EP2576162A2 - Procede d'assemblage de pieces en materiau ligno-cellulosique - Google Patents
Procede d'assemblage de pieces en materiau ligno-cellulosiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2576162A2 EP2576162A2 EP11792000.9A EP11792000A EP2576162A2 EP 2576162 A2 EP2576162 A2 EP 2576162A2 EP 11792000 A EP11792000 A EP 11792000A EP 2576162 A2 EP2576162 A2 EP 2576162A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- welding
- pieces
- wood
- lignocellulosic material
- rosin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
- B27M1/00—Working of wood not provided for in subclasses B27B - B27L, e.g. by stretching
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/129—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding specially adapted for particular articles or workpieces
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of assembly of parts made of a lignocellulosic material, in particular pieces of wood, for the manufacture of manufactured objects.
- the pieces of wood can be assembled together by means of connecting pieces, such as nails, bolts or screws, made of a material other than wood or a derivative of the wood.
- the connecting pieces may for example be made of metal or plastic
- the pieces of wood can also be assembled together without intermediate junction piece of a material other than wood or a derivative of the wood, by gluing.
- assemblies of wood pieces by bonding are more rigid than assemblies by means of connecting pieces.
- a wide variety of adhesives or adhesives are available, including structural, elastomeric, thermoplastic and natural adhesives.
- Vinyl glues are known. Vinyl glues are used for assembling pieces of wood intended for use in an environment protected from moisture. This type of glue is not suitable for making objects that may be exposed to wet environments and sudden changes in temperature.
- Objects assembled from parts made of lignocellulosic material, in particular from pieces of wood, and which are intended for use involving exposure of assembled articles to contact with water or with other solvents It includes outdoor furniture parts, civil engineering construction structures and, in general, a large variety of manufactured objects including, for example, cooper barrels or coffins.
- wood is a composite material, made of natural polymers, which constitutes the renewable, recyclable and biodegradable material available in the greatest quantity. From an environmental point of view, wood also has the enormous advantage of being able to store carbon dioxide from the air, considered one of the main greenhouse gases.
- the methods of welding two pieces of wood by mechanical friction comprise the following steps:
- the method of assembling wood pieces by mechanical friction welding has the advantage of avoiding the use of glues commonly used in wood techniques, it results in benefits related in particular to a reduced cost and a cost moderate impairment to the environment.
- the assemblies of wood pieces according to this technology have an increased mechanical strength, compared to the mechanical strength of the assemblies made by gluing, for example using a glue of polyvinyl acetate.
- Figure 1 illustrates a diagram of the principle of implementation of a method of welding wood parts by rotary mechanical friction.
- the cylindrical spigot (1) is rotated into a hole (21) previously drilled in the receiving part (2).
- the diameter "D" of the trunnion (1) is greater than the diameter "d" of the hole (21).
- at least one of (i) the lateral outside contact surface (1 1) of the trunnion and (ii) the lateral internal contact surface (22) of the hole (21) is coated with the welding composition, prior to the step of welding by rotary mechanical friction.
- Figure 2 illustrates a diagram of the principle of implementation of a method of welding wood parts by linear mechanical friction.
- the figure shows a view of a first piece of wood (1) whose contact surface (1 1) is in contact with the contact surface (21) of the second piece of wood (2).
- “F1” illustrates the direction of the pressure force applied during the linear mechanical friction step
- "a” illustrates the amplitude of movement between the contact surfaces of the parts (1) and (2). It is specified that after the linear mechanical friction step illustrated in FIG. 2, a pressure force "F2" is maintained, not shown in the figure, whose direction is identical to the pressure force "F1".
- Figure 3 illustrates X-ray micro-densitometry profiles of solder joints obtained by linear mechanical friction welding after coating at least one assembly surface with ethanolic rosin solution.
- the friction welding process linear mechanics was carried out by applying the friction step for durations of 2.5 s respectively.
- Fig. 3a 3.0 s.
- Fig. 3b 3.5 s.
- Fig. 3c 4.0 s.
- Fig. 3d 4.5 s.
- Fig. 3e 5.0 s.
- Fig. 3f 5.0 s.
- the center of the weld line is located at a distance of about 60 millimeters, and is more precisely located at the level of the maximum density value expressed in kg / m 3 .
- Figure 4 is a map of the microdensity values at the weld line, represented by artificial colors, expressed in kg / m 3 .
- the microdensity values increase from the lightest color (550 to 700 kg / m 3 range ) to the darkest color (1300 to 1450 kg / m 3 range ).
- Figure 5 shows a photographic snapshot of an assembly of wood pieces by linear mechanical friction welding after coating with rosin, following a period of immersion in water for a period of 18 days.
- Figure 6A illustrates the solid state 3 C NMR profiles of the linear mechanical friction solder region after rosin coating in solution form, with mechanical friction durations of 2.5 s (curve “1 "), Of 3.0 s. (curve “2”) and 3.5 s (curve “3").
