EP2577325A1 - Dispositif de caractérisation topographique et de cartographie chimique de surfaces - Google Patents
Dispositif de caractérisation topographique et de cartographie chimique de surfacesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2577325A1 EP2577325A1 EP11729731.7A EP11729731A EP2577325A1 EP 2577325 A1 EP2577325 A1 EP 2577325A1 EP 11729731 A EP11729731 A EP 11729731A EP 2577325 A1 EP2577325 A1 EP 2577325A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- capillary
- ultraviolet
- visible
- imaging
- radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/02—Multiple-type SPM, i.e. involving more than one SPM techniques
- G01Q60/06—SNOM [Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy] combined with AFM [Atomic Force Microscopy]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q30/00—Auxiliary means serving to assist or improve the scanning probe techniques or apparatus, e.g. display or data processing devices
- G01Q30/02—Non-SPM analysing devices, e.g. SEM [Scanning Electron Microscope], spectrometer or optical microscope
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/18—SNOM [Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy] or apparatus therefor, e.g. SNOM probes
- G01Q60/20—Fluorescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/18—SNOM [Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy] or apparatus therefor, e.g. SNOM probes
- G01Q60/22—Probes, their manufacture, or their related instrumentation, e.g. holders
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for topographic characterization and chemical mapping of surfaces.
- the device of the invention makes it possible simultaneously to acquire local information of a spectroscopic (fluorescence, and especially X-ray fluorescence) and topographic nature with a high spatial resolution, typically micrometric or sub-micrometric.
- the device of the invention makes it possible to acquire, with the indicated spatial resolution, fluorescence spectra induced by X, ultraviolet or visible excitation radiation, or even in the near or middle infrared.
- This spectral information is also coupled with topographic information (surface relief) with comparable spatial-lateral resolution.
- X-ray radiation or “X-rays” means electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of between 0.01 nm and 10 nm or, in an approximately equivalent manner, an energy of between 120 eV (elettronvolts) and 120 keV .
- radiation uitravioiet or “UV” is meant electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of between 10 nm and 400 nm (approximately between 3 and 120 eV).
- visible radiation is meant, conventionally, electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 400 nm and 780 nm (approximately between 1.5 and 3 eV).
- near or medium infrared is meant electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of between 780 nm and 3 ⁇ m (approximately 0.4 to 1.5 eV).
- X-ray spectroscopy is a very powerful technique for the analysis of solids, which makes it possible to know the chemical composition of a sample and even the interatomic distances in this sample. sample.
- the principle of a conventional X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is shown in Figure 6.
- An X-ray excitation beam (FEX reference) generated by a synchrotron or a rotating anode-type laboratory source, focused or not, is incident on the surface SE of a sample E to be analyzed.
- the incident beam is often focused using KB (Kirkpatrick-Baez) and / or Fresnel lens systems (not shown).
- the exciter beam size is typically of the order of 5 pm 2 in the case of a synchrotron beam, and 100 pm 2 with a laboratory source. This limits the lateral resolution that can be achieved.
- a detection system D is placed in the far field, at a distance r (typically a few centimeters) from the irradiated zone to detect the electromagnetic fluorescence radiation emitted by said irradiated zone.
- This fluorescence radiation can be X-ray, ultraviolet, visible or even in the near or medium infrared.
- the fluorescence, of intensity lo, is emitted on 4 ⁇ steradians. Therefore, the collected signal is proportional to ⁇ ⁇ 2 , S D being the surface of the detection system.
- the distance r between the surface and the detection system can not be arbitrarily reduced for reasons of steric hindrance; therefore, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio it is necessary to increase S 0 and thus to work at high incident flux.
- the maximum flux is limited by the brightness of the excitation radiation source, as well as by the threshold of damage to the surface.
- the focusing of the excitation beam makes it possible to improve the lateral resolution of the measurement (within the limits indicated above), but not to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, since the irradiated surface decreases in the same ratio as the increase in the incident power density.
- the detection system D can be:
- an energy dispersive X-ray (“EDX”) detection system that allows spectral analysis of X-ray fluorescence radiation; either a point detection system, such as a photodiode or a CCD camera, coupled to a dispersive system or a monochromator.
