EP2729356B1 - Propeller comprising a plate joining its hub and each of its blades - Google Patents
Propeller comprising a plate joining its hub and each of its blades Download PDFInfo
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- EP2729356B1 EP2729356B1 EP12733676.6A EP12733676A EP2729356B1 EP 2729356 B1 EP2729356 B1 EP 2729356B1 EP 12733676 A EP12733676 A EP 12733676A EP 2729356 B1 EP2729356 B1 EP 2729356B1
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- hub
- propeller
- blade
- fact
- blades
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H1/00—Propulsive elements directly acting on water
- B63H1/02—Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type
- B63H1/12—Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type with rotation axis substantially in propulsive direction
- B63H1/14—Propellers
- B63H1/20—Hubs; Blade connections
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a propeller and a method for its manufacture.
- propellers currently available on the market are propellers for example plastic, made by plastic injection, or metal, obtained in foundry or machining, resulting in high manufacturing costs.
- the shape of the blades of existing propellers which are generally arranged relative to each other according to the principle of pitch, when they are intended for use in water, creates a depression on the extrados (this is at ie the convex face) and an overpressure on the intrados (ie the concave face) The water is then ejected, creating a thrust.
- This convex portion moreover, tends to impede the flow of fluid and create turbulence. Similarly, the presence of a concavity at the front slows the propulsion and can cause cavitation phenomena.
- the setting must be very large to support the torque exerted by the engine.
- the yield decreases. In fact, it is not possible to find an optimal setting for the current propeller shapes, with an electric motor.
- propeller rotation causes turbulence that can disrupt flow, which decreases propeller efficiency.
- the present invention aims to overcome all or part of the disadvantages mentioned above.
- Another subject of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a monoblock and metal propeller as defined above, characterized in that it comprises a step which consists, from a pre-cut flat sheet, to fold this sheet to delimit the hub, the plates and the blades.
- monoblock is meant that it consists of a single piece.
- This helix is preferably made of metal, preferably stainless, but may also be made of another material such as plastic or wood.
- the helix 1 is preferably made by laser cutting or water jet of a metal sheet F, then folding and paddling of the blades. Another technique that can be considered is stamping.
- propeller 1 whose hub 2 consists of a thin metal piece, for example of the order of a few millimeters.
- the hub is thus constituted here of a piece of flat shape, and thin, devoid of insert or extra thickness that would give it a voluminous and massive appearance. This therefore implies that the large opposite faces 22 and 23 of the hub are directly in contact with the external environment when the propeller is used in this medium (liquid, etc.).
- the reference 20 designates a central through hole for the fitting of the propeller on the rotary output shaft of a motor not shown.
- This hub 2 has a contour in the form of a regular polygon, in this case a hexagon.
- the sides of this hexagon carry the reference 21.
- the hub could have a shape different from that presented here, for example circular contour.
- a side 21 of two is associated with a blade 4.
- the present propeller has three blades equidistant angularly from each other with respect to the center of the hub.
- these plates are flat and have a contour in the shape of a right triangle.
- One of the sides 30 of this plate is in one piece with one of the sides 21 of the hexagon constituting the hub, while the side 32 materializing the hypotenuse of said triangle is connected to the base 40 of the associated blade. 4.
- These sides 30 and 32 respectively have a longitudinal extent equal to that of a side 21, respectively of the base 40.
- the last side 31 connects the two previous.
- the plates 3 could have another shape such as a quadrilateral shape in which the common vertex between the blade 4, the plate 3 and the hub 2 is replaced by a segment whose vertex is common to the plate and the blade and the other vertex is common to the plate and the hub.
- the plates 3 are not necessarily flat.
- This preferably has a value of 90 °, but can be generally between 60 and 120 °.
- the blades 4 are curved, with a concave rear face 41 and a convex front face 42.
- each plate 3 forms with the rear face of the blades an angle W. It also and preferably has a value of 90 °, but can generally be between 60 and 120 °.
- the helix is preferably made in one piece and seamless, but may also consist of separate elements welded, riveted or glued.
- a circle C is defined as the circle circumscribed to the helix 1, that is to say the circle whose center is the center of the hub G (center of gravity of the helix) and the radius the distance between G and the end of a blade 4.
- the blades 4 of the helix are all identical, so that the helix 1 is unchanged by rotation of center G and angle 360 ° / number of blades.
- the blades 4 are surfaces of thickness identical to that of the hub 2 delimited by three lines, in this case a straight line 43 and two curved lines 44 and 45. The ends of each of these lines may be in arcs of circle or form angular points.
- the radius of curvature of each of the two curved lines mentioned above is preferably equal to the radius of the circle C.
- the curved line 44 opposite to the plate 3 / blade 4 connecting edge is an arc of the circle C.
