EP2655813A2 - Waste heat recovery installation - Google Patents

Waste heat recovery installation

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Publication number
EP2655813A2
EP2655813A2 EP11802103.9A EP11802103A EP2655813A2 EP 2655813 A2 EP2655813 A2 EP 2655813A2 EP 11802103 A EP11802103 A EP 11802103A EP 2655813 A2 EP2655813 A2 EP 2655813A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waste heat
orc
heat recovery
generator
recovery system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11802103.9A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2655813B1 (en
Inventor
Stefan Müller
Konrad Herrmann
Anayet Temelci-Andon
Harald Köhler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP2655813A2 publication Critical patent/EP2655813A2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2655813B1 publication Critical patent/EP2655813B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether

Definitions

  • Waste heat utilization system The invention relates to a waste heat utilization system according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • An ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
  • a working medium passes through various thermodynamic states in order to be finally returned to the liquid initial state.
  • the working medium is brought to a higher pressure level with a pump. Thereafter, the working medium is preheated to the evaporation temperature and then evaporated. It is thus a steam process in which instead of water, an organic medium is evaporated.
  • the resulting steam drives an expansion machine, such as a turbine, a piston or screw motor, which in turn is coupled to an electrical generator to generate power.
  • the process medium enters a condenser and is cooled down there with heat being released. Since water evaporates at 100 ° C under atmospheric conditions, heat at a low temperature level, such as industrial waste heat or geothermal heat, often can not be used to generate electricity. However, using organic media with lower boiling temperatures, low-temperature steam can be produced.
  • ORC plants for example, in the utilization of biomass in connection with combined heat and power, especially at relatively low power, so if the conventional biomass combustion technology seems relatively expensive.
  • Biomass plants often have a fermenter for biogas production, which usually has to be heated.
  • Combined heat and power plants as plants for combined heat and power are well known. These are decentralized, usually powered by internal combustion engines power generation systems with simultaneous waste heat recovery. The discharged during the combustion of the cooling media heat is used as completely as possible for the heating of suitable objects.
  • the engine manufacturers prescribe a cooling water inlet temperature of only approx. 40 to 50 ° C for the mixture cooling so that the mixture can be sufficiently cooled. Since this temperature level is relatively low, the heat extracted from the fuel gas mixture in the previously known combined heat and power plants is released to the environment, for example with a table cooler.
  • DE 10 2005 048 795 B3 also discloses the preheating of the working medium in the ORC in two steps in a heating device, namely that the process medium in the ORC is connected via two heat exchangers arranged downstream of a feed pump is heated, wherein the first heat exchanger is provided after the feed pump as a first stage for coupling low-temperature heat and the subsequent heat exchanger as a second stage for coupling high-temperature heat.
  • the mixture cooling of the internal combustion engine is connected via a circuit to the first heat exchanger after the feed pump, wherein the heat from the cooling of the fuel gas mixture drawn in by the internal combustion engine serves to preheat the process medium in ORC and is coupled in as a low-temperature heat in the first heat exchanger.
  • a second heating circuit draws heat from engine cooling water and exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine and is connected to the second heat exchanger after the feed pump, the heat from the cooling circuit and the exhaust gas for overheating and evaporation of the process medium in ORC and coupled as high temperature heat in the second heat exchanger after the feed pump becomes.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to optimize an existing from a waste heat source downstream ORC waste heat recovery system in terms of design and safe performance.
  • the waste heat recovery system consists inter alia of an expansion machine for steam expansion in ORC, which has a magnetic bearing with an associated control device and a power supply via a DC intermediate circuit of a generator-frequency converter.
  • the waste heat recovery system is characterized by a unit of expander, generator and frequency converter cooled with the refrigerant from the ORC circuit.
  • cool, liquid refrigerant is removed after the feed pump and supplied for cooling the unit from the expansion machine, generator and frequency converter.
  • the cool, liquid refrigerant is taken after the feed pump and fed directly to the expansion machine for storage cooling.
  • heated refrigerant exiting from the unit of expansion machine, generator and frequency converter and / or the storage area of the expansion machine is supplied to the condenser on the inlet side.
  • the refrigerant used for cooling of about 15 ° C to 50 ° C on the inlet side and about 30 ° C to 80 ° C on the outlet side, the respective temperatures of the current operating condition to be cooled components and / or assemblies and the entire waste heat recovery system.
  • a temperature monitoring device associated with a higher-level control device is provided with temperature measuring points in the components and / or assemblies to be cooled. This compares actual temperature measured values with predefinable setpoint values, evaluates them and / or regulates accordingly optimized refrigerant flow rate.
