EP2681812B1 - Brush for contact - Google Patents

Brush for contact Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2681812B1
EP2681812B1 EP12711942.8A EP12711942A EP2681812B1 EP 2681812 B1 EP2681812 B1 EP 2681812B1 EP 12711942 A EP12711942 A EP 12711942A EP 2681812 B1 EP2681812 B1 EP 2681812B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
silver
metal
brush
layer
carbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP12711942.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2681812A1 (en
EP2681812B2 (en
Inventor
Geoffroy Berard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mersen France Amiens SAS
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Mersen France Amiens SAS
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
    • H01R39/20—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush characterised by the material thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/64—Devices for uninterrupted current collection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/12—Manufacture of brushes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
    • H01R39/26—Solid sliding contacts, e.g. carbon brush
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49119—Brush

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of brushes intended to provide electrical contact between a part / fixed element and a rotating part / element in a rotating electrical machine.
  • This rotating part may for example be a part of a collector of an electric motor or a ring of a wind turbine generator.
  • These brooms are usually made of graphite. It is known, particularly for applications corresponding to strong currents, or to precise signals, to manufacture brushes from a mixture of graphite powders and silver.
  • the silver makes it possible to give the sliding electrical contacts a relatively low voltage drop in contact with the rotating part and a low electrical resistivity, which improves the heat dissipation.
  • silver oxides are formed which have the distinction of being good electrical conductors (compared to other metal oxides). Thanks to these properties, the materials allowing the sliding electrical contact, such as brushes, are advantageously used in particular in the fields of aeronautics or wind, operating under extreme conditions (corrosive atmospheres, hot, humid or under partial vacuum ). Therefore, it is usually ensured that the silver component of these materials is free of metal impurities which could alter their qualities and performance through undesirable oxidation or loss of electrical properties.
  • electrical contact materials, in particular brushes, containing a metal other than silver, such as copper are used for uses different from those of silver-based brushes.
  • silver is a relatively expensive raw material and not widely available on the market.
  • properties of the broom depend relatively closely on the quality of the silver powder used.
  • carbon any compound containing the carbon element, advantageously graphite, which is carbon having both electrical properties and friction properties adapted to sliding electrical contacts.
  • this broom is less expensive than the brushes of the prior art, and the supply of silver is less determining for the properties of the brush than in the prior art for which, in case of difficulty of supply to a given supplier and choosing from another supplier, there is a risk of non-reproducibility of the properties of the brush.
  • the other metal distinct from silver, is able to partially replace it, while respecting, on the one hand, the physical properties of the material constituting the blade, which determine the functional performance of the brushes and on the other hand, by limiting the cost of the final broom material.
  • the nature of the other metal, the relative mass ratio silver / other metal and / or the sintering temperature during the manufacture of the brushes condition the electrical and mechanical properties, whether these metals are alloyed or unalloyed. For example, some metals either oxidize unacceptably or fail to exhibit the desired electrical resistivity properties.
  • the other metal is chosen so that the blade has at least the same electrical and mechanical properties as a broom composed mainly of silver and carbon.
  • the other metal is chosen from the group consisting of conductive metals typically having electrical resistivities of between 1.7 and 700 ⁇ 10 -8 ohm.m at 20 ° C.
  • this other metal may be selected from aluminum, zinc, iron, nickel, steel, tin and copper.
  • this other metal may be copper.
  • the preliminary experiments carried out by the Applicant on the silver-copper mixture have in fact shown that this mixture makes it possible to preserve or even improve the mechanical and electrical properties.
  • the use of money and copper in a broom allowed a better respect of the state of surface of the rotating part compared to the money alone.
  • the analysis of the microstructure of the materials obtained from a mixture of carbon, silver and copper has confirmed that during the manufacture of the material, according to these preferred embodiments, the copper does not form. alloy with silver. This is explained by a sintering temperature lower than that of silver-copper eutectic (779 ° C.). This absence of alloy makes it possible to take advantage of the most advantageous properties of each of the metals. For example, silver is known to be more ductile than copper, but copper has greater toughness than silver.
  • the analysis of the microstructure has shown that the material obtained by the partial substitution of silver with copper has a particularly fine and interconnected metallic network with respect to the material consisting of the only silver metal, that is to say allowing a better percolation in the material of the broom, beneficial for the passage of electric current.
  • the Applicant has selected some of the aforementioned parameters, such as the chemical nature, the packed density, the particle size distribution and the specific surface area of each powder. to produce a material comprising silver and the other metal having an optimum densification rate during the compression phase. This makes it possible to obtain a material after sintering with performances mechanical and electrical similar or even superior to those materials in which the metal is only silver, due to the specificity of the microstructure obtained. This selection was made in particular on the basis of the properties of the different powders.
  • the silver and the other metal are allied under the condition that the desired effects mentioned above are obtained.
  • the blade further comprises at least one additional layer, which can make it possible to better adapt the blade to the various constraints of manufacture and use.
  • the additional layer may be silver-free, or may comprise silver in a relatively small amount, for example less than 5% by weight. So limiting the amount of money in the broom can reduce the price and dependence on the quality of the raw material money.
  • the layer described above with carbon, silver and the other metal, as a wear layer, in contact with a rotating part, while the additional layer will constitute an anchor or connection layer, allowing the electrical connection to the fixed part. It can thus benefit from the properties that money brings to sliding contacts, including a relatively small drop in contact voltage.
  • the additional layer is located above the wear layer, along a vertical axis relative to a brush / rotary contact plane of contact. The size of this layer is chosen by those skilled in the art with regard to the plane of the broom studied.
  • the blade may have more than two layers, for example three or more layers.
  • the blade may comprise a switching layer, a lapping layer for honing a collector, or the like.
  • one or more intermediate layers between the wear and connection layer make it possible to constitute a mass proportion gradient of the other metal in the brush, a gradient that would increase from the wear layer to the connection layer, which allows a better mechanical cohesion in the broom.
  • the invention is therefore not limited by the number of layers, nor by their arrangement.
  • the blade may consist of a single silver layer, as described above.
  • This layer may, for example, be composed essentially of metal, for example copper.
  • the additional layer may be composed mainly of carbon and metal, advantageously of the other metal.
  • the use of the same metal, said other metal, from one layer to another, allows to have relatively satisfactory mechanical and electrical qualities, but it is of course not excluded to choose a third metal for this additional layer .
  • the layer may comprise at least one binder and / or at least one additive, in amounts customary to those skilled in the art, ranging from 1 to 20% by weight, the binder being typically a resin of phenolic type and the additives chosen especially from families of solid lubricants, abrasives and anti-oxidant additives usually used in the field of sliding electrical contacts.
  • the additional layer may have a composition close to the layer described above, in that the mass proportions of metal and carbon may be relatively close to one layer to another.
  • the additional layer may in particular have a proportion of metal substantially identical to the proportion of metal (that is to say, the whole silver and the other metal) of the silver layer described above.
