Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B29/00—Machines or engines with pertinent characteristics other than those provided for in preceding main groups
  • F01B29/08—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines not otherwise provided for
  • F01B29/10—Engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B17/00—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by use of uniflow principle
  • F01B17/02—Engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B17/00—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by use of uniflow principle
  • F01B17/02—Engines
  • F01B17/022—Engines with fluid heating
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B21/00—Engines characterised by air-storage chambers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
  • F02M31/00—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
  • F02M31/02—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating
  • F02M31/04—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating combustion-air or fuel-air mixture
  • F02M31/042—Combustion air
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
  • F02M31/00—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
  • F02M31/02—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating
  • F02M31/16—Other apparatus for heating fuel
  • F02M31/163—Preheating by burning an auxiliary mixture
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S90/00—Solar heat systems not otherwise provided for
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
  • Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• the invention relates to an engine operating in particular with compressed air, or any other gas, and using a so-called “active chamber” chamber.
• valves with valves and springs well known have very low flow rates and their use for this application requires very heavy and inefficient devices. In addition, they are very sensitive to icing due to the humidity of the cooled air during relaxation.
• WO-A1-2005 / 049968 describing a compressed air motor preferably powered by compressed air or any other compressed gas contained in a storage tank.
• high pressure previously relaxed to a nominal working pressure in a buffer capacity said working capacity.
• the working capacity in a bi-energies version comprises a device for heating the air supplied by additional energy (fossil or other energy) making it possible to increase the temperature and / or the pressure of the air passing through it.
• the expansion chamber is constituted by a variable volume equipped with means making it possible to produce a work, it is twinned and in contact by a permanent passage with the space included above the main engine piston which is equipped with a piston stop device at top dead center,
• the air or the gas under pressure is admitted into the expansion chamber when it is at its smallest volume and, under the pressure, will increase its volume by producing a job
• the expansion chamber being maintained substantially at its maximum volume, the compressed air contained therein then relaxes in the engine cylinder, thereby pushing the engine piston in its downward stroke, thereby providing a job
• variable volume of the expansion chamber is reduced to its smallest volume to start a complete work cycle.
• the engine expansion chamber according to this invention actively participates in the work.
• the engine is thus called “active chamber” engine.
• thermodynamic cycle in four phases during its operation in mono-energy compressed air mode characterized by:
• WO-A1-2008/028881 which shows a variant of WO-A1-2005 / 049968, claims the same thermodynamic cycle but using a conventional crank-crank device. It is preferably supplied with compressed air or any other compressed gas contained in a high-pressure storage tank, previously expanded to a nominal working pressure in a so-called working capacity buffer capacity.
• the capacity of work in version bi-energies comprises a device reheating the air powered by additional energy (fossil or other energy) to increase the temperature and / or the pressure of the air that passes through it.
• the expansion chamber is constituted by a variable volume equipped with means making it possible to produce a work and is connected by a passage comprising a shutter thus making it possible to isolate it or put it in contact with the volume included in the engine cylinder above the engine piston at its top dead center;
• the engine expansion chamber according to the invention actively participates in the work.
• the motors according to WO-A1-2005 / 049968 and WO-A1-2008 / 028881 are known as active chamber motors.
• an exhaust at ambient pressure preferably fed with compressed air, or any other compressed gas, contained in a high-pressure storage tank, through a so-called working capacity buffer which is fed with compressed air, or any other compressed gas, contained in a high-pressure storage tank, which is expanded to a mean pressure called working pressure in a working capacity preferably through a dynamic expansion device,
• the volume of the cylinder which is swept by the piston is closed at its upper part by a cylinder head having at least one duct and inlet port and at least one duct and exhaust port and which is arranged so that that when the piston is at its top dead point, the residual volume between the piston and the cylinder head is, by construction, reduced to the minimum clearances allowing operation without contact between the piston and the cylinder head;
• the exhaust port is then open to ensure the exhaust phase during the ascent of the piston over its entire stroke.
