Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
  • G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/0009—Materials therefor
  • G02F1/0018—Electro-optical materials
  • G02F1/0027—Ferro-electric materials
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
  • G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
  • G02F1/05—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect with ferro-electric properties
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
  • G02F1/05—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect with ferro-electric properties
  • G02F1/0508—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect with ferro-electric properties specially adapted for gating or modulating in optical waveguides
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/011—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
  • G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
  • G02F1/0316—Electrodes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
  • G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
  • G02F1/0353—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure involving an electro-optic TE-TM mode conversion

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of electro-optics, in particular for light modulation applications.
• Electro-optical cells are known in the so-called "micro-massive" structure. As illustrated in FIG. 1, such a cell comprises a substrate (1) of glass, silicon or any other type of substrate whose properties of rigidity and thermal expansion are adapted to the operation of the cell, which supports a layer of ferroelectric bulk material thinned (4). An electrode (2) is provided between the substrate and the ferroelectric layer, and another (5), narrower and facing the first, is provided above the ferroelectric layer. Depending on the application, the thicknesses of each element may vary.
• Lithium Niobate has a Curie temperature of about 1134 ° C, which allows the creation of waveguides by surface diffusion, requiring a rise in temperature of the order of 1000 ° C. On the other hand, its electro-optical performances remain modest.
• Electro-optical materials called giant coefficients. These are for example the so-called SBN or KTN materials, which will be defined in detail below.
• SBN or KTN materials which will be defined in detail below.
• their Curie temperature is low, and close to ambient.
• the manufacture of the cell can nevertheless be done by fixing the crystal (ferroelectric type monocrystal) of electro-optical material on the substrate by a cold molecular welding technique.
• the Applicant has now found that we do not fully take advantage of the expected benefits of electro-optical materials with giant coefficients.
• the present invention improves the situation.
• An electro-optical cell comprising, on a substrate, a layer of ferroelectric solid material, with a ground-plane electrode, provided between the substrate and the ferroelectric layer, and another electrode, filiform mounted next to the first one above of the ferroelectric layer, comprises grooves formed in the ferroelectric layer, on either side of the upper electrode.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a known electrooptic cell
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the electro-optical cell of FIG. 1, coupled to two optical fibers, in experimental setup,
• FIG. 3 is the same type of view as FIG. 2, but without showing the support, and showing in addition the desired orientations of the crystal, as well as the orientations of the optical and electrical fields passing through the cell,
• FIGS. 4a to 4d are diagrammatic sectional views, illustrating the fabrication of an electro-optical cell proposed here,
• FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 1, but showing a multichannel cell
• FIGS. 6a and 6b are graphical representations of the normalized detected intensity as a function of the voltage applied respectively in linear mode and in quadratic mode of the KTN.
• the term “length” will be used here for the direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the light (vector X in FIG. 3).
• the term “width” will be used here for the direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light and in the plane of the cell (vector Y in FIG. 3).
• the word “narrow (es)” means small width.
• the terms “above”, “below”, “upper” or “lower” will be used here with reference to the direction of the thickness of the cell (vector Z in FIG. 3).
• an electro-optical cell in a micro-massive structure comprises a substrate 1 of glass or silicon, which supports a layer of ferroelectric material 4 thinned.
• An electrode 2 is provided between the substrate and the ferroelectric layer, and another electrode 5, of width narrower than the first and facing it, is provided above the layer of solid material.
• the layer of solid material is here thinned.
• FIG. 2 also shows an input optical fiber, OF1, and an output optical fiber OF2, the cores of which are optically coupled to the ferroelectric layer 4 which is between the electrodes 2 and 5.
• the applications are signal processing, short and long-distance fiber optic telecommunications, optical sensors, but also lasers, polarization switches or applications for selecting and isolating an optical pulse from a transmission train. Pulse ("pulse-picking" in English) of short pulses, in particular.
• the operation of the cell is based on the principle of two-wave birefringent interferometry through a capacitive micro-structure formed by the two electrodes in vis-à-vis.
• the incident optical electromagnetic wave polarized rectilinearly to the input of the cell separates into two independent waves propagating each on the neutral axes of the crystal (Y and Z axes of Figure 3).
• the properties of different indices present on each of these axes induce different propagation speeds of the two waves.
• the latter recombine at the cell output to form a single optical electromagnetic wave whose polarization state is different from that at the input of the cell.
