EP2644850B1 - Système pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique et procédé pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique - Google Patents

Système pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique et procédé pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique Download PDF

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EP2644850B1
EP2644850B1 EP12461509.7A EP12461509A EP2644850B1 EP 2644850 B1 EP2644850 B1 EP 2644850B1 EP 12461509 A EP12461509 A EP 12461509A EP 2644850 B1 EP2644850 B1 EP 2644850B1
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flux
exergy
steam
destruction
power plant
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EP2644850A1 (fr
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Leszek Gladek
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Hasbrouck Sp Z Oo
Crowley-Shindler Management LLC
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Hasbrouck Sp Z Oo
Crowley-Shindler Management LLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants

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  • the present invention relates to a system for analysing the operation of power blocks and a method for analysing the operation of power blocks, especially in thermal power plants, such as fossil-fuel power plants.
  • Thermal power plants generate electricity as a result of energy transformation.
  • the main element of a thermal power plant is a steam boiler, where fuel is burned, mostly fossil fuel - coal or natural gas, biomass, biogas or waste.
  • the heat from the steam boiler is used for heating, evaporation and superheating of the steam powering a turbine.
  • the turbine in turn, generates mechanical energy to power the drive shaft of an electric generator.
  • Larger plants can be equipped with several power blocks, in which partially or fully separate energy generation processes can be conducted by means of elements generally independent from one another, such as boilers, turbines, condensers, pumps, heat exchangers, generators and the like.
  • Thermal power plants are characterized by a low overall efficiency, usually below 50%, resulting from the irreversibility of the thermal processes and from the shortcomings of the control processes and operational inefficiencies. These losses increase in time, while the typical operational time for a plant is several decades. Therefore, in thermal power plants various monitoring systems are used to observe the operation of the power plant and to generate data that can assist in optimising their operation.
  • DCS Distributed Control Systems
  • boiler management systems usually based on neural networks, and technical control systems used for observing the thermal cycles of the blocks.
  • a US patent US7840332 presents a system for steam turbine remote monitoring. The document is related to a method for determining efficiency of turbine in a way to continuously monitor mechanical efficiency. The performance of turbine is only observed and not modelled and therefore the approach is fully probabilistic.
  • Another US patent application US2001/034582 presents a method for thermal efficiency diagnostic for a combined cycle power plant block. There is proposed a cycle efficiency analysis for root-cause-analysis of ageing effects.
  • the object of the invention is a computer-implemented method for analyzing the operation of power plant blocks, in which, on the basis of collected operational data, the deterministic models of operation of individual blocks are examined and characteristics of operational parameters are created.
  • the selected operational parameters are examined by calculating for them the deviation of heat rate in time on the basis of the deterministic model and the characteristic of the parameter, destructions of exergy in various process points of the block are calculated; for various points of the process and for various power plant blocks, the calculated deviations of heat rate and the destruction of exergy are presented in a graphical form.
  • the operational data are collected from automatic measurement systems comprising sensors positioned on various elements of the power plant block.
  • the deterministic model of the block is created according to the first principle of thermodynamics in a form of a set of equations having the following form:
  • R n f h i m ⁇ i u i ⁇ i ⁇ i x i ; wherein:
  • the characteristics of the current operational parameters are created on the basis of the current data for predetermined historical time periods preceding their use in the computations.
  • the characteristics of the operational parameters comprise at least one operational parameter selected from a group comprising the following parameters: temperature of live steam after the shut-off valve; pressure of live steam after the shut-off valve; temperature of secondary steam on the turbine; pressure of secondary steam on the turbine; flux of injection water to live steam; flux of injection water to secondary steam; flux of supplementary water; vacuum of the condenser; temperature of supply water to the boiler; air to fuel ratio; concentration of oxygen in flue gas; concentration of CO 2 in flue gas; amount of unburned coal in the ash.
  • the method further comprises presenting in a graphical form the comparative plots for characteristics of a given operational parameter made for different power plant blocks.
  • the method further comprises presenting in a graphical form the comparison of the calculated deviations in heat rate for a given parameter for different power plant blocks.
  • the method further comprises presenting in a graphical form the comparison of the calculated deviations of the total heat rate for different power plant blocks.
  • the method further comprises, by using the predetermined characteristics of operational parameters, presenting in a graphical form the simulation of deviations of heat rate and/or changes of fluxes of destruction of exergy for variable values of the parameter of the characteristic.
  • Another object of the present invention is a computer-implemented system for analysis of operation of power plant blocks, in which by using data from an operational data warehouse deterministic models of operation of individual blocks are examined and characteristics of operational parameters are created.