• the maximum volume of the active chamber CA and the volume of the expansion chamber CD are dimensioned such that at the rated operating pressure of the engine the pressure at the end of expansion at low dead point is close to atmospheric pressure.
• the maximum volume of the active chamber is determined by the closing of the admission.
• the active chamber engine included in the cylinder described above comprises a plurality of successive cylinders of increasing displacement.
• the first cylinder, of smaller displacement is supplied with compressed air by the working capacity.
• the next cylinder or cylinders, of increasing displacement are supplied with compressed air by the exhaust of the preceding upstream cylinder.
• An air / air heat exchanger with the atmosphere is positioned between the two cylinders of a pair of successive cylinders, thus making it possible to increase the temperature of the exhaust air of the preceding cylinder, to bring it close to the temperature ambient / atmospheric and thus increase the volume of air escaped.
• the engine is fed, like the teachings of documents WO-A1-2005 / 049968 and WO-A1-2008 / 0828881, by compressed air or any other compressed gas contained in a storage tank. at high pressure, previously relaxed, at a nominal working pressure, in a buffer capacity - said working capacity.
• the working capacity in a bi-energy version comprises a heating device, or thermal heater, of the air or gas which is fed by additional energy (fossil or other energy) making it possible to increase the temperature and / or the pressure from the air that runs through it.
• This engine is called active chamber "included”.
• the active chamber motor included in the cylinder proposes to solve the latter problem and it uses the functional provisions of the active chamber motor cylinder included in the cylinder, it performs the complete expansion of the storage tank, it operates in mono and / or bi-energies with additional energy.
• This a new engine called “autodetendeur” is a "plurimodal" engine with active chamber included in the cylinder, and acting as a regulator.
• the invention thus proposes a motor, comprising at least one cylinder and a piston which is slidably mounted in the cylinder and which drives a crankshaft by means of a conventional crank-rod device, in which the volume of the cylinder swept by the piston is divided into two distinct parts including a first part constituting the active chamber CA which is included in the cylinder and a second part constituting the expansion chamber CD, the cylinder being closed in its upper part by a cylinder head comprising at least one conduit and an orifice intake and at least one duct and an exhaust port, and which is arranged such that, when the piston is at its top dead point, the residual volume between the piston and the cylinder head is, by construction, reduced to the minimum clearances allowing non-contact operation between the piston and the cylinder head, and in which compressed air, or any other gas under pressure, supplied from a compressed air storage tank, or any other pressurized gas is admitted into the cylinder above the piston and, under the continuous thrust of compressed air, or any other pressurized gas, the volume of the active chamber
• the high pressure compressed air storage tank, or any other pressurized gas directly supplies the inlet of the driving cylinder;
• the maximum volume of the active chamber CA is variable and is gradually increased as the lowering of pressure in the storage tank which determines said intake pressure
• the means for opening and closing the admission of the compressed air into the active chamber not only make it possible to open the orifice and the inlet duct substantially at the top dead center of the piston stroke , but also make it possible to modify the duration and / or the angular sector of the admission, as well as the passage section of the opening;
• the maximum volume of the active chamber CA is dimensioned for the maximum storage pressure, and is then gradually increased so that, depending on the inlet pressure, the volume ratio between the active chamber CA and the expansion chamber CD, the pressure at the end of expansion before the opening of the exhaust being close to atmospheric pressure.
• the engine according to the invention also acts as a pressure reducer, the invention thus making it possible to propose an "autodetendeur" motor which does not require any independent expansion valve, whatever its type, for the supply of the active chamber.
• the multi-modal autodetender motor with active chamber notably implements, during its operation in single-energy compressed air mode, a three-phase thermodynamic cycle comprising:
• the maximum volume of the active chamber included in the cylinder determines the amount of compressed air injected.
