EP2631585B1 - Échangeur de chaleur et procédé de fabrication d'un échangeur de chaleur - Google Patents
Échangeur de chaleur et procédé de fabrication d'un échangeur de chaleur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2631585B1 EP2631585B1 EP13000055.7A EP13000055A EP2631585B1 EP 2631585 B1 EP2631585 B1 EP 2631585B1 EP 13000055 A EP13000055 A EP 13000055A EP 2631585 B1 EP2631585 B1 EP 2631585B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tongues
- heat exchanger
- plate
- opening
- plates
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
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Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D9/0031—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other
- F28D9/0043—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another
- F28D9/005—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having openings therein for both heat-exchange media
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
- B21D53/02—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers
- B21D53/04—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers of sheet metal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
- F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
- F28F3/04—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
- F28F3/042—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element in the form of local deformations of the element
- F28F3/044—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element in the form of local deformations of the element the deformations being pontual, e.g. dimples
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2225/00—Reinforcing means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising a plurality of pairs of heat exchanger plates formed of sheet metal having a three-dimensional structured pattern, a first flow path being defined within the plurality of said pairs and a second flow path being defined between said pairs, each plate having at least one through-opening.
- a heat exchanger and a method for producing a heat exchanger according to the preamble of claims 1 and 7, respectively, is known from document GB 2 026 676 A .
- the invention relates to a heat exchanger plate formed of sheet metal having a three-dimensional structured pattern, and having at least one through-opening.
- the invention relates as well to a method for producing a heat exchanger forming a stack of pairs of heat exchanger plates formed of sheet metal having a three-dimensional structured pattern, each plate having at least one through-opening.
- a heat exchanger is also known from US 2007/0261829 A1 .
- the heat exchanger plates of this heat exchanger have a three-dimensional structured pattern comprising bulges and hollows.
- the bulges and hollows are placed against respective hollows and bulges of an adjacent heat exchanger plate to form the flow path on the primary and on the secondary side of the heat exchanger.
- heat exchanger plates comprise a kind of herringbone pattern.
- a heat exchanger requires four connections, i.e. two pairs of connections.
- One pair of connections is necessary for the primary side, i.e. a supply connection and a return connection.
- the other pair of connections is necessary for the secondary side, i.e. for receiving and returning the fluid which should be heated or cooled with the help of the heat exchanger.
- connection-openings are provided in the corners of the heat exchanger plates.
- a heat exchanger formed of a stack of plates needs to be formed in a manner where the inlet and outlet channels defined by the through-openings are strong enough to sustain even substantially high pressures of the fluids.
- the channels have to withstand rather high pressures.
- the task underlying the invention is to have a solid connection between adjacent heat exchanger plates in the area of the through-opening.
- This task is solved in that said through-opening is surrounded by tongues cut from the area of the through-opening and bent out, wherein the tongues of one plate are inserted into the through-opening of a neighbouring plate.
- the material which has to be removed for forming the through-opening is no longer wasted. It is used to form a wall surrounding the through-opening and consisting of separate tongues.
- a sort of cylinder is formed extending through the through-openings, thus forming a stable channel in the opening area to withstand rather high pressures.
- the tongues have a length, said length being at least twice a distance between neighbouring plates. In this way the tongues of neighbouring plates can overlap each other over a rather long distance which can be used to make a connection between neighbouring plates stable enough.
- the tongues of a plate are connected to the tongues of a neighbouring plate. Such a connection can be made by welding for example.
- the tongues of the plates form a chain holding the heat exchanger plates together even when the pressure between the plates is rather high. Another possibility would be to braze the tongues together.
- the tongues of neighbouring plates form connecting areas, wherein adjacent connecting areas are separated from each other. This makes it simple to form the connection between neighbouring tongues. In each connecting area only two tongues are connected so that it is rather simple to form the connection and to check the connection.
- the tongues have a triangular form. This makes it simple to produce the tongues by cutting lines running diametrically through the through-opening. When for example four cutting lines are used eight tongues are produced which can be bent perpendicular to the plane of the heat exchanger plate.