  • said layers further comprise at least one binder and / or at least one additive, where the carbon, said at least one binder and / or said at least one additive are identical in nature and in substantially equal relative mass proportions from one layer to another.
  • the same binder (s), the same additive (s) and for example the same graphite and in substantially equal proportions from one layer to another are used.
  • the difference in the mass proportions of carbon in the one and the other layer represents less than 5% of the carbon mass of the wear layer or the anchoring layer, advantageously less than 2%.
  • This composition indeed allows better mechanical cohesion between the two layers after cooking.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver and other metal are from 10/90 to 90/10, advantageously from 20/80 to 80/20.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver metal and other metal are preferably 70/30 to 30/70.
  • the relative proportions of silver metal and the other metal are in the range from 40/60 to 60/40, preferably 45/55 to 55/45, in particular 50/50.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver and other metal are 70/30, 50/50 or 30/70.
  • layer composed mainly of such and / or such component it will be understood that the mass of all such and such and / or component represents more than 70% of the mass of the layer, preferably more than 80% of the mass of the layer and preferably about 90% of the mass of the layer.
  • about 90% is meant between 85% and 95%, and advantageously between 88% and 92%.
  • the rest of the mass of the layer consists of additives and / or binders.
  • the mass proportion of the additive (s) may represent less than 10% of the mass of the layer, advantageously less than 5% of the mass of the layer, and advantageously more than 2% of the mass of the layer.
  • the mass proportion of the binder (s) may represent less than 20% of the mass of the layer, advantageously less than 10% of the mass of the layer, and advantageously more than 4% of the mass of the layer.
  • each of these components may be present in the layer at more than 5% by weight relative to the mass of the layer, advantageously more than 10% by weight relative to the weight of the layer, advantageously more than 15% by weight relative to the weight of the layer, advantageously greater than 20% by weight relative to the weight of the layer and advantageously less than 80% by weight relative to the weight of the layer.
  • the mass of the silver / copper / carbon group can represent 90% of the mass of the wear layer, and the mass of the copper alone can represent between 20% and 40% of the mass of the layer of wear.
  • the mass of the copper-graphite assembly may represent 90% of the mass of the anchor layer.
  • a silver / carbon broom typically comprising 65% by weight of silver, may have a wear rate and a coefficient of friction substantially.
  • a broom based on carbon / silver / other metal especially the other metal being copper.
  • the Applicant has also observed a better respect for the surface condition of the rotating part, in particular a smaller deformation (out-of-roundness). Without being bound by any theory, the Applicant assumes that obtaining a particular microstructure of the material consisting of silver and other metal, which is in particular copper, could explain it, at least in part.
  • a method for manufacturing a broom according to the invention comprising a step of mixing a carbon powder, in particular graphite, with a metal powder, this metal powder consisting mainly of silver and another metal different from silver.
  • This metal powder may for example have itself been obtained by mixing a silver powder and a powder of this other metal.
  • the powders are then compressed, possibly in a suitable mold to the shape of the desired brush, then the raw material obtained, that is to say unsintered, is then sintered at a temperature below that of eutectic silver / other metal, which leads to obtaining a non-alloy material.
  • the powders of the various constituents are of neighboring particle size and are usually chosen by those skilled in the art in order to obtain the desired physical characteristics for the final material.
  • This method can make it possible to obtain a broom as described above.
  • the invention relates to a use of the brush according to the invention, for an application characterized by electrical currents between 1 and 1000 mA and contact voltage drops of between 1 and 1000 mV, typically signal transfer.
  • the wear layer mainly comprises carbon in graphite form, silver, and copper.
  • the mass of silver present in the wear layer represents almost 32% of the mass of the wear layer.
  • the mass of copper present in the wear layer is about 32% of the mass of the wear layer.
  • the remaining mass, ie 36% of the mass of the wear layer consists mainly of graphite and further comprises one or more binder (s) and additives, in proportions customary to those skilled in the art.
  • a binder a phenolic resin is selected here.
  • graphite is present at 26% by weight relative to the weight of the wear layer, the additive (s) at 3.5% by weight, and the phenolic resin at 6.5% by weight.
  • connection layer mainly comprises graphite and copper.
  • the mass of copper present in the anchoring layer represents almost 64% of the mass of the anchoring layer.
  • the remaining mass, ie 36% of the mass of this anchoring layer consists mainly of graphite and may also comprise one or more binder (s) and additive (s) of the type and in proportions customary to those skilled in the art.
  • graphite is present at 26% by weight relative to the weight of the connecting layer, the additive (s) at 3.5% by weight, and the phenolic resin at 6.5% by weight.
  • Graphite, binders and additives are the same from one layer to another. For example, a supply of each of these materials may be provided by the same supplier.
  • the mass proportion of copper in the connection layer is substantially identical to the mass proportion of metal (ie here silver and copper) in the wear layer. In this example, there is thus 64% by weight of metal in one and the other layer.
  • the mass proportion of the graphite added to the binder (s) and additive (s) is substantially identical in the connection layer and in the wear layer.
  • the difference of the carbon masses in one and the other layer is less than 5% of the carbon mass of the wear layer or the connecting layer, advantageously less than 2% .
  • This composition indeed allows better mechanical cohesion between the two layers after cooking.
  • the anchor layer or connecting layer is not intended to be in contact with the rotating part during the life of the blade. Its function is to ensure the housing of cables or other electrical connection elements and to have the electrical and mechanical properties necessary for the proper operation of the blade.
  • This connection layer does not need to have money in its composition.
  • This layer is composed mainly of graphite and copper. This connection layer has the same metal content and the same carbon content as the wear layer also called functional layer or contact layer.
  • silver and copper are present in relative mass proportions of 50/50.
  • the relative proportion of silver relative to the relative mass proportion of copper is 70/30.
  • the relative mass proportion of silver relative to the relative proportion of copper is 30/70.
  • the relative weight proportions 50/50 are particularly advantageous in that they allow a 68% reduction in the cost of the blade compared to a brush of the prior art composed mainly of graphite and silver.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver and copper are 70/30, the cost reduction is about 30% compared with the prior art.
  • the wear layer it is possible, for example, to mix the phenolic resin with graphite.
  • the phenolic resin then coats the graphite particles.
  • the graphite thus coated is crushed and screened so as to obtain a particle size distribution that is customary for those skilled in the art.
  • this premix is mixed homogeneously with silver powder, copper powder and additive (s).
  • connection layer we can also provide mixing the same premix copper powder.
  • the bilayer broom can then be produced using a method as described in the document FR 2,709,611 .
  • the mixture composed mainly of copper and graphite on the one hand, and the mixture composed mainly of copper, silver and graphite on the other hand are brought into a mold via a partitioned hopper, guided by a bottom mobile type piston.
  • the powders in the mold are then compressed using an upper piston using a compressive force to obtain the desired density, and the resulting material is sintered at a temperature between 200 and 779 ° C. It is thus obtained a broom or metals are unalloyed.
  • Table 1 shows that the brushes of the invention not only have wear comparable to that obtained with conventional brushes, but that this wear can be less important by a factor of 2.
  • the surface temperature of the ring is substantially identical from one sample to another, the measured values being in accordance with the recommendations recommended by those skilled in the art, that is to say an interval of 60 to 100 ° C, to obtain the formation of the third body, called patina, necessary for optimal tribological operation of the broom / ring assembly.