  • the system comprises: a module for examining the operational parameters, configured to examine the selected operational parameters by calculating for them the deviation in heat rate in time based on the deterministic model and the characteristic of a given parameter; a module for calculating exergy destruction configured to calculate destruction of exergy in operational process points for the block; and an analysis module configured to present in a graphic form the calculated deviations in heat rate and the destruction of exergy in various points of the process, comparatively for various power plant blocks.
  • thermodynamic model of the block and characteristics of parameters determined on the basis of the current operational data. Therefore, it presents current, reliable information which allows to make decisions leading to more efficient operation of a given power block, so as to adapt its performance to the performance of other blocks, to which its work is compared on the presented comparative graphs.
  • the use of the thermodynamic model allows to comparatively verify different engineering computations. Presentation of both the heat rate and fluxes of destruction of exergy allows to ascertain that the computations are performed correctly and are not burdened with unexpected, unusual errors. This helps to detect analytical errors and sources of inaccuracies by analysing the operation in different points of the operational process of the block.
  • Fig. 1 shows an exemplary schematic diagram of a coal-fired block (CFB).
  • CFB coal-fired block
  • One plant may have a plurality of blocks of this type - the following example relates to an embodiment with blocks 1, 2 and 3.
  • the principles of operation of the CFB are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the references to specific energy fluxes in the block are explained below:
  • a deterministic model describing its current process scheme can be developed in accordance with the first law of thermodynamics.
  • Equation (5) is used to verify the measurements of parameters on the condenser. This verification allows to draw conclusions regarding possible errors in measurement of particular parameters.
  • thermodynamic computations for the thermal cycle have been made on the basis of the data of this publication.
  • the characteristics are built from actual data for predetermined historical periods preceding the use of the characteristics in the model computations.
  • Monthly periods can be used, which correlate well with monthly cycles of fuel consumption and emission settlements, and therefore allow using balance data from other sources.
  • the characteristics of the parameters may relate to the following factors: temperature of live steam after the shut-off valve; pressure of live steam after the shut-off valve; temperature of secondary steam on the turbine; pressure of secondary steam on the turbine; flux of injection water to live steam; flux of injection water to secondary steam; flux of supplementary water; vacuum of the condenser; temperature of supply water to the boiler; air to fuel ratio; concentration of oxygen in flue gas; concentration of CO 2 in flue gas; amount of unburned coal in the ash.
  • Fig. 3 shows exemplary comparative characteristics for injection of water to steam, made for two blocks of the plant.
  • the characteristics convey a substantial amount of information for analysis of the current operation of blocks and allow building idealized reference functions, which allow calculating the deviations from the ideal states and the possible savings that can be achieved by reducing the heat rate.
  • One of the stages of comparing the operation of blocks in the system according to the invention should be a comparative analysis of operating parameters for different blocks. Such an analysis allows detecting possible different influences on the operation of the block or measurement of parameters. It is possible that for two similar blocks there is a significant discrepancy in the settings of operating parameters. Such dependencies have been presented for two blocks of the power plant in Fig. 4 - the temperature after the shut-off valve on the turbine in relation to the flux of supply water; and in Fig. 5 - the pressure after the shut-off valve in relation to the flux of supply water.
  • Fig. 6 shows a line of linear characteristics of the optimal setting of the temperature after the shut-off valve on the turbine in relation to the flux of supply water, for an exemplary set of measurement data for this parameter in block 2.
  • Fig. 8 shows an example of the method for calculating the heat rate 'hrt' wherein the parameter 't' is calculated from the optimal characteristics curve, created as shown in the previous paragraph.
  • the enthalpy is calculated at a point of the process where control of the parameter is desired, for example the temperature of steam after the shut-off valve from the optimal characteristics for the measured flux of steam 'm'.
  • the power output 'wnt' is calculated for the calculated enthalpy, and, if necessary, the input flux of heat 'Qin t '.
  • step 103 the power output 'wn' and the input flux of heat 'Qin' are calculated for the current operational parameters.
  • step 104 the heat rate for parameter t - 'hrt' and the heat rate for the parameters currently being measured 'hr', as well as the deviation of the heat rate for parameter t - ' ⁇ hrt', are calculated. These computations can be made for each characteristic.
  • the deviations of heat rate can be presented as a function of ' ⁇ hrt' (time), or in form of histograms for limited time periods, such as hours, days etc.
  • the computations from the simulations optimal plots show that the adjustment of procedures for the operation of the power block to the model indications can, for the analyzed power blocks, result in reduction of fuel consumption by about 100 t/day and corresponding reduction of CO 2 by about 140 t/day.
  • Fig. 8 shows the result of the computation of deviations of heat rate for a case of use of the temperature characteristic for the live steam input to the turbine.
  • the computations were made comparatively for two blocks. As can be seen, a better control of steam temperature indicated by the characteristic may result in some improvement of heat rate.