- the straight line 43 and the second curved line 45 start from one and the other end of the connecting edge between the plate 3 and the blade 4.
- the helix can be manufactured with these lines that depart indifferently from one or other of these ends.
- connection plate 3 / blade 4 and the tangent to the second curved line 45 passing through the point of intersection between these two lines is close to 100 ° preferably, but can also take other values, for example. example 120 °.
- each blade 4 is preferably that located on the side of the plate 3. It is preferable that it be a portion of sphere whose radius is the same as that of the circle C.
- the blade 4 is made in such a way that the convex part is directed towards the front AV of the blade and the concave part towards the rear AR, so that the blade does not have any convexities on the part concave or concavities on the convex part.
- no part of the convex front edge of the blade has a concavity and no part of the concave rear edge of the blade 1 has convexity.
- the helix is preferably obtained by cutting a flat sheet F, folding it to obtain the angle V and W and delimit the plates 3, then shaping the curve of the blades 4.
- the same propeller 1 can be used both in forward and reverse, changing its direction of rotation.
- the shape of the blades 4 of the helix must be adapted according to the fluid, in particular the length of the radius of the circumscribed circle C, the angle formed between the straight line of the blade 4 and the connecting plate stop 3- 4, the angle formed between the tangent to the curved line of the blade 4 and the plate-blade connection edge, and the curve of the propeller.
- the shape of the blade is preferably a sphere portion whereas in turbulent flow, the blade can be more curved (portion of ellipse or cylinder, possibly curved at the end)
- the operation of the propeller in a referential related to the fluid [reference current], for a traction movement of a boat, is described below.
- the principle is similar for a propulsion movement. It can be easily extended to the acceleration movement of a fluid for which the propeller remains static and gives a movement to a fluid or the production of electricity, for which the propeller driven by the fluid drives an alternator.
- the upper side of a blade 4 is called the convex side of the blade and the underside is the concave side.
- the direction of rotation of the blades is illustrated by the arrow f figures 1 and 3 .
- the particles thus accelerated a first time in contact with the convex portion of the blade 4 will be accelerated a second time in contact with the concave portion of the following blade.
- the particles receive twice the amount of movement in contact with the helix, whereas in a conventional helix, the momentum is generally transmitted to the particles only once.
- a particle located on the front face of the hub 2 is sufficiently close to the periphery of the hub, then it is ejected outside the hub and may possibly touch a blade 4 or pass on the other side of the propeller according to his position.
- some of the particles (about 50%) that should be ejected are found "captured" by a connecting plate 3.
- This plate communicates to these particles an additional amount of movement, so that a part of the flow of particles in contact with the plate 3 is captured by the blade plate 4 next, is directly captured by the following blade, in which case the particles will be accelerated again by the blade and participate in the propellant movement of the propeller.
- the tangential velocity of a fluid particle is equal to the velocity of the point of the blade in contact with the fluid particle
- the shape of the plates of the present helix increases the size of the pitch compared to conventional propellers, so the distance traveled per turn of the propeller.
- the engine must therefore provide less energy to propel a boat at a given speed.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Description
La présente invention se rapporte à une hélice et à un procédé pour sa fabrication.The present invention relates to a propeller and a method for its manufacture.
La plupart des hélices actuellement disponibles sur le marché sont des hélices par exemple en plastique, réalisées par injection de matière plastique, ou en métal, obtenues en fonderie ou en usinage, ce qui entraîne des coûts de fabrication élevés.Most propellers currently available on the market are propellers for example plastic, made by plastic injection, or metal, obtained in foundry or machining, resulting in high manufacturing costs.
La forme des pales des hélices existantes, qui sont généralement disposées les unes par rapport aux autres selon le principe du pas de vis, quand elles sont destinées à un usage dans l'eau, crée une dépression sur l'extrados (c'est à dire la face convexe) et une surpression sur l'intrados (c'est à dire la face concave. L'eau est ensuite éjectée, créant ainsi une poussée.The shape of the blades of existing propellers, which are generally arranged relative to each other according to the principle of pitch, when they are intended for use in water, creates a depression on the extrados (this is at ie the convex face) and an overpressure on the intrados (ie the concave face) The water is then ejected, creating a thrust.
En milieu liquide, la plupart des hélices disponibles présentent des problèmes de cavitation à vitesse de rotation élevée. La cavitation crée des turbulences, ce qui est loin d'être optimal, car l'écoulement de liquide est laminaire dans des conditions d'utilisation usuelles.In liquid medium, most available propellers present cavitation problems at high rotation speed. Cavitation creates turbulence, which is far from optimal, because the flow of liquid is laminar under usual conditions of use.