- said tongues of neighbouring plates have the same angular position with respect to said through-bore.
- each tongue overlaps a tongue arranged at the same angular position of an adjacent plate. This leads to a maximum overlapping area between the tongues of adjacent plates.
- an endplate is provided having a bulge adapted to receive tongues of at least a heat exchanger plate next to said endplate. In a system having a stack of heat exchanger plates with bent down tongues there could arise a problem at the bottom plate, where there is no neighbouring plate.
- One solution is to provide said endplate with a bulge which is adapted to receive the bent down tongues of at least a heat exchanger plate next to said endplate.
- the heat exchanger plate next to the endplate can have the same shape as all the other heat exchanger plates of the heat exchanger.
- the bulge is adapted to receive the tongues not only of the heat exchanger plate next to said endplate but also the tongues of at least the second heat exchanger plate counted from the endplate.
- said bulge has a depth, said depth being larger than a hight of said tongues perpendicular to said heat exchanger plate next to said endplate.
- the tongues can remain in their upright state, i.e. it is not necessary to deform the tongues.
- the tongues can be connected to the wall of the bulge.
- tongues of a heat exchanger plate next to an endplate are, at least at their tip, bent parallel to said endplate. These tongues are bent at least twice comprising a first section almost perpendicular to the plane of the heat exchanger plate and further comprising a second section parallel to the plane of the endplate.
- the tongues of at least two heat exchanger plates next to said endplate form, at least at their tips, a layered structure on an internal surface of said endplate. This layered structure can easily be connected to said endplate.
- the task is solved with a heat exchanger plate of the kind mentioned above in that said through-opening is surrounded by tongues cut from the area of the through-opening and bent out.
- the plate For the production of the heat exchanger plate it is in most cases necessary to shape the plate in a press.
- This press can be used to cut the tongues and to bend them out, e.g. almost perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
- These tongues make it easy to assemble the plate to form a stack of plates since the tongues can be used as auxiliary means to align the plates.
- the task is solved by a method for producing a heat exchanger as mentioned above in that said through-opening is formed by cutting the sheet material in the area of the through-opening to form tongues and bending out said tongues.
- the tongues can be used to facilitate the assembling of the stack of heat exchanger plate.
- the tongues can be used to connect the heat exchanger plates in the area of the through-openings.
- the tongues of a plate are inserted into the through-opening of a neighbouring plate. This means that the tongues of one plate overlap the tongues of neighbouring plates over a predetermined distance. This overlapping area gives a rather stable and pressure proofed connection between neighbouring heat exchanger plates.
- the tongues of a plate are connected to the tongues of the neighbouring plate. The connection between the tongue is able to withstand the tensile forces produced by the pressures inside the heat exchanger.
- Fig. 1 shows a heat exchanger plate 1 as it is shown in US 2007/0261829 A1 .
- This plate 1 comprises bulges 2 which are raised by a given height over the plane of the heat exchanger plate 1.
- the heat exchanger plate 1 comprises hollows 3 which are sunk to a given depth in this heat exchanger plate 1.
- the bulges 2 are symbolized by white circles while the hollows 3 are symbolized by circles with a cross.
- two such plates 1 form a pair of plates, in which one heat exchanger plate 1 is rotated about 180° about its longer edge 4. A plurality of such pairs is stacked one above the other. A first flow path is formed within these pairs and a second flow path is formed between these pairs.
- the heat exchanger plate 1 is made of sheet metal.
- a sheet metal is a material having a good thermal conductivity and can be formed in a press or die. It is also possible to use plastic materials as sheet metal.
- the bulges 2 and the hollows 3 form a three-dimensional structured profile. This profile is produced in a press or die.
- the heat exchanger plate 1 comprises four through-openings 5-8. These through-openings 5-8 are used to form channels or connections. For example the through-openings 5, 7 form a supply and return for the first flow path and the through-openings 6, 8 form a supply and a return for the second fluid path.
- Fig. 2 - 4 shows a way to open the through-openings 5-8 not according to the invention
- Fig. 3 and 4 show a stack of three heat exchanger plates 1a, 1b, 1c.
