EP2422024A2 - Système de construction - Google Patents

Système de construction

Info

Publication number
EP2422024A2
EP2422024A2 EP10745187A EP10745187A EP2422024A2 EP 2422024 A2 EP2422024 A2 EP 2422024A2 EP 10745187 A EP10745187 A EP 10745187A EP 10745187 A EP10745187 A EP 10745187A EP 2422024 A2 EP2422024 A2 EP 2422024A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reinforcing
reinforcing bars
column
slab
bars
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10745187A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Maurice O'brien
Anne O'brien
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from IES20090325 external-priority patent/IES20090325A2/xx
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP2422024A2 publication Critical patent/EP2422024A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/43—Floor structures of extraordinary design; Features relating to the elastic stability; Floor structures specially designed for resting on columns only, e.g. mushroom floors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/06—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of high bending resistance, i.e. of essentially three-dimensional extent, e.g. lattice girders
    • E04C5/0604—Prismatic or cylindrical reinforcement cages composed of longitudinal bars and open or closed stirrup rods
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/06—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of high bending resistance, i.e. of essentially three-dimensional extent, e.g. lattice girders
    • E04C5/0645—Shear reinforcements, e.g. shearheads for floor slabs

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a construction system, in particular to the construction of floors which are supported by building columns.
  • the invention is particularly concerned with reinforced floors of the poured type.
  • pre-fabricated elements for use in the construction industry, for example pre- fabricated floor slabs, walls, etc.
  • pre-fabricated slabs may be provided at a construction site, which may then be arranged in position on site as required. Once positioned, wet concrete can be poured on or around the pre-fabricated slab to hold it in position, and to allow for finishing of the construction stage.
  • pre-fabricated components allows for a proportion of the work required for construction to be completed in advance off-site. This provides a reduction in the amount of formwork, shuttering and scaffolding required during construction projects. As a result, this has the advantage of reducing the on-site construction time, and streamlining the construction process through the use of predefined components.
  • the pre-fabricated construction system may be tested in advance in a laboratory environment to provide for appropriate safety certification, etc.
  • Another aspect of reinforced floor construction is concerned with the forces which the floor is required to withstand, in particular around column supports.
  • Such floors which are supported on a building column have to handle three major force components: compressive, tensile and shear forces.
  • Concrete and other analogous building materials are usually chosen because they have inherently high compressive strength.
  • Horizontal reinforcement, usually of steel, provides tensile reinforcement, while vertical reinforcement members provides shear reinforcement.
  • Fig. 22 shows a cut-away section through a floor 80 and column 82 indicating the characteristic shear pattern observed around a column as an inverted frusto-conical failure zone 84.
  • the bottom of the square U-shape is tied to a pair of bars forming part of the bottom layer of reinforcement, before the top steel is fixed in place inside the upper hook ends.
  • Such links are difficult and time-consuming to fix and difficult to check for correct fixing afterwards.
  • stud rail formed from a series of studs affixed to a non-structural horizontal rail.
  • the studs are formed of reinforcing steel with an enlarged head at one or both ends for connection to the rail.
  • the stud rails are positioned within the main reinforcement but do not form part of it.
  • stud rails are installed after the main reinforcement is in place and can be difficult to install if the reinforcement is congested. They also suffer the disadvantage of possibly becoming dislodged when the concrete is poured onto the reinforcement and formwork.
  • Shear ladders are formed of a series of vertical shear links (such as the BS 4466:1989 shape 85 described above) welded to three horizontal anchor bars to form an elongated "chair". These chairs are placed crosswise on the B1 layer of reinforcement and support the top layers of reinforcement, with the vertical members providing shear reinforcement within the concrete.
  • Other known solutions include shear band strips, stirrup mats, shearhoops, shear stirrups and shearheads all of which can be difficult and time consuming to install onsite due to the need to integrate them when placing the reinforcement.
  • the invention provides a reinforcing structure for use in supporting a floor at a junction thereof with a structural column, comprising: a plurality of generally elongate, preassembled frame structures, each frame structure having a major longitudinal axis, said frame structures being disposed in rows with their major longitudinal axes parallel to one another, and each frame structure comprising: at least one first reinforcing bar disposed parallel to the major longitudinal axis of said frame structure; at least one second reinforcing bar disposed parallel to the major longitudinal axis of said frame structure; a plurality of shear connectors disposed at spaced intervals along the longitudinal axis of the frame structure, each shear connector comprising a reinforcing member extending between a first reinforcing bar and a second reinforcing bar, the reinforcing member being shaped to extend around the first and second reinforcing bars such that they are tied together by the reinforcing member; a plurality of transverse internal reinforcing bars disposed parallel to one another and
  • the reinforcing member comprises a top portion, a bottom portion, and a bridging portion between the top and bottom portions, the bridging portion extending between the first and second reinforcing bars, and the top and bottom portions each extending in a direction transverse to the first and second reinforcing bars to contain the first and second reinforcing bars.
  • the bridging portion and at least a part of the top and bottom portions together define an elongated C shaped section of the shear connector.
  • the shear connector is in the form of a hoop which includes a pair of said bridging portions, said top portion and said bottom portion.
  • said at least one first reinforcing bar comprises a first pair of reinforcing bars disposed parallel to one another and to said major longitudinal axis, and spaced apart from one another along the direction of the transverse internal reinforcing bars to provide a pair of top edges of the frame structure.
  • said at least one second reinforcing bar comprises a second pair of reinforcing bars disposed parallel to one another and to said major longitudinal axis, and spaced apart from one another along the direction of the transverse internal reinforcing bars to provide a pair of bottom edges of the frame structure.
  • the frame structures have a pair of top bars and a pair of bottom bars, each connected and enclosed by the hoop member. It is particularly preferred that this structure has an elongated cuboid frame shape.
  • each shear connector comprises a generally rectangular hoop having four interior corners with a respective one of each of said first and second pairs of reinforcing bars connected to the hoop at a respective interior corner thereof.
  • Such a cagework provides an easily assembled structure which can simply be positioned to integrate all of the main components of reinforcement needed around a column.