Description

L'invention se rapporte au domaine des balais destinés à assurer un contact électrique entre une pièce / élément fixe et une pièce / élément en rotation dans une machine électrique tournante. Cette pièce tournante peut par exemple être une partie de collecteur d'un moteur électrique ou une bague d'une génératrice d'éolienne.The invention relates to the field of brushes intended to provide electrical contact between a part / fixed element and a rotating part / element in a rotating electrical machine. This rotating part may for example be a part of a collector of an electric motor or a ring of a wind turbine generator.

Ces balais sont généralement composés de graphite. Il est connu, notamment pour des applications correspondant à des courants forts, ou à des signaux précis, de fabriquer des balais à partir d'un mélange de poudres de graphite et d'argent.These brooms are usually made of graphite. It is known, particularly for applications corresponding to strong currents, or to precise signals, to manufacture brushes from a mixture of graphite powders and silver.

L'argent permet de conférer aux contacts électriques glissants une relativement faible chute de tension au contact avec la pièce tournante et une résistivité électrique faible, ce qui améliore la dissipation thermique. En outre, pendant le fonctionnement, il se forme des oxydes d'argent qui ont la particularité d'être de bons conducteurs électriques (en comparaison aux autres oxydes métalliques). Grâce à ces propriétés, les matériaux permettant le contact électrique glissant, tels que les balais, sont avantageusement mis en oeuvre notamment dans les domaines de l'aéronautique ou éolien, fonctionnant dans des conditions extrêmes (atmosphères corrosives, chaudes, humides ou sous vide partiel). Par conséquent, on s'assure habituellement que le composant argent de ces matériaux est exempt d'impuretés métalliques qui pourraient en altérer les qualités et performances par une oxydation indésirable ou par perte des propriétés électriques. Toutefois, il est bien connu que des matériaux de contact électrique, en particulier les balais, contenant un métal autre que l'argent, tel que le cuivre, sont utilisés pour des usages différents de ceux des balais à base d'argent.The silver makes it possible to give the sliding electrical contacts a relatively low voltage drop in contact with the rotating part and a low electrical resistivity, which improves the heat dissipation. In addition, during operation, silver oxides are formed which have the distinction of being good electrical conductors (compared to other metal oxides). Thanks to these properties, the materials allowing the sliding electrical contact, such as brushes, are advantageously used in particular in the fields of aeronautics or wind, operating under extreme conditions (corrosive atmospheres, hot, humid or under partial vacuum ). Therefore, it is usually ensured that the silver component of these materials is free of metal impurities which could alter their qualities and performance through undesirable oxidation or loss of electrical properties. However, it is well known that electrical contact materials, in particular brushes, containing a metal other than silver, such as copper, are used for uses different from those of silver-based brushes.

Néanmoins, l'argent est une matière première relativement chère et peu disponible sur le marché. De plus, il s'est avéré que les propriétés du balai dépendent relativement étroitement de la qualité de la poudre d'argent utilisée.Nevertheless, silver is a relatively expensive raw material and not widely available on the market. In addition, it has been found that the properties of the broom depend relatively closely on the quality of the silver powder used.

Le document US-A-2005/0212376 décrit un balai composé principalement de carbone et d'argent.The document US-2005/0212376 describes a broom composed mainly of carbon and silver.

Il existe donc un besoin pour un matériau de contact électrique glissant, tel qu'un balai, meilleur marché, et pour lequel la reproductibilité serait améliorée.There is therefore a need for a sliding electrical contact material, such as a broom, which is cheaper and for which reproducibility would be improved.

Il est proposé un balai d'après la revendication 1 destiné à assurer un contact électrique entre une pièce fixe et une pièce en mouvement, ce balai comprenant une couche composée principalement de carbone, d'argent et d'un autre métal distinct de l'argent.A brush according to claim 1 for providing an electrical contact between a fixed part and a moving part, this broom comprising a layer composed mainly of carbon, silver and another metal distinct from the money.

Par carbone, on entend tout composé contenant l'élément carbone, avantageusement le graphite, qui est le carbone présentant à la fois des propriétés électriques et des propriétés de friction adaptées aux contacts électriques glissants.By carbon is meant any compound containing the carbon element, advantageously graphite, which is carbon having both electrical properties and friction properties adapted to sliding electrical contacts.

Ainsi, ce balai est moins onéreux que les balais de l'art antérieur, et l'approvisionnement en argent est moins déterminant pour les propriétés du balai que dans l'art antérieur pour lequel, en cas de difficulté d'approvisionnement chez un fournisseur donné et de choix d'un autre fournisseur, il existe un risque de non reproductibilité des propriétés du balai.Thus, this broom is less expensive than the brushes of the prior art, and the supply of silver is less determining for the properties of the brush than in the prior art for which, in case of difficulty of supply to a given supplier and choosing from another supplier, there is a risk of non-reproducibility of the properties of the brush.

Avantageusement, l'autre métal, distinct de l'argent, est apte à se substituer partiellement à celui-ci, tout en respectant, d'une part, les propriétés physiques du matériau constitutif du balai, qui déterminent les performances fonctionnelles des balais et, d'autre part, en limitant le coût du matériau balai final. En particulier, la nature de l'autre métal, la proportion massique relative argent/autre métal et/ou la température de frittage lors de la fabrication des balais conditionnent les propriétés électriques et mécaniques, que ces métaux soient alliés ou non alliés. Par exemple, certains métaux soit s'oxydent de façon rédhibitoire, soit ne présentent pas les propriétés de résistivité électrique voulues. Autrement dit, l'autre métal est choisi de façon à ce que le balai présente au moins les mêmes propriétés électriques et mécaniques qu'un balai composé principalement d'argent et de carbone.Advantageously, the other metal, distinct from silver, is able to partially replace it, while respecting, on the one hand, the physical properties of the material constituting the blade, which determine the functional performance of the brushes and on the other hand, by limiting the cost of the final broom material. In particular, the nature of the other metal, the relative mass ratio silver / other metal and / or the sintering temperature during the manufacture of the brushes condition the electrical and mechanical properties, whether these metals are alloyed or unalloyed. For example, some metals either oxidize unacceptably or fail to exhibit the desired electrical resistivity properties. In other words, the other metal is chosen so that the blade has at least the same electrical and mechanical properties as a broom composed mainly of silver and carbon.

Selon des modes de réalisation avantageux de l'invention, l'autre métal est choisi dans le groupe constitué par les métaux conducteurs ayant typiquement des résistivités électriques comprises entre 1.7 et 700 x10-8 Ohm.m, à 20°C.According to advantageous embodiments of the invention, the other metal is chosen from the group consisting of conductive metals typically having electrical resistivities of between 1.7 and 700 × 10 -8 ohm.m at 20 ° C.

Très avantageusement et de façon non limitative, cet autre métal peut être choisi parmi l'aluminium, le zinc, le fer, le nickel, l'acier, l'étain et le cuivre.Very advantageously and without limitation, this other metal may be selected from aluminum, zinc, iron, nickel, steel, tin and copper.

En particulier, cet autre métal peut être du cuivre. Les expériences préliminaires effectuées par la Demanderesse sur le mélange argent-cuivre ont en effet montré que ce mélange permettait de conserver, voire d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et électriques. En outre, l'utilisation d'argent et de cuivre dans un balai a permis un meilleur respect de l'état de surface de la pièce tournante comparativement à l'argent seul.In particular, this other metal may be copper. The preliminary experiments carried out by the Applicant on the silver-copper mixture have in fact shown that this mixture makes it possible to preserve or even improve the mechanical and electrical properties. In addition, the use of money and copper in a broom allowed a better respect of the state of surface of the rotating part compared to the money alone.

Très avantageusement, l'argent et l'autre métal ne sont pas alliés.Very advantageously, silver and the other metal are not allied.

Dans ces conditions, l'analyse de la microstructure des matériaux obtenus à partir d'un mélange carbone, argent et cuivre a permis de confirmer que lors de la fabrication du matériau, selon ces modes de réalisation préférés, le cuivre ne forme pas d'alliage avec l'argent. Ceci s'explique par une température de frittage inférieure à celle de l'eutectique argent-cuivre (779°C). Cette absence d'alliage permet de tirer parti des propriétés les plus avantageuses de chacun des métaux. Par exemple, l'argent est reconnu comme étant plus ductile que le cuivre mais le cuivre présente une plus grande ténacité que l'argent.Under these conditions, the analysis of the microstructure of the materials obtained from a mixture of carbon, silver and copper has confirmed that during the manufacture of the material, according to these preferred embodiments, the copper does not form. alloy with silver. This is explained by a sintering temperature lower than that of silver-copper eutectic (779 ° C.). This absence of alloy makes it possible to take advantage of the most advantageous properties of each of the metals. For example, silver is known to be more ductile than copper, but copper has greater toughness than silver.

En outre, l'analyse de la microstructure a montré que le matériau obtenu par la substitution partielle d'argent par du cuivre présentait un réseau métallique particulièrement fin et interconnecté par rapport au matériau constitué du seul métal argent, autrement dit permettant une meilleure percolation dans le matériau constitutif du balai, bénéfique pour le passage du courant électrique.In addition, the analysis of the microstructure has shown that the material obtained by the partial substitution of silver with copper has a particularly fine and interconnected metallic network with respect to the material consisting of the only silver metal, that is to say allowing a better percolation in the material of the broom, beneficial for the passage of electric current.