• the ferroelectric layer 4 is here a selected crystal, in particular according to the characteristics desired for the cell.
• Ferroelectric materials are known to form a sub-group of pyroelectric materials which exhibit, in certain temperature ranges, a spontaneous electric polarization which can be canceled or reoriented by application of an electric field. They are therefore both piezoelectric and pyroelectric. These ferroelectric materials have a global polarization, and therefore a relative electrical permittivity, which depends at the same time on the temperature, the mechanical stresses and the electric field. From the coexistence of all these phenomena combined, it follows that the study of the physical properties of these materials is difficult and progress little, despite the significant interest that their potential applications have aroused for many years. The aforementioned thesis is one of the elements of these studies.
• the value of the dominant coefficient varies according to the composition of the material.
• SBN typically between 400 and 1400 pm / V.
• Lithium Niobate has mainly been used because its Curie temperature of about 1134 ° C is sufficiently high for the creation of surface diffusion waveguides, requiring a rise in temperature of the order 1000 ° C.
• its coefficient r 33 remains modest.
• electro-optical materials with giant coefficients are for example the so-called SBN (Strontium Barium Niobium), KTN (Potassium Tantalum Niobium) materials.
• Figure 3 is a perspective view similar to Figure 2, the substrate is not shown. It illustrates a positioning of the crystal such that the coefficient r 33 occurs in the vertical direction Z varying the index of polarization n e (so-called extraordinary index). In the other two directions X and Y, it is the coefficient r 13 , acting on the index n 0 (index called ordinary).
• the material When the material has only two different indices, no and ne, it is classified in the family of uniaxial propagation media. When these three indices are all different between them, the middle is called biaxis. In all cases, the index of the optical propagation axis (vector X in FIG. 3) has no effect on the overall electro-optical behavior of the cell. We will now proceed to a more detailed examination of the prior art.
• the electro-optical effect makes it possible to modify, under the effect of an electric field E, the refractive index of an electroactive material, and consequently to control the polarization state of the light passing through the cell. .
• Pockels cells exploit a massive capacitive structure between two electrodes for applications in free optical injection (without waveguide).
• this type of component imposes significant differences between the electrodes due to the massive material used.
• This induces very high control voltages of up to a few thousand volts, and therefore low modulation bandwidths or even single-frequency modulation operation.
• This also induces the use of a particular driver or driver circuit ("driver" in English), specifically adapted to each cell whose cost is generally of the same order of magnitude as the cell itself.
• the integrated modulators on Lithium Niobate are based on a complex structure, for example that described in FR0014804. Their operation exploits the principle of Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
• the modulation operates on the imbalance of one of the Mach-Zehnder arms relative to the other, modifying the light interactions during the recombination of the two beams at the interferometer output.
• This technology relies on a guiding structure diffused on the surface, allowing the guiding of the light in the arms of Mach-Zehnder.
• the necessity of separating the optical beam in the arms as well as the moderate value of the electro-optical coefficient r 33 involved require large lengths of chip, respectively, in order to limit the losses by bending of the guide on the one hand, and to obtain enough electro-optical effect on the other hand over the entire length of interaction.
• the interaction lengths involved require a particular design ("design") of progressive wave electrodes, so as to adapt the propagation speeds of the electromagnetic and optical electromagnetic fields. This adaptation makes it possible for the optical wave to be in the presence of the same index modulation throughout its propagation in the arms.
• Lithium Niobate has a Curie temperature of about 1134 ° C, which allows the creation of a surface-diffused waveguide requiring a temperature rise to about 1000 ° C.
• the materials with giant coefficients have Curie temperatures that vary according to their constitution, but typically they do not exceed one hundred degrees Celsius, which makes it impossible to create diffused guides.
• LiNbO Lithium Niobate
• Lithium Niobate is currently one of the most used materials in integrated optics thanks to the combination of its many properties and characteristics. These characteristics make it possible to adapt the response of the material. Lithium Niobate allows the realization of various photonic components. It is also possible to do to grow crystals with excellent optical qualities. The most common method for growing this crystal, non-existent in the natural state, is the Czochralski method, which allows the production of very homogeneous crystals of several kilograms, and this at relatively low cost. Such single crystals have interesting electro-optical, piezoelectric, photoelastic properties and optical non-linearities.