  • the advantage of this is that the construction of the reinforcement, which is usually part of the critical path for erecting a building, is greatly accelerated due to the use of either a pre-assembled cagework or a cagework which can be assembled onsite from pre-assembled frame structures welded together with the transverse top reinforcing bars.
  • said shear connectors are spaced along each frame structure such that their two dimensional arrangement across said cagework provides a zone of shear reinforcement, whereby when said reinforcing structure is mounted on a structural column to support a reinforced floor, said zone of shear reinforcement coincides with the region in which punching reinforcement is required between the column and the floor.
  • the reinforcing structure preferably further comprises two sets of said transverse internal reinforcing bars, namely a set of top transverse internal reinforcing bars connected to the underside of the first reinforcing bars and a set of bottom transverse internal reinforcing bars connected to the top side of the second reinforcing bars, whereby the first reinforcing bars are sandwiched between the top transverse internal reinforcing bars and a top portion of the shear connectors and the second reinforcing bars are sandwiched between the bottom transverse internal reinforcing bars and a bottom portion of the shear connectors.
  • the bottom transverse internal reinforcing bars may be replaced, if desired, by bottom transverse external reinforcing bars which are connected to the underside of the second reinforcing bars.
  • the reinforcing structure preferably further comprises a first set of extended reinforcing bars which extend horizontally beyond the perimeter of said cagework as defined by the frame structures, the first set of extended reinforcing bars disposed in a direction parallel to the first reinforcing bars of the frame structures.
  • At least some of the first reinforcing bars and the top transverse internal reinforcing bars extend beyond the perimeter of the cagework as defined by the other components of the frame members.
  • the cagework has a maximum extent in one direction which is not more than a maximum permitted dimension to for unrestricted transportation.
  • the cagework has a maximum extent of 2.3-2.7 meters in one direction, more preferably about 2.5 meters.
  • the dimensions of the cagework extend sufficiently far from the column support point to encompass the contraflexure points of a floor in which the cagework is situated, where the column support point forms part of a 7.5 m column grid.
  • the cagework has a lateral dimension greater than the distance between opposed contraflexure points on opposite sides of a column in a 7.5m column grid floor, and less than the maximum dimension which can be transported by road without "wide load” restrictions being imposed on a carrying vehicle.
  • the reinforcing structure preferably further comprises a second set of extended reinforcing bars which extend horizontally beyond the perimeter of said cagework as defined by the frame structures, the second set of extended reinforcing bars disposed in a direction parallel to the transverse internal reinforcing bars.
  • the first set of extended reinforcing bars are disposed on top of the top transverse internal reinforcing bars in the plane of the first reinforcing bars.
  • the first set of extended reinforcing bars are spaced apart from the first reinforcing bars on the outside of the shear connectors.
  • the second set of extended reinforcing bars are disposed on top of the first reinforcing bars of the frame structures.
  • top transverse internal reinforcing bars and said second set of extended reinforcing bars are provided, one or more of the top transverse internal reinforcing bars coincide with one or more of the second set of internal reinforcing bars when viewed from above the reinforcing structure.
  • a method of constructing a reinforced floor comprising the steps of: mounting a reinforcing structure as defined above on a structural support column such that the cagework sits horizontally; providing extended reinforcing bars which extend horizontally beyond the perimeter of said cagework as defined by the frame structures; pouring a solidifying structural substance in a layer which captures said reinforcing structure, whereby said solidifying structural substance solidifies to form a reinforced floor.
  • the step of mounting a reinforcing structure comprises providing said plurality of frame structures and said plurality of transverse top reinforcing bars, and constructing said reinforcing structure in situ on said column by connecting said frame structures and said reinforcing bars to one another and to said column to provide said cagework.
  • the step of mounting a reinforcing structure comprises providing said reinforcing structure as a pre-assembled cagework, and mounting said cagework to said column.
  • a method of constructing a reinforced floor comprising the steps of: providing a reinforcing structure as defined above; pouring a solidifying structural substance in a layer which captures said reinforcing structure, whereby said solidifying structural substance solidifies to form a reinforced floor slab; mounting said reinforced floor slab on a structural support column such that the cagework sits horizontally; building a reinforced floor outwardly from said mounted reinforced floor slab either by pouring a floor around reinforcing bars extending from said reinforced floor slab or by connecting additional floor slabs to said mounted reinforced floor slab.
  • the step of pouring a solidifying structural substance in a layer results in said layer having a depth which captures the bottom edges and a portion of the shear connectors of each frame structure, leaving the top edges exposed, whereby extended reinforcing bars may be mounted to the exposed top portions of the frame structures to provide extended reinforcement to the floor beyond the floor slab.
  • a reinforced floor comprising a reinforcing structure as defined above, mounted on a structural support column, and having extended reinforcing bars extending therefrom beyond the perimeter of said cagework as defined by the frame structures, and further comprising a solid structural material in a layer which surrounds and contains said reinforcing structure and said extended reinforcing bars.
  • each column slab comprises a pre-cast column slab body having upper and lower faces, said pre-cast column slab body having a first network of reinforcing members embedded therein, a plurality of first arch members extending above the upper surface, said first arch members being interlinked with said first network and thereby anchored within said pre-cast column slab body, and a second network of reinforcing members disposed above said pre-cast column slab body and being supported by and connected to said plurality of first arch members; each inter-column slab comprises a pre-cast inter-column slab body having upper and lower faces and being positioned in abutting relationship against one or more of said column slabs along first adjoining edges, said pre-cast inter-column slab body having one or more second arch members embedded in said
  • the utilisation of three layers of networks of reinforcing members at the location of the column slabs provides enhanced reinforcement in the vicinity of the column slab.
  • the construction system provides an effective used of reinforcement, as the reinforcing members are concentrated at the locations of importance.
  • the dimensions of the slabs, as well as the dimensions of the arch members and the reinforcing members may be chosen to provide adequate reinforcement of the construction system.
  • Such an arrangement of components provides for a securely reinforced system, minimising the effects of deflection throughout the construction.
  • said system further comprises at least one further network of reinforcing members, wherein said at least one further network of reinforcing members is positioned above said column slab, and wherein said at least one further network of reinforcing members received by said second network of reinforcing members and said plurality of first arch members.