Cette différence s'expliquerait par les caractéristiques initiales des grains d'argent et de cuivre, leur forte ductilité respective et par l'affinité chimique particulière entre ces deux métaux. La morphologie, la taille, la masse volumique et la ductilité des grains sont dues à la fois à la nature chimique du matériau les constituants et à leur méthode d'obtention. Ces aspects déterminent les propriétés d'emploi des mélanges au travers de leur comportement en cours d'écoulement, de remplissage, de réarrangement, de compressibilité et de compactibilité. Ce comportement influence considérablement la densification dudit matériau pendant la phase de compression. Par ailleurs, pour des matériaux ductiles, cette densification conditionne les propriétés finales dudit matériau après l'étape du frittage.This difference is explained by the initial characteristics of the grains of silver and copper, their respective high ductility and the particular chemical affinity between these two metals. The morphology, size, density and ductility of the grains are due both to the chemical nature of the constituent material and to their method of production. These aspects determine the use properties of the mixtures through their behavior during flow, filling, rearrangement, compressibility and compactibility. This behavior considerably influences the densification of said material during the compression phase. Moreover, for ductile materials, this densification conditions the final properties of said material after the sintering step.

Avantageusement, et sur la base des observations précédentes basées sur le mélange argent-cuivre, la Demanderesse a sélectionné certains des paramètres susmentionnés, tels que la nature chimique, la densité tassée, la distribution de la taille des particules et la surface spécifique de chaque poudre, pour produire un matériau comprenant l'argent et l'autre métal présentant un taux de densification optimal durant la phase de compression. Ceci permet d'obtenir un matériau après frittage présentant des performances mécaniques et électriques similaires, voire supérieures, à celles des matériaux dans lequel le métal est seulement l'argent, du fait de la spécificité de la microstructure obtenue. Cette sélection s'est effectuée en particulier sur la base des propriétés des différentes poudres.Advantageously, and on the basis of the above observations based on the silver-copper mixture, the Applicant has selected some of the aforementioned parameters, such as the chemical nature, the packed density, the particle size distribution and the specific surface area of each powder. to produce a material comprising silver and the other metal having an optimum densification rate during the compression phase. This makes it possible to obtain a material after sintering with performances mechanical and electrical similar or even superior to those materials in which the metal is only silver, due to the specificity of the microstructure obtained. This selection was made in particular on the basis of the properties of the different powders.

Dans d'autres modes de réalisation, l'argent et l'autre métal sont alliés sous la condition que les effets recherchés, mentionnés précédemment, soient obtenus.In other embodiments, the silver and the other metal are allied under the condition that the desired effects mentioned above are obtained.

Avantageusement, le balai comporte en outre au moins une couche supplémentaire, ce qui peut permettre d'adapter au mieux le balai aux diverses contraintes de fabrication et d'utilisation.Advantageously, the blade further comprises at least one additional layer, which can make it possible to better adapt the blade to the various constraints of manufacture and use.

Par exemple, la couche supplémentaire peut être dénuée d'argent, ou bien comprendre de l'argent en relativement faible quantité, par exemple moins de 5% en masse. Limiter ainsi encore la quantité d'argent dans le balai peut permettre de diminuer le prix et la dépendance à la qualité de la matière première argent.For example, the additional layer may be silver-free, or may comprise silver in a relatively small amount, for example less than 5% by weight. So limiting the amount of money in the broom can reduce the price and dependence on the quality of the raw material money.

On peut par exemple prévoir d'utiliser la couche décrite ci-dessus, avec du carbone, de l'argent et l'autre métal, en tant que couche d'usure, en contact avec une pièce tournante, tandis que la couche supplémentaire constituera une couche d'ancrage ou de connexion, permettant le raccordement électrique à la pièce fixe. On peut ainsi bénéficier des propriétés que l'argent apporte aux contacts glissants, notamment une relativement faible chute de tension au contact. Dans ce cas, la couche supplémentaire est située au-dessus de la couche d'usure, selon un axe vertical par rapport à un plan de contact balai/pièce tournante. La taille de cette couche est choisie par l'homme du métier au regard du plan du balai étudié. Dans un mode de réalisation, le balai peut comporter plus de deux couches, par exemple trois couches ou davantage. Outre une couche d'usure et une couche de connexion, le balai peut ainsi comprendre une couche de commutation, une couche de rodage pour roder un collecteur, ou autre. Avantageusement une ou plusieurs couches intermédiaires entre la couche d'usure et de connexion permettent de constituer un gradient de proportion massique de l'autre métal dans le balai, gradient qui serait croissant de la couche d'usure vers la couche de connexion, ce qui permet une meilleure cohésion mécanique dans le balai.For example, it is possible to use the layer described above, with carbon, silver and the other metal, as a wear layer, in contact with a rotating part, while the additional layer will constitute an anchor or connection layer, allowing the electrical connection to the fixed part. It can thus benefit from the properties that money brings to sliding contacts, including a relatively small drop in contact voltage. In this case, the additional layer is located above the wear layer, along a vertical axis relative to a brush / rotary contact plane of contact. The size of this layer is chosen by those skilled in the art with regard to the plane of the broom studied. In one embodiment, the blade may have more than two layers, for example three or more layers. In addition to a wear layer and a connection layer, the blade may comprise a switching layer, a lapping layer for honing a collector, or the like. Advantageously, one or more intermediate layers between the wear and connection layer make it possible to constitute a mass proportion gradient of the other metal in the brush, a gradient that would increase from the wear layer to the connection layer, which allows a better mechanical cohesion in the broom.

L'invention n'est donc pas limitée par le nombre de couches, ni par leur disposition.The invention is therefore not limited by the number of layers, nor by their arrangement.

En particulier, le balai peut être constitué d'une seule couche argentée, telle que décrite ci-dessus.In particular, the blade may consist of a single silver layer, as described above.

L'invention n'est pas limitée par la composition de la couche supplémentaire. Cette couche peut, par exemple, être composée essentiellement de métal, par exemple de cuivre.The invention is not limited by the composition of the additional layer. This layer may, for example, be composed essentially of metal, for example copper.

Avantageusement, la couche supplémentaire peut être composée principalement de carbone et de métal, avantageusement de l'autre métal. L'utilisation du même métal, dit autre métal, d'une couche à l'autre, permet d'avoir des qualités mécaniques et électriques relativement satisfaisantes, mais il n'est bien entendu pas exclu de choisir un tiers métal pour cette couche supplémentaire.Advantageously, the additional layer may be composed mainly of carbon and metal, advantageously of the other metal. The use of the same metal, said other metal, from one layer to another, allows to have relatively satisfactory mechanical and electrical qualities, but it is of course not excluded to choose a third metal for this additional layer .

Outre le carbone et le métal, la couche peut comprendre au moins un liant et/ou au moins un additif, dans des proportions habituelles pour l'homme du métier, variant de 1 à 20% en masse, le liant pouvant être typiquement une résine de type phénolique et les additifs choisis notamment parmi les familles des lubrifiants solides, abrasifs et additifs anti-oxydants habituellement utilisés dans le domaine des contacts électriques glissants. Avantageusement, la couche supplémentaire peut avoir une composition proche de la couche décrite ci-dessus, en ce sens que les proportions massiques de métal et de carbone peuvent être relativement proches d'une couche à l'autre. La couche supplémentaire peut notamment avoir une proportion de métal sensiblement identique à la proportion de métal (c'est-à-dire de l'ensemble argent et l'autre métal) de la couche argentée décrite ci-dessus.In addition to the carbon and the metal, the layer may comprise at least one binder and / or at least one additive, in amounts customary to those skilled in the art, ranging from 1 to 20% by weight, the binder being typically a resin of phenolic type and the additives chosen especially from families of solid lubricants, abrasives and anti-oxidant additives usually used in the field of sliding electrical contacts. Advantageously, the additional layer may have a composition close to the layer described above, in that the mass proportions of metal and carbon may be relatively close to one layer to another. The additional layer may in particular have a proportion of metal substantially identical to the proportion of metal (that is to say, the whole silver and the other metal) of the silver layer described above.