  • separate control loops with separate cooling channels or corresponding lines are preferably provided for the components to be cooled and / or assemblies. These individual, each to be cooled components and / or assemblies associated control circuits, valves, preferably solenoid valves, to control the refrigerant flow rate to optimally meet the respective local temperature situation.
  • Off-heat sources can be, for example, combined heat and power plants, industrial plants or boiler plants.
  • the waste heat recovery system in particular the unit of expansion machine, generator and frequency converter, is optimally and si tuationsNF cooled with the inventive measures.
  • this is a prerequisite for safe, robust plant operation, but on the other hand also for effective and gentle operation of the individual components, all of which have special requirements with regard to cooling.
  • This not only applies to the stationary operation of the waste heat recovery system, but also the modulating of the system according to it waste heat attack and the startup and shutdown. In particular, these states pose a challenge to the refrigeration system and, in accordance with the invention, provide safe control.
  • the drawing illustrates an embodiment of the invention and shows in a single figure the schematic structure of a waste heat recovery system, consisting of one of these downstream ORC.
  • the essential components for the ORC are an ORC circuit 1, a feed pump 2, an evaporator 3, a steam expansion expansion machine 4, which is coupled to a generator 5, a condenser 6 for re-cooling via a heat sink 7, and the heat exchangers 9, 10 for preheating the working medium in ORC circuit 1.
  • the two heat exchangers 8, 9 are connected downstream of the feed pump 2 in series.
  • the first heat exchanger 8 after the feed pump 2 serves as a first stage for coupling low-temperature heat and the subsequent heat exchanger 9 as a second stage for coupling high-temperature heat from a waste heat source 10th
  • a second heating circuit 1 1 is connected to its flow area with the evaporator 3 of the ORC, because the temperature level is initially high enough for its direct heating. Thereafter, the second heating circuit 1 1 opens the return side in the second heat exchanger 9 and there are still residual heat from the ORC.
  • a liquid refrigerant partial stream 12 for cooling the expansion machine 4 is branched off and initially passed through the generator 5. Thereafter, the cooling medium flows through the housing of the expansion machine 4, there in the starting phase for preheating initially for heat and ensures there in normal operation for sufficient heat dissipation. Only a simplified, schematic cable routing without the necessary branches to individual components or subassemblies, subcircuits, temperature measuring points, valves and control devices is distinguished.
  • a steam valve 13 is opened at the inlet of the steam expansion expansion machine 4 in the ORC and during the rest Opening the steam valve 13 is carried out a further ramping up the speed, so that the generator 5 passes from the engine operation in the normal generator operation.
  • a controlled bypass 14 with at least one throttle valve 15 is provided around the expansion machine 4.
  • This bypass 14 is initially open in the starting phase, ie at a still relatively low temperature of the working medium.
  • the working medium is passed around the expansion machine 4 around.
  • the throttle valve 15 in the bypass 14 is closed and the steam engine 13 connected upstream of the expansion engine 4 is opened.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a waste heat recovery installation for a waste heat source (11), comprising an ORC (Organic-Rankine-Cycle) module that is mounted downstream of said waste heat source, the waste heat source (11) being connected to the heating device of the ORC module, and an expansion engine (4) coupled to a generator (5) for the steam expansion in the ORC module, said expansion engine comprising a magnetic bearing with an associated regulation device and a power supply unit via a DC intermediate circuit of a generator frequency converter. The aim of the invention is to optimize a waste heat recovery installation consisting of an ORC module that is mounted downstream of the waste heat source with respect to design and reliable operating behavior. According to the invention, a unit of expansion engine (4), generator (5) and frequency converter is proposed, which is cooled with refrigerant of the ORC circuit (1). Cool, liquid refrigerant is removed downstream of the feed pump (2) and is fed for cooling purposes to the unit consisting of expansion engine (4), generator (5) and frequency converter.

Description

BESCHREIBUNG  DESCRIPTION
Abwärmenutzunqsanlaqe Die Erfindung betrifft eine Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1. Waste heat utilization system The invention relates to a waste heat utilization system according to the preamble of claim 1.