• This material is a chemical compound of Niobium, Lithium and Oxygen (LiNb0 3 ) of trigonal crystalline structure, transparent for wavelengths between 350 and 5000 nanometers and exhibiting an electro-optical Pockels effect. Its birefringence strongly depends on the temperature: a precise adjustment of this one makes it possible to control a possible agreement of phase. In its crystalline form, it is in the form of a solid material, chemically very stable at room temperature thus making it a particularly attractive material for applications in spatial or integrated optics. Its high Curie temperature allows it to preserve its ferroelectric properties during technological shaping processes.
• This compound results from an assembly of solid compounds of KNb0 3 and KTa0 3 , the proportions of which can be chosen.
• the ferroelectric material therefore has a Curie temperature of less than 1000 ° C.
• the KTN material has a cubic crystal mesh: the material is isotropic.
• the KTN is a transparent crystal on the 400-4000nm window, with the particularity of exciting a Kerr quadratic electro-optical effect.
• KTN is generally known for use in quadratic mode as opposed to linear mode.
• the linear mode is observable at temperatures below the Curie temperature, close to 0 ° C.
• the optical intensity detected as a function of the applied voltage is shown in FIG. 6a.
• the behavior in linear regime presents a pattern, sinusoidal type, repeated by constant pitch of applied voltage.
• the efficiency slopes are identical for the different voltage ranges applied. But we have found that we can do the work locally linear mode while being in quadratic mode, that is to say above the Curie temperature.
• the optical intensity detected as a function of the applied voltage is visible in FIG. 6b.
• the quadratic behavior has patterns whose period decreases as the applied voltage increases. The efficiency slopes therefore increase significantly when the applied voltage increases, cf.
• SrBaNb 2 0 6 is a ferroelectric crystal widely used today for its piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electro-optical and generally non-linear second order optical properties, for photorefractive purposes for example in the creation of guides by photorefractive effect buried under temporary conditions because degradable in visible light.
• This crystal corresponds to an assembly of solid compounds of BaNb 2 0 6 and SrNb 2 0 6 , to finally lead to the complete crystal Sr x Ba 1-x Nb 2 0 6 .
• This material has a 4mm tetragonal crystalline structure, whose partial concentration of Barium (Ba) relative to Strontium (Sr) can be adjusted from 20 to 80%.
• the tensor of this structure as well as the values of its electro-optical coefficients are given in Appendix III, in point III.2.
• the SBN: 61 has the composition Sr 0 6 0 3 iBa 9Nb2O6 and SBN: 34 the composition Sr 0.34 Ba 0.66 Nb 2 O 6.
• Its Curie Te temperature is very low compared to LiNbO 3 : it varies from ambient (about 22 ° C) for a composition rich in Strontium, to 80 ° C for compositions rich in Barium.
• Strontium Niobate and Barium have a paraelectric operating regime when maintained at a temperature higher than that of Curie, and a ferroelectric regime when its temperature is lower than Te.
• the electro-optical properties of this crystal are very sensitive to its composition.
• the values of the coefficients r 33 can thus vary from 400 to 1400 pm / V, which is approximately 12 to 40 times that of LiNb0 3 .
• SBN for example, the higher the concentration of Strontium, the higher the coefficient r 33 , but the lower the Curie temperature. Depending on the uses, the best compromise will be chosen.
• the ferroelectric material may comprise at least one of the materials known as SBN, KTN, KNSBN, and mixtures thereof.
• the structure is composed of a thin plate of ferroelectric solid material 4 selected between two metallizations 2 and 5 realizing the function of very capacitive type electromagnetic excitation electrodes.
• This excitation generates an electric field in V / d, V being the applied potential and the thickness of the blade. This field is therefore all the more important as the thickness is fine.
• the modulation obtained corresponds to an electro-optically induced birefringence modulation resulting in a modification of the polarization state of the light as a function of the interaction length L.
• phase shift or phase shift ⁇ between the two components of the optical wave. This phase shift is proportional to the interaction length, the applied electric field and the coefficient r 33 and inversely proportional to the thickness of the ferroelectric solid material plate:
• it can also include grooves 6 in the ferroelectric layer 4 surrounding the upper electrode 5 on either side of this electrode.
• This process essentially comprises the following operations:
• the thickness of this substrate is variable.
• Thinning ferroelectric solid material by honing, polishing or ultrasonic machining.
• the final thickness of the ferroelectric material is defined according to the desired performance of the electro-optical cell.