  • said second arch members are provided substantially perpendicular to said first adjoining edges.
  • said third arch members are provided substantially parallel to said second adjoining edges.
  • said first arch members are provided as the upper portion of a hoop, the lower portion being interlinked with said first network
  • said second arch members are double arches, each arch being the upper portion of a respective hoop, the hoops being angled towards one another and being connected at their top ends.
  • said third arch members are provided as a plurality of aligned, parallel arches, the arches being the upper portions of a continuous square-wave shaped member whose lower portions are embedded in said slab body.
  • said column slabs are of a greater thickness than the inter-column slabs and the at least one bridging slab.
  • said column slab is adapted to be coupled to a structural column.
  • said column slab comprises a through-going aperture defined in said main body, wherein said aperture is adapted to receive a portion of a structural column.
  • said column slab further comprises at least one column reinforcing bar, the at least one column reinforcing bar provided partially within said main body such that a portion of the column reinforcing bar extends across the through-going aperture defined in the main body.
  • the column reinforcing bar is used to couple the column slab to a supporting structural column, preferably by tying said column reinforcing bar to a supporting rod extending from said column.
  • said second arch members are provided such that that the central axis of the second arch members are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the main body of the inter-column slab.
  • said third arch members are provided such that that the central axis of the third arch members are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the main body of the bridging slab.
  • a pre-cast slab for use in a pre-cast construction system, the slab comprising: a main body having an upper surface and a lower surface; a first network of reinforcing bars disposed within said main body; a plurality of discrete hoop elements, the hoop elements in the form of a closed loop, said hoop elements disposed partly within said main body and partly projecting above the upper surface of said main body, such that one or more of said first network of reinforcing bars pass through said hoop elements; and a second network of reinforcing bars located above said upper surface of said main body, such that one or more of said second network of reinforcing bars pass through said hoop elements.
  • the particular construction of the pre-cast slab provides a substantially reinforced slab that is particularly adapted to the stresses and strains that occur at the interface between a floor and a supporting structural column.
  • the provision of discrete hoop elements distributed about the main body, and anchored to the first and second networks of reinforcing bars presents a particularly reinforced pre-cast slab that can be used during construction.
  • said hoop elements are provided in said slab in a regular grid arrangement of spaced parallel rows of hoop elements.
  • said hoop elements are substantially rectangular, such that a first end of said substantially rectangular hoop elements are provided within said main body and a second end of said substantially rectangular hoop elements project above the upper surface of said main body.
  • said hoop elements are coupled to said first network of reinforcing bars at the corners of said first end of said hoop elements provided within said main body, and wherein said hoop elements are coupled to said second network of reinforcing bars at the corners of said second end of said hoop elements provided above said main body.
  • a through-going aperture is defined in the main body, the aperture extending from said upper surface to said lower surface.
  • the aperture is provided to allow the slab to be aligned with a supporting column in a structure.
  • the slab further comprises at least one column reinforcing bar, the at least one column reinforcing bar provided partially within said main body such that a portion of the column reinforcing bar extends across the through-going aperture defined in the main body.
  • the column reinforcing bar can be used to couple with structural steel running through a building support column.
  • said through-going aperture is tapered, such that the aperture opening at said upper surface is of reduced size than the aperture opening at said lower surface.
  • a pre-cast slab for use in a pre-cast construction system, the slab comprising: a substantially rectangular main body having an upper surface and a lower surface, the main body further having a pair of opposed major ends and a pair of opposed minor ends; a network of reinforcing bars disposed within said main body; and at least one coupling member comprising a reinforcing frame having a crenellated side profile, wherein a lower portion of said reinforcing frame is provided within said main body and an upper portion of said reinforcing frame projects above the upper surface of said main body, and wherein said coupling member is interlaced with said network of reinforcing bars.
  • the crenellated, or square-wave, profile of the coupling member provides an anchor point for fixation which is securely retained within the body of the slab, as the member is interlaced with the reinforcing network provided within the slab body, resulting in an improved distribution of load.
  • said at least one coupling member is provided such that the central axis of the member is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the main body of the slab.
  • the coupling member runs along the longitudinal direction of the slab body, this allows for the optimum arrangement of reinforcement, as the network of reinforcing bars disposed within the main body are allowed to couple with the coupling member at right angles, such that the reinforcing effects are maximised. Furthermore, in a regular right-angled grid arrangement of the network of reinforcing bars, this results in the coupling member aligned in parallel with the longitudinal bars of the reinforcing network, which are in general the primary reinforcing elements of the slab. This improves the distribution of stresses throughout the slab.
  • said reinforcing frame is provided as a plurality of aligned, parallel arches, the arches being the upper portions of a continuous square-wave shaped member whose lower portions are embedded in said main body.
  • said at least one coupling member is provided towards each of said opposed major ends of said main body.
  • At least one of said reinforcing bars of said network comprises a first hooked end, said first hooked end provided adjacent an edge of said main body.
  • the hooked end of the reinforcing bar is provided towards the edge of the main body, this allows for support of full stress to the edge of the slab, thereby increasing transverse stiffness of the slab.
  • said network of reinforcing bars is arranged such that said first hooked end projects across the centreline of said reinforcing frame.
  • the slab further comprises at least one reinforcing brace provided within the main body, the at least one brace comprising a member projecting across the centreline of said reinforcing frame, wherein the lower end of said reinforcing frame is provided at a greater depth from said upper surface of said main body than the depth of said reinforcing frame from said upper surface.
  • said at least one reinforcing brace comprises a U-shaped member.
  • said at least one reinforcing brace is arranged such that the free ends of said U-shaped member project across the centreline of said reinforcing frame.
  • the slab comprises: a coupling array provided towards each of said opposed minor ends of said main body, the coupling array comprising at least one coupling frame, a lower end of said coupling frame provided within said main body and an upper end of said coupling frame projecting above the upper surface of said main body, wherein said coupling frame comprises a plurality of arch members interlinked with said network and thereby anchored within said pre-cast column slab body,
  • the coupling array is provided so reinforcing bars are interlaced with the coupling frames, any load applied to the coupling frames is distributed throughout the network of bars, and the coupling frames are securely held within the body of the slab.