Cette cavitation entraîne une usure prématurée du (ou des) matériau(x) constitutif(s) de l'hélice.This cavitation causes premature wear of the constituent material (s) of the helix.
De fait, la plupart des hélices disponibles n'offrent pas un rendement optimal, de sorte qu'elles nécessitent l'utilisation de moteurs puissants, ce qui occasionne une forte consommation d'énergie. Par ailleurs, le pas des hélices existantes est faible.In fact, most propellers available do not offer optimal performance, so they require the use of powerful engines, which causes a high energy consumption. In addition, the pitch of existing propellers is low.
La plupart de ces hélices existantes ne sont pas construites selon le modèle partie convexe à l'avant et partie concave à l'arrière et ne séparent pas parfaitement les parties convexes (avant) des parties concaves (arrière) : leurs pales peuvent présenter des concavités sur la partie avant et des convexités sur la partie arrière. Ainsi, la présence d'une surface convexe à l'arrière a tendance à créer une aspiration vers l'arrière qui freine la propulsion.Most of these existing propellers are not built according to the convex part model at the front and concave part at the back and do not perfectly separate the convex (forward) parts of the concave (rear) parts: their blades may have concavities on the front part and convexities on the back part. Thus, the presence of a convex surface at the rear tends to create a rearward suction that slows the propulsion.
Cette partie convexe a, par ailleurs, tendance à gêner l'écoulement du fluide et à créer des turbulences. De même, la présence d'une concavité à l'avant freine la propulsion et peut être à l'origine de phénomènes de cavitation.This convex portion, moreover, tends to impede the flow of fluid and create turbulence. Similarly, the presence of a concavity at the front slows the propulsion and can cause cavitation phenomena.
Ces hélices offrent moins de poussée en marche arrière qu'en marche avant.These propellers offer less thrust in reverse than in forward.
Les formes d'hélices utilisées actuellement en association avec des moteurs électriques sont mal adaptées.The propeller shapes currently used in combination with electric motors are poorly suited.
En effet, les moteurs électriques ont un couple plus élevé que celui des moteurs thermiques. De fait, le couple reçu par l'hélice exerce une forte pression sur les pales, entraînant ainsi une usure prématurée des matériaux.Indeed, electric motors have a higher torque than thermal engines. In fact, the torque received by the propeller exerts a strong pressure on the blades, thus causing premature wear of the materials.
Par ailleurs, le calage doit être très grand pour supporter le couple exercé par le moteur. Toutefois, à partir d'un certain calage, le rendement diminue. De fait, il n'est pas possible de trouver un calage optimal pour les formes d'hélices actuelles, avec un moteur électrique.In addition, the setting must be very large to support the torque exerted by the engine. However, starting from a certain calibration, the yield decreases. In fact, it is not possible to find an optimal setting for the current propeller shapes, with an electric motor.
Enfin, certaines formes d'hélice ont un moyeu large, produisant une trainée derrière le bateau.Finally, some propeller shapes have a wide hub, producing a drag behind the boat.
Pour la plupart des hélices existantes, la rotation de l'hélice entraîne des turbulences pouvant perturber le flux, ce qui diminue le rendement de l'hélice.For most existing propellers, propeller rotation causes turbulence that can disrupt flow, which decreases propeller efficiency.
Par ailleurs, on connaît des structures d'hélices à moyeu massif. Ainsi, on décrit dans le document
Les inconvénients liés à cette structure sont notamment les suivants :
- L'hélice est formée de plusieurs blocs (moyeu, pales, vis). Elle ne peut structurellement pas être réalisée en un seul bloc et présente des coûts de fabrication et d'assemblage importants, ainsi qu'une plus grande fragilité.
- De plus, l'hélice est conçue pour être utilisée dans l'air. Son utilisation dans un liquide conduirait à une usure prématurée des éléments de liaison. Par ailleurs, des pales fabriquées dans un matériau flexible, comme le suggère l'inventeur, sont mal adaptées à une utilisation dans un liquide.
- On notera que la force centrifuge transmise au moyeu risque de fragiliser les éléments de liaison, en particulier des collerettes par lesquelles les pales sont fixées au moyeu, et provoquer une usure rapide des matériaux.
- Aucune indication n'est donnée concernant la forme des pales, alors que celle-ci est essentielle pour déterminer le rendement de l'hélice. Un mauvais choix de pale conduirait à des performances médiocres et, par exemple, à des phénomènes de cavitation.
- Enfin, la forme du moyeu est décrite comme ellipsoïdale. Au cours du fonctionnement de l'hélice, la rotation du moyeu entraîne les particules de fluide situées au contact du moyeu, ce qui génère un écoulement secondaire, avant et après les pales, pouvant perturber l'écoulement du fluide à proximité des pales et diminuer les performances de l'hélice. De plus, la largeur du moyeu crée une forte traînée.