- Figure 6B illustrates the solid state 3 C NMR profiles of the linear mechanical friction welding region after solid form rosin coating. with mechanical friction durations respectively of 4.0 s (curve “1"), 4.5 s. (curve “2”) and 5.0 s (curve “3").
- Figure 7 illustrates a map of the microdensity values at the weld line, represented by artificial colors, expressed in kg / m 3 .
- the microdensity values increase from the lightest color (550 to 700 kg / m 3 range ) to the darkest color (1300 to 1450 kg / m 3 range ).
- the present invention provides an improved method for joining together parts made of a lignocellulosic material by mechanical friction welding, said method making it possible to obtain manufactured articles whose welding joints have an increased resistance to water or other solvents, compared to manufactured objects obtained after implementation of known mechanical friction welding techniques.
- the level of dry mechanical strength of an assembly made in the presence of the welding composition defined generally above is not better than the level of dry mechanical strength which is obtained when the pieces of wood are assembled according to the same technique but in the absence of the welding composition, as illustrated for example in Table 2.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an assembly of parts made of a lignocellulosic material, according to a mechanical friction welding method, each piece of lignocellulosic material comprising a surface portion, called the contact surface, which is intended to be joined to at least the contact surface of another piece of lignocellulosic material in said assembly, said method comprising the following steps:
- lignocellulosic material or “lignocellulose material” or “material containing lignocellulose” is meant according to the invention a material consisting mainly of a mixture of lignin and cellulose.
- a lignocellulosic material preferably comprises at least 30% by weight, which comprises at least 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, %, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72% 73% 74% 75% 76% 77% 78% 79% 80% 81% 82% 83% 84% 85% 86% 87% 88% 89 % or at least 90% by weight of lignocellulosic material, relative to the total weight of said lignocellulos
- a lignocellulosic material may therefore comprise other constituents than lignin and cellulose, such as protein constituents, starch, sugars, tannins or even gums.
- Ligno-cellulosic materials are generally found in stems, leaves, pods, husks and ears of plants, or leaves, branches and wood of trees. Ligno-cellulosic materials are also found in grassy materials, agricultural residues, logging residues, household wastes, paper, and residues in the papermaking industry. Ligno-cellulosic materials include materials consisting of, or consisting of, corn fibers, rice straw, tree fuel wood.
- the weight ratio between lignin and cellulose is variable, in particular according to the type of starting material, in particular according to the type of plant or the type of combination of plants from which said lignocellulosic material originates.
- weight ratios cellulose / lignin are commonly observed: 48.2 / 26.9 (fir), 46.8 / 24.2 (Scots pine), 51, 1 / 22.7 (poplar) , 48.8 / 18.4 (birch), 44.8 / 22.5 (beech), 40.0 / 22.0 (chestnut) or 44.0 / 20.0 (oak), as described by Valette et al. (1992, "Wood, pulp, paper", Ed. CTP, Grenoble, France).
- the lignocellulosic material parts include solid wood parts as well as wood-based parts or other cellulosic materials, which includes parts made of agglomerated material, pieces of pressed wood chips. , parts made of latte or laminated material, parts made of agglomerated particles, or parts made of plywood material.
- ligno-cellulosic materials include massive woods of tree species, including hardwoods of hardwood tree species as well as massive softwood trees.
- piece of lignocellulosic material is meant a solid part whose mechanical strength is comparable to or greater than that of a piece of wood of identical shape and dimensions.
- assembly of parts made of a lignocellulosic material is meant according to the invention a final structure comprising a plurality of pieces of lignocellulosic material and in which each piece of lignocellulosic material has a surface portion welded to the surface. least one surface portion of another piece of lignocellulosic material.
- mechanical friction welding method is meant according to the invention welding methods comprising, when applied to the assembly of two pieces of wood, the following steps:
- step (iii) mechanical friction by rotary or linear relative displacement of the surface portions in contact with the pieces of wood to be welded.
- the contact surface of each of the pieces of wood to be assembled is chosen by those skilled in the art according to the geometry of said pieces of wood and the shape of the final assembly to be made.
- resin acids include non-volatile terpene acids, and non-volatile terpenic acid combinations, which are present in plant resins, including in pine resin.
- resin acids include non-volatile di-terpene acids present in plant resins.
- Resin acids include di-terpene acids which have the empirical formula C20H30O2.
- Resin acids include (i) di-terpene acids of the group of pimaric acid and (ii) di-terpene acids of the group of abietic acid.
- resin acids include the following compounds:
- a welding composition according to the invention advantageously comprises the combination of more than one resin acid.
- a welding composition according to the invention advantageously comprises the combination of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 distinct resin acids, for example the combination of at least 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7, 8 or 9 distinct resin acids selected from the resin acids of formula (I) to (IX) described above.
- said resin acids may be present in variable weight ratios between them.
- the solder composition comprises exclusively, or almost exclusively, a rosin acid or a combination of resin acids.