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- This technique does not make it possible to acquire information of a topographic nature at the same time as fluorescence spectra.
- AF atomic force microscopy
- the article by Y. Hosokawe et al. "An X-Ray Tube Guide and a Desk-Top Scanning Analytical Microscope," X-Ray Spectrometry, Vol. 26, pp. 280-387 (1997) discloses an X-ray analytical microscope using a capillary to direct a collimated X-ray beam over a predetermined region of a sample to be characterized.
- the transmitted x-rays, as well as the secondary X-rays emitted by fluorescence are detected.
- An optical microscope acquires an image of the region of the sample illuminated by X-rays.
- the experimental data presented by this article show a spatial resolution of several micrometers, therefore of the same order of magnitude as in conventional XRF analysis.
- no topographic information is acquired at the same time as the transmitted and secondary optical images and X-ray spectra.
- spectroscopic and topographic data are acquired simultaneously (the latter are obtained by the servo mechanism which maintains the tip of the microscope near field optical at a constant distance from the surface).
- the technique only detects the radiation emitted by the surface in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (or, at most, between the near infrared and the near ultraviolet).
- the experimental data presented in this paper show that the spatial (lateral) resolution of the spectroscopic data is greater than one micrometer.
- the method is quite complex to implement.
- US Pat. No. 7,095,822 discloses a micro-probe for near-field X-ray fluorescence.
- This micro-probe is based on a conventional atomic force microscope tip of the recessed lever type.
- This built-in lever has a region forming a micro-anode X-ray generator.
- An electron source directs an electron beam on this micro-anode, which generates an (non-collimated) beam of X-rays. Because of the close proximity between the micro-anode and the surface, only a small region of the latter is irradiated by the generated X-rays, and emits fluorescence radiation captured by a far-field detection system. It is obvious that this technique is very complex to implement, because the presence of an electron beam requires working under ultra-high vacuum. For the same reason, it is not suitable for the characterization of biological samples.
- the invention aims to remedy, in whole or in part, the disadvantages of the prior art. More specifically, the object of the invention is to provide a device for the topographic and spectroscopic characterization of surfaces which is simple in its structure and in its use, and which can be used with minimal modifications in several spectral ranges (both with respect to excitation radiation and detected secondary radiation) and having a high lateral resolution.
- a surface characterization device comprising:
- imaging capillary for guiding ultraviolet or X-ray electromagnetic radiation from or towards a surface to be characterized, said capillary having a so-called front end, oriented towards said surface and having an aperture of micrometric or sub-micrometer diameter;
- a micromechanical oscillator for inducing an oscillatory movement of said capillary relative to said surface.
- the imaging capillary simultaneously performs two functions: it serves as a waveguide for electromagnetic radiation (X, UV, visible or near / medium infrared, continuous or pulsed) of excitation, and / or for fluorescence radiation (which can also be X / UV or visible or even infrared); and "feeler" to determine the topography of the analyzed surface.
- electromagnetic radiation X, UV, visible or near / medium infrared, continuous or pulsed
- fluorescence radiation which can also be X / UV or visible or even infrared
- feeler to determine the topography of the analyzed surface.
- capillaries as waveguides in the X-ray domain is known from the prior art; see for example the following articles:
- a capillary is generally defined as a tube having a small inside diameter (typically less than 1 mm); by extension, it may be a bundle of such tubes, parallel to each other; we then distinguish between "monocapillary" and "polycapillary".
- the refractive index changes little from one material to another; therefore, capillaries made of metal, silicon, glass, silica etc. can be used.
- the inner surface it is necessary for the inner surface to be smooth at a nanoscale.
- Capillaries used in X-ray optics may have a curvature and are not necessarily cylindrical; on the contrary, a curved and tapered inner shape (for example, with an elliptical or parabolic profile) is often required to focus X-rays.
- hollow core photonic crystal fibers are also suitable for guiding infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation. In general, they are better adapted to the capture of fluorescence radiation than to the supply of excitation radiation.
- micrometer diameter is meant a diameter of between about 1 pm and 10 pm; “sub-micrometer diameter” means a diameter less than 1 ⁇ m, and in particular between 10 nm and 1 mm.
- Said imaging capillary may be a mono-capillary, its front end preferably having an opening diameter of between 10 nm and 1 pm.