- The propeller is formed of several blocks (hub, blades, screws). It can not structurally be made in one piece and has significant manufacturing and assembly costs, as well as greater fragility.
- In addition, the propeller is designed for use in the air. Its use in a liquid would lead to premature wear of the connecting elements. Moreover, blades made of a flexible material, as suggested by the inventor, are poorly suited for use in a liquid.
- Note that the centrifugal force transmitted to the hub may weaken the connecting elements, in particular flanges through which the blades are fixed to the hub, and cause rapid wear of materials.
- No indication is given regarding the shape of the blades, whereas this is essential for determining the efficiency of the propeller. A poor choice of blade would lead to poor performance and, for example, to cavitation phenomena.
- Finally, the shape of the hub is described as ellipsoidal. During the operation of the propeller, the rotation of the hub causes the fluid particles in contact with the hub, which generates a secondary flow, before and after the blades, can disrupt the flow of fluid near the blades and reduce propeller performance. In addition, the width of the hub creates a strong trail.
La présente invention vise à pallier tout ou partie des inconvénients cités ci-dessus.The present invention aims to overcome all or part of the disadvantages mentioned above.
Ainsi, selon un premier objet, elle propose une hélice qui comporte un moyeu et un ensemble de pales, qui est remarquable en ce que :
- ledit moyeu présente une épaisseur sensiblement égale à celle des pales ;
- chaque pale est reliée au moyeu par une plaque intermédiaire qui comporte un premier bord de liaison au moyeu et un deuxième bord de liaison à la pale associée, ce deuxième bord ayant une longueur proche ou égale à celle de la base de la pale;
- chacune des plaques formant d'une part, avec l'une des deux grandes faces du moyeu, dite « face avant », un même premier angle V compris entre 60 et 120°, et, d'autre part, avec chaque pale, un même second angle W compris entre 60 et 120°.
- said hub has a thickness substantially equal to that of the blades;
- each blade is connected to the hub by an intermediate plate which has a first connecting edge to the hub and a second connecting edge to the associated blade, the second edge having a length close to or equal to that of the base of the blade;
- each of the plates forming, on the one hand, with one of the two large faces of the hub, called the "front face", the same first angle V between 60 and 120 °, and, on the other hand, with each blade, a same second angle W between 60 and 120 °.
Les avantages qui découlent de ces caractéristiques seront décrits plus loin dans la présente demande.The benefits that flow from these features will be described later in this application.
Selon d'autres caractéristiques avantageuses et non limitatives de cette hélice :
- lesdits angles sont égaux et valent préférentiellement 90° ;
- ledit moyeu a un contour en forme de polygone, notamment en forme d'hexagone, un côté sur deux étant relié à une plaque intermédiaire, ou un contour de forme circulaire ;
- ladite plaque est plane ;
- ladite plaque est non plane ;
- quand le moyeu a un contour polygonal et que la plaque est plane, ladite plaque a un contour en forme de triangle, deux côtés de ce triangle constituant respectivement lesdits premier et deuxième bords de liaison, et préférentiellement un contour en forme de triangle rectangle dont l'hypoténuse correspond audit deuxième bord ;
- l'une des faces des pales est concave, de préférence celle orientée du côté des dites plaques, cette concavité ayant :
- une forme de portion de sphère dont le rayon est préférentiellement égal à celui du cercle circonscrit à ladite hélice, ou
- une forme de portion d'ellipsoïde, ou
- une forme de portion de cylindre
- elle est monobloc ;
- elle est réalisée en métal, en plastique ou en bois.
- said angles are equal and are preferably 90 °;
- said hub has a contour in the form of a polygon, in particular in the form of hexagon, every other side being connected to an intermediate plate, or a contour of circular shape;
- said plate is flat;
- said plate is non-planar;
- when the hub has a polygonal contour and the plate is flat, said plate has a triangle-shaped contour, two sides of this triangle respectively constituting said first and second connecting edges, and preferably a contour in the form of a right triangle whose hypotenuse corresponds to said second edge;
- one of the blade faces is concave, preferably the one facing the said plates, this concavity having:
- a shape of sphere portion whose radius is preferably equal to that of the circle circumscribed to said helix, or
- an ellipsoid portion shape, or
- a cylinder portion shape
- it is monobloc;
- it is made of metal, plastic or wood.