  • said arch members are double arches, each arch being the upper portion of a respective hoop, the hoops being angled towards one another and being connected at their top ends.
  • said coupling array comprises a plurality of coupling frames
  • said inter- column slab further comprises at least one reinforcing element provided above the upper surface of the main body, the reinforcing element coupled to the top ends of said arch members in a coupling array.
  • said coupling array is provided such that the central axis of the array is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the main body of the slab.
  • Fig.1 is an isometric view of a first pre-cast slab according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the slab of Fig. 1 ;
  • Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the slab of Fig.1 ;
  • Figs. 4-6 illustrate the steps involved in installing the slab of Fig. 1 in position on a construction site
  • Fig. 7 is a first enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 6;
  • Fig. 8 is a second enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 6;
  • Fig. 9 is an isometric view of a second pre-cast slab according to the invention
  • Fig. 10 is a front plan view of the slab of Fig. 9
  • Fig. 11 is a top plan view of the slab of Fig. 9;
  • Fig. 12 is an isometric view of a third pre-cast slab according to the invention
  • Fig. 13 is a front plan view of the slab of Fig. 12;
  • Fig. 14 is a top plan view of the slab of Fig. 12;
  • Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the slab of Fig. 12;
  • Fig. 16 is an enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 14;
  • Fig. 17 is an enlarged view of a section of the slab of Fig. 9, having additional reinforcing elements;
  • Fig. 18 is an isometric view of a construction system according to the invention
  • Fig. 19 is a top plan view of an expanded implementation of the construction system of Fig. 18.
  • Fig. 20 is an enhanced isometric view of the construction system in Fig. 18;
  • Fig. 21 is an isometric view of a further embodiment of the construction system according to the invention;
  • Fig. 22 is a cut-away view of a floor mounted on a column showing a failure zone due to punching shear;
  • Fig. 23 is a perspective view of a first frame structure for use in a reinforcing structure of the invention.
  • Fig. 24 is a perspective view of a second frame structure for use in a reinforcing structure of the invention.
  • Fig. 25 is a perspective view of a plurality of third frame structures disposed parallel to one another prior to assembly in a reinforcing structure of the invention
  • Fig. 26 is a perspective view of an assembly step in assembling a reinforcing structure of the invention, showing the frame structures of Fig. 25 connected together with transverse bottom reinforcing bars;
  • Fig. 27 is a perspective view of a further assembly step following that of Fig. 26, in which internal transverse reinforcing bars have been added;
  • Fig. 28 shows the assembly of Fig. 27 from a different perspective view;
  • Fig. 29 shows the assembly of Fig. 27 in side elevation
  • Fig. 30 shows the assembly of Fig. 27 in front elevation
  • Fig. 31 shows the assembly of Fig. 27 in a top plan view
  • Fig. 32 is a schematic representation of the positioning of the centres of the shear connectors as seen from above in Fig. 31 ;
  • Fig. 33 is a perspective view of a further assembly step following that of Fig. 27, in which a first set of extended reinforcing bars have been added which extend beyond the perimeter of the cagework structure;
  • Fig. 34 is a perspective view of a further assembly step following that of Fig. 33, in which a second set of extended reinforcing bars, transverse to the first set of extended reinforcing bars, have been added.
  • the integrated construction system comprises a plurality of different types of pre-cast slabs.
  • a pre-cast column slab is indicated generally at 10.
  • the column slab 10 comprises a substantially regular rectangular slab body 12 having a first upper face 12a and a second lower face 12b.
  • a through-going aperture 14 is defined at the centre of the slab body 12, the aperture 14 extending from the first upper face 12a to the second lower face 12b.
  • a plurality of rectangular hoops 16 are provided partially set into the slab body 12, a portion of the body of the hoops 16 projecting proud from the upper face 12a of the slab body 12. With reference to Figs. 1 and 2, the hoops 16 are provided in a series of spaced-apart rows along the length of the slab body 12.
  • a cross-section of the slab body 12 is shown, taken across the section indicated in Fig. 2.
  • a first end of each hoop 16 is set within the body of the slab 12. It will be understood that the particular depth that the hoop 16 is set within the slab body 12 is chosen such that the hoop 16 is prevented from being easily detached from the slab body 12, through the application of feree to the exposed end of the hoop 16.
  • a first array of internal reinforcing bars 18 are provided in a parallel arrangement within the slab body 12 along the length of the slab body 12, such that an internal reinforcing bar 18 abuts the inner surface of those corners of the hoop 16 located within the slab body 12.
  • the internal reinforcing bars 18 may be attached to the hoops 16 though any suitable means, e.g. welding.
  • a second further array of internal reinforcing bars 20 are provided in a parallel arrangement within the slab body 12, the internal bars 20 of the second array lying on top of and transverse to the internal bars 18 of the first array.
  • the internal reinforcing bars 20 of the second array are attached to the internal reinforcing bars 18 of the first array though any suitable means, e.g. welding.
  • the internal reinforcing bars 18,20 of the first and second arrays do not pass through the defined aperture 14.
  • the first and second arrays of internal reinforcing bars 18,20 provide a lattice of reinforcing members within the slab body 12, the lattice further acting to retain the hoops 16 within position on the slab body 12.
  • the internal lattice outline can be seen in broken-line indication in Fig. 2.
  • an external lattice of reinforcing bars is provided external to the slab body 12, the external lattice comprising first and second arrays of external reinforcing bars 19,21.
  • the first and second arrays of external reinforcing bars 19,21 are in line with the first and second arrays of internal reinforcing bars 18,20, and are located at the exposed ends of the hoops 16.
  • the external lattice acts to reinforce the exposed portions of the hoops 16.
  • the external lattice outline is similar to the internal lattice outline shown in Fig. 2.
  • a set of crosshair reinforcing bars 22 project from the slab body 12 across the width of the defined aperture 14. As can be seen in Figs. 1 and 2, a first pair of crosshair reinforcing bars 22a project across the aperture 14 in a first direction, while a second pair of crosshair reinforcing bars 22b project across the aperture 14 in a second direction at right angles to the first direction. Accordingly, the second pair of crosshair reinforcing bars 22b abut the top of the first pair of crosshair reinforcing bars 22a.