• the engine according to the invention comprises at least two cylinders of increasing displacement each operating according to the same principle which has just been described, and characterized:
• an engine according to the invention comprises at least three cylinders, of which said at least two cylinders of increasing displacement, whereby it is possible to adjust more finely the total cubic capacity used as a function of the pressure of the engine. admitting, operating successively, jointly and / or in combination said at least three cylinders of the engine.
• a thermal device forming isobaric heater to increase, at constant pressure, the temperature of the air, or any other gas, which passes through it and to increase the amount of usable and available energy by the fact that compressed air, or any other gas, at constant pressure and before its introduction into the CA active chamber, will increase its temperature and increase its volume by allowing the increase of the autonomy of a machine equipped with the engine, in the proportion of said increase in volume.
• compressed air mode for example when the engine according to the invention equips a vehicle in an urban site, only the pressure of the air, or any other gas, compressed in the high-pressure tank is used for operation.
• the reheating of the compressed air is then controlled, thus allowing to increase the temperature of the air and as a result Usable volume for the work of charging the active chamber and relaxation.
• a tank of 200 liters of compressed air at 200 bar, or 40 m 3 of air at 293K (20 ° Celsius) allows to have, at 586K (313 ° Celsius), 80 m3 of compressed air.
• the reheating of the compressed air initially at room temperature makes it possible, with little energy, to rapidly obtain high temperatures while controlling their value, preferably to remain below the formation temperatures of the oxides. particularly polluting and harmful nitrogen.
• a heater-forming thermal device has the advantage of being able to use clean continuous combustions which can be catalyzed or decontaminated by any known means, with the aim of producing minute emissions of pollutants.
• the heater-forming heat device can use for energy a fossil fuel such as gasoline, diesel or LPG gas or CNG. It can also use biofuels or alcohol / ethanol, thus enabling a dual-energy external combustion operation in which a burner will cause a rise in temperature. It can also use thermochemical processes allowing such a rise in temperature.
• a fossil fuel such as gasoline, diesel or LPG gas or CNG.
• biofuels or alcohol / ethanol thus enabling a dual-energy external combustion operation in which a burner will cause a rise in temperature.
• thermochemical processes allowing such a rise in temperature.
• the motor uses solar energy to heat the compressed air, or any other gas
• the isobaric heater forming thermal device comprises a focusing solar parabola in the heating device forming a heater isobaric to allow the increase of the temperature of compressed air, or any other gas, and to increase the amount of usable and available energy by the fact that compressed air, or any other gas, at constant pressure , and before its introduction into the active chamber CA will increase its temperature and increase volume by allowing the increase of the autonomy of said machine.
• thermodynamic cycle of the motor according to the invention is four-phase comprising:
• the engine acting as a pressure reducer is coupled with and drives an air compressor allowing, during its operation with additional energy, supplying compressed air, or any other gas, the high-pressure storage tank.
• a heat exchanger air-air or other, which is positioned between the compressor and the storage tank so that compressed air, or any other gas, at high pressure and at high temperature at the output of the compressor finds, in the storage tank, a temperature close to room temperature.
• thermodynamic cycle comprising:
• the control of the engine in torque and speed is controlled by a preferably electronic device, the torque and engine speed are controlled by an accelerator-controlled device that controls the opening and closing of the opening / closing means of the conduit intake which supplies air, or any other gas, the CA active chamber by allowing not only to open the opening / closing means, substantially at the top dead center but also to change the duration and / or the sector angle of the inlet, as well as the passage section of the opening to determine the pressure at the end of expansion, depending on the pressure in the storage tank, the amount compressed air, or any other gas, admitted, the volume of the active chamber CA by closing the opening / closing means.
• the engine according to the invention mono energy and bi-energies thus equipped operates in three modes, which can be used separately or in combination comprising:
• the autonomous two-energy operating mode with the air, or any other gas, compressed in the storage tank by a compressor driven by the motor, plus the additional energy provided by the heating device.
• the heat exchangers may be air / air or air / liquid exchangers or any other device or gas producing the desired effect.