- the device may also include an actuating mechanism for causing a relative displacement of the capillary and the surface in three directions of space, a servo-control being provided to maintain a constant distance between the front end of the capillary and the surface. using a feedback signal depending on the amplitude and / or frequency of said oscillatory movement.
- said constant distance may be between 1 and 100 nm, and in particular be of the order of 10 nm.
- the relative displacement in the plane of the surface can be obtained by moving the surface of the sample under the capillary; the displacement perpendicular to the surface, controlled by said servocontrol, can be achieved by the surface or by the capillary.
- the device may also include an ammeter capable of being connected to the surface to be characterized for measuring an electric current induced by ultraviolet radiation or X directed to a region of said surface by said imaging capillary.
- the device may also comprise a second capillary (mono- or, preferably, polycapillary) having a so-called front end having a diameter greater than that of the imaging capillary and oriented to a region of the surface to be characterized located directly below the front opening of said imaging capillary.
- the device may also comprise a spectral analysis system of an infrared electromagnetic radiation, visible, ultraviolet or X, continuous or pulsed, coupled to said second capillary; and / or one. ultraviolet or X-ray source coupled to said imaging capillary.
- the device may also comprise a spectral analysis system of infrared, visible ultraviolet or X radiation coupled to said imaging capillary and / or a source of radiation in the near or intermediate infrared, visible ultraviolet or X coupled to said auditory second capillary.
- a spectral analysis system of infrared, visible ultraviolet or X radiation coupled to said imaging capillary and / or a source of radiation in the near or intermediate infrared, visible ultraviolet or X coupled to said auditory second capillary.
- the device may also comprise a separating plate disposed near a rear end of said imaging capillary, opposite said front end, said separating plate being adapted to separate a first beam of electromagnetic radiation, directed towards the rear end of said imaging capillary and having at least a first wavelength, a second beam of electromagnetic radiation from the rear end of said imaging capillary and having at least a second wavelength different from the first.
- the device may also comprise a source of near-infrared radiation, visible, ultraviolet or X, continuous or pulsed, to generate said first electromagnetic radiation beam, and / or a spectral analysis system of said second beam of radiation. electromagnetic radiation.
- said separator blade may be a single-crystal blade adapted to pass said first beam and reflect said second beam by Bragg diffraction, or conversely, said first and second beams being X-ray beams.
- said splitter blade may be adapted to reflect a spectral component of said second beam by Bragg diffraction to a radiation detection system, said blade actuation means and said detection system being provided to select said spectral component so as to analyze said second beam .
- the separator may be a monocrystalline blade having a metal coating, adapted to pass said first beam, of X-rays, and to reflect said second beam, near / mid-infrared, visible or ultraviolet.
- Another object of the invention is the use of a device as described above to simultaneously acquire topographic information and spectroscopic information resolved spatially on a surface to be characterized.
- Figure 1 is a diagram of a device according to a first embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2 is a diagram of a device according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 3 is a diagram of a device according to a first variant of said third embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 4 is a diagram of a device according to a second variant of said third embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 5 is a diagram of a device according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 6 is a diagram of a conventional X-ray fluorescence analyzer.
- an excitation beam FEX (X or UV rays), generated by an SRE radiation source (synchrotron, laboratory source X, laser, etc.) is directed on the surface SE of the sample E to be characterized by a polycapilate C 2 having a diameter of several pm (micrometers), so as to irradiate a region RI of said surface having a diameter typically less than 100 pm, for example d about 1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the polycapilate C 2 is inclined with respect to the surface so as not to prevent approaching the surface of the monocapillary Ci imaging image, used to collect the RSF fluorescence secondary radiation and lead it to a detection system D, preferably adapted to perform a spectral analysis of this radiation (EDX detector, monochromator, etc.).
- the capillary Ci is attached to an arm of a piezoelectric tuning fork DP, the axis of the capillary being parallel to that of said arm and perpendicular to the surface SE of the sample to be characterized.
- the capillary C-i oscillates in a direction parallel to the surface, like a microscope tip with shear force; the amplitude of the oscillation is at the nanoscale (1-100 nm, and typically of the order of 30 nm), and preferably less than the diameter of the opening of the front end EAci of the capillary.