Un autre objet de l'invention se rapporte à un procédé de fabrication d'une hélice monobloc et en métal telle que définie plus haut, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend une étape qui consiste, à partir d'une feuille plane prédécoupée, à plier cette feuille pour délimiter le moyeu, les plaques et les pales.Another subject of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a monoblock and metal propeller as defined above, characterized in that it comprises a step which consists, from a pre-cut flat sheet, to fold this sheet to delimit the hub, the plates and the blades.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description qui va suivre. Celle-ci sera faite en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :
- la
figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'une hélice selon l'invention, la face visible de son moyeu étant sa face arrière ; - la
figure 2 est une vue en coupe partielle et transversale d'une partie du moyeu, et de la plaque de liaison, ainsi que de la pale associées ; - la
figure 3 est une vue de dessus simplifiée d'une feuille de métal qui, notamment après pliage, conduira à l'obtention d'une hélice selon l'invention.
- the
figure 1 is a perspective view of a propeller according to the invention, the visible face of its hub being its rear face; - the
figure 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the hub, and the connecting plate, and the associated blade; - the
figure 3 is a simplified top view of a sheet of metal which, in particular after folding, will lead to obtaining a propeller according to the invention.
En se reportant essentiellement à la
Cette hélice est réalisée de préférence en métal, préférentiellement inoxydable, mais peut également être réalisée en un autre matériau tel que le plastique ou le bois.This helix is preferably made of metal, preferably stainless, but may also be made of another material such as plastic or wood.
Ainsi qu'on le verra plus en détail ultérieurement, l'hélice 1 est réalisée de préférence par découpe au laser ou au jet d'eau d'une feuille F de métal, puis pliage et galbage des pales. Une autre technique envisageable est l'emboutissage.As will be seen in more detail later, the
Mais elle peut aussi être réalisée par rotomoulage, par injection quand elle est en matière plastique, par fonderie, moulage, usinage ou encore sculpture.But it can also be done by rotational molding, by injection when it is plastic, by foundry, molding, machining or sculpture.
Dans le mode de réalisation illustré ici, on a affaire à une hélice 1 dont le moyeu 2 est constitué d'une pièce de métal de faible épaisseur, par exemple de l'ordre de quelques millimètres.In the embodiment illustrated here, there is a
Le moyeu est donc constitué ici d'une pièce de forme plane, et peu épaisse, dépourvue de pièce rapportée ou de surépaisseur qui lui donnerait un aspect volumineux et massif. Cela sous-entend donc que les grandes faces opposées 22 et 23 du moyeu sont directement en contact avec le milieu extérieur lorsque l'hélice est utilisée dans ce milieu (liquide, etc.).The hub is thus constituted here of a piece of flat shape, and thin, devoid of insert or extra thickness that would give it a voluminous and massive appearance. This therefore implies that the large opposite faces 22 and 23 of the hub are directly in contact with the external environment when the propeller is used in this medium (liquid, etc.).
La référence 20 désigne un orifice central traversant pour l'emmanchement de l'hélice sur l'arbre de sortie rotatif d'un moteur non représenté.The
Ce moyeu 2 présente un contour en forme de polygone régulier, en l'occurrence un hexagone. Les côtés de cet hexagone portent la référence 21.This
Le moyeu pourrait avoir une forme différente de celle présentée ici, par exemple à contour circulaire.The hub could have a shape different from that presented here, for example circular contour.
A un côté 21 sur deux est associée une pale 4. En l'occurrence, la présente hélice présente trois pales équidistantes angulairement les unes des autres par rapport au centre du moyeu.A
Ces pales 4 ne sont pas reliées directement au moyeu 2, mais par l'intermédiaire d'une plaque de liaison 3.These
Dans le mode de réalisation présenté ici, ces plaques sont planes et ont un contour en forme de triangle rectangle. L'un des côtés 30 de cette plaque est d'une pièce avec l'un des côtés 21 de l'hexagone constituant le moyeu, tandis que le côté 32 matérialisant l'hypoténuse dudit triangle est relié à la base 40 de la pale associée 4. Ces côtés 30 et 32 ont respectivement une étendue longitudinale égale à celle d'un côté 21, respectivement de la base 40. Le dernier côté 31 relie les deux précédents.In the embodiment presented here, these plates are flat and have a contour in the shape of a right triangle. One of the
Dans des variantes non représentées ici, les plaques 3 pourraient avoir une autre forme telle qu'une forme de quadrilatère dans laquelle le sommet commun entre la pale 4, la plaque 3 et le moyeu 2 est remplacé par un segment dont un sommet est commun à la plaque et à la pale et l'autre sommet est commun à la plaque et au moyeu.In variants not shown here, the
Par ailleurs, les plaques 3 ne sont pas forcement planes.Moreover, the
Le moyeu 2, et plus précisément sa face 23 tournée vers l'avant AV, forme avec les plaques 3, un même angle V. Celui-ci a préférentiellement une valeur de 90°, mais peut être généralement compris entre 60 et 120°.The
Comme le montre plus particulièrement la
De manière similaire à ce qui a été dit plus haut, chaque plaque 3 forme avec la face arrière des pales un angle W. Celui-ci a également et préférentiellement une valeur de 90°, mais peut être généralement compris entre 60 et 120°.In a manner similar to what has been said above, each
Bien entendu, l'hélice est réalisée préférentiellement d'une pièce et sans soudure, mais peut aussi être constituée d'éléments distincts soudés, rivetés ou collés.Of course, the helix is preferably made in one piece and seamless, but may also consist of separate elements welded, riveted or glued.