- the solder composition comprises other components, for example fillers or natural compounds such as tannins or a solvent or a solvent composition.
- said composition when the solder composition is in solid form at room temperature, for example in the form of a powder, said composition comprises a total content of resin acid (s) of at least 50% by weight , based on the total weight of said solder composition, which includes at least 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78% , 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 %, 96%, 97%, 98% and at least 99% by weight of resin acid (s), based on the total weight of the welding composition.
- said composition When the solder composition is in liquid form at room temperature, that is to say when the resin acid or the combination of resin acids are in suspension or dissolved in a solvent or a mixture of solvents, said composition comprises a total content of resin acid (s) which generally varies from 10% by weight to 50% by weight of resin acid (s) relative to the total weight of the solder composition.
- the solder composition may be prepared from the resin of a plant, including pine, for example by distillation of a resin composition of said plant.
- a resin composition of said plant for example by distillation of a resin composition of said plant.
- the presence or the proportions of the various resin acids for example the presence or the proportions of the different resin acids of formula (I) to (IX) can to be variable.
- the solder composition may be a rosin or a composition prepared from rosin.
- a rosin comprises about 90% by weight of rosin acids, based on the total weight of rosin.
- a rosin generally comprises (i) from 40% to 60% by weight of resinous acids of the abietic type and (ii) from 9% to 27% by weight of resinic acids of the pimaric type, relative to the total weight of said rosin .
- the other compounds contained in a rosin present at about 10% by weight, consist of neutral compounds. We need that the terms "rosin” and "rosin” may be used interchangeably in the present description to denote the same product.
- a "rosin composition” includes (i) a rosin and (ii) a composition prepared from rosin. Rosin compositions are readily available commercially.
- a wood rosin composition for carrying out the process according to the invention, it is possible to use a wood rosin composition, a gum rosin composition or a "tall oil” rosin composition, or a “tall oil” composition.
- a tall oil rosin consists of a rosin well known to those skilled in the art which is obtained by acidification of waste liquors from the manufacture of wood pulp. It is also possible to use a hydrogenated rosin composition, or a modified and / or reinforced rosin composition, which is well known to a person skilled in the art.
- the solder composition is in a solid form, for example in the form of a solid cake or a powder.
- the solder composition is in a liquid form, i.e. in a form permitting its coating as a continuous layer of solder composition on the contact surface of the at least one of the pieces of lignocellulosic material, in particular at least one of the pieces of wood to be assembled.
- the solder composition can be rendered liquid by heating at a temperature above its melting point.
- the welding composition can be made liquid by dissolving the resin acid or the combination of resin acids in a suitable solvent, preferably in an organic solvent.
- a suitable solvent preferably in an organic solvent.
- said organic solvent is a volatile organic solvent at room temperature.
- said organic solvent consists of a nonvolatile organic solvent at room temperature.
- the organic solvents of interest include alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, acetone, turpentine, terpene solvents, benzene, petroleum ether or ammonia.
- the examples illustrate one embodiment of a liquid welding composition in the form of an ethanolic solution containing 25% by weight of rosin, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- a solder composition which comprises from 10% to 50% by weight of a resin acid or a combination of resin acids, based on the total weight of said composition.
- the remainder of the composition essentially comprises the organic solvent, and optionally other minor compounds.
- the minority components include, or alternatively consist of, the neutral compounds contained in the rosin.
- a solder composition is used wherein the combination of resin acids has a suitable melting temperature so that the temperature of the solder composition is brought to a desired temperature.
- a welding composition is preferably used, the combination of resin acids it contains has a melting temperature of at most ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ , better at most 100 ° C, for example about 80' ⁇ .
- a welding composition whose combination of resin acids it contains has a melting temperature of at least 60 ° ⁇ and at most ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ , better not more than 100 ° C, including not more than 90 ° C.
- a rosin having a melting temperature of 80 ° C. can be used for the preparation of a welding composition, for example in the form of an ethanol solution of rosin, which includes a 25% ethanolic solution. % (w / w) rosin.
- the surface of a piece of wood is "coated" with the welding composition when said welding composition is evenly distributed over the contact surface of the piece of wood to be treated, and in an amount sufficient to achieve the desired objective, namely obtaining the water resistance properties of the welded joint.
- the welding composition forms, after application to the part to be welded, a continuous or quasi-continuous layer over the entire treated surface. In some other embodiments, the welding composition forms, after application to the workpiece to be welded, a discontinuous layer but which nevertheless covers the entire surface to be treated.
- the contact surface of the piece of wood to be treated is coated with a discontinuous layer of the welding composition, but homogeneously distributed over the entire surface of the contact.
- the contact surface of the piece of wood to be treated is preferably coated with a continuous layer of the welding composition, which is distributed homogeneously over the entire contact surface. .
- the welding composition is coated on the contact surface of only one of the lignocellulosic material parts, in particular of only one of the pieces of wood. , intended to be assembled.