  • the computations for the other parameters may be carried out in similar manner.
  • the computations can be also made by using all the process characteristics simultaneously.
  • a histogram of the total heat rate deviation, taking into account all the optimal characteristics for the other parameters, is presented in Fig 11 .
  • the analysis of values of these deviations indicates that the greatest value impact is present for the heat rate deviation resulting from injection of water to steam.
  • the computations for destruction of exergy in the condenser may be carried out as follows:
  • Ex0 is the exergy flux of the reference state, in this case the minimum temperature of the cooling water recorded in all measurements. However, this is irrelevant as this element is cancelled in the further equations.
  • ⁇ 25 h 25 ⁇ T 0 * s 25 ⁇ Ex 0
  • ⁇ 26 h 26 ⁇ T 0 * s 26 ⁇ Ex 0
  • ⁇ 27 h 27 ⁇ T 0 * s 27 ⁇ Ex 0 ;
  • the analysis of destruction of exergy in real time can provide information which may lead to improvement of the power block operation, reduction of the value of the irreversibility of the process, and thus improve the efficiency of the process.
  • the graph in Fig. 13 shows a comparison of the flux of exergy destruction for the turbines of power blocks 2 and 3.
  • the results presented in the graph of Fig. 13 relate to the flow of the flux of exergy destruction for one selected day. The highest influence on the observed differences follows from injection of water to steam.
  • the graph of Fig. 14 shows the thermodynamic efficiency ⁇ according to the second principle of thermodynamics. As expected, block 3 has a higher efficiency - a lower irreversibility of the process and lower destruction of exergy.
  • the change of the fluxes of destruction of exergy during simulated operation can be calculated for a chosen parameter, for example, for optimal working conditions.
  • the graph of Fig. 15 shows the savings that can be obtained by not using injection of water to steam. For block 2 as much as 8MW can be saved and for block 3 as much as 5MW. It results from the fact that for block 2 significantly higher fluxes were used than for block 2, which can be seen in the graph of Fig. 17 - data for the same measurement period.
  • Fig. 16 shows the efficiency of the turbine for block 2 after eliminating injection of water to steam.
  • the analysis of the causes of deviation of heat rate and the value of changes in destruction of exergy should be made on a current basis by the engineering crew of the plant.
  • Some causes can be attributed to the specific technical conditions, such as the technical condition of the equipment, others to exploitation factors (for example, the cleanness of the condenser), and some to the actions of the operators of the blocks (for example, excessive use of injection water to control the parameters of the steam).
  • Fig. 18 shows a schematic of a system according to the invention.
  • the system contains an operational data warehouse 201, for collecting and integrating data from system sources (automatic measurement systems comprising sensors placed on different elements of the block) and non-system sources (external files and data entered manually).
  • the data warehouse can be in the form of a centralized or a distributed database, serviced by an appropriate computer system.
  • the deterministic models are created in module 202, and the characteristics of operational parameters are created in module 203.
  • the system comprises a module for examining the operational parameters 211, configured to examine the selected parameters by calculating the deviation of heat rate in time on the basis of the deterministic model and the characteristic of a given parameter.
  • the system contains a module for calculating the destruction of exergy 212, configured to calculate the destruction of exergy in points of the process to confirm computation of the deviations of heat rate, as in the above-described method.
  • the analysis module 213 is configured to show in a graphical form the calculated deviations of heat rate to allow further analysis, for example, as shown in the graphs of Figs. 9-17 .
  • the individual modules are technical means in form of computers connected with each other via a network, running appropriate software providing the functionality of particular modules.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Turbines (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Procédé mis en oeuvre par ordinateur permettant d'analyser le fonctionnement de blocs de centrale électrique, dans lequel, sur la base des données opérationnelles collectées (201), les modèles déterministes (202) de fonctionnement des blocs individuels sont examinés et des caractéristiques de paramètres opérationnels (203) sont créés, caractérisé en ce que
    - les paramètres opérationnels sélectionnés sont examinés en calculant pour eux l'écart de puissance thermique dans le temps sur la base du modèle déterministe (202) et de la caractéristique du paramètre (203) ;
    - les destructions d'exergie en divers points de procédé du bloc sont calculées ;
    - pour divers points du procédé et pour divers blocs de la centrale électrique, les écarts de puissance thermique calculés et la destruction d'exergie sont présentés sous forme graphique.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, lesdites données opérationnelles (201) étant recueillies à partie de systèmes de mesure automatiques comprenant des capteurs placés sur divers éléments de chacun des blocs de centrale électrique.