- a first step four diametrically running cuts are made in the area of the through-opening 5.
- the four cut lines 9 are shown in Fig. 2 .
- the area of the through-opening 5 is covered by eight tongues 10. Each tongue has an almost triangular form.
- the tongues 10 are bent out of the plane of each heat exchanger plate 1a, 1b, 1c so that the tongues 10 are arranged almost perpendicular to the plane 11 of the heat exchanger plate 1. This is schematically shown in Fig. 3 and 4 .
- the bending does not produce a sharp edge but a rounded transition between the plane 11 and the tongue 10.
- the cutting and bending of the tongues 10 is preferably performed before the heat exchanger plates 1a, 1b, 1c are stacked.
- the tongue 10 of heat exchanger plate 1a overlaps a tongue 12 of the adjacent heat exchanger plate 1b.
- This tongue 12 overlaps a tongue 13 of the next adjacent heat exchanger plate 1c.
- Tongues 10, 12 form an overlapping area 14, in which the tongues 10, 12 can be connected, e.g. by welding.
- Tongues 12, 13 form an overlapping area 15 in which the tongues 12, 13 can be connected, e.g. by welding as well.
- overlapping area 14, 15 (which can be referred to as connecting area as well) are separated from each other, i.e. in each overlapping area 14, 15 only two tongues 10, 12 or 12, 13, respectively, overlap each other.
- the tongues 10, 12, 13 have a length which is at least twice a distance 16 between neighbouring or adjacent heat exchanger plates 1a, 1b. This makes the overlapping area 14, 15 large enough.
- the tongues 10, 12, 13 of all heat exchanger plates 1a, 1b, 1c have the same angular orientation with respect to the through-opening 5. In this way the tip of a tongue 10, 12 always overlaps with a base of the next tongue 12, 13. In this way a very reliable connection between the tongues can be established.
- Sealing means (not shown) can be arranged around the tongues between neighbouring heat exchanger plates 1a, 1b, 1c since the connection of the tongues 10, 12, 13 is not necessarily tight per se.
- the three-dimensional structured pattern can have a form different of that shown in Fig. 1 .
- the pattern can be a herringbone pattern as it is known in the art.
- Fig. 5 illustrates a version according to the invention of how the tongues 10 may be shaped.
- a star 17 is cut out of the through-opening 5 forming five tongues 10 each having a triangular form.
- any other imaginable shape would also apply to the present invention, such as more rounded tongues 10.
- Fig. 6 shows a first solution to this problem, where the bottom plate 18 has a bulge 19 adapted to receive the bent down tongues 10 of a heat exchanger plate 1d next to the endplate 18. It can be seen that the bulge 19 has a depth which is larger than a height of the tongues 10 perpendicular to the plane of the heat exchanger plate 1d next to the endplate 18. In this case it is possible that the tongues 10 are fully inserted into the bulge 19 without a necessity for deforming the tongues 10.
- the bulge 19 not only receives the tongues 10 of the heat exchanger plate 1d next to the endplate 18, but also the tongues of the second heat exchanger plate 1e counted from the endplate 18.
- the tongues of these two heat exchanger plates 1d, 1e can be connected to the internal wall of the bulge 19. However, it is possible to insert even more tongues into the bulge 19, i.e. the tongues of more heat exchanger plates 1d, 1e ....
- FIG. 7 Another possibility is shown in Fig. 7 .
- an endplate 20 is used having a plane internal surface 21.
- the tongues 10 of the heat exchanger plates 1d, 1e next to the endplate 20 are further bent forming sections 22 running parallel to the internal surface 21 of said endplate 20. These tongues form a layered structure on the internal surface 21 of said endplate 20.
- the tongues 10 are formed by cutting in a direction with a vector having a component in the radial direction towards the centre of the respective opening 5-8 being different from zero.
- the angular component of the vector this being tangential to the circumference of the opening, may be zero or different from zero.