- the welding composition is coated on the contact surface of a plurality of pieces of lignocellulosic material, in particular pieces of wood, intended to be assembled. which includes all the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be assembled.
- the process according to the invention is carried out for the assembly of two pieces of lignocellulosic material, which means that in step b) only two pieces of lignocellulosic material are welded together. by mechanical friction.
- step b) only two pieces of lignocellulosic material are welded together. by mechanical friction.
- the process to achieve a final construction using the method of the invention, for example an object for furniture or a building or part of building, it is repeated implementation of the process a number of times sufficient for all parts of lignocellulosic material of the final object are welded according to a construction plan which has been previously defined.
- the final construction may consist of a plurality of assemblages of pieces of lignocellulosic material in the sense of the present description.
- step a) a solder composition in liquid form is used, the contact surface of the one or more pieces of lignocellulosic material is coated with said solder composition shortly before the performing the welding step b), so that the welding composition layer is always in a liquid form at the beginning of the welding step b).
- step b) a solder composition in liquid form is used, the contact surface of the one or more pieces of lignocellulosic material is coated with said solder composition shortly before the performing the welding step b), so that the welding composition layer is always in a liquid form at the beginning of the welding step b).
- the contact surface of the one or more pieces of lignocellulosic material is coated with said welding composition sufficiently long before the performing the welding step b) to allow the welding composition to be dried on the contact surface of the lignocellulosic material part (s).
- the contact surface of the piece or pieces of lignocellulosic material to be assembled is coated with a layer of dried welding composition when carrying out the step b) welding.
- steps a) and b) are therefore separated by a step of drying the solder composition previously applied to the contact surface of the piece or pieces of lignocellulosic material.
- the drying step is of sufficient duration for the solder composition layer to solidify on the contact surface of the lignocellulosic material pieces.
- the duration of the drying step can be from 24 hours to 72 hours, for example, about 48 hours.
- the Applicant has determined that when using a welding composition consisting of a rosin composition, preference is given to step a) of coating the contact surface of each piece of lignocellulosic material with treat with a quantity of rosin ranging from 50 g / m 2 to 1000 g / m 2 .
- step a) it is possible in step a) to coat the contact surface with a single piece of lignocellulosic material or with a plurality of pieces of lignocellulosic material of the assembly to be produced. with the welding composition.
- the total amount of welding composition which is applied in step a) is similar, that (i) the welding composition is applied on the contact surface of only one of the two pieces of lignocellulosic material or (ii) the welding composition is applied to the contact surface of the two pieces of lignocellulosic material to be assembled.
- the best resistance properties of the water or moisture seal are obtained when the contact surface of each of the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be joined, in particular each of pieces of wood to be assembled, is coated with the appropriate amount of solder composition.
- the best resistance properties of the water or moisture seal are obtained when a solder composition in liquid form is used which, after coating the contact surfaces, a drying step prior to the completion of the actual welding step b).
- the best properties of resistance to water or moisture are obtained when using a solder composition consisting of an ethanol solution of rosin, which undergoes, after coating the contact surface or surfaces, a step drying time of 48 hours prior to the completion of step b) proper welding.
- step a) of the process it is therefore relevant to express the amount of welding composition in units weight per unit area of the common contact surface of the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be assembled.
- the amount of solder composition which is applied, either to the contact surface of a single piece of lignocellulosic material or to the two pieces of lignocellulosic material is 540 g. / m 2 .
- step a) of the method a quantity of welding composition ranging from 200 to 650 g / m 2 is applied.
- step b) of the process the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be assembled are welded, preferably according to the welding method defined above in the present description, which comprises steps (i), (ii) and (iii). ).
- step (iii) of said welding method mechanical friction is achieved by relative displacement of said surface portions which are in contact with each other, at a speed or at a desired speed. selected frequency, simultaneously applying a pressure force promoting contact between said surface portions.
- step (iii) said surface portions which are in contact are the respective contact surfaces of the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be welded.
- step (iii) the relative displacement of said contact surfaces is achieved by applying a rotation of a workpiece relative to the other.
- a rotary mechanical friction welding is carried out.
- This is the typical embodiment of a welding method in which the assembly of a cylindrical pin is made in another piece of lignocellulosic material.
- a pressing force is applied to the pin simultaneously with its rotation, said pressing force having an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pin and directed towards the second piece of lignocellulosic material in which the trunnion is inserted.
- This embodiment of the welding step b) is illustrated schematically in FIG.
- the general conditions of realization of the rotary mechanical friction welding method are well known to those skilled in the art.
- This method, as step b) of the process of the invention is illustrated in the examples.
- step (iii) the relative displacement of said contact surfaces is achieved by the application of a reciprocal linear motion of at least one of the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be welded, according to a chosen frequency.
- a linear mechanical friction welding is carried out.
- a pressure force is applied to all the parts in relative displacement with respect to each other, said pressure force having an axis perpendicular to the plane of the contact surfaces of the pieces of material lignocellulosic to be assembled, and directed to increase the contact force of the parts together.