• the active chamber engine according to the invention can be used on all land, maritime, railway, aeronautical vehicles.
• the active chamber motor according to the invention can also and advantageously find its application in the emergency generator sets, as well as in many domestic cogeneration applications producing electricity, heating and air conditioning.
• FIG. 1 shows schematically a motor according to the invention with active chamber included in the cylinder which is illustrated in axial section, shown at its bottom dead center and with its compressed air supply device;
• FIG. 5 shows an engine according to the invention comprising two cylinders
• FIG. 6 shows a motor and its compressed air supply device comprising a device for heating the compressed air by means of a solar dish;
• FIG. 7 schematically shows a motor according to the invention coupled to a compressor supplying the storage tank.
• FIG. 1 shows a self-expanding active chamber motor according to the invention on which can be seen a driving cylinder 1 in which a piston 2 slides which is connected by a connecting rod 3 to the crankpin 4 of a crankshaft 5.
• the volume of the engine cylinder 1 according to the invention which is swept by the piston 2 is divided along an imaginary line DD '(corresponding to a plane of division orthogonal to the axis of the cylinder) into two parts: a first part constituting the chamber active CA, which is thus included in the cylinder, and a second portion constituting the expansion chamber CD.
• the downward stroke of the piston 2 in the cylinder 1 thus comprises, consecutively, a first "upper” part corresponding to the progressive formation of the so-called active chamber CA, and a second "lower” part corresponding to the progressive formation of the so-called chamber. relaxing CD.
• the engine cylinder 1 is capped with an upper cylinder head 6 comprising an intake duct 7 and an exhaust duct 8 opening into the cylinder 1 as well as associated means for closing said ducts, these means being in this case valves. intake 9 and exhaust 10 respectively.
• the intake duct 7 is directly connected to the high-pressure reservoir 12, which thus supplies the active chamber CA directly via the intake duct 7.
• the high-pressure compressed air contained in the high-pressure storage tank 12 directly supplies the active chamber CA via the intake duct 7 at constant pressure during each engine revolution, this pressure being degressive as the pressure increases. lowering the pressure in the storage tank, during its emptying, that is to say gradually as it is emptied.
• a device controlled by an electronic computer which takes into account in particular the position of an accelerator such as an accelerator pedal, the pressure of the compressed air contained in the storage tank, the rotational speed of the engine, as well as other operating parameters, and which controls the opening and closing of the intake valve 9 of the intake duct 7 which supplies the compressed air active chamber CA, by allowing not only to open the valve substantially at the top dead center, but also to modify the duration and / or the angular sector of the admission, as well as the passage section of the opening by modifying the lifting the valve to determine, depending on all or part of these different parameters:
• Figure 2 shows the engine according to the invention being admitted, the intake valve 9 having been opened from top dead center.
• the pressure compressed air contained in the storage tank 12 supplies the active chamber CA, the volume of which increases gradually, and pushes the piston 2 downwards, producing a work and performing the first phase of the thermodynamic cycle: transfer isobaric and isothermal.
• FIG. 3 represents the motor according to the invention while the piston 2 reaches the line DD 'at which the volume of the active chamber CA is maximum and at which the pressure in the active chamber is at the pressure contained in the storage tank .
• the inlet valve 9 is then closed and it interrupts the arrival of pressurized air.
• the compressed air contained in the active chamber CA relaxes by pushing the piston 1 to its bottom dead point ( Figure 4) and doing a relaxing engine work, and performing the second phase of the thermodynamic cycle: polytropic relaxation with work.
• the piston 1 then reaches its bottom dead point (FIG. 1) corresponding to the maximum available volume of the cylinder swept by the piston, and the exhaust valve 10 is then open to evacuate, through the exhaust duct 8, the air relaxed and whose pressure is close to ambient / atmospheric pressure to the atmosphere, during its lift stroke, performing the phase of the thermodynamic cycle: exhaust at ambient pressure.