  • crosshair reinforcing bars 22a, 22b may be attached to each other though any suitable means, e.g. welding.
  • the side walls of the defined aperture 14 are tapered, such that the aperture 14 extends from a first opening defined at said first upper surface 12a, to a relatively wider opening defined at said second lower surface 12b.
  • the defined aperture 14 and the column reinforcing bars 22a, 22b are used to couple the column slab 10 to a supporting column, which is now described with reference to Figs. 4-6.
  • a multi-level construction project will employ vertical structural columns at various points throughout the structure, the columns often utilising internal reinforcement.
  • a structural column is indicated at 30 having a plurality of column bars 32 extending along the length of the column 30.
  • the structural columns 30 are built higher as the building advances in height, the columns 30 acting as the primary point of support between successive levels of the building.
  • the structural column 30 initially is built to the level of the new storey (exposing the contained column bars 32), allowing for the reinforcing floor components of the new storey to be interlinked with the column bars 32 of the column. Once the floor of the new storey is complete, the structural column 30 can then be built to the level of the next storey, and the process continues.
  • the slab 10 When installing the pre-cast column slab 10, the slab 10 is positioned on the structural column 30 such that the exposed column bars 32 project through the defined aperture in the slab 10 - Fig. 1.
  • the crosshair reinforcing bars 22a, 22b can then be secured to the column reinforcing bars 32 through any suitable securing method, interlinking the reinforcement of the column slab 10 with the column 30.
  • the arrangement of the crosshair reinforcing bars 22a, 22b allows for the relatively easy alignment of the column slab 10 in position on the column 30, as the slab 10 slots into place through the interweaving of the crosshair reinforcing bars 22a, 22b and the column bars 32.
  • other adjacent slabs are positioned abutting the column slab 10.
  • Suitable adjacent slabs are described in further detail below, as well as a preferred arrangement of slabs.
  • the slabs may be supported in position during construction using suitable supports (Fig. 6, 38), positioned as required beneath the slabs. Such supports 38 may be removed once construction is completed, and the slabs securely held in place.
  • a further lattice arrangement of reinforcing rods 34 is positioned on top of the external lattice formed by the external reinforcing bars 19,21 - Fig. 5.
  • the further lattice 34 comprises an arrangement of transverse and lengthways reinforcing bars configured to be substantially in register with the external lattice and the internal lattice of the slab 10 when positioned on top of the slab 10.
  • the use of the further lattice 34 of reinforcing bars provides further reinforcement of the structure, and ensures that the correct depth of concrete pour will be achieved during installation of the slab 10.
  • a layer of concrete 36 is then poured onto the slab 10.
  • the concrete 36 is poured such that it fills the defined aperture 14 of the slab 10, and fills the spaces between the first upper face 12a of the slab 10 and the lattices of bars.
  • the concrete is continued to be poured to reach a particular depth suitable to cover the external portion of the hoops, the external lattice formed by the external reinforcing bars 19,21 , and the further lattice arrangement 34.
  • the column slab 10 is of a greater thickness than that of the adjacent slabs A. This is done to provide for the additional stresses and strains that act upon the column slab 10, requiring greater reinforcement of the column slab 10. While Fig. 8 shows the undersurface of the adjacent slabs A to be in line with the undersurface of the column slab 10, it will be understood that the column slab 10 and the adjacent slabs A may be arranged at other heights relative to one another. Furthermore, it will be understood that the column slab 10 may be dimensioned such that the slab body 12 is stepped or shaped below the level of the other adjacent slabs A, thereby increasing stiffness of the floor with a consequent reduction in deflection.
  • the dimensions of the column slab 10, as well as the dimensions of the hoops 16 and the internal and external lattices of reinforcing members, are chosen such that the further lattice 34 of reinforcing bars has the optimum amount of cover of poured concrete 36.
  • the punching shear reinforcement is arranged in such a way to position the three layers of reinforcement for ease of construction and maximisation of floor stiffness.
  • the inter-column slab 40 is designed to interlink with the column slab 10 in a preferred embodiment of the invention, but may be employed in any suitable construction scheme.
  • the inter-column slab 40 comprises an elongated rectangular slab body 42, having first and second opposed minor ends 42a and first and second opposed major ends 42b.
  • a plurality of reinforcing bars 44 are arranged in a lattice formation to provide reinforcement of the slab 40.
  • the arrangement of the reinforcing bars 44 can be seen in dashed-line outline in Fig. 11.
  • a plurality of securing projections 46 are provided at both of the first and second minor ends 42a of the inter-column slab 40.
  • the securing projections 46 each comprise a pair of rectangular hoops 46, the hoops 48 partially embedded within the slab body 42.
  • the hoops 48 project at an angle from the surface of the slab body 42, such that the exposed ends of the hoops 46 adjoin one another, forming a wedge-shaped securing projection 46 above the surface of the slab body 42.
  • the exposed ends of the hoops 48 are secured to one another using any suitable securing method, forming a rigid wedge- shaped projection.
  • the hoops 46 are positioned such that the ends of the hoops 46 retained within the slab body 42 are interlocked with the reinforcing bars 44 within the slab body 42.
  • the arrangement of interlocking reinforcing elements provides a firm anchor point for securing the inter- column slab 40 with an adjacent slab, e.g. a column slab 10.
  • a pre-cast bridging slab is indicated at 50.
  • the bridging slab 50 is designed to bridge the gap formed between opposed inter-column slabs 40 in a preferred embodiment of the invention (as will be described below), but may be employed in any suitable construction scheme.
  • the bridging slab 50 comprises an elongated rectangular slab body 52, having first and second opposed minor ends 52a and first and second opposed major ends 52b.
  • a plurality of reinforcing bars 54 are arranged in a lattice formation to provide reinforcement of the bridging slab 50.
  • the arrangement of the reinforcing bars 54 can be seen in dashed-line outline in Fig. 14.
  • the bridging slab 50 further comprises two securing members 56.
  • the securing members 56 are provided partially within the slab body 52, with the respective securing members 56 each located adjacent the respective opposed major ends 52b of the slab 50, midway along the length of the slab body 52. It will be understood that the securing members 56 are provided closely adjacent the edges of the slab body 52.