Avantageusement, dans le balai comportant la couche supplémentaire et la couche d'usure, comprenant de l'argent et de l'autre métal, lesdites couches comportent en outre au moins un liant et/ou au moins un additif, où le carbone, ledit au moins un liant et/ou ledit au moins un additif sont de nature identique et dans des proportions massiques relatives sensiblement égales d'une couche à l'autre. On utilise ainsi pour ces deux couches le ou les mêmes liant(s), le ou les même(s) additif(s) et par exemple le même graphite, et dans des proportions sensiblement égales d'une couche à l'autre.Advantageously, in the wiper comprising the additional layer and the wear layer, comprising silver and the other metal, said layers further comprise at least one binder and / or at least one additive, where the carbon, said at least one binder and / or said at least one additive are identical in nature and in substantially equal relative mass proportions from one layer to another. Thus, for these two layers, the same binder (s), the same additive (s) and for example the same graphite and in substantially equal proportions from one layer to another are used.

Par sensiblement identique, on entend que la différence des proportions massiques de carbone dans l'une et l'autre couche représente moins de 5% de la masse de carbone de la couche d'usure ou de la couche d'ancrage, avantageusement moins de 2%. Cette composition permet en effet une meilleure cohésion mécanique entre les deux couches après cuisson.By substantially the same, it is meant that the difference in the mass proportions of carbon in the one and the other layer represents less than 5% of the carbon mass of the wear layer or the anchoring layer, advantageously less than 2%. This composition indeed allows better mechanical cohesion between the two layers after cooking.

Ceci permet d'avoir une relativement bonne cohésion mécanique entre ces deux couches, et de conférer au balai une durée de vie relativement élevée. Sans vouloir être lié par une théorie, il est possible que les coefficients de dilatation thermique des deux couches soient relativement proches, ce qui pourrait limiter la formation de contraintes à l'interface entre ces couches.This makes it possible to have a relatively good mechanical cohesion between these two layers, and to give the brush a relatively high service life. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is possible that the thermal expansion coefficients of the two layers are relatively close, which could limit the formation of constraints at the interface between these layers.

Au sein de la couche argentée, les proportions massiques relatives de l'argent et autre métal sont de 10/90 à 90/10, avantageusement de 20/80 à 80/20.Within the silver layer, the relative mass proportions of silver and other metal are from 10/90 to 90/10, advantageously from 20/80 to 80/20.

Par exemple, les proportions massiques relatives en argent métal et autre métal vont de préférence de 70/30 à 30/70. Avantageusement, les proportions relatives en argent métal et en l'autre métal sont comprises dans la plage de valeurs allant de 40/60 à 60/40, de préférence 45/55 à 55/45, en particulier 50/50. Dans certains cas, les proportions massiques relatives de l'argent et autre métal sont de 70/30, 50/50 ou 30/70.For example, the relative mass proportions of silver metal and other metal are preferably 70/30 to 30/70. Advantageously, the relative proportions of silver metal and the other metal are in the range from 40/60 to 60/40, preferably 45/55 to 55/45, in particular 50/50. In some cases, the relative mass proportions of silver and other metal are 70/30, 50/50 or 30/70.

Par « couche composée principalement de tel et/ou tel composant », on comprendra que la masse de l'ensemble de ces tel et/ou tel composant représente plus de 70% de la masse de la couche, avantageusement plus de 80% de la masse de la couche et avantageusement environ 90% de la masse de la couche. Par « environ 90% », on entend entre 85% et 95%, et avantageusement entre 88 et 92%.By "layer composed mainly of such and / or such component", it will be understood that the mass of all such and such and / or component represents more than 70% of the mass of the layer, preferably more than 80% of the mass of the layer and preferably about 90% of the mass of the layer. By "about 90%" is meant between 85% and 95%, and advantageously between 88% and 92%.

Le reste de la masse de la couche est constitué d'additifs et/ou de liants. La proportion massique du ou des additif(s) peut représenter moins de 10% de la masse de la couche, avantageusement moins de 5% de la masse de la couche, et avantageusement plus de 2% de la masse de la couche. La proportion massique du ou des liant(s) peut représenter moins de 20% de la masse de la couche, avantageusement moins de 10% de la masse de la couche, et avantageusement plus de 4% de la masse de la couche.The rest of the mass of the layer consists of additives and / or binders. The mass proportion of the additive (s) may represent less than 10% of the mass of the layer, advantageously less than 5% of the mass of the layer, and advantageously more than 2% of the mass of the layer. The mass proportion of the binder (s) may represent less than 20% of the mass of the layer, advantageously less than 10% of the mass of the layer, and advantageously more than 4% of the mass of the layer.

Avantageusement, chacun de ces tel ou tel composant peut être présent dans la couche à plus de 5% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche, avantageusement à plus de 10% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche, avantageusement à plus de 15% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche, avantageusement à plus de 20% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche et avantageusement à moins de 80% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche.Advantageously, each of these components may be present in the layer at more than 5% by weight relative to the mass of the layer, advantageously more than 10% by weight relative to the weight of the layer, advantageously more than 15% by weight relative to the weight of the layer, advantageously greater than 20% by weight relative to the weight of the layer and advantageously less than 80% by weight relative to the weight of the layer.

Par exemple, la masse de l'ensemble argent/cuivre/carbone peut représenter 90% de la masse de la couche d'usure, et la masse du cuivre seul peut représenter entre 20% et 40% de la masse de la couche d'usure. Par exemple, la masse de l'ensemble cuivre-graphite peut représenter 90% de la masse de la couche d'ancrage.For example, the mass of the silver / copper / carbon group can represent 90% of the mass of the wear layer, and the mass of the copper alone can represent between 20% and 40% of the mass of the layer of wear. For example, the mass of the copper-graphite assembly may represent 90% of the mass of the anchor layer.

Parmi les avantages des balais réalisés selon l'invention, on peut citer les suivants.Among the advantages of the brushes made according to the invention include the following.

Dans des conditions de fabrication similaires et des conditions d'essais identiques, il a été observé qu'un balai en argent/carbone, comprenant classiquement 65% en masse d'argent, pouvait présenter un taux d'usure et un coefficient de frottement sensiblement identiques par rapport à un balai à base de carbone/argent/autre métal, en particulier l'autre métal étant le cuivre.Under similar manufacturing conditions and identical test conditions, it has been observed that a silver / carbon broom, typically comprising 65% by weight of silver, may have a wear rate and a coefficient of friction substantially. identical to a broom based on carbon / silver / other metal, especially the other metal being copper.

La Demanderesse a également observé un meilleur respect de l'état de surface de la pièce tournante, en particulier une déformation moindre (faux-rond). Sans être lié par une quelconque théorie, la Demanderesse suppose que l'obtention d'une microstructure particulière du matériau constitué d'argent et autre métal, lequel est en particulier le cuivre, pourrait l'expliquer, du moins en partie.The Applicant has also observed a better respect for the surface condition of the rotating part, in particular a smaller deformation (out-of-roundness). Without being bound by any theory, the Applicant assumes that obtaining a particular microstructure of the material consisting of silver and other metal, which is in particular copper, could explain it, at least in part.