Bei einem ORC (Organic-Rankine-Cycle) handelt es sich um einen thermodynamischen Kreisprozess nach Rankine. Dies bedeutet, dass ein Arbeitsmedium verschiedene thermo- dynamische Zustände durchläuft, um am Ende wieder in den flüssigen Ausgangszustand überführt zu werden. Dabei wird das Arbeitsmedium mit einer Pumpe auf ein höheres Druckniveau gebracht. Danach wird das Arbeitsmedium auf die Verdampfungstemperatur vorgewärmt und anschließend verdampft. Es handelt sich somit um einen Dampfprozess, bei dem an Stelle von Wasser ein organisches Medium verdampft wird. Der entstandene Dampf treibt eine Expansionsmaschine an, beispielsweise eine Turbine, einen Kolben- oder Schraubenmotor, welcher wiederum mit einem elektrischen Generator gekoppelt ist, um Strom zu erzeugen. Nach der Arbeitsmaschine gelangt das Prozessmedium in einen Verflüssiger und wird dort unter Wärmeab- gäbe zurückgekühlt. Da Wasser unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen bei 100 °C verdampft, kann Wärme auf einem niedrigen Temperaturniveau, wie zum Beispiel Industrieabwärme oder Erdwärme, oftmals nicht zur Stromerzeugung genutzt werden. Verwendet man allerdings organische Medien mit niedrigeren Siedetemperaturen, so lässt sich Niedertemperaturdampf erzeugen. An ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) is a thermodynamic cycle according to Rankine. This means that a working medium passes through various thermodynamic states in order to be finally returned to the liquid initial state. The working medium is brought to a higher pressure level with a pump. Thereafter, the working medium is preheated to the evaporation temperature and then evaporated. It is thus a steam process in which instead of water, an organic medium is evaporated. The resulting steam drives an expansion machine, such as a turbine, a piston or screw motor, which in turn is coupled to an electrical generator to generate power. After the working machine, the process medium enters a condenser and is cooled down there with heat being released. Since water evaporates at 100 ° C under atmospheric conditions, heat at a low temperature level, such as industrial waste heat or geothermal heat, often can not be used to generate electricity. However, using organic media with lower boiling temperatures, low-temperature steam can be produced.
Vorteilhaft in der Anwendung sind ORC-Anlagen beispielsweise auch bei der Verwertung von Biomasse im Zusammenhang mit Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, insbesondere bei relativ kleinen Leistungen, also wenn die herkömmliche Biomasse-Feuerungstechnik relativ teuer erscheint. Biomasseanlagen besitzen häufig einen Fermenter zur Biogaserzeugung, wel- eher in der Regel beheizt werden muss. Advantageous in the application are ORC plants, for example, in the utilization of biomass in connection with combined heat and power, especially at relatively low power, so if the conventional biomass combustion technology seems relatively expensive. Biomass plants often have a fermenter for biogas production, which usually has to be heated.
Gattungsgemäße Abwärmenutzungsanlagen sind aus dem Bereich der Kraft-Wärme- Kopplung bekannt und bestehen aus einem mit einem nachgeschalteten ORC kombinierten BHKW, also einem Blockheizkraftwerk. Aus der DE 195 41 521 A1 geht eine Anlage zur Steigerung des elektrischen Wirkungsgrades bei der Verstromung von Sondergasen mittels Verbrennungsmotoren hervor, bei der die Abwärme des Motors in einer nachge- schalteten Energieumwandlungsanlage zur weiteren Stromerzeugung genutzt wird. Allerdings ist dabei nur die Hochtemperaturwärme aus dem Kühlwasserkreislauf sowie aus dem Abgaswärmetauscher des Motors zur Verwertung vorgesehen. Weiterhin ist aus der US 4 901 531 ein in einen Rankine-Prozess integriertes Diesel- Aggregat bekannt, wobei ein Zylinder der Expansion gemäß Rankine dient und die anderen als Dieselmotor arbeiten. Aus der US 4 334 409 geht eine nach dem Rankine-Prozess arbeitende Anordnung hervor, bei der das Arbeitsfluid mit einem Wärmetauscher vorgeheizt wird, über den die Luft aus dem Auslass eines Kompressors einer Maschine mit inne- rer Verbrennung geführt ist. Generic waste heat recovery systems are known from the field of combined heat and power and consist of a combined with a downstream ORC CHP, so a combined heat and power plant. DE 195 41 521 A1 discloses a system for increasing the electrical efficiency in the power generation of special gases by means of internal combustion engines, in which the waste heat of the engine in a downstream switched energy conversion plant is used for further power generation. However, only the high-temperature heat from the cooling water circuit and from the exhaust gas heat exchanger of the engine is provided for recovery. Furthermore, US Pat. No. 4,901,531 discloses a diesel unit integrated into a Rankine process, one cylinder serving for the expansion according to Rankine and the others working as a diesel engine. US Pat. No. 4,334,409 discloses an arrangement according to the Rankine process in which the working fluid is preheated by means of a heat exchanger via which the air is led out of the outlet of a compressor of an internal combustion engine.