• electro-optical cells operating with control voltages of the order of 5 volts are obtained for a modulation bandwidth of approximately 1 GHz.
• the voltage is rather of the order of 15 volts.
• the furrows made during the operation f. allow to improve these performances by a factor of at least three.
• the grooves first of all make it possible to confine the electric field under the surface electrode, eliminating parasitic leakage lines that degrade the bandwidth. They also have the effect of increasing the overlap integral of the electric and optical fields, which promotes the electro-optical interaction and reduces the control voltage. They still have the effect of creating a pseudo-ridge waveguide type of optical waveguide, which improves the optical coupling in the structure and reduces insertion losses of the component.
• FIG. 4a illustrates the substrate 1 with a metal layer 2 on the upper face, and, separately, a solid crystalline body of ferroelectric material 3, with a layer 2 of the same metal on the lower face. As indicated by the arrows, the two are pressed against each other, to obtain a cold welding at the two layers 2, which merge without exceeding the Curie temperature of the crystalline body 3.
• the substrate can be glass, silicon, or other rigid material.
• the metal layer is gold deposited, which lends itself well to cold welding.
• FIG. 4b illustrates the thinning of the solid crystalline body 3, which loses thickness, as shown in dashed line, and by the arrows, to become the ferroelectric blade 4.
• FIG. 4c illustrates the deposition of the upper electrode 5 , which can also be in gold.
• FIG. 4d illustrates the realization of two grooves 6, in the ferroelectric blade 4, at the right of the upper electrode 5 and on both sides thereof. Examples of sizing the different parts of the cell are given in the attached Table II. Electro-optical cells can be obtained whose distance between the electrodes is less than about 300 micrometers. The width of at least one of the electrodes is less than the inter-electrode distance. The inter-electrode distance can go down to values of about ten micrometers.
• Variants of the invention make it possible to obtain cells operating at choice in phase or intensity modulation. From the proposed device, it becomes possible to realize a light modulator integrated with N independent channels. This is illustrated in FIG. 5.
• the spacing between the central axes of the electrodes 5 depends directly on the external environment in which the component is placed (optical fibers, laser grating, etc.). For example at least spaced apart from each other by about 250 micrometers, standard width of an optical fiber.
• compositions and dimensions may be the same as in Table II.
• N modulation channels in the hundred MHz is interesting in systems in various fields: telecommunications, transmission and signal processing in industrial and / or scientific applications.
• An N number of channels of the order of 10 is feasible on a single substrate and for a single ferroelectric layer.
• the N independent channels may be chosen such that N is greater than or equal to 2.
• phase modulation and polarization switch
• a dynamic control component of the phase of N independent channels Such a function is useful for example in a fiber laser system, actively using the power combination of N channels. It is then possible to produce a component comprising, for example, 64 integrated modulators either on a single chip or on several juxtaposed chips.
• the other function identified concerns optical switching between delay lines for the control of microwave antennas. The good optical extinction (25-30dB) and the measured DC stability are undeniable assets. Thanks to the simplified structure of microstrip ("microstrip" in English) of short length and very low capacity, microwave operation is possible but not necessarily necessary for this type of applications.
• This type of component can be manufactured from the cell manufacturing process already described. This method is modified at the level of the design ("design") of the mask for depositing the upper electrode: the initial patterns are repetitively reproduced over the entire available width of the thinned electro-active material.
• the two electrodes may be separated by a distance of less than about 300 microns.
• the electric field can be obtained via an excitation circuit 9 connected to one and the other of the electrodes of the cell to operate as a phase modulator and / or polarization of the light.
• the excitation circuit 9 may also be arranged for operation as an intensity modulator or as a light switch.
• the proposed device has marked advantages. For example, for the same control voltage and for crystals of the same thickness, the same electro-optical efficiency is obtained with an interaction length of 10 cm in a lithium Niobate crystal, against an interaction length of only 5 mm. in a SBN crystal.
• Substrate rigid material (electro4mm 2mm 2mm

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• 2011
  • 2011-01-26 FR FR1100231A patent/FR2970788B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2012
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  • 2012-01-23 EP EP12708553.8A patent/EP2668541A1/de not_active Ceased
  • 2012-01-23 CN CN201280011424.7A patent/CN103534635B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-01-23 WO PCT/FR2012/000029 patent/WO2012101349A1/fr active Application Filing

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