- Forming tongues 10 and connecting them as described offers forms so to speak a tube-like structure that extends through the depth of the heat exchanger. This gives a strong structure in the areas of the openings 5-8. If instead the openings 5-8 were flanged in a manner where the rim of the openings 5-8 are bend down without cutting with vector component in the radial direction different from zero, the formed tube would also form a sealing for fluid access into the spaces between the heat exchanger plates, thus openings would have to be formed.
- material will be removed from the opening, as also illustrated in Fig. 5 ( Fig. 3 shows the situation where the angular vector component is zero), and then such openings will be formed naturally when connecting the bend down tongues 10, where their sizes will depend on the relative radial vector component to the angular vector component.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Claims (7)
- Echangeur de chaleur comprenant une pluralité de paires de plaques d'échangeur de chaleur (1) constituées de tôle métallique présentant un motif structuré tridimensionnel (2, 3), un premier chemin d'écoulement étant défini à l'intérieur de la pluralité desdites paires et un second chemin d'écoulement étant défini entre lesdites paires, chaque plaque (1) comportant au moins une ouverture traversante (5-8), dans lequel ladite ouverture traversante (5-8) est entourée par des languettes (10, 12, 13) découpées à partir de la région de l'ouverture traversante (5-8) et pliées vers l'extérieur, dans lequel les languettes (10, 12, 13) d'une plaque (1) sont insérées dans l'ouverture traversante d'une plaque voisine (1b), dans lequel lesdites languettes d'une plaque (1a, 1b) sont connectées aux languettes (12, 13) d'une plaque voisine (1b, 1c),
caractérisé en ce que les languettes (10) sont découpées avec une composante vectorielle radiale différente de zéro de manière à présenter une forme triangulaire, dans lequel lesdites languettes (10, 12, 13) présentent une longueur, ladite longueur étant égale à au moins deux fois une distance (16) entre des plaques voisines (1a, 1b). - Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 1,
caractérisé en ce que les languettes (10, 12; 12, 13) de plaques voisines (1a, 1b; 1b, 1c) forment des régions de connexion (14, 15), dans lequel des régions de connexion adjacentes (14, 15) sont séparée les unes des autres. - Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les languettes (10, 12, 13) de plaques voisines présentent la même position angulaire par rapport à ladite ouverture traversante (5-8).
- Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'une plaque d'extrémité (18) est prévue, comportant un renflement (19) adapté pour recevoir des languettes (10) d'au moins une plaque d'échangeur de chaleur (1d) qui suit ladite plaque d'extrémité (18).
- Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 4,
caractérisé en ce que ledit renflement (19) présente une profondeur, ladite profondeur étant plus grande qu'une hauteur desdites languettes (10) perpendiculaires à ladite plaque d'échangeur de chaleur (1d) qui suit ladite plaque d'extrémité (18). - Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que des languettes (10) d'une plaque d'échangeur de chaleur (1d) qui suit une plaque d'extrémité (20) sont, au moins à leur extrémité, pliées parallèlement à ladite plaque d'extrémité (20).
- Procédé de fabrication d'un échangeur de chaleur en formant un empilement d'une pluralité de paires de plaques d'échangeur de chaleur (1) constituées de tôle métallique présentant un motif tridimensionnel structuré (2, 3), un premier chemin d'écoulement étant défini à l'intérieur de la pluralité desdites paires et un second chemin d'écoulement étant défini entre lesdites paires, chaque plaque (1) comportant au moins une ouverture traversante (5-8), dans lequel ladite ouverture traversante (5-8) est constituée en découpant la tôle métallique dans la région de l'ouverture traversante (5-8) de manière à former des languettes (10, 12, 13) et en pliant vers l'extérieur lesdites languettes (10, 12, 13),