Blockheizkraftwerke (BHKW) als Anlagen zur Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung sind allgemein bekannt. Es handelt sich dabei um dezentrale, meistens mit Verbrennungskraftmaschinen angetriebene Stromerzeugungsanlagen mit gleichzeitiger Abwärmenutzung. Die bei der Verbrennung über die Kühlmedien ausgetragene Wärme wird dabei möglichst vollständig zur Beheizung geeigneter Objekte genutzt. Combined heat and power plants (CHP) as plants for combined heat and power are well known. These are decentralized, usually powered by internal combustion engines power generation systems with simultaneous waste heat recovery. The discharged during the combustion of the cooling media heat is used as completely as possible for the heating of suitable objects.
Insbesondere bei Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsanlagen mit nachgeschaltetem ORC als Abwär- mekraftwerk haben sich Maschinen durchgesetzt, die auf Motoren mit einem Abgasturbo- lader zur Aufladung basieren. Man kommt damit der Forderung nach Maschinen mit sehr hohen elektrischen Wirkungsgraden nach, die sich nur mit Turboaufladung und Rückküh- lung des durch die Verdichtung erhitzten Brenngasgemisches erreichen lassen. Generell ist eine Kühlung des Brenngasgemisches erforderlich, weil ansonsten die Füllung der Zylinder relativ schlecht wäre. Mit der Kühlung wird die Dichte des angesaugten Gemisches größer und es verbessert sich der Füllungsgrad. Damit steigen die Leistungsausbeute und der mechanische Wirkungsgrad des Motors. Particularly in combined heat and power plants with downstream ORC as the waste heat power plant, machines based on engines with an exhaust turbocharger for charging have prevailed. This meets the demand for machines with very high electrical efficiencies, which can only be achieved with turbocharging and recooling of the fuel gas mixture heated by the compression. Generally, a cooling of the fuel gas mixture is required because otherwise the filling of the cylinder would be relatively poor. With the cooling, the density of the sucked mixture is larger and it improves the degree of filling. This increases the power output and the mechanical efficiency of the engine.
Die Motorenhersteller schreiben für die Gemischkühlung eine Kühlwassereintrittstemperatur von nur etwa 40 bis 50 °C vor, damit das Gemisch genügend abgekühlt werden kann. Da dieses Temperaturniveau relativ niedrig ist, wird die dem Brenngasgemisch entzogene Wärme bei den bisher bekannten Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsanlagen an die Umgebung abgegeben, beispielsweise mit einem Tischkühler. The engine manufacturers prescribe a cooling water inlet temperature of only approx. 40 to 50 ° C for the mixture cooling so that the mixture can be sufficiently cooled. Since this temperature level is relatively low, the heat extracted from the fuel gas mixture in the previously known combined heat and power plants is released to the environment, for example with a table cooler.
Bekannt ist weiterhin aus der DE 10 2005 048 795 B3 die Vorwärmung des Arbeitsmedi- ums im ORC in zwei Schritten in einer Beheizungsvorrichtung, nämlich dass das Prozessmedium im ORC über zwei in Reihe einer Speisepumpe nachgeschaltete Wärmetauscher erwärmt wird, wobei der erste Wärmetauscher nach der Speisepumpe als erste Stufe zur Einkopplung von Niedertemperaturwärme und der nachfolgende Wärmetauscher als zweite Stufe zur Einkopplung von Hochtemperaturwärme vorgesehen ist. Dabei ist die Gemisch- kühlung der Verbrennungskraftmaschine über einen Kreislauf mit dem ersten Wärmetau- scher nach der Speisepumpe verbunden, wobei die Wärme aus der Kühlung des von der Verbrennungskraftmaschine angesaugten Brenngasgemisches zur Vorwärmung des Prozessmediums im ORC dient und als Niedertemperaturwärme im ersten Wärmetauscher eingekoppelt wird. Ein zweiter Heizkreislauf bezieht Wärme aus Motorkühlwasser und Abgas der Verbrennungskraftmaschine und ist mit dem zweiten Wärmetauscher nach der Speisepumpe verbunden, wobei die Wärme aus dem Kühlkreislauf und dem Abgas zur Überhitzung und Verdampfung des Prozessmediums im ORC dient und als Hochtemperaturwärme im zweiten Wärmetauscher nach der Speisepumpe eingekoppelt wird. DE 10 2005 048 795 B3 also discloses the preheating of the working medium in the ORC in two steps in a heating device, namely that the process medium in the ORC is connected via two heat exchangers arranged downstream of a feed pump is heated, wherein the first heat exchanger is provided after the feed pump as a first stage for coupling low-temperature heat and the subsequent heat exchanger as a second stage for coupling high-temperature heat. In this case, the mixture cooling of the internal combustion engine is connected via a circuit to the first heat exchanger after the feed pump, wherein the heat from the cooling of the fuel gas mixture drawn in by the internal combustion engine serves to preheat the process medium in ORC and is coupled in as a low-temperature heat in the first heat exchanger. A second heating circuit draws heat from engine cooling water and exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine and is connected to the second heat exchanger after the feed pump, the heat from the cooling circuit and the exhaust gas for overheating and evaporation of the process medium in ORC and coupled as high temperature heat in the second heat exchanger after the feed pump becomes.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zu Grunde, eine aus einem einer Abwärmequelle nachgeschalteten ORC bestehende Abwärmenutzungsanlage im Hinblick auf Aufbau und sicheres Betriebsverhalten zu optimieren. The invention is therefore based on the object to optimize an existing from a waste heat source downstream ORC waste heat recovery system in terms of design and safe performance.