En outre, il n'est pas observé d'augmentation de la température de la pièce tournante avec l'emploi du balai selon l'invention qui reste dans la gamme de 70 à 90°C selon les proportions massiques relatives utilisées. Cette observation pourrait paraître surprenante, car, étant donné que l'argent est meilleur conducteur électrique que l'autre métal selon l'invention, la substitution d'une partie d'argent par cet autre métal pourrait conduire à une augmentation de la température par effet Joule. Toutefois il a été observé d'une part que les propriétés électriques étaient conservées, et d'autre part, que le réseau métallique présentait une meilleure percolation.In addition, it is not observed increasing the temperature of the rotating part with the use of the brush according to the invention which remains in the range of 70 to 90 ° C according to the relative mass proportions used. This observation might seem surprising, since, since silver is a better electrical conductor than the other metal according to the invention, the substitution of one part of silver by this other metal could lead to an increase of the temperature by Joule effect. However it was observed on the one hand that the electrical properties were preserved, and on the other hand, that the metal network had a better percolation.

Ainsi les pertes totales (électriques et mécaniques) sont donc conservées.Thus the total losses (electrical and mechanical) are thus preserved.

Il est également proposé un procédé de fabrication d'un balai selon l'invention, comprenant une étape de mélange d'une poudre de carbone, en particulier, le graphite, d'une poudre métallique, cette poudre métallique étant composée principalement d'argent et d'un autre métal différent de l'argent. Cette poudre métallique peut par exemple avoir elle-même été obtenue en mélangeant une poudre d'argent et une poudre de cet autre métal.There is also provided a method for manufacturing a broom according to the invention, comprising a step of mixing a carbon powder, in particular graphite, with a metal powder, this metal powder consisting mainly of silver and another metal different from silver. This metal powder may for example have itself been obtained by mixing a silver powder and a powder of this other metal.

Selon des modes de réalisation, les poudres sont ensuite comprimées, éventuellement dans un moule approprié à la forme du balai souhaitée, puis le matériau cru obtenu, c'est-à-dire non fritté, est ensuite fritté à une température inférieure à celle de l'eutectique argent/autre métal, ce qui conduit à l'obtention d'un matériau non-allié.According to embodiments, the powders are then compressed, possibly in a suitable mold to the shape of the desired brush, then the raw material obtained, that is to say unsintered, is then sintered at a temperature below that of eutectic silver / other metal, which leads to obtaining a non-alloy material.

Les poudres des différents constituants sont de granulométries voisines et habituellement choisies par l'homme du métier en vue de l'obtention des caractéristiques physiques souhaitées pour le matériau final.The powders of the various constituents are of neighboring particle size and are usually chosen by those skilled in the art in order to obtain the desired physical characteristics for the final material.

Ce procédé peut permettre d'obtenir un balai tel que décrit ci-dessus.This method can make it possible to obtain a broom as described above.

Il est en outre proposé d'utiliser le balai obtenu pour une machine électrique utilisée pour le transfert de puissance, laquelle machine est en particulier un générateur, tel qu'une génératrice d'éolienne.It is further proposed to use the brush obtained for an electric machine used for power transfer, which machine is in particular a generator, such as a wind generator.

Par ailleurs, l'invention concerne une utilisation du balai selon l'invention, pour une application caractérisée par des courants électriques compris entre 1 et 1000 mA et des chutes de tension au contact compris entre 1 et 1000 mV, typiquement de transfert de signal.Furthermore, the invention relates to a use of the brush according to the invention, for an application characterized by electrical currents between 1 and 1000 mA and contact voltage drops of between 1 and 1000 mV, typically signal transfer.

L'invention n'est pas limitée par une application donnée. On peut notamment citer :

  • des applications liées au transfert de puissance électrique, par exemple dans le domaine des génératrices d'éoliennes, des machines spéciales, ou autres,
  • des applications liées au transfert de signaux, par exemple dans le domaine des tachymètres, du captage de courant de mesure, tel que thermocouples et sondes thermométrique, des petits moteurs de précision pour l'horlogerie, le médical ou autre,
  • des applications sous atmosphère très peu humide, par exemple dans le domaine de l'aéronautique ou de l'aérospatial.
The invention is not limited by a given application. These include:
  • applications related to the transfer of electrical power, for example in the field of wind turbine generators, special machines, or others,
  • applications related to the transfer of signals, for example in the field of tachometers, measurement current sensing, such as thermocouples and thermometric probes, small precision motors for the watch industry, medical or other,
  • applications under a very low humidity atmosphere, for example in the field of aeronautics or aerospace.

L'invention est décrite plus en détail en référence à un mode de réalisation décrit ci-dessous, en référence à la Figure 1 qui représente un exemple de microstructure de la couche d'usure d'un balai, (A) selon l'art antérieur comprenant 65% d'argent et du graphite, (B) selon l'invention avec une proportion massique relative Ag/Cu de 50/50, également contenant du graphite.The invention is described in more detail with reference to an embodiment described below, with reference to the Figure 1 which represents an example of microstructure of the wear layer of a brush, (A) according to the prior art comprising 65% silver and graphite, (B) according to the invention with a relative mass proportion Ag / Cu 50/50, also containing graphite.

Dans ce mode de réalisation, un balai comportant deux couches, dit balai bicouche, comporte :

  • une couche d'usure dite couche argentée, couche fonctionnelle, ou bien encore couche de contact, et
  • une couche supplémentaire, dite également couche de connexion ou d'ancrage.
In this embodiment, a broom comprising two layers, called a bilayer broom, comprises:
  • a wear layer called silver layer, functional layer, or even contact layer, and
  • an additional layer, also called connection layer or anchor.

La couche d'usure comprend principalement du carbone sous forme graphite, de l'argent, et du cuivre.The wear layer mainly comprises carbon in graphite form, silver, and copper.

La masse de l'argent présent dans la couche d'usure représente prés de 32% de la masse de la couche d'usure.The mass of silver present in the wear layer represents almost 32% of the mass of the wear layer.

La masse du cuivre présent dans la couche d'usure représente prés de 32% de la masse de la couche d'usure.The mass of copper present in the wear layer is about 32% of the mass of the wear layer.

La masse restante, soit 36% de la masse de la couche d'usure, est constituée principalement de graphite et comprend en outre un ou des liant(s) et additifs, dans des proportions habituelles pour l'homme du métier. Comme liant, on choisi ici une résine phénolique. Par exemple, le graphite est présent à 26% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche d'usure, le ou les additifs à 3,5% en masse, et la résine phénolique à 6,5% en masse.The remaining mass, ie 36% of the mass of the wear layer, consists mainly of graphite and further comprises one or more binder (s) and additives, in proportions customary to those skilled in the art. As a binder, a phenolic resin is selected here. For example, graphite is present at 26% by weight relative to the weight of the wear layer, the additive (s) at 3.5% by weight, and the phenolic resin at 6.5% by weight.

La couche de connexion comprend principalement du graphite et du cuivre.The connection layer mainly comprises graphite and copper.

La masse du cuivre présent dans la couche d'ancrage représente prés de 64% de la masse de la couche d'ancrage.The mass of copper present in the anchoring layer represents almost 64% of the mass of the anchoring layer.

La masse restante, soit 36% de la masse de cette couche d'ancrage est constituée principalement de graphite et peut aussi comprendre un ou des liant(s) et additif(s) du type et dans des proportions habituelles pour l'homme du métier. Par exemple, le graphite est présent à 26% en masse par rapport à la masse de la couche de connexion, le ou les additifs à 3,5% en masse, et la résine phénolique à 6,5% en masse.The remaining mass, ie 36% of the mass of this anchoring layer consists mainly of graphite and may also comprise one or more binder (s) and additive (s) of the type and in proportions customary to those skilled in the art. . For example, graphite is present at 26% by weight relative to the weight of the connecting layer, the additive (s) at 3.5% by weight, and the phenolic resin at 6.5% by weight.