• FIG. 5 shows a motor according to the invention two-stage bicylinders of increasing displacement, on which can be seen, from left to right, the first cylinder 1, which is the cylinder of smaller displacement, in which a piston slides 2 connected by a connecting rod 3 to the crankpin 4 of a crankshaft 5.
• This first engine cylinder 1 is divided along a line DD 'into two parts: an active chamber CA and a partial expansion chamber CD (not visible in the drawing).
• the first engine cylinder 1 is capped with a cylinder head 6 having, opening into the cylinder 1, an intake duct 7 and an exhaust duct 8 as well as means for closing said ducts, these means being here valves of
• the intake duct 7 is connected to the high-pressure reservoir 12 through a three-way valve 21.
• the exhaust duct 8 opens into the atmosphere.
• the second stage consists of a second cylinder 1A, the displacement of which is larger than that of the first cylinder 1, in which a second piston 2A slides which is connected by a connecting rod 3A to the crankpin 4A of the common crankshaft 5.
• the second motor cylinder 1A is divided along a line DD 'into two parts: a second active chamber CA1 and a second expansion chamber CD1.
• the second motor cylinder 1A is capped with the yoke 6, here common, having, opening into the second cylinder 1A, an intake duct 7A and an exhaust duct 8A and means for closing said ducts which are here 9A intake and 10A exhaust valves.
• the intake duct 7A is connected to the high-pressure reservoir 12 through the three-way valve 21.
• the exhaust duct 8 A opens into the atmosphere.
• the high-pressure compressed air contained in the high-pressure storage tank 12 feeds, through the 3-way valve 21, either the intake duct of the first cylinder 1 or the intake duct of the second cylinder 1A, again the two cylinders 1 and 1A at the same time.
• the pressure values indicated below in the brief description of the operation of the two-cylinder engine are given by way of non-limiting example of a realistic and possible embodiment of the invention.
• the three-way valve closes the intake duct 7A and directs the compressed air to the intake duct 7 of the first cylinder 1 which ensures the sole operation of the engine according to the invention.
• the three-way valve closes the intake duct 7 and directs the compressed air to the inlet duct 7A of the second cylinder 1A which ensures alone the operation of the self-expanding motor.
• the three-way valve simultaneously directs the compressed air, both to the inlet duct 7 of the first cylinder 1 and to the intake duct 7A of the second cylinder 1A, the two cylinders 1 and 1A together ensuring the operation of the engine.
• FIG. 6 represents a motor according to the invention with its high-pressure air supply device comprising a device for heating compressed air comprising a solar parabola (16) focusing in a chamber allowing the temperature of the chamber to be increased. compressed air passing through it.
• This arrangement makes it possible to increase the amount of usable and available energy by the fact that the compressed air, before its introduction into the active chamber included CA, will increase its temperature and increase its volume allowing, for the same performance, withdrawing from the storage tank 12 a smaller volume of air and increase the autonomy of a vehicle equipped with this engine according to the invention.
• FIG. 7 represents an engine according to the invention operating in autonomous bi-energies with, for example, an additional fossil energy, here in a thermal device comprising a burner 17 included in a chamber 17A and which is fed by a gas cylinder 18.
• crankshaft 5 in its rotation, drives a compressed air compressor 19 which supplies the storage tank 12 through an air / air heat exchanger 20.
• the included active chamber autodetender motor is described with operation with compressed air. However, it can use any compressed gas without departing from the scope of the present invention.
• the invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown: the materials, the control means, the devices described may vary within the limit of equivalents, to produce the same results.
• the number of engine cylinders, their displacement (s), the maximum volume of the active chamber relative to the displaced volume of the cylinder (s) and the number of stages of relaxation, may also vary, without this depart from the scope of the present invention.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
• Supercharger (AREA)
• Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
• Characterised By The Charging Evacuation (AREA)
• Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
• Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
• Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
• Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
• Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)

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