Erfindungsgemäß wird dies mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind den Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen. This is achieved with the features of claim 1 according to the invention. Advantageous developments can be found in the dependent claims.
Die Abwärmenutzungsanlage besteht unter anderem aus einer Expansionsmaschine zur Dampfexpansion im ORC, welche eine magnetische Lagerung mit einer zugeordneten Regeleinrichtung und einer Stromversorgung über einen Gleichstrom-Zwischenkreis eines Generator-Frequenzumrichters aufweist. Gekennzeichnet ist die Abwärmenutzungsanlage durch eine mit dem Kältemittel aus dem ORC-Kreislauf gekühlte Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine, Generator und Frequenzumrichter. Dazu wird erfindungsgemäß kühles, flüssiges Kältemittel nach der Speisepumpe entnommen und zur Kühlung der Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine, Generator und Frequenzumrichter zugeführt. In einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausführungsform wird das kühle, flüssige Kältemittel nach der Speisepumpe ent- nommen und direkt der Expansionsmaschine zur Lagerkühlung zugeführt. The waste heat recovery system consists inter alia of an expansion machine for steam expansion in ORC, which has a magnetic bearing with an associated control device and a power supply via a DC intermediate circuit of a generator-frequency converter. The waste heat recovery system is characterized by a unit of expander, generator and frequency converter cooled with the refrigerant from the ORC circuit. For this purpose, according to the invention, cool, liquid refrigerant is removed after the feed pump and supplied for cooling the unit from the expansion machine, generator and frequency converter. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the cool, liquid refrigerant is taken after the feed pump and fed directly to the expansion machine for storage cooling.
Weiterhin wird erfindungsgemäß erwärmtes, aus der Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine, Generator und Frequenzumrichter und/oder dem Lagerbereich der Expansionsmaschine austretendes Kältemittel dem Verflüssiger eintrittsseitig zugeführt. Beispielsweise handelt es sich um Temperaturbereiche des zur Kühlung eingesetzten Kältemittels von etwa 15 °C bis 50 °C auf der Eintrittsseite und etwa 30 °C bis 80 °C auf der Austrittsseite, wobei die jeweiligen Temperaturen vom aktuellen Betriebszustand zu kühlender Bauteile und/oder Baugruppen sowie der gesamten Abwärmenutzungsanlage ab- hängen. Furthermore, according to the invention, heated refrigerant exiting from the unit of expansion machine, generator and frequency converter and / or the storage area of the expansion machine is supplied to the condenser on the inlet side. For example, it concerns the temperature ranges of the refrigerant used for cooling of about 15 ° C to 50 ° C on the inlet side and about 30 ° C to 80 ° C on the outlet side, the respective temperatures of the current operating condition to be cooled components and / or assemblies and the entire waste heat recovery system.