Le graphite, les liants et additifs sont les mêmes d'une couche à l'autre. On peut par exemple prévoir un approvisionnement de chacun de ces matériaux chez le même fournisseur.Graphite, binders and additives are the same from one layer to another. For example, a supply of each of these materials may be provided by the same supplier.

On peut relever que la proportion en masse du cuivre dans la couche de connexion est sensiblement identique à la proportion en masse de métal (c'est-à-dire ici d'argent et de cuivre) dans la couche d'usure. Dans cet exemple, on a ainsi 64 % en masse de métal dans l'une et l'autre couche.It can be noted that the mass proportion of copper in the connection layer is substantially identical to the mass proportion of metal (ie here silver and copper) in the wear layer. In this example, there is thus 64% by weight of metal in one and the other layer.

Autrement dit, la proportion en masse du graphite additionné au(x) liant(s) et additif(s) est sensiblement identique dans la couche de connexion et dans la couche d'usure.In other words, the mass proportion of the graphite added to the binder (s) and additive (s) is substantially identical in the connection layer and in the wear layer.

Par sensiblement identique, on entend que la différence des masses de carbone dans l'une et l'autre couche représente moins de 5% de la masse de carbone de la couche d'usure ou de la couche de connexion, avantageusement moins de 2%. Cette composition permet en effet une meilleure cohésion mécanique entre les deux couches après cuisson.By substantially the same, it is meant that the difference of the carbon masses in one and the other layer is less than 5% of the carbon mass of the wear layer or the connecting layer, advantageously less than 2% . This composition indeed allows better mechanical cohesion between the two layers after cooking.

La couche d'ancrage ou couche de connexion n'est pas destinée à être en contact avec la pièce tournante durant la durée de vie du balai. Sa fonction est d'assurer le logement des câbles ou autres éléments de connexion électrique et d'avoir les propriétés électriques et mécaniques nécessaires au bon fonctionnement du balai. Cette couche de connexion n'a donc pas besoin de comporter de l'argent dans sa composition. Cette couche est donc composée principalement de graphite et de cuivre. Cette couche de connexion présente le même taux de métal et le même taux de carbone que la couche d'usure dite également couche fonctionnelle ou couche de contact.The anchor layer or connecting layer is not intended to be in contact with the rotating part during the life of the blade. Its function is to ensure the housing of cables or other electrical connection elements and to have the electrical and mechanical properties necessary for the proper operation of the blade. This connection layer does not need to have money in its composition. This layer is composed mainly of graphite and copper. This connection layer has the same metal content and the same carbon content as the wear layer also called functional layer or contact layer.

Dans ce mode de réalisation, au sein de la couche d'usure l'argent et le cuivre sont présents dans des proportions massiques relatives de 50/50. En variante, on peut prévoir qu'au sein de cette couche d'usure, la proportion relative d'argent rapportée à la proportion massique relative de cuivre soit de 70/30.In this embodiment, within the wear layer silver and copper are present in relative mass proportions of 50/50. Alternatively, it can be expected that within this wear layer, the relative proportion of silver relative to the relative mass proportion of copper is 70/30.

Selon une autre variante, on peut prévoir qu'au sein de cette couche d'usure, la proportion massique relative d'argent rapportée à la proportion relative de cuivre soit de 30/70.According to another variant, it is possible that within this wear layer, the relative mass proportion of silver relative to the relative proportion of copper is 30/70.

Les proportions massiques relatives 50/50 sont particulièrement avantageuses en ce sens qu'elles permettent une réduction de 68 % du coût du balai par rapport à un balai de l'art antérieur composé principalement de graphite et d'argent. Lorsque les proportions massiques relatives d'argent et de cuivre sont de 70/30, la réduction de coût est d'environ 30 % par rapport à l'art antérieur.The relative weight proportions 50/50 are particularly advantageous in that they allow a 68% reduction in the cost of the blade compared to a brush of the prior art composed mainly of graphite and silver. When the relative mass proportions of silver and copper are 70/30, the cost reduction is about 30% compared with the prior art.

Dans ce mode de réalisation, on a choisi d'utiliser du cuivre. Ce métal est avantageux car relativement conducteur. Néanmoins, on peut envisager de choisir un autre métal, en particulier de l'aluminium, du fer, de l'étain, de l'acier ou du zinc qui peuvent se révéler avantageux d'un point de vue coûts.In this embodiment, it has been chosen to use copper. This metal is advantageous because relatively conductive. Nevertheless, we can consider selecting another metal, particularly aluminum, iron, tin, steel or zinc, which may be cost-effective.

Est maintenant décrit succinctement un procédé de fabrication de ce balai, selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention.A method of manufacturing this broom, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, is now briefly described.

Pour obtenir la couche d'usure, on peut par exemple mélanger dans un premier temps la résine phénolique au graphite. La résine phénolique enrobe alors les particules de graphite. Dans un deuxième temps, le graphite ainsi enrobé est broyé et tamisé de manière à obtenir une répartition granulométrique habituelle pour l'homme du métier. Enfin ce prémix est mélangé de manière homogène à de la poudre d'argent, à de la poudre de cuivre et à un ou des additif(s).To obtain the wear layer, it is possible, for example, to mix the phenolic resin with graphite. The phenolic resin then coats the graphite particles. In a second step, the graphite thus coated is crushed and screened so as to obtain a particle size distribution that is customary for those skilled in the art. Finally this premix is mixed homogeneously with silver powder, copper powder and additive (s).

Pour réaliser la couche de connexion, on pourra là aussi prévoir de mélanger le même prémix à de la poudre de cuivre.To achieve the connection layer, we can also provide mixing the same premix copper powder.

Le balai bicouche peut ensuite être réalisé en utilisant un procédé tel que décrit dans le document FR 2 709 611 . Par exemple, le mélange composé principalement de cuivre et de graphite d'une part, et le mélange composé principalement de cuivre, d'argent et de graphite d'autre part, sont amenés dans un moule via une trémie cloisonnée, guidée par un fond mobile de type piston. Les poudres dans le moule sont ensuite comprimées à l'aide d'un piston supérieur en utilisant une force de compression permettant d'obtenir la densité souhaitée, puis le matériau obtenu est fritté à une température comprise entre 200 et 779°C. Il est ainsi obtenu un balai ou les métaux sont non alliés.The bilayer broom can then be produced using a method as described in the document FR 2,709,611 . For example, the mixture composed mainly of copper and graphite on the one hand, and the mixture composed mainly of copper, silver and graphite on the other hand, are brought into a mold via a partitioned hopper, guided by a bottom mobile type piston. The powders in the mold are then compressed using an upper piston using a compressive force to obtain the desired density, and the resulting material is sintered at a temperature between 200 and 779 ° C. It is thus obtained a broom or metals are unalloyed.