- This embodiment of the welding step b) is illustrated in FIG. 2.
- the general conditions of realization of the linear mechanical friction welding method are well known to those skilled in the art. This method, as step b) of the process of the invention, is illustrated in the examples.
- step a) of the method allowed the production of solder joints whose water resistance is substantially increased, with respect to the water resistance which is measured when the same assembly is made with a similar process but in which step a) has been omitted.
- step a) of the process does not confer on said assembly any properties dry strength greater than the dry strength properties when the same assembly is made with a similar process but in which step a) has been omitted.
- the welding composition does not exert a function of reinforcing the mechanical strength of the weld joint.
- the welding composition has a function of protecting the solder joint against the deleterious effects of aqueous or non-aqueous liquids which have been observed in the prior art.
- step b) of the process the welding composition liquefies under the effect of the heat caused by the mechanical friction between the pieces of wood and diffuses into the wood, on both sides of the weld line.
- micro-densitometry measurements it has been shown that at the end of the process there is generally a larger quantity of welding composition in the wood material located in the proximity of the weld line of each of the pieces of the wood. assembly only at the weld joint itself.
- step (iii) of carrying out the mechanical friction between the pieces of wood, in step b) of the method increases with the duration of the step (iii) of carrying out the mechanical friction between the pieces of wood, in step b) of the method.
- step (iii) of mechanical friction there is simultaneously (i) an increase in the amount of welding composition present in the wood material in the immediate vicinity of the weld joint and ( ii) a decrease in the amount of the solder composition present at the weld line itself.
- one of the pieces of lignocellulosic material generally consists of a pin which must be secured to another piece of material. wood like this is shown in Figure 1.
- the rotary friction welding is achieved either by (i) inserting a cylindrical pin into a hole previously made in the other piece of lignocellulosic material, said hole having a diameter smaller than the diameter of the pin, or (ii) inserting a trunnion whose end was previously made conical, without drilling the other piece of lignocellulosic material.
- the trunnion is rotated and the piece of lignocellulosic material with which the trunnion is to be welded is held in a fixed position.
- a pressing force parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trunnion is applied, the direction of which allows the trunnion to be inserted into the mass of the other piece of lignocellulosic material.
- a relative speed of displacement of the pieces of lignocellulosic material is preferably applied ranging from 500 to 3000 revolutions / min, for example ranging from 1000 to 2000 revolutions / min, which includes from 1400 to 1800 rpm, for example 1600 rpm.
- the assembly is held with a pressing force whose axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the journal which has been inserted into the other piece of lignocellulosic material for a sufficient time to solidify the solder joint.
- the implementation of the method of the invention with a step b) of mechanical rotary friction welding can be performed with a conventional drill device, so with a moderate cost.
- the piece of wood is fixed in which a journal must be inserted on the table of a drill press, for example using two clamps, in order to avoid any movement of said piece of lignocellulosic material when the trunnion makes its rotary movement.
- the heat generated by the friction at the two surfaces i.e. (i) the surface of the trunnion and (ii) the inner surface of the piece of fixed lignocellulosic material which is in contact with the trunnion, creates a local merge zone.
- the rotational mechanical friction is stopped and the weld joint is cooled under pressure to consolidate the weld.
- the pressure force that is applied to steps (ii) and (iii) can be variable. This pressure force must be sufficient in step (ii) to allow the insertion of the pin into the other piece of wood. This pressure force must be sufficient in step (iii) to hold firmly in place the pin inserted in the other piece of lignocellulosic material for the time necessary for the cooling of the weld joint that allows its consolidation. It is specified that in general, the cooling is operated simply at room temperature.
- the pieces of lignocellulosic material to be joined are brought into contact under a certain pressure force having an axis perpendicular to the plane of the surfaces. solder contact.
- a first piece of lignocellulosic material is blocked and a second piece of wood is set in motion, in a reciprocal linear motion whose axis is parallel to the plane of the contact surfaces to be welded, as shown in Figure 2.
- the linear vibratory motion is stopped.
- the assembly comprising the aligned pieces of lignocellulosic material is maintained with a pressing force having an axis perpendicular to the plane of the contact surfaces to be welded, for cooling the pressure seal to consolidate said weld joint. It is specified that in general, the cooling is operated simply at room temperature.
- the operating conditions of a step b) of the method performed by linear mechanical friction welding include (i) the pressure force "F1" applied to the pieces of lignocellulosic material during the realization of the mechanical friction, (ii) the amplitude "A" of the relative movement of the contact surface of a piece of lignocellulosic material with respect to the contact surface of another piece of wood, (iii) the frequency "f" of the reciprocal linear movement of the pieces of wood, (iv) the duration of linear friction movements or welding time “t s ", (v) the holding time "t m “ of the pressure force during step (iii) following the step of linear friction and (vi) the pressure force "F2" applied to the pieces of lignocellulosic material after stopping the mechanical friction, in step b) -iii) of the process.