Vorteilhafterweise ist eine mit einer übergeordneten Regeleinrichtung verknüpfte Temperaturüberwachungseinrichtung mit Temperaturmessstellen in den zu kühlenden Bauteilen und/oder Baugruppen vorgesehen. Diese vergleicht aktuelle Temperaturmesswerte mit vorgebbaren Sollwerten, wertet diese aus und/oder regelt dementsprechend optimiert den Kältemitteldurchsatz. Dabei sind vorzugsweise für die zu kühlenden Bauteile und/oder Baugruppen getrennte Regelkreise mit getrennten Kühlkanälen oder entsprechenden Leitungen vorgesehen. Diese einzelnen, den jeweils zu kühlenden Bauteilen und/oder Baugruppen zugeordneten Regelkreise, weisen Ventile, vorzugsweise Magnetventile, zur Steuerung des Kältemitteldurchsatzes auf, um optimal der jeweiligen örtlichen Temperatursituation gerecht zu werden. Advantageously, a temperature monitoring device associated with a higher-level control device is provided with temperature measuring points in the components and / or assemblies to be cooled. This compares actual temperature measured values with predefinable setpoint values, evaluates them and / or regulates accordingly optimized refrigerant flow rate. In this case, separate control loops with separate cooling channels or corresponding lines are preferably provided for the components to be cooled and / or assemblies. These individual, each to be cooled components and / or assemblies associated control circuits, valves, preferably solenoid valves, to control the refrigerant flow rate to optimally meet the respective local temperature situation.
Mit der Erfindung werden Aufbau und Betriebsverhalten einer Abwärmenutzungsanlage, welche aus einem einer Abwärmequelle nachgeschalteten ORC besteht, optimiert. Ab- Wärmequellen können beispielsweise Blockheizkraftwerke, Industrieanlagen oder Kesselanlagen sein. With the invention, construction and performance of a waste heat recovery system, which consists of a waste heat source downstream ORC optimized. Off-heat sources can be, for example, combined heat and power plants, industrial plants or boiler plants.
Die Abwärmenutzungsanlage, insbesondere die Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine, Generator und Frequenzumrichter, wird mit den erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen optimal und si- tuationsgerecht gekühlt. Einerseits ist dies Voraussetzung für einen sicheren, robusten Anlagenbetrieb, aber andererseits auch für einen effektiven und schonenden Betrieb der einzelnen Komponenten, welche allesamt spezielle Anforderungen in Bezug auf Kühlung haben. Dies betrifft nicht nur den stationären Betrieb der Abwärmenutzungsanlage, sondern auch das Modulieren des Systems entsprechend es Abwärmeanfalls sowie das An- und Abfahren. Insbesondere diese Zustände stellen für das Kühlsystem eine Herausforderung dar und bieten erfindungsgemäß eine sichere Beherrschung. The waste heat recovery system, in particular the unit of expansion machine, generator and frequency converter, is optimally and si tuationsgerecht cooled with the inventive measures. On the one hand, this is a prerequisite for safe, robust plant operation, but on the other hand also for effective and gentle operation of the individual components, all of which have special requirements with regard to cooling. This not only applies to the stationary operation of the waste heat recovery system, but also the modulating of the system according to it waste heat attack and the startup and shutdown. In particular, these states pose a challenge to the refrigeration system and, in accordance with the invention, provide safe control.
Zum Beispiel wird in der Startphase eine maximale Betriebssicherheit und Schutz vor Kältemittelkondensation erreicht, wenn der mit dem motorisch betriebenen Generator gekop- pelte Hochlauf der Expansionsmaschine ohne Kältemittelbeaufschlagung im ORC-Kreislauf stattfindet. Weil auf der Kühlungsseite der dafür eingesetzte Kältemittel-Teilstrom über die Generatoreinheit geführt wird, nimmt dieser dort die durch mechanische Verluste entstehende Wärme während des motorischen Betriebes auf. Das Kühlmedium strömt danach durch das Gehäuse der Expansionsmaschine, gibt dort Wärme ab und sorgt dadurch in der Startphase zunächst für eine Vorwärmung. For example, in the starting phase, maximum operational safety and protection against refrigerant condensation are achieved if the ramp-up of the expansion engine coupled to the motor-driven generator takes place without any ORC cycle in the refrigerant. Because on the cooling side of the used for this refrigerant partial flow over the Generator unit is performed, this takes there due to mechanical heat losses during engine operation. The cooling medium then flows through the housing of the expansion machine, there emits heat and thus ensures in the start-up phase, first for preheating.
Die Zeichnung stellt ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung dar und zeigt in einer einzigen Figur den schematischen Aufbau einer Abwärmenutzungsanlage, bestehend aus einem dieser nachgeschalteten ORC. Die für den ORC betriebswichtigen Komponenten sind ein ORC-Kreislauf 1 , eine Speisepumpe 2, ein Verdampfer 3, eine Expansionsmaschine 4 zur Dampfexpansion, welche mit einem Generator 5 gekoppelt ist, ein Verflüssiger 6 für die Rückkühlung über eine Wärmesenke 7 sowie die Wärmetauscher 9, 10 zur Vorwärmung des Arbeitsmediums im ORC- Kreislauf 1 . The drawing illustrates an embodiment of the invention and shows in a single figure the schematic structure of a waste heat recovery system, consisting of one of these downstream ORC. The essential components for the ORC are an ORC circuit 1, a feed pump 2, an evaporator 3, a steam expansion expansion machine 4, which is coupled to a generator 5, a condenser 6 for re-cooling via a heat sink 7, and the heat exchangers 9, 10 for preheating the working medium in ORC circuit 1.