dans lequel lors, d'une étape suivante, les languettes (10) sont pliées vers l'extérieur par rapport au plan de chaque plaque d'échangeur de chaleur (1a, 1b, 1c), de telle sorte que les languettes (10) soient agencées pratiquement perpendiculairement au plan (11) de la plaque d'échangeur de chaleur, et dans lequel les languettes (10, 12) d'une plaque (1a, 1b) sont insérées dans l'ouverture traversante d'une plaque voisine (1b, 1c), et dans lequel les languettes (10, 12) d'une plaque (1a, 1b) sont connectées aux languettes (12, 13) de la plaque voisine (1b, 1c), et caractérisé en ce que les languettes (10) sont découpées avec une composante vectorielle radiale différente de zéro de manière à présenter une forme triangulaire, et dans lequel lesdites languettes (10, 12, 13) présentent une longueur, ladite longueur étant égale à au moins deux fois une distance (16) entre des plaques voisines (1a, 1b).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DKPA201200065 | 2012-01-23 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2631585A2 EP2631585A2 (fr) | 2013-08-28 |
EP2631585A3 EP2631585A3 (fr) | 2015-03-11 |
EP2631585B1 true EP2631585B1 (fr) | 2018-08-01 |
Family
ID=47603193
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP13000055.7A Not-in-force EP2631585B1 (fr) | 2012-01-23 | 2013-01-08 | Échangeur de chaleur et procédé de fabrication d'un échangeur de chaleur |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2631585B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN103217031B (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2698099T3 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2523080C1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT201800007453A1 (it) * | 2018-07-24 | 2020-01-24 | Scambiatore di calore a piastre con teste rinforzate e metodo per la produzione di dette teste rinforzate e loro assemblaggio |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5582246A (en) * | 1995-02-17 | 1996-12-10 | Heat Pipe Technology, Inc. | Finned tube heat exchanger with secondary star fins and method for its production |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1313973A (en) * | 1971-05-07 | 1973-04-18 | Hutogepgyar | Tubular heat exchanger and a method for the production thereof |
IT1159723B (it) * | 1978-06-14 | 1987-03-04 | Ipra Spa Ora Ind Piemontese Ra | Scambiatore di calore a piastre |
SU1740946A1 (ru) * | 1989-05-11 | 1992-06-15 | Специальное Конструкторско-Технологическое Бюро По Автоматизации, Микропроцессорной И Турбохолодильной Техники | Пластинчато-трубный теплообменник |
CA2153528C (fr) * | 1995-07-10 | 2006-12-05 | Bruce Laurance Evans | Echangeur thermique a plaques a tubulures d'entree/sortie renforcees |
DE19722074A1 (de) * | 1997-05-27 | 1998-12-03 | Knecht Filterwerke Gmbh | Plattenwärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl/Kühlmittel-Kühler für Kraftfahrzeuge |
RU2137076C1 (ru) * | 1997-09-19 | 1999-09-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Контэкс" | Пластинчато-трубный теплообменник |
RU2199067C1 (ru) * | 2001-06-08 | 2003-02-20 | Антониади Валерий Георгиевич | Трубчато-пластинчатый теплообменник и способ его изготовления |
CA2433697A1 (fr) * | 2003-06-27 | 2004-12-27 | Dana Canada Corporation | Support de fixation resistant aux vibrations pour echangeurs thermiques |
RU76433U1 (ru) * | 2008-05-15 | 2008-09-20 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Нббк" | Пластинчатый теплообменник |
CN102245994B (zh) * | 2008-12-17 | 2015-09-23 | 舒瑞普国际股份公司 | 热交换器的开口 |
DE102010012869A1 (de) * | 2009-03-26 | 2010-09-30 | Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine | Wärmetauschermodul |
-
2013
- 2013-01-08 EP EP13000055.7A patent/EP2631585B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-01-08 ES ES13000055T patent/ES2698099T3/es active Active
- 2013-01-17 RU RU2013102013/06A patent/RU2523080C1/ru active
- 2013-01-23 CN CN201310024408.8A patent/CN103217031B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5582246A (en) * | 1995-02-17 | 1996-12-10 | Heat Pipe Technology, Inc. | Finned tube heat exchanger with secondary star fins and method for its production |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2698099T3 (es) | 2019-01-31 |
RU2523080C1 (ru) | 2014-07-20 |
RU2013102013A (ru) | 2014-07-27 |
EP2631585A3 (fr) | 2015-03-11 |
CN103217031B (zh) | 2016-03-16 |
CN103217031A (zh) | 2013-07-24 |
EP2631585A2 (fr) | 2013-08-28 |
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