- the capillary scans a predetermined region of the SE surface, which coincides with or is included in the region irradiated by the excitation beam fed by C-2.
- An actuating mechanism is provided for this purpose. In the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, this mechanism moves the sample in the plane of its surface, while the capillaries are held fixed so as not to lose their mutual alignment.
- the actuating mechanism is also provided to move the sample in a vertical direction (perpendicular to its surface and / or parallel to the axis of the capillary Ci); this movement is controlled by a servo system which keeps the amplitude and / or the oscillation frequency of the tuning fork constant. In a known manner, this amounts to ensuring a constant distance (from a few nanometers to a few tens of nanometers, for example between 5 and 50 nm) between said front end of the capillary and the surface; we then speak of a "near field” or “mechanical close field” to distinguish this condition from the "optical near field", a notion that depends on the wavelength of the radiation considered.
- the recording of the vertical displacements of the sample makes it possible to obtain a profile of the surface SE.
- the lateral resolution of measurement depends essentially on the opening of the front end EAci of the capillary.
- the diameter of this opening is preferably less than or equal to 1 ⁇ , and may be as small as 10 - 20 nm.
- the current lower limit is both technological and related to the need to collect a sufficient secondary radiation flux.
- the method has been developed for conventional optical fibers, but can be transferred to hollow-core photonic crystal fibers or other types of capillaries.
- the actuating mechanism and its servocontrol are shown schematically in FIG. 2 (reference MA); they may be those of a conventional near-field optical microscope.
- the actuating mechanism can horizontally move the sample (ie in the plane of its surface) and vertically the capillary Ci. Indeed, this vertical movement does not affect, or weakly, the alignment between the capillaries.
- this vertical movement does not affect, or weakly, the alignment between the capillaries.
- the "self-aligned" embodiments FIGS. 3 and 4 it is even possible to envisage move the single capillary in the three directions of space and hold the sample steady.
- the front opening, tapered and curved, of the capillary Ci makes it possible to collect in the near field (in the mechanical sense) the secondary radiation emitted by the portion of the surface SE which is directly below said capillary, to bring it to a spectrometer or remote monochromator.
- the small size of the capillary Ci minimizes steric hindrance problems, and makes it possible to bring the collection opening closer to the radiation of the surface. This results in high collection efficiency and high spatial resolution.
- the spatial resolution in spectroscopy is of the order of the diameter of the front opening of the capillary Ci.
- a high gloss excitation source it is possible to reduce the size of the opening of the capillary Ci to obtain lateral resolutions of less than 100 nm.
- such a source can be obtained, for example, by focusing a femtosecond laser beam on a solid surface; see for example G. Kazutaka al, "Picosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction from laser-shocked semiconductors" Laser and Particle Beams (2004), 22: 3: 285-288.
- Femtosecond or picosecond lasers in the visible, near-UV or even near-infrared or mid-infrared range can also be used directly as a source of excitation, especially markers in applications to biology.
- the use of a capillary is advantageous, compared to that of an optical fiber, because it makes it possible to avoid non-linear effects such as phase auto-modulation, as well as the extension of the pulses to because of the dispersion of the material of the fiber.
- the excitation beam may have an energy of between 20 and 25 keV, and the detection spectrometer may then be sensitive in the 2-20 keV range.
- the exciter beam may be narrowband, especially if it is a beam X, but this is not necessary.
- the energy of the excitation photons and the brightness of the source the penetration depth of said photons may vary from 100 nm to several tens of micrometers (with a synchrotron source).
- the device of the invention thus makes it possible to chemically characterize the subsurface of the sample (buried layers and interfaces), in addition to the surface in the proper sense.
- the second capillary C 2 could be omitted.
- the excitation beam would be a focused beam in free propagation.
- the piezoelectric tuning fork DP may be replaced by any other micromechanical, and in particular microelectromechanical oscillator, suitable. This is true for all embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 2 differs from that of FIG. 1 in that the imaging capillary C 1 is used to bring the excitation beam (near-field excitation, at least in the mechanical sense) to the sample. ), and the second capillary C 2 is used to collect the signal (far-field detection).