Die beiden Wärmetauscher 8, 9 sind in Reihe der Speisepumpe 2 nachgeschaltet. Dabei dient der erste Wärmetauscher 8 nach der Speisepumpe 2 als erste Stufe zur Einkopplung von Niedertemperaturwärme und der nachfolgende Wärmetauscher 9 als zweite Stufe zur Einkopplung von Hochtemperaturwärme aus einer Abwärmequelle 10. The two heat exchangers 8, 9 are connected downstream of the feed pump 2 in series. In this case, the first heat exchanger 8 after the feed pump 2 serves as a first stage for coupling low-temperature heat and the subsequent heat exchanger 9 as a second stage for coupling high-temperature heat from a waste heat source 10th
Ein zweiter Heizkreislauf 1 1 ist mit seinem Vorlaufbereich mit dem Verdampfer 3 des ORC verbunden, weil das Temperaturniveau zunächst ausreichend hoch für dessen direkte Beheizung ist. Danach mündet der zweite Heizkreislauf 1 1 rücklaufseitig in den zweiten Wärmetauscher 9 und gibt dort noch vorhandene Restwärme an den ORC ab. A second heating circuit 1 1 is connected to its flow area with the evaporator 3 of the ORC, because the temperature level is initially high enough for its direct heating. Thereafter, the second heating circuit 1 1 opens the return side in the second heat exchanger 9 and there are still residual heat from the ORC.
Ein flüssiger Kältemittel-Teilstrom 12 zur Kühlung der Expansionsmaschine 4 wird abgezweigt und zunächst durch den Generator 5 geführt. Danach strömt das Kühlmedium durch das Gehäuse der Expansionsmaschine 4, gibt dort in der Startphase zur Vorwärmung zunächst für Wärme ab und sorgt dort im Normalbetrieb für ausreichende Wärmeabfuhr. Ge- zeichnet ist dazu nur eine vereinfachte, schematische Leitungsführung ohne die notwendigen Abzweigungen zu einzelnen Bauteilen oder Baugruppen, Teilkreise, Temperaturmessstellen, Ventile und Regeleinrichtungen. A liquid refrigerant partial stream 12 for cooling the expansion machine 4 is branched off and initially passed through the generator 5. Thereafter, the cooling medium flows through the housing of the expansion machine 4, there in the starting phase for preheating initially for heat and ensures there in normal operation for sufficient heat dissipation. Only a simplified, schematic cable routing without the necessary branches to individual components or subassemblies, subcircuits, temperature measuring points, valves and control devices is distinguished.
Beim Erreichen einer Mindest-Startdrehzahl wird ein Dampfventil 13 am Einlass der Ex- pansionsmaschine 4 zur Dampfexpansion im ORC geöffnet und während des weiteren Öffnens des Dampfventils 13 erfolgt ein weiteres Hochfahren der Drehzahl, so dass der Generator 5 vom motorischen Betrieb in den normalen Generatorbetrieb übergeht. When a minimum starting speed is reached, a steam valve 13 is opened at the inlet of the steam expansion expansion machine 4 in the ORC and during the rest Opening the steam valve 13 is carried out a further ramping up the speed, so that the generator 5 passes from the engine operation in the normal generator operation.
Um die Expansionsmaschine 4 herum ist ein geregelter Bypass 14 mit mindestens einem Drosselventil 15 vorgesehen. Dieser Bypass 14 ist in der Startphase, also bei noch relativ niedriger Temperatur des Arbeitsmediums, zunächst geöffnet. Damit wird das Arbeitsmedium um die Expansionsmaschine 4 herum geleitet. Sobald der O C-Kreislauf 1 seinen Soll-Betriebszustand erreicht hat, wird das Drosselventil 15 im Bypass 14 geschlossen und das der Expansionsmaschine 4 vorgeschaltete Dampfventil 13 geöffnet. Around the expansion machine 4, a controlled bypass 14 with at least one throttle valve 15 is provided. This bypass 14 is initially open in the starting phase, ie at a still relatively low temperature of the working medium. Thus, the working medium is passed around the expansion machine 4 around. As soon as the O C circuit 1 has reached its desired operating state, the throttle valve 15 in the bypass 14 is closed and the steam engine 13 connected upstream of the expansion engine 4 is opened.