  • the securing members 56 each comprise a pair of adjacent reinforcing bars 58 having a square- wave or crenellated profile (as can be seen in the side view of Fig. 15), the bars 58 arranged along a portion of the length of the slab body 52, parallel to the adjacent major end 52b of the slab body 52.
  • the securing members 56 are arranged such that a lower portion of the reinforcing bars 58 is provided within the slab body 52, with an upper portion of the crenellated reinforcing bars 58 projecting proud of the surface of the slab body 52.
  • the upper portion of the crenellated reinforcing bars 58 project at an angle from the surface of the slab body 52, such that the uppermost portion of the adjacent crenellated bars 58 adjoin one another, and are secured to one another at this point.
  • the crenellated reinforcing bars 58 thus form the crenellated wedge-shaped structure of the securing member 56.
  • the lower portions of the securing members 56 are positioned within the slab body 52 such that the reinforcing bars 58 of the members 56 interlock and can be secured to the lattice of reinforcing bars 54 provided within the slab body 52 (see Fig. 15). Furthermore, and with reference to the enlarged view of Fig. 16, a series of U-shaped reinforcing bars (or braces) 60 are provided within the slab body 52 in the region of the securing members 56.
  • the U-shaped bars 60 are arranged such that the free ends of the bars 60 project across the centre line of the securing members 56. It will be understood that the U-shaped bars 60 are provided at a shallower depth within the slab body 52 than the depth of the lower portions of the securing members 56, such that the U-shaped bars 60 act as a further reinforcement of the securing members 56 within the slab body 52. The use of the U-shaped reinforcing bars 60 acts to further distribute the stresses and strains acting on the securing members 56 within the slab body 52.
  • the securing projections 46 of the inter-column slab 40 as well as the securing members 56 of the bridging slab 50 are provided such that they aligned to extend along the longitudinal direction of the slabs in which they are located.
  • this ensures that lateral bars of the network of reinforcing bars engage with the securing projections and members at right angles, securely aligning the securing projections and members in parallel with the longitudinal bars of the reinforcing network.
  • the longitudinal bars of the reinforcing network provide the majority of the structural stiffness within the slabs, this arrangement provides for the optimum distribution of the components of the slabs to ensure optimum reinforcement.
  • the components of the inter-column slab 40 and the bridging slab 50 as shown in the accompanying drawings may further implemented in other slabs.
  • the bridging slab 50 may further comprise corresponding securing projections 46, as illustrated in Figs. 9-11 , in addition to securing members 56.
  • the inter-column slabs 40 may further utilise corresponding securing members 56, as shown in Figs. 12-14.
  • Fig. 17 shows a portion of an inter-column slab 40, wherein additional reinforcing members 62 have been provided extending between the exposed corners of hoops 48. Such additional reinforcing members 62 provide extra reinforcement, as well as enhancing the flexibility of use of the slab 40 by providing additional fixation points that components can be anchored to.
  • the slabs 10, 40, 50 may be utilised in a preferred construction system, as illustrated in Figs. 18 and 19, which aims to maximise the reinforcement features of the slab designs.
  • column slabs 10 are positioned on the structural columns projecting from the preceding level (as described above).
  • Inter-column slabs 40 are positioned between adjacent column slabs 10, forming a network provided by the arrangement of the inter-column slabs 40, having column slabs 10 located at the interface between orthogonal inter-column slabs 40.
  • the column slabs 10 are generally of a greater depth than the surrounding inter-column slabs 40. This is done to ensure that the column slabs 10 have the greater structural strength required when in a position of relatively high stresses and strains.
  • Bridging slabs 50 are then positioned such that they extend between pairs of opposed inter-column slabs 40, as shown in Fig. 18.
  • the final spaces between the parallel inter-column slabs 40 and the bridging slab 50 can be filled using any standard pre-cast concrete slabs 70 of suitable dimensions.
  • any suitable further reinforcing bars may be introduced to the construction, anchored to the various securing fixtures (i.e. the exposed hoops 16 and the external lattice of the column slabs 10; the securing projections 46 of the inter-column slabs 40; and the securing members 56 of the bridging slabs 50).
  • the structural columns may then be advanced to the height of the next layer, and the procedure repeated as appropriate.
  • the particular layout pattern of slabs may be reproduced as appropriate throughout the present layer - for example, the layout shown in Fig. 19 is an expansion of the individual pattern component shown in Fig. 18.
  • this layout system involving this patterning comprising the slabs as described herein, provides for a standardisation of a relatively easily reproducible design, which can be implemented on a construction site without requiring extensive training. Also, as the reinforcing elements are concentrated at those points of the construction subject to the most stresses and strains, there is a more efficient use of reinforcing materials in the construction, therefore bringing down the overall cost of construction.
  • Another advantage of the concentration of the reinforcing elements between the different slabs is that, as certain slabs will be subjected to additional stresses and strains (and consequently have more reinforcement per unit area - e.g. a column slab 10 as opposed to a standard pre-cast concrete slab 70), then such slabs may undergo more rigorous stress testing procedures to ensure the integrity of the eventual construction. As such tests can be tailored to the individual components, the confidence of the results of these tests can be improved, as well as the confidence in the performance of the overall construction.
  • the slabs described are also suitable for efficient transportation and storage, as the external reinforcement elements provide for vertical stacking of the slabs prior to use.
  • any of the slabs used may be of varied dimensions in order to accommodate the different building requirements. It will also be understood that the shape of the slabs may be adapted as appropriate subject to requirements, for example decorative mouldings may be provided on the underside of the slabs for aesthetic purposes.
  • FIG. 20 an embodiment of the construction system of Fig. 18 is shown, with the structural columns 30 and the column bars 32 clearly illustrated.
  • the arrangement of exposed reinforcement members is shown on only one of the column slabs 10a, and the crosshair arrangement of the reinforcing bars provided in the aperture of a column slab is shown on one of the other column slabs 10b.
  • the inter-column slabs 40 and the bridging slabs 50 are shown as having both securing projections 46 and securing members 56, as described above.