- the main advantage of this alternative embodiment is that, simultaneously with the chemical and topographic analysis, it is possible to measure the electric current XB ic of the sample under irradiation X ("XBIC", for "X-Beam Induced Current ", ie current induced by beam X). This provides additional information on the flow of charges near defects below the surface or on the electrical behavior of nanoparticles embedded in a matrix. Since the current is generated only by the very small irradiated region RP, an ammeter A connected to the surface makes it possible to perform an XBIC measurement with sub-micrometric spatial resolution.
- the second capillary C 2 could be omitted.
- the detection of the fluorescence signal would be as in the case of FIG.
- the first and second embodiments of the invention pose the problem of the alignment between the excitation capillary and the detection capillary.
- the third embodiment solves this problem by using the single imaging capillary It is used both as a source of excitation and as a secondary radiation collection probe (as well as a topography probe of its surface of the sample). This allows a self-alignment of the device.
- This embodiment requires a splitter plate to separate the FEX excitation beam from the source to be injected into the capillary C by its open back end, and the RSF fluorescence secondary radiation that exits said rear end. towards the detection system.
- the excitation radiation is of the ultraviolet type
- a monocrystalline LM plate capable of producing a Bragg diffraction of said excitation radiation or fluorescence radiation.
- a HOPG Highly Oriented Pyritic Graphite
- the fluorescence beam RSF is deflected by the blade only if the condition of Bragg is respected, ie if the plate LM forms with the surface SE an angle ⁇ such that 2asin (0) - ⁇ where d is the distance between Its atomic planes of the monocrystalline plate, ⁇ is the wavelength of the fluorescence radiation (or rather of one of its spectral components) and n is an integer different from zero.
- the LM blade is not only a separating plate, but also a spectral selection element. If it is motorized to rotate at an angular velocity ⁇ , and the detection system D rotates at an angular velocity 2 ⁇ , a monochromator is produced in a configuration ⁇ -2 ⁇ .
- microelectromechanical oscillator coupled to the capillary Ci has been omitted from FIGS. 3 and 4 for the sake of clarity.
- FIG. 6 shows such a configuration, in which the capillary Ci is very short, and in fact constituted by a pierced AFM tip.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1002392A FR2960975B1 (fr) | 2010-06-07 | 2010-06-07 | Dispositif de caracterisation topographique et de cartographie chimique de surfaces |
PCT/IB2011/052423 WO2011154877A1 (fr) | 2010-06-07 | 2011-06-01 | Dispositif de caractérisation topographique et de cartographie chimique de surfaces |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2577325A1 true EP2577325A1 (fr) | 2013-04-10 |
Family
ID=43245159
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11729731.7A Withdrawn EP2577325A1 (fr) | 2010-06-07 | 2011-06-01 | Dispositif de caractérisation topographique et de cartographie chimique de surfaces |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2577325A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2960975B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011154877A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4917462A (en) * | 1988-06-15 | 1990-04-17 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | Near field scanning optical microscopy |
FR2734914B1 (fr) | 1995-05-29 | 1997-07-04 | Menigaux Louis | Procede de fabrication d'une lentille souple a l'extremite d'une fibre optique |
JP3825568B2 (ja) * | 1998-02-23 | 2006-09-27 | エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー株式会社 | 近接場光顕微鏡用プローブとその製造方法および走査型近接場光顕微鏡 |
JP3069900B2 (ja) * | 1998-08-25 | 2000-07-24 | セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社 | 光プローブとその製造方法および走査型近接場光顕微鏡 |
FR2827968B1 (fr) | 2001-07-27 | 2008-12-05 | Renaud Bachelot | Perfectionnements aux fibres optiques lentillees par photopolymerisation et nouveaux composants optiques associes |
US7095822B1 (en) | 2004-07-28 | 2006-08-22 | Xradia, Inc. | Near-field X-ray fluorescence microprobe |
-
2010
- 2010-06-07 FR FR1002392A patent/FR2960975B1/fr active Active
-
2011
- 2011-06-01 EP EP11729731.7A patent/EP2577325A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-06-01 WO PCT/IB2011/052423 patent/WO2011154877A1/fr active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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None * |
See also references of WO2011154877A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2011154877A1 (fr) | 2011-12-15 |
FR2960975A1 (fr) | 2011-12-09 |
FR2960975B1 (fr) | 2013-05-10 |
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