Claims

PATENTANSPRÜCHE
1 . Abwärmenutzungsanlage für eine Abwärmequeile (10), bestehend aus einem dieser nachgeschalteten ORC (Organic-Rankine-Cycle), wobei die Abwärmequeile (10) mit der Beheizungsvorrichtung des ORC in Verbindung steht, sowie mit einer mit einem Generator (5) gekoppelten Expansionsmaschine (4) zur Dampfexpansion im ORC, welche eine magnetische Lagerung mit einer zugeordneten Regeleinrichtung und einer Stromversorgung über einen Gleichstrom-Zwischenkreis eines Generator-Frequenzumrichters aufweist, gekennzeichnet durch eine mit dem Kältemittel aus dem ORC-Kreislauf (1 ) gekühlte Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine (4), Generator (5) und Frequenzumrichter. 1 . Waste heat recovery system for a waste heat source (10), consisting of one of these downstream ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle), wherein the Abwärmequeile (10) communicates with the heating device of the ORC, as well as with a with a generator (5) coupled to the expansion machine (4 ) for steam expansion in ORC, which has a magnetic bearing with an associated control device and a power supply via a DC intermediate circuit of a generator-frequency converter, characterized by a cooled with the refrigerant from the ORC circuit (1) unit of expansion machine (4), Generator (5) and frequency converter.
2. Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach Anspruch 1 , 2. waste heat recovery system according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass kühles, flüssiges Kältemittel nach der Speisepumpe (2) entnommen und zur Kühlung der Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine (4), Generator (5) und Frequenzumrichter zugeführt wird. characterized in that cool, liquid refrigerant is removed after the feed pump (2) and supplied to the cooling unit of the expansion machine (4), generator (5) and frequency converter.
3. Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, 3. waste heat recovery system according to claim 1 or 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass kühles, flüssiges Kältemittel nach der Speisepumpe (2) entnommen und der Expansionsmaschine (4) zur Lagerkühlung zugeführt wird. characterized in that cool, liquid refrigerant is removed after the feed pump (2) and the expansion machine (4) is supplied to the storage cooling.
4. Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, 4. Waste heat recovery system according to one of claims 1 to 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass erwärmtes, aus der Einheit aus Expansionsmaschine (4), Generator (5) und Frequenzumrichter und/oder dem Lagerbereich der Expansionsmaschine (4) austretendes Kältemittel dem Verflüssiger (6) eintrittsseitig zugeführt wird. characterized in that heated, from the unit of the expansion machine (4), generator (5) and frequency converter and / or the storage area of the expansion machine (4) exiting refrigerant to the condenser (6) is supplied on the inlet side.
5. Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, 5. Waste heat recovery system according to one of claims 1 to 4,
gekennzeichnet durch eine mit einer übergeordneten Regeleinrichtung verknüpfte Tempe- raturüberwachungseinrichtung mit Temperaturmessstellen in den zu kühlenden Bauteile und/oder Baugruppen, welche aktuelle Temperaturmesswerte mit vorgebbaren Sollwerten vergleicht, auswertet und/oder den Kältemitteldurchsatz regelt. characterized by an associated with a higher-level control device temperature monitoring device with temperature measuring points in the components to be cooled and / or assemblies, which compares actual temperature readings with predetermined setpoints, evaluates and / or controls the refrigerant flow rate.
6. Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, 6. Waste heat recovery system according to one of claims 1 to 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für die zu kühlenden Bauteile und/oder Baugruppen getrennte Regelkreise vorgesehen sind, um den Kältemitteldurchsatz zu regeln. characterized in that separate control circuits are provided for the components to be cooled and / or assemblies to regulate the refrigerant flow rate.
7. Abwärmenutzungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, 7. waste heat recovery system according to one of claims 1 to 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in den jeweils zu kühlenden Bauteilen und/oder Baugruppen zugeordneten Regelkreise Ventile zur Steuerung des Kältemitteldurchsatzes vorgesehen sind. characterized in that in the respectively to be cooled components and / or assemblies associated control circuits valves for controlling the refrigerant flow rate are provided.
EP11802103.9A 2010-12-24 2011-12-23 Waste heat recovery installation Not-in-force EP2655813B1 (en)

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US20140013749A1 (en) 2014-01-16
RU2013134398A (en) 2015-01-27
WO2012085264A3 (en) 2013-12-19

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