  • the slabs 70 between parallel inter-column slabs 40 and bridging slabs 50 are shown as having both securing projections 46 and securing members 56 to improve stability of construction.
  • a further embodiment of the system shown in Fig. 20 is illustrated.
  • the upper surfaces of the column slabs 10 and the inter-column slabs 40 are at the same level and in register with one another.
  • the bridging slab 50 and the slabs 70 can be seen to rest on the edges of the upper surfaces of the column slabs 10 and the inter-column slabs 40, providing additional support to the bridging slab 50 and slabs 70.
  • the dimensions of slabs used as well as that of the securing projections 46 and securing members 56 can be varied to accommodate securing between adjacent slabs.
  • the reinforcement can also be provided as a stand-alone construction of reinforcing bars made, for example of steel or another structural material which provides sufficient reinforcement to a floor.
  • a reinforcing structure need not be provided in pre-case slabs but can also be provided as a cagework structure which is pre-assembled and positioned on top of a column, or which can be assembled in situ from a number of pre-assembled frame structures.
  • Fig. 23 shows an example of a frame structure, having a first reinforcement bar 86 of 20-25 mm diameter steel reinforcement and a second reinforcement bar 88 of 12-16 mm diameter steel. It is important that the first and second (i.e. top and bottom respectively) steel reinforcement bars used in such a frame structure are of a grade suitable to provide top layer and bottom layer reinforcement to a floor, i.e. they will be an integral part of the floor reinforcement.
  • a plurality of shear connectors 90 in the form of elongated, sausage shaped hoops, are connected to and contain the first and second reinforcing bars 86,88.
  • the frame structure is thus a rigid, welded structure which includes elements intended to form part of the top layer steel, the bottom layer steel, and the shear reinforcement of a floor.
  • the shear reinforcement 90 is thus rigidly connected to and contains the top and bottom reinforcement steel 86,88.
  • FIG. 24 A second example of frame structure, in the form of a elongated trapezoidal cuboid frame is shown in Fig. 24.
  • This frame structure has a pair of first (top) reinforcing bars 92, a pair of second (bottom) reinforcing bars 94, and a plurality of trapezoidal hoops 96, each in the form of a parallelogram, with the first and second reinforcing bars being each welded to a respective internal corner of each hoop, whereby the hoops 94 provide shear reinforcement between the top and bottom reinforcement members when incorporated within the reinforcing steelwork of a floor.
  • a reinforcing cagework structure will now be described based on a third and presently preferred example of frame structure 100a-100g, seven of which are shown disposed in parallel arrangement in Fig. 25 prior to assembly into a cagework structure.
  • the structure can be assembled offsite or the frame structures 100a-100g of Fig. 25 can be assembled together into a reinforcing cagework structure on site, i.e. at the head of a column.
  • each frame structure has a pair of first (top) reinforcing bars 102 and a pair of second (bottom) reinforcing bars 104, each connected to a respective internal corner of a plurality of hoop-like rectangular shear connectors 106 distributed along the length of the frame structure.
  • the rectangular hoop-like shear connectors are manufactured from a single length of reinforcing steel formed into a rectangle with overlapping ends 107 disposed at the top side of the frame structure.
  • each frame structure 100a-100g forms a rigid, preassembled structure in which elements of top layer reinforcement and bottom layer reinforcement for a floor are integrated and connected to shear reinforcement members 106.
  • the distribution of shear connectors is not uniform along the different frame structures 100a-100g, as will become clear later. It can also be seen that the spatial separation between adjacent structures 100a and 100b or adjacent structures 100f and 100g is somewhat greater than the separation between each other adjacent pair of structures such as 100b and 100c, again for reasons described below.
  • Fig. 26 shows the next step of assembly.
  • Fig. 26 also shows the differential spatial separation between the endmost pairs of adjacent structures 100a, 100b and 100f, 100g when compared with the internal pairs 100b, 100c; 100c, 100d; 100d, 100e; and 100e, 100f.
  • Fig. 26 The next assembly step is shown in Fig. 26, in which a set of bottom transverse internal bars 108 have been laid across and welded to the second (bottom) reinforcing bars 104.
  • the second reinforcing bars 104 form layer B1 and the bottom transverse internal bars added in Fig. 26 will form layer B2 when the structure is set into a floor.
  • the first (top) reinforcing bars 102 of the frame structures 100a-100g will form a part of the T2 layer, i.e. the layer of horizontal steel reinforcement positioned secondmost from the top of the floor surface.
  • Fig. 27 the T3 layer is added, namely a set of top transverse internal bars 110 positioned immediately underneath and welded to the first reinforcing bars 102 and disposed parallel to the bottom transverse internal bars 108 and thus also parallel to the plane of the rectangular shear connectors 106 and perpendicular to the direction of the first and second reinforcing bars 102,104.
  • Figs. 28 shows the same structure as Fig. 27 in a different perspective view taken from above, in front and the left side.
  • Fig. 29 shows the same structure as Fig. 27 in a left side elevation, in which one can particularly see the structure of the rectangular hoop-like shear connectors with overlapping ends 107.
  • Fig. 30 shows the same structure as Fig. 27 in a front elevation.
  • Fig. 31 shows the same structure in a top plan view, which again shows the overlapping ends of hoop-like shear connectors 106.
  • the first reinforcing bars 102 due to the greater diameter of the first reinforcing bars 102 compared to the second reinforcing bars 104, and the fact that the latter are positioned directly underneath the former, the latter are hidden from view.
  • the greater diameter of the top transverse internal reinforcing bars 110 compared to the bottom transverse reinforcing bars 108, and the fact that the latter are positioned directly underneath the former, the latter are hidden from view.
  • the majority of the tensile strength of the structure of Figs. 27-31 is concentrated in the top layers 102,110.
  • reference numeral 112 denotes the notional centre point of the structure, located in the square gap formed between the centremost pair of first reinforcement bars and the centremost pair of top transverse internal reinforcement bars.
  • these bars form the crosshair bars to which the vertical reinforcement of a column are connected when the cagework structure is placed over a column.
  • the crosshair bars form part of the overall reinforcement of the cage in this embodiment, being continuous with and part of the main top and bottom reinforcement steel.