  3. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le modèle déterministe (202) du bloc est créé selon le premier principe de thermodynamique sous la forme d'un ensemble d'équations ayant la forme suivante : R n = f h i m ˙ i u i κ i γ i x i ;
    Figure imgb0041
     dans lesquelles :
    Rn : fonction résultante, par exemple, la puissance de la turbine, le rendement du bloc, le rendement du bouilleur, la puissance thermique, les émissions de CO2, le taux de consommation de combustible par unité de puissance générée, la destruction d'exergie et similaires ;
    hi : enthalpie spécifique du milieu au noeud i ;
    mi : flux massique, par exemple de vapeur, d'eau, de condensat, d'air, de gaz ou de combustible dans le noeud i ;
    ui : fraction de l'extraction de vapeur (sur la turbine) en fonction du flux principal du milieu de travail pour l'évent i ;
    κi : fraction du flux d'injection d'eau dans la vapeur en fonction du flux principal du milieu de travail pour l'injection i ;
    γi : fraction du flux d'eau supplémentaire en fonction du procédé au point i ;
    xi : concentration de gaz de combustion ou de combustible dans le procédé utilisée pour les calculs d'équilibre.
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les caractéristiques des paramètres opérationnels courants (203) sont créés sur la base des données courantes pendant des périodes de temps historiques prédéfinies précédant leur utilisation dans les calculs.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les caractéristiques des paramètres opérationnels (203) comprennent au moins un paramètre opérationnel choisi dans un groupe comprenant les paramètres suivants : la température de la vapeur vive après la vanne d'arrêt ; la température de la vapeur secondaire sur la turbine ; la pression de la vapeur secondaire sur la turbine ; le flux d'eau d'injection dans la vapeur vive ; le flux d'eau d'injection dans la vapeur secondaire ; le flux d'eau supplémentaire ; le vide du condenseur ; la température de l'eau d'alimentation vers le bouilleur ; le rapport air sur combustible ; la concentration d'oxygène dans le gaz de combustion ; la concentration de CO2 dans le gaz de combustion ; la quantité de charbon non brûlé dans les cendres.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par la présentation sous forme graphique des tracés points par points comparatifs des caractéristiques d'un paramètre opérationnel donné réalisés pour différents blocs de centrale électrique.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par la présentation sous forme graphique de la comparaison des écarts de puissance thermique calculés d'un paramètre donné pour différents blocs de centrale électrique.
  8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par la présentation sous forme graphique de la comparaison des écarts calculés de la puissance thermique totale pour différents blocs de la centrale électrique.
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la destruction d'exergie en un point donné du procédé est calculé en utilisant les équations : I = Σ ε i × m i − Σ ε e × m e − w
    Figure imgb0042
     ε = h − T 0 × s − h 0 − T 0 × s 0
    Figure imgb0043
     dans lesquelles :
    ε : flux d'énergie,
    h : enthalpie du procédé,
    s : entropie du procédé,
    T0 : température de référence,
    h0 : enthalpie de l'état de référence,
    s0 : entropie de l'état de référence,
    m : flux du milieu,
    w : travail effectué dans le système,
    I : valeur de la destruction d'exergie
    'I' en indice indique l'entrée,
    'e' en indice indique la sortie.
  10. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que, par l'utilisation des caractéristiques prédéfinies des paramètres opérationnels (203), la présentation sous forme graphique de la simulation d'écarts de puissance thermique et/ou de changements de flux de destruction d'exergie pour des valeurs variables du paramètre de la caractéristique.
  11. Système mis en oeuvre par ordinateur permettant l'analyse du fonctionnement de blocs de centrale électrique, dans lequel, en utilisant des données provenant d'un entrepôt de données opérationnelles (201), des modèles déterministes (202) de fonctionnement de blocs individuels sont examinés et des caractéristiques de paramètres opérationnels (203) sont créées, caractérisé en ce que le système comprend :
    - un module pour examiner les paramètres opérationnels (211), conçu pour examiner les paramètres opérationnels sélectionnés en calculant pour eux l'écart de puissance thermique dans le temps sur la base du modèle déterministe et de la caractéristique d'un paramètre donné ;
    - un module pour calculer la destruction d'exergie (212) conçu pour calculer la destruction d'exergie en des points opérationnels du procédé pour l'unité ;
    - un module d'analyse (213) conçu pour présenter sous forme graphique les écarts de puissance thermique calculés et la destruction d'exergie en divers points du procédé, comparativement pour divers blocs de centrale électrique.
EP12461509.7A 2012-03-28 2012-03-28 Système pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique et procédé pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique Active EP2644850B1 (fr)

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EP12461509.7A EP2644850B1 (fr) 2012-03-28 2012-03-28 Système pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique et procédé pour analyser le fonctionnement d'unités de centrale électrique

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CN113394814B (zh) * 2021-06-02 2022-06-21 清华大学 计及热量品位的热电联产机组模型构建方法和装置
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