La Demanderesse a effectué des essais sur une machine électrique tournante avec des balais comportant en tant que couche d'usure :

  • Echantillon A : 70/30 (proportion massique relative Ag/Cu),
  • Echantillon B : 60/40 (Ag/Cu),
  • Echantillon C : 50/50(Ag/Cu),
  • Echantillon D ; 30/70 (Ag/Cu)
  • Echantillon comparatif : 100/0 (Ag/Cu)
The Applicant has carried out tests on a rotating electrical machine with brushes comprising as a wear layer:
  • Sample A: 70/30 (relative mass ratio Ag / Cu),
  • Sample B: 60/40 (Ag / Cu),
  • Sample C: 50/50 (Ag / Cu),
  • Sample D; 30/70 (Ag / Cu)
  • Comparative sample: 100/0 (Ag / Cu)

Les conditions d'essai sont les suivantes :

  • La pièce tournante est constituée d'une bague collectrice en bronze d'un diamètre de 200 mm, d'une largeur adaptée par rapport aux dimensions des balais, dans ce cas précis de 27 mm et tournant à une vitesse périphérique de 20m/s.
  • Trois balais identiques sont en contact avec la bague, ces balais ayant des dimensions txaxr, « t », « a », et « r » étant définis selon la nomenclature de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (Suisse), de 20X10X32 mm. On exerce une pression de 380 g/cm2 sur les balais et la densité de courant est de 15A/cm2. L'ambiance de l'ensemble est maintenue à une température fixe de 55°C pendant la totalité de l'essai grâce à un dispositif approprié. L'ensemble des paramètres susnommés étant retenus comme typiques pour l'application visée.
Le Tableau 1 présente les résultats obtenus. Tableau 1 Echantillon Proportion massique relative Ag/Cu Pourcentage massiques* Usure (mm/1000h) Température (T°C) Comparatif 100/0 65% Ag / 0% Cu 2.6 81 A 70/30 45% Ag / 20% Cu 2,6 76 B 60/40 39% Ag / 26% Cu 2,1 83 C 50/50 32% Ag / 32% Cu 1,2 91 D 30/70 20% Ag / 45% Cu 1,7 77 Remarque : dans certains cas, les valeurs des pourcentages massiques ont été approximéesThe test conditions are as follows:
  • The rotating part consists of a bronze slip ring with a diameter of 200 mm, a width adapted to the dimensions of the brushes, in this case 27 mm and rotating at a peripheral speed of 20m / s.
  • Three identical brushes are in contact with the ring, these brushes having dimensions txaxr, "t", "a", and "r" being defined according to the nomenclature of the International Electrotechnical Commission (Switzerland), 20X10X32 mm. A pressure of 380 g / cm 2 is exerted on the brushes and the current density is 15 A / cm 2 . The atmosphere of the assembly is maintained at a fixed temperature of 55 ° C during the entire test with a suitable device. All of the aforementioned parameters being retained as typical for the intended application.
Table 1 presents the results obtained. <b> Table 1 </ b> Sample Ag / Cu relative mass ratio Percentage mass * Wear (mm / 1000h) Temperature (T ° C) Comparative 100/0 65% Ag / 0% Cu 2.6 81 AT 70/30 45% Ag / 20% Cu 2.6 76 B 60/40 39% Ag / 26% Cu 2.1 83 VS 50/50 32% Ag / 32% Cu 1.2 91 D 30/70 20% Ag / 45% Cu 1.7 77 Note: In some cases, mass percentages values have been approximated

Le Tableau 1 montre que les balais de l'invention présentent non seulement une usure comparable à celle obtenue avec des balais classiques, mais que cette usure peut être moins importante d'un facteur 2.
De façon surprenante, la température de surface de la bague est sensiblement identique d'un échantillon à l'autre, les valeurs mesurées étant conformes aux préconisations recommandées par l'homme du métier, c'est-à-dire un intervalle de 60 à 100°C, afin d'obtenir la formation du troisième corps, appelé patine, nécessaire pour un fonctionnement tribologique optimal de l'ensemble balais/bague.Table 1 shows that the brushes of the invention not only have wear comparable to that obtained with conventional brushes, but that this wear can be less important by a factor of 2.
Surprisingly, the surface temperature of the ring is substantially identical from one sample to another, the measured values being in accordance with the recommendations recommended by those skilled in the art, that is to say an interval of 60 to 100 ° C, to obtain the formation of the third body, called patina, necessary for optimal tribological operation of the broom / ring assembly.

Claims (14)

  1. A brush intended to ensure electrical contact between a stationary part and a moving part, characterized in that said brush comprises a layer mainly made of carbon, silver and another metal different from silver and in that said layer is obtained by mixing a carbon powder and a metal powder, said metal powder being mainly made of silver and of said another metal different from silver.
  2. The brush as claimed in claim 1, in which the other metal is chosen so that the brush has at least the same electrical and mechanical properties as a brush mainly made of silver and carbon.
  3. The brush as claimed in either of claims 1 and 2, in which the other metal is chosen from the group consisting of conductive metals having electrical resistivities between 1.7 and 700×10-8 ohm.m at 20°C.
  4. The brush as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, in which the other metal is chosen from aluminum, zinc, iron, nickel, steel, tin and copper.
  5. The brush as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the silver and the other metal are not alloyed.
  6. The brush as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, in which the relative weight proportions of silver metal and other metal lie in the range of values extending from 30/70 to 70/30, and in particular between 40/60 and 60/40.
  7. The brush as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, furthermore comprising at least one additional layer.
  8. The brush as claimed in claim 7, in which the additional layer contains no silver.
  9. The brush as claimed in claim 7 or 8, in which the additional layer is mainly made of carbon and metal.
  10. The brush as claimed in claim 9, in which the additional layer and the wear layer comprising silver and the other metal furthermore comprise at least one binder and/or at least one additive, characterized in that the carbon, said at least one binder and/or said at least one additive have identical natures and are present in substantially equal relative weight proportions from one layer to the other.
  11. The use of the brush as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 in an electric machine for transferring power, which machine is in particular a generator.
  12. The use of the brush as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 in an application characterized by electrical currents of between 1 and 1000 mA, and by voltage drops across the contact of between 1 and 1000 mV, typically a signal transfer application.
  13. A process for manufacturing a brush such as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising a step of mixing carbon powder and metal powder, said metal powder being mainly made of silver and of another metal different from silver.
  14. The process as claimed in claim 13, in which the powders are then compressed, and then the green material obtained is then sintered at a temperature below that of the eutectic silver/other metal system.
EP12711942.8A 2011-02-28 2012-02-27 Brush for contact Active EP2681812B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1151594A FR2972082B1 (en) 2011-02-28 2011-02-28 CONTACT BROOM
PCT/FR2012/050400 WO2012117190A1 (en) 2011-02-28 2012-02-27 Contact brush

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EP2681812A1 EP2681812A1 (en) 2014-01-08
EP2681812B1 true EP2681812B1 (en) 2016-04-27
EP2681812B2 EP2681812B2 (en) 2019-06-26

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CA (1) CA2826205C (en)
DK (1) DK2681812T4 (en)
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FR2972082B1 (en) 2011-02-28 2013-03-29 Mersen France Amiens Sas CONTACT BROOM
DE102015205735A1 (en) * 2015-03-30 2016-10-06 Schunk Hoffmann Carbon Technology Ag Use of a carbon composite material for producing electrical contact bodies for a fuel pump and contact body
CN107922666B (en) 2015-08-24 2020-07-17 摩根先进材料与技术公司 Preparation of articles comprising graphite particles
WO2017210091A1 (en) * 2016-05-31 2017-12-07 Sd3, Llc Detection systems for power tools with active injury mitigation technology
JP7250337B2 (en) * 2019-11-25 2023-04-03 トライス株式会社 METAL-GRAPHITIC EARTH BRUSH MAINLY COMPOUNDED BY SILVER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME
WO2023086436A1 (en) * 2021-11-10 2023-05-19 National Electrical Carbon Products, Inc. Carbon brush
SE545434C2 (en) 2022-01-31 2023-09-12 Ab Dynamoborstfabriken Carbon brush and method of supplying power to a carbon brush sensor

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Publication number Publication date
WO2012117190A1 (en) 2012-09-07
FR2972082B1 (en) 2013-03-29
DK2681812T3 (en) 2016-07-25
DK2681812T4 (en) 2019-10-07
CA2826205C (en) 2019-04-02
CA2826205A1 (en) 2012-09-07
EP2681812A1 (en) 2014-01-08
ES2581357T5 (en) 2020-03-11
EP2681812B2 (en) 2019-06-26
US20140001916A1 (en) 2014-01-02
FR2972082A1 (en) 2012-08-31
ES2581357T3 (en) 2016-09-05
US9525258B2 (en) 2016-12-20

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