  • Fig. 32 is a schematic representation of the positioning of the centres of the shear connectors as seen from above in Fig. 31.
  • Each small circle 106 (a few of which are denoted) represents the position of the centre of a shear connector relative to the centre point 112 of the cagework structure illustrated in Fig. 31.
  • the grid lines 114 shown in Fig, 32 are notional only to give a representation of the relative spacing between shear connectors 106, and these grid lines and their spacing bear no relationship to the various reinforcing bars 102,104, 108, 100 of the cage structure seen in previous figures.
  • FIG. 32 Three notional circles are shown in Fig. 32, namely an inner circle 116, a middle circle 118 and an outer circle 120. These circles again bear no relationship to actual structural elements of the cagework structure but rather represent three zones of reinforcement. The number and size of shear connectors in each zone can be varied to meet the requirements of the Codes of practice.
  • Fig. 33 shows the further assembly of the reinforcing structure, in which the central cagework is supplemented by a first set of extended reinforcing bars 122 which extend beyond the perimeter of the cagework structure as defined by the original frame members 100a-100g shown in Fig. 25.
  • each bar of the first set of extended reinforcing bars 122 is positioned against the external top corner of a row of shear connectors 106, sandwiching that corner between itself 122 and the first reinforcing bar 102 at the internal angle of that corner.
  • the first set of extended reinforcing bars 122 are co-planar with the first reinforcing bars of the frame structures 100a-100g (Fig.
  • first set of extended reinforcing bars 122 along with the first reinforcing bars 102, form part of the T2 layer of reinforcing steel.
  • Fig. 34 shows the structure after a further assembly stage, where a second set of extended reinforcing bars 126, transverse the first set 122, has been laid on top of the first set of extended reinforcing bars 122 and the first reinforcing bars 102 of the frame structure and welded thereto.
  • the second set of reinforcing bars 126 thus forms layer T1 of the floor, being the uppermost layer.
  • first and second sets of extended reinforcing bars extend the main floor steel reinforcement outwards beyond the cagework, allowing the remaining floor reinforcement to be integrated with the cagework structure.
  • the cagework reinforcing structure can be pre-assembled offsite, either with or without the extended reinforcing bars 122,126, or it can be assembled onsite from the individual frame structures 100a- 100g.
  • the structure can also be embedded offsite into a slab with at least the bottom reinforcing bars and the lower part of the shear connectors embedded in the concrete, thereby providing a precast column slab similar to that of Fig. 1 to be used in a similar manner, with extended reinforcing bars added onsite for connection to inter-column slabs etc.
  • the invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein but can be amended or modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une structure de renfort conçue pour être utilisée afin de supporter un plancher à une jonction de celui-ci avec une colonne structurelle. La structure comprend plusieurs structures de cadre pré-assemblées, généralement allongées, chaque structure de cadre étant disposée en rangées parallèles l'une par rapport à l'autre. Les structures de cadre incorporent les barres de renforts supérieures et inférieures principales pour le plancher renforcé avec des connecteurs de cisaillement intégraux faisant partie des structures de cadre et les connecteurs de cisaillement liant les renforts supérieur et inférieur ensemble. Les barres de renfort transversales internes sont disposées parallèlement l'une à l'autre et sont reliées par l'intermédiaire des barres de renfort supérieures ou inférieures de chaque structure de cadre pour connecter les structures de cadre pré-assemblées selon une configuration de cage de structures de cadres reliées de façon rigide.
EP10745187A 2009-04-24 2010-04-26 Système de construction Withdrawn EP2422024A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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IES20090325 IES20090325A2 (en) 2009-04-24 2009-04-24 A construction system
IE20100101A IES20100101A2 (en) 2009-04-24 2010-02-25 A construction system
PCT/EP2010/055569 WO2010122177A2 (fr) 2009-04-24 2010-04-26 Système de construction

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EP2422024A2 true EP2422024A2 (fr) 2012-02-29

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AU (1) AU2010240813A1 (fr)
IE (1) IES20100101A2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010122177A2 (fr)

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EP2236686A1 (fr) * 2009-04-03 2010-10-06 F.J. Aschwanden AG Elément d'armature pour la reprise des efforts dans les dalles en béton aux alentours d'éléments d'appui
US8852490B2 (en) * 2009-04-09 2014-10-07 Pat Halton Fore, III Systems and methods of concrete apparatus with incorporated lifter
NZ610739A (en) * 2012-05-18 2014-04-30 Neturen Co Ltd Rebar structure and reinforced concrete member
DE102013018907B4 (de) * 2013-11-13 2016-05-19 Mbk Maschinenbau Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bewehrungsmatten sowie Bewehrungsmatte
KR101795511B1 (ko) * 2014-12-08 2017-11-10 김광섭 건축용 데크패널
DE102015106296A1 (de) * 2015-04-23 2016-10-27 Schöck Bauteile GmbH Wärmedämmelement
CN107663819B (zh) * 2017-10-26 2024-02-23 安徽省交通控股集团有限公司 一种装配化路面用预制梁板节段组
US20220049495A1 (en) * 2018-09-10 2022-02-17 Hcsl Pty Ltd Building panel
US20210040738A1 (en) 2019-08-06 2021-02-11 Kim D. Blackburn Tilt-Up and Precast Construction Panels
US20220213684A1 (en) * 2021-01-07 2022-07-07 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Llp Modular composite action panel and structural systems using same
US20240254769A1 (en) * 2022-03-25 2024-08-01 Shahn Christian Andersen Modular Prefabricated Rebar Component
TWI818831B (zh) * 2022-12-14 2023-10-11 潤弘精密工程事業股份有限公司 預鑄板結構及其製作方法

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MY118701A (en) * 1997-02-12 2005-01-31 Bekaert Sa Nv Combination reinforcement for floor on piles
SE513987C2 (sv) * 1999-07-16 2000-12-04 Jacobsson & Widmark Ab Betongplattkonstruktion samt sätt att bygga en sådan konstruktion

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AU2010240813A1 (en) 2011-12-15
US20120240497A1 (en) 2012-09-27
WO2010122177A3 (fr) 2011-05-05
IES20100101A2 (en) 2010-10-27

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