- the pressure force "F1" is in a range of 0.1 to 4 MPa, which ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 MPa, which includes about 0.75 to 1.3 MPa.
- the amplitude "A" of the relative movement of the contact surface of a piece of lignocellulosic material relative to the contact surface of another piece of Lignocellulosic material is in a range of 0.5 millimeters to 5 millimeters, which ranges from 1.5 mm to 3 mm, which includes about 2 mm.
- the frequency "f" of reciprocal linear movement of the pieces of lignocellulosic material is in a range of 50 Hz to 300 Hz, which includes 100 Hz to 200 Hz. Hz, which includes about 150 Hz.
- the duration of the linear friction movements or the "t s " welding time is in the range of 1 second to 10 seconds, which ranges from 2 seconds to 5 seconds. dry, which includes about 4.5 sec.
- the holding time "t m " of the pressing force during step (iii) following the linear friction step is in a range of 2 seconds at 300 seconds, including 3 sec to 180 sec, which ranges from 30 sec to 90 sec, which includes about 60 sec.
- the pressing force "F2" applied to the pieces of lignocellulosic material after stopping the mechanical friction is in the range of 0.5 to 10 MPa , which ranges from 1 to 5 MPa
- step b) of the method the following combination of parameters is preferably used: a pressure force "F1" ranging from 0.7 MPa to 0.8 MPa, and very preferably equal to 0.75 MPa,
- f a frequency "f" ranging from 125 Hz to 175 Hz, and quite preferably 150 Hz
- t s a duration of soldering time "ranging from 4 sec to 5 sec, and very preferably equal to 4.5 sec
- a holding time "t m " ranging from 30 sec to 90 sec, and most preferably equal to 60 sec.
- step b) of welding and in particular of the step (ii) mechanical friction are such that the solder composition reaches a temperature at least equal to its melting temperature for a time sufficient to cause a degree of diffusion of the liquefied solder composition in the wood material of each of the pieces of wood, close to the weld line, degree of diffusion that is appropriate for (i) a suitable amount of solder composition present in the material of the wood pieces, close to the weld line and (ii) that a sufficient residual amount of solder composition is present in the weld line, the combination of these two conditions (i) and (ii) being important for obtaining the properties of r resistance to water or moisture of the assembly at the end of the method according to the invention.
- the method of the invention is suitable for assembling pieces of wood from either a hardwood tree species or a softwood species. It is particularly advantageous that the method of the invention is suitable for wood pieces from either a tree species hardwood. Indeed, the Applicant has shown that the joints of wood pieces sold from a hardwood tree species are those whose resistance to water or moisture is the lowest.
- Hardwood trees include hardwoods, including deciduous hardwoods in non-tropical regions, as well as tropical hardwoods, or angiosperms. Hardwood trees include alder, chestnut, oak, spruce, sycamore maple, ash, beech, larch, birch, walnut, cormier, elm, hazel and acacia. Hardwood trees also include mahogany, ebony, lemon, rosewood, gaiac, hardwood, cedar, eucalyptus and aloe.
- Softwoods include conifers, including pines (notably maritime pine and Scots pine), spruces, and fir trees.
- the present invention also relates to an assembly of pieces of lignocellulosic material, in particular to an assembly of pieces of wood, having a good resistance to water, characterized in that at least two pieces of wood of said assembly are assembled with the method as defined in the present description.
- resin acids produce the effects of increasing the strength of solder joints with water and other solvents through various possible mechanisms that can be inferred from the results. Examples, in particular results of the NMR and IR spectra, which are proposed below:
- the double bonds of the resins can polymerize by a radical route and form inter- and / or intra-molecular bypasses favorable to the improvement of the mechanical performances.
- the hydrophobic nature of the resin acids contained in the welding composition could increase the water resistance of the weld joint.
- the double nature of the resin acids namely both hydrophobic (the essential of the molecule) and hydrophilic (the acidic function) could play the role of coupling agent between the hydrophilic entities (cellulose, hemicellulose) and hydrophobic (lignin) lignocellulosic material.
- Example 1 Method for Making a Wood Piece Assembly Using a Linear Mechanical Friction Welding Method
- the welding time "t s " varied from 2.5 to 5 seconds, before stopping the vibration achieving the mechanical friction.
- the pressure force "F2" was maintained for a period “t m " of 60 seconds until solidification of the weld joint.
- the assembly of welded pieces of wood was conditioned for a week in a chamber at 20 ° C and 65% relative humidity, before the test. It is classically a wood balanced with air.
- the welding time "t s " was varied with the following values: 2.5 s, 3s, 4s, 4.5 s and 5s.
- the frequency "f" of vibration was maintained at 150 Hertz, in order to cause a rapid rise in the temperature of the weld line;
- the pressure force "F2" applied to the contact surfaces of the wood pieces after stopping the mechanical friction step was between 1.75 and 3.75 MPa.