En se reportant essentiellement à la
Les pales 4 de l'hélice sont toutes identiques, de sorte que l'hélice 1 soit inchangée par rotation de centre G et d'angle 360°/nombre de pales.
Les pales 4 sont des surfaces d'épaisseur identique à celle du moyeu 2 délimitées par trois lignes, en l'occurrence une ligne droite 43 et deux lignes courbes 44 et 45. Les extrémités de chacune de ces lignes peuvent être en arcs de cercle ou former des points anguleux.Referring essentially to the
The
The
Le rayon de courbure de chacune des deux lignes courbes mentionnées précédemment est de préférence égal au rayon du cercle C.The radius of curvature of each of the two curved lines mentioned above is preferably equal to the radius of the circle C.
La ligne courbe 44 opposée à l'arête de liaison plaque 3/pale 4, ci-après dénommée première ligne courbe, est un arc du cercle C.The
La ligne droite 43 et la seconde ligne courbe 45 partent de l'une et l'autre des extrémités de l'arête de liaison entre la plaque 3 et la pale 4.The
L'hélice peut être fabriquée avec ces lignes qui partent indifféremment de l'une ou l'autre de ces extrémités.The helix can be manufactured with these lines that depart indifferently from one or other of these ends.
L'angle formé entre la liaison plaque 3/pale 4 et la tangente à la seconde ligne courbe 45 passant par le point d'intersection entre ces deux lignes est proche de 100° de préférence, mais peut également prendre d'autres valeurs, par exemple 120°.The angle formed between the
La face concave 41 de chaque pale 4 est de préférence celle qui est située du côté de la plaque 3. Il est préférable que celle-ci soit une portion de sphère dont le rayon est le même que celui du cercle C.The
Il est nécessaire que la pale 4 soit réalisée de telle sorte que la partie convexe soit dirigée vers l'avant AV de la pale et la partie concave vers l'arrière AR, de telle sorte que la pale ne présente pas de convexités sur la partie concave ou de concavités sur la partie convexe. Autrement dit, aucune partie du bord avant convexe de la pale ne présente de concavité et aucune partie du bord arrière concave de la pale 1 ne présente de convexité.It is necessary that the
Comme indiqué plus haut, l'hélice est préférentiellement obtenue par découpage d'une feuille plane F, pliage de celle-ci pour obtenir l'angle V et W et délimiter les plaques 3, puis mise en forme du galbe des pales 4.As indicated above, the helix is preferably obtained by cutting a flat sheet F, folding it to obtain the angle V and W and delimit the
La même hélice 1 peut être utilisée aussi bien en marche avant qu'en marche arrière, en changeant son sens de rotation.The
Les mêmes principes de fabrication et de fonctionnement d'hélice peuvent être appliqués pour différents fluides, en particulier l'eau et l'air et pour différentes utilisations (produire un mouvement, créer une aération, produire de l'énergie... ).The same principles of manufacturing and propeller operation can be applied for different fluids, in particular water and air and for different uses (producing a movement, creating aeration, producing energy ...).
Toutefois, la forme des pales 4 de l'hélice doit être adaptée selon le fluide, en particulier la longueur du rayon du cercle circonscrit C, l'angle formé entre la ligne droite de la pale 4 et l'arrête de liaison plaque 3-pale 4, l'angle formé entre la tangente à la ligne courbe de la pale 4 et l'arête de liaison plaque-pale, et le galbe de l'hélice.However, the shape of the
En particulier, en écoulement laminaire, la forme de la pale est préférentiellement une portion de sphère alors qu'en écoulement turbulent, la pale peut être plus incurvée (portion d'ellipse ou de cylindre, éventuellement recourbée à l'extrémité)In particular, in laminar flow, the shape of the blade is preferably a sphere portion whereas in turbulent flow, the blade can be more curved (portion of ellipse or cylinder, possibly curved at the end)
On décrit ci-après le fonctionnement de l'hélice dans un référentiel lié au fluide [référentiel du courant], pour un mouvement de traction d'un bateau. Le principe est similaire pour un mouvement de propulsion. Il peut être aisément étendu au mouvement d'accélération d'un fluide pour lequel l'hélice reste statique et donne un mouvement à un fluide ou à la production d'électricité, pour laquelle l'hélice entraînée par le fluide entraîne un alternateur.The operation of the propeller in a referential related to the fluid [reference current], for a traction movement of a boat, is described below. The principle is similar for a propulsion movement. It can be easily extended to the acceleration movement of a fluid for which the propeller remains static and gives a movement to a fluid or the production of electricity, for which the propeller driven by the fluid drives an alternator.
