-06-13 2020-12-17 Ruag Ammotec Gmbh Projectile, in particular deformation and / or partially fragmentation projectile, and method for producing a projectile

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WO2013020976A1 (en) 2013-02-14
RU2014108482A (en) 2015-09-20
RU2615582C2 (en) 2017-04-05
DE102012015476A1 (en) 2013-02-14
US20140318405A1 (en) 2014-10-30
EP2742312A1 (en) 2014-06-18
US9488453B2 (en) 2016-11-08

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