- the assemblies were sectioned according to the method described in European Standard EN 302-1 of 2004 ("adhesives for load-bearing timber structures"). According to this standard intended for the testing of solder joints of wood pieces, a weld overlap of 1 cm in the length of the weld joint and 2 cm in the width of the weld joint has been respected. It will be recalled that, conventionally for those skilled in the art, the "weld covering” is the welded area of the part which has been subjected to the force applied in the test. Practically, in the present example, one tests a tensile area of dimensions 1 cm x 2 cm, that is to say 2 cm 2 .
- the average immersion time was measured before disconnecting the two pieces of welded and immersed wood.
- Tensile shear force was measured with an INSTRON universal testing machine at a speed of 2 mm per minute.
- Example 2 Method for Making a Wood Piece Assembly Using a Rotational Mechanical Friction Welding Method
- the moisture content of the trunnion and the receiving piece of wood was 12%.
- the trunnion / receptacle assembly samples were tensile tested by pulling the trunnion outward of the receiving wood piece after welding with an INSTRON universal testing machine at a speed of 2 mm / s for respectively :
- Table 1 also shows the measurement values of the average resistance of the trunnion / receiver assembly to immersion in cold water.
- the weld joint was cut in such a way that the The welded interphase is exposed as much as possible to the attack of water.
- the test that has been performed is much more severe than a simple immersion in water.
- the trunnion / receptor assembly samples were sectioned and perforations of 4 mm of current width over the entire length of the trunnion were made in the trunnion / receptor assembly sample. The section for the test itself caused the loss of a portion of the welded interphase, which was further exposed to water directly to the weld line.
- Solid state 3 C NMR spectra of the CPMAS ("Cross-Polarization / Magic Angle Spinning") type were recorded on a Bruker Avance 300 type spectrometer at a frequency of 75.47 MHz. Chemical shifts were calculated based on tetramethyl silane (TMS). The rotor was rotated at 12 kHz on a 4 mm Bruker probe. Spectra were acquired with a 5 second recycle time, a 5 microsecond 90 ° pulse, and a 1 millisecond contact time. The number of acquisitions was 3,000.
- the X-ray micro-densitometry apparatus consisted of an X-ray tube producing low energy rays with long wavelength characteristics emitted through a beryllium window. This equipment was used to produce a negative x-ray sample x-ray, about 2 mm thick, conditioned to a moisture content of 12%, at a distance of 2.5 m from the tube. This distance is important to minimize blurring of the image on the film frame (dimensions 18cm x 24 cm) that has been used. The usual conditions of exposure were 4 hours at a power of 7.5 kW and an intensity of 12 milliamps. Two calibration samples were placed on each of the photographic negatives to calculate the wood density values.
- Table 1 describes the various methods of rosin coating that were used, as well as the number of days of immersion in the water before the welded assembly sample was cut according to the method described in the examples. disengages. The assembly sample was sectioned so that the weld line was exposed to cold water. It is pointed out that this test is severe, since, under the normal conditions of use of the assembly of pieces of wood, the weld joint of the non-sectioned trunnion is particularly resistant to water, because of the geometry of the joint. welding which is particularly protective against the attack of water. Thus the test used is particularly drastic and the resistance periods indicated in Table 1 are shorter than those which would be measured if the trunnion had not been cut at the weld joint.
- Table 2 the tensile strength values of the solder joints are plotted. Tensile strength forces of a 10 mm diameter beech wood spigot inserted to a depth of 2.4 mm into a pre-hole in the mass of a receiving piece of beech wood were expressed in Newtons. Table 2 reports weld joint strength values after immersion for 1 to 142 days in water, when the weld joint is tested wet immediately after being removed from the water.
- Table 2 also reports the tensile strength measurements of the same type of weld seam (journal / receptacle) after being air dried to a moisture content close to equilibrium, after being removed from the water.
- Table 3 reports the measured values of mechanical strength, percentage of failing wood and cold water mechanical resistance of beech wood assembly samples that were welded by linear mechanical friction.
- the rosin was applied exclusively to the contact surfaces to be soldered in the form of a 25% (w / w) ethanolic solution for a period of 2 minutes, just before welding, or 2 days after application of the rosin, once the alcohol has evaporated and the rosin has remained in the form of a continuous thin film on the contact surfaces to be welded.
- the second method resulted in better mechanical strength, and higher values for wood failures.
- the second method also gave better results concerning the mechanical resistance to immersion in water. What can be particularly emphasized is the high wood failure achieved because it is extremely rare to obtain a high percentage of wood failure in linear mechanical friction welding methods. It should also be emphasized that, due to the light lubricating action of the dried rosin during the vibration between the wood pieces during the welding step, the samples treated using the best application method of the rosin required the use a slightly longer welding time, on average 1.5 seconds.
- thermoplastic material such as rosin can be used to significantly increase the water resistance of weld seams obtained by linear mechanical friction.