On appelle extrados d'une pale 4 le côté convexe de la pale et intrados, le côté concave.The upper side of a
Le sens de rotation des pales est illustré par la flèche f aux
Les effets décrits ici valent pour les trois pales 4:
- L'eau est plus accélérée sur le bord convexe que sur le bord concave de la pale 4. L'effet Venturi a donc tendance à créer une traction qui attire la pale 4 vers le côté convexe ;
- Les particules d'eau en contact avec le bord convexe de la pale 4 reçoivent une certaine quantité de mouvement communiquée par la pale (il se crée un gradient de vitesses à proximité de la pale). Le vecteur vitesse des particules de fluide au contact de la pale est dirigé suivant la tangente en chaque point de la pale.
- The water is more accelerated on the convex edge than on the concave edge of the
blade 4. The Venturi effect therefore has a tendency to create a pull which attracts theblade 4 towards the convex side; - The water particles in contact with the convex edge of the
blade 4 receive a certain amount of movement imparted by the blade (a velocity gradient is created near the blade). The velocity vector of the fluid particles in contact with the blade is directed along the tangent at each point of the blade.
Les particules ainsi accélérées une première fois au contact de la partie convexe de la pale 4 vont être accélérées une deuxième fois au contact de la partie concave de la pale suivante. Par ce mécanisme, les particules reçoivent deux fois de la quantité de mouvement au contact de l'hélice, alors que dans une hélice classique, la quantité de mouvement est généralement transmise aux particules une seule fois.The particles thus accelerated a first time in contact with the convex portion of the
La forme des pales ordonne le flux de telle sorte que les vecteurs vitesses de l'essentiel des particules soient orientés selon des directions proches après le passage de la pale. Le fait de transmettre deux fois de la quantité de mouvement aux particules augmente la vitesse de ces particules en sortie, donc la force propulsive de l'hélice, et par conséquent son rendement.
Les plaques 3 stabilisent l'écoulement:- D'une part, elles créent un effet de portance qui soutient l'hélice 1 et stabilise la force exercée sur le moyeu 2.
- D'autre part, les particules de fluide au contact du moyeu 2 sont entraînées dans un mouvement de rotation, par lequel le moyeu transmet une quantité de mouvement aux particules.
- The
plates 3 stabilize the flow:- On the one hand, they create a lift effect that supports the
propeller 1 and stabilizes the force exerted on thehub 2. - On the other hand, the fluid particles in contact with the
hub 2 are driven in a rotational movement, whereby the hub transmits a momentum to the particles.
- On the one hand, they create a lift effect that supports the
Une particule située en OM(t), recevant une vitesse V à l'instant t, se trouve à l'instant t+dt en OM(t+dt)=OM(t)+V dt (où les éléments soulignés désignent un vecteur).A particle located at OM (t), receiving a velocity V at time t, is at time t + dt at OM (t + dt) = OM (t) + V dt (where the underlined elements denote a vector).
Pour une hélice classique, si une particule située sur la face avant du moyeu 2 est suffisamment proche du pourtour du moyeu, alors elle est éjectée en dehors du moyeu et peut éventuellement toucher une pale 4 ou passer de l'autre côté de l'hélice suivant sa position. Dans le cas de l'hélice décrite ici, une partie des particules (environ 50%) qui devraient être éjectées se trouvent « capturées » par une plaque de liaison 3. Cette plaque communique à ces particules un surcroît de quantité de mouvement, de sorte qu'une partie du flux de particules au contact de la plaque 3 est soit captée par la plaque de la pale 4 suivante, soit directement captée par la pale suivante, auquel cas les particules seront à nouveau accélérées par la pale et participeront au mouvement propulsif de l'hélice.For a conventional propeller, if a particle located on the front face of the
La forme des pales 4 doit être choisie pour trouver le meilleur compromis entre deux contraintes :
- d'une part, une forte convexité permet d'accélérer plus les particules de fluide le long de la pale.
- d'autre part, une forte convexité augmente la traînée.
- on the one hand, a strong convexity makes it possible to accelerate more the particles of fluid along the blade.
- on the other hand, a strong convexity increases the drag.
Ainsi, expérimentalement, on constate qu'une forme de pale en portion de sphère - dont le rayon est proche du rayon du cercle C - permet de trouver un bon compromis entre ces deux contraintes.Thus, experimentally, we see that a blade shape in a sphere portion - whose radius is close to the radius of the circle C - makes it possible to find a good compromise between these two constraints.
La transmission de la quantité de mouvement au voisinage de chaque pale 4 [et plus généralement au voisinage d'une surface au contact d'un fluide - donc en particulier au niveau des plaques 3] s'établit comme suit:
- Au contact de la pale, la vitesse normale des particules de fluide à la surface de la pale est nulle.
- In contact with the blade, the normal velocity of the fluid particles at the surface of the blade is zero.
La vitesse tangentielle d'une particule de fluide est égale à la vitesse du point de la pale au contact de la particule de fluideThe tangential velocity of a fluid particle is equal to the velocity of the point of the blade in contact with the fluid particle
Au voisinage de la pale, à l'intérieur de la couche limite existe un gradient de vitesseIn the vicinity of the blade, inside the boundary layer exists a velocity gradient
Expérimentalement, la forme les plaques de la présente hélice augmente la taille du pas par rapport aux hélices classiques, donc la distance parcourue par tour d'hélice. Le moteur doit donc fournir moins d'énergie pour propulser une embarcation à une vitesse donnée.Experimentally, the shape of the plates of the present helix increases the size of the pitch compared to conventional propellers, so the distance traveled per turn of the propeller. The engine must therefore provide less energy to propel a boat at a given speed.
Claims (10)
- A propeller (1) which includes a hub (2) and a set of blades (4), characterized by the fact that:- said hub (2) has a thickness substantially equal to that of the blades (4);- each blade (4) is connected to the hub (2) through an intermediate plate (3) which includes a first edge (30) for connecting to the hub (2) and second edge (32) for connecting to the associated blade (4), this second edge (32) having a longitudinal extent close to or equal to that of the base (40) of the blade;- each of the plates (3) forming with one (23) of the two large faces (22, 23) of the hub (2), a so-called "front face", a same first angle V comprised between 60 and 120°, on the one hand and, with each blade (4), a same second angle W comprised between 60 and 120°, on the other hand.
- The propeller according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that said angles are equal and preferentially have the value 90°.
- The propeller according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that said hub (2) has a polygon-shaped, notably hexagon-shaped contour, one of its sides (21) out of two being connected to an intermediate plate (3), or that said hub has a contour with a circular shape.
- The propeller according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that said plate (3) is planar.
- The propeller according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that said plate (3) is non-planar.
- The propeller according to claim 3, when the hub has a polygonal contour, combined with claim 4 or 5, characterized by the fact that said plate (3) has a triangular-shaped contour, two sides of this triangle (30, 32) respectively forming said first and second connecting edges, and preferentially a contour with the shape of a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse of which corresponds to said second edge (32).
- The propeller according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that one (41) of the faces (41, 42) of the blades (4) is concave, preferably the one (4) oriented on the side of said plates (3), this concavity having:- a shape of a sphere portion, the radius of which is preferentially equal to that of the circumscribed circle of said propeller, or- a shape of an ellipsoid portion, or- a shape of a cylinder portion.
- The propeller according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that it is in one piece.
- The propeller according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that it is made in metal, in plastic or in wood.
- A method for manufacturing a propeller (1) according to claims 8 and 9, taken as a combination, said propeller being in metal, characterized by the fact that it comprises a step which, from a precut planar sheet (F), consists of folding this sheet in order to delimit the hub (2), the plates (3) and the blades (4).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1155989A FR2977563B1 (en) | 2011-07-04 | 2011-07-04 | PROPELLER COMPRISING A PLATE OF CONNECTION BETWEEN HIS HUB AND EACH OF ITS BLADES |
PCT/EP2012/063015 WO2013004736A1 (en) | 2011-07-04 | 2012-07-04 | Propeller comprising a connecting plate between its hub and each of its blades |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2729356A1 EP2729356A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
EP2729356B1 true EP2729356B1 (en) | 2016-04-06 |
Family
ID=46506358
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP12733676.6A Active EP2729356B1 (en) | 2011-07-04 | 2012-07-04 | Propeller comprising a plate joining its hub and each of its blades |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2729356B1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2977563B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013004736A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2222118A (en) * | 1937-03-09 | 1940-11-19 | Knapp Monarch Co | Propeller |
EP1238185B1 (en) * | 1999-11-25 | 2005-10-19 | Jayden David Harman | A single or multi-bladed rotor |
-
2011
- 2011-07-04 FR FR1155989A patent/FR2977563B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-07-04 WO PCT/EP2012/063015 patent/WO2013004736A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-07-04 EP EP12733676.6A patent/EP2729356B1/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2729356A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
WO2013004736A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
FR2977563A1 (en) | 2013-01-11 |
FR2977563B1 (en) | 2013-07-26 |
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