- the method of the invention also improves the water resistance properties of trunnion weld seals, which is already much greater than that of linear mechanical friction seals, because of the geometry of the weld joint itself. even.
- Trunnion weld seals in zig-zag configuration have already shown a level of resistance up to a year in outdoor environment conditions. It is this configuration that is most likely to achieve a classification for use in an external environment, when they are made according to the method of the invention which comprises a preliminary step of coating the contact surfaces with the rosin.
- the first observation is that the zone of greatest density around the weld line is wider than that which is observed when the linear mechanical friction welding step is carried out without prior coating of the contact surfaces of the pieces of wood. deal with a solder composition.
- FIGS. 3a, 3b With the increasing welding times, the wide but unique peak observed in FIGS. 3a, 3b for the welding time 2.5 seconds and 3 seconds is resolved in three peaks from the welding time of 3.5 seconds (see FIGS. 3c, d, f) or even a single larger peak for the time 4.5 seconds (see Figure 3e).
- the results mean that during the welding, the rosin behaves like a liquid.
- the rosin behaves like a high viscosity liquid for short welding times but with a progressively reduced viscosity with longer welding times, for which the temperature increases.
- the longer the welding time the more the rosin will be in a molten form and tend to move slowly away from the heat source, namely the weld line.
- the weld line is thus protected from the attack of water by both the rosin at the weld line and by the high concentration of rosin located in the mass of wood near the weld line.
- the migration effect of rosin can be visualized by two examples.
- the first example which is illustrated in Figure 4, is a micro-densitometry map showing the rosin bands surrounding the darker welding line and having some higher rosin concentration spots that show that the rosin channels in the structure wood are favored so that liquefied rosin moves away from the weld line.
- the second example is illustrated in Figure 5 which is the photographic snapshot of the section of an assembly sample that has been immersed for 18 days in cold water (see also the results in Table 4). The part of the water that has penetrated can be easily observed by its darker color, while the white band around the weld line clearly indicates that the water has not penetrated, due to the presence of rosin.
- thermolabile species the carboxylates at 173 ppm, the -OCH 3 lignin 56 ppm and CH 3 hemicellulose 21 ppm.
- the hypothesis advanced and confirmed by electron microscopy, is that the melted lignin plays a protective role vis-à-vis the microparticles of cellulose and hemicellulose dispersed in the welding zone.
- the hydrolysis of the ether OR- functions to phenols, the -OCH 3 and -CH 3 functions and the decarboxylation are thus stopped in their processes by subtraction with water vapor.
- the applicant has also observed an increase in the rosin content with increasing welding times. Specifically, the applicant has observed an increase in rosin content with a maximum level that is reached for a welding time of between 4 and 4.5 seconds. For a duration of welding greater than 5 seconds, the applicant observed a reduced rosin content, relative to the maximum content at the aforementioned welding time (Results not shown here).
- Rosin for tests carried out with additions in liquid or solid form, does not involve chemical modifications of lignin and hemicellulose with the sensitivity threshold used in carbon NMR.
- the stiffening measured by taking the width halfway up the proton spectra is very fast up to a soldering time of 2.5 seconds and then continues to increase continuously.
- the NMR analysis results for the assembly samples having undergone a welding time of 4.5 seconds can also be noted that the level of -COCH 3 of the hemicelluloses of the 21 ppm is slightly modified by welding. Because these groups, when decompose, release acid gases, it is possible that this plays a role in the best welding quality noted for this sample. The release of acidity promotes the kinetics of chemical reactions and could thus reduce the optimal duration of welding.
- the peaks of -OCH 3 at 53 ppm of lignin and the signals of the carboxylate groups at 173 ppm of the hemicelluloses also decrease, when one goes from a welding time of 2.5 seconds to a time of welding to 3 seconds. However, this decrease has already stopped after a soldering time of 3 seconds.
- the -COCH 3 hemicellulose groups do not appear to be affected by these short welding times (see also FIG. 6A).
- the H NMR spectra show, because of the size and width of the proton signal, that the material of the weld line becomes progressively stiffer as one moves from one time to another. welding time of 2.5 seconds to 3 and 3.5 seconds. At the soldering time of 3.5 seconds, the maximum rigidity of the weld line has not yet been reached.
- Table 1 Resistance to immersion of welded joints journal / receiving part.
- Table 2 Water resistance of trunnion / receiver weld seals after immersion in water for different durations.
- Table 3 Water resistance of solder joints obtained by linear mechanical friction.
- Table 4 resistance of the weld joints obtained by linear mechanical friction as a function of the operating conditions and the immersion time in water.
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Abstract
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FR1054460A FR2960814B1 (fr) | 2010-06-07 | 2010-06-07 | Procede d'assemblage de pieces en materiau ligno-cellulosique |
PCT/FR2011/051285 WO2011154652A2 (fr) | 2010-06-07 | 2011-06-07 | Procede d'assemblage de pieces en materiau ligno-cellulosique |
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