EP2418916A1 - Cooking apparatus - Google Patents
Cooking apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- EP2418916A1 EP2418916A1 EP11401566A EP11401566A EP2418916A1 EP 2418916 A1 EP2418916 A1 EP 2418916A1 EP 11401566 A EP11401566 A EP 11401566A EP 11401566 A EP11401566 A EP 11401566A EP 2418916 A1 EP2418916 A1 EP 2418916A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cooking
- cooking chamber
- cooking appliance
- metal
- heating
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
- H05B6/66—Circuits
- H05B6/666—Safety circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
- H05B6/6447—Method of operation or details of the microwave heating apparatus related to the use of detectors or sensors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cooking appliance with at least one cooking chamber and at least one heating device, and a control device for controlling the cooking appliance.
- At least one heating device comprises a power oscillator as a microwave generator in order to cook the meals that can be introduced into the cooking chamber via the introduction of microwave energy.
- a microwave generator also another heater may be provided.
- the cooking chamber with a z. B. electrically operated bottom and / or top heat.
- a steam generating device is provided to cook food that can be poured in or specifically to support the cooking process.
- the warming of food can be carried out advantageously with a microwave oven, since the energy supply by microwaves not only the container for the food and the entire cooking appliance must be warmed up, but because the heating of food containing polarizable substances, directly by absorption of Microwave radiation takes place inside the food to be heated, so that Mikrowellengarered can work energetically advantageous and also bring effective and quickly heated food to the desired temperature.
- the microwaves are usually produced by a magnetron as a microwave generator. It is also possible to use a klystron as a microwave generator.
- the klystron is an electron tube, in the duration of the electrons is exploited to generate the required high-frequency signals.
- the microwaves generated by the magnetron are introduced into the cooking chamber acting as a cavity resonator and penetrate there into the food to be heated or the food to be heated. Microwaves that do not penetrate directly into the food are reflected by the most stainless steel cooking chamber walls and then hit on the food to be heated, which is heated by the absorption of microwaves. While polar liquids such as e.g. When water absorbs microwaves well, materials such as glass, porcelain, plastic, and paper are largely unaffected by microwaves, whereas metal reflects the microwaves.
- sparking can occur when the generated electric field strength is sufficiently large and greater than or equal to 10 6 volts / m. Flashover may also occur on pieces of metal of unsuitable geometry, such as forks, when there is a correspondingly high field strength between each fork tip.
- sparking flashovers can occur between the metal bowl and the cooking chamber wall, which can lead to damage to the metal bowl or on the cooking chamber wall. For these reasons, it is recommended not to introduce metal parts into the interior of a microwave oven.
- An inventive cooking appliance has at least one cooking chamber and at least one heating device and a control device for controlling the cooking process. At least one of the at least one heating device comprises a power oscillator as a microwave generator, so that the heating device is suitable for heating meals fed into the cooking chamber. At least one detection device and at least one evaluation device are provided in order to detect the presence of metal in a specimen fed into the cooking chamber during operation of the cooking appliance.
- the cooking appliance according to the invention has many advantages, since it is possible with the cooking appliance according to the invention to detect the presence of metal in a sample placed in the cooking chamber during operation of the cooking appliance.
- a sample is understood to mean everything that is put into the cooking chamber.
- sample may be taken to mean the introduced food and the food receiving container.
- a container filled with a food and its associated lid is introduced into the cooking chamber, the term “sample” encompasses both the container and the food and container lid contained therein.
- the power oscillator can be used as a detection device.
- the power requirement of the power oscillator may be determined from the current and the applied voltage, i. H. be evaluated on the power supply side of the power oscillator to draw conclusions about the existing in the oven sample. It is also conceivable on the so-called microwave side of the power oscillator, z. As in the waveguide to make a measurement of Impendanz in order to obtain conclusions about the present in the oven sample.
- the control device of the microwave generator can be initially raised slowly, while continuously the impedance is detected.
- an impedance change is detected, for example, if a first small spark skips, so automatically the output of an audible or visual warning signal and / or the shutdown of the microwave generator or the entire cooking appliance.
- the cooking appliance still has different types of heating devices, it is optionally possible to resort automatically to a heating device operated in another way in order to bring the initiated cooking process to the desired end.
- Such embodiments are very advantageous because it can be determined with little effort, if a harmful sparkover occurs inside the cooking appliance. At the first sign of spark surges with lower intensities, which do not yet have a detrimental effect on the cooking chamber wall, the user is reliably warned or the cooking appliance switched off to prevent damage.
- control device is set up in this embodiment to increase the power of the power oscillator selectively and preferably slowly, and that the detection device is adapted to detect an impedance change, it is possible for the evaluation, from an impedance change of shoveozillators on the presence from metal if the metal is significantly contained in at least one sample placed in the cooking cavity. Damage caused by strong flashovers from the sample placed in the cooking chamber to the cooking chamber wall can thus be effectively prevented.
- the detection device comprises at least one transmitting coil and at least one receiving coil.
- the detection device is set up to perform a pulse measurement and / or an alternating current measurement in order to conclude from the results of the measurement that the sample added to the cooking chamber contains metal.
- pulses of a magnetic field are emitted via the transmitting coil at specific and preferably periodic intervals.
- the generated magnetic field induces eddy currents in metallic objects, which in turn cause a signal change in the receiving coil which can be measured as voltage immediately after switching off the transmission pulse.
- the intensity and the duration of the eddy current responses to different long pulses and pulse sequences can be concluded so on different metals and also on the size of the metallic objects.
- a continuous and usually low-frequency current is generated in the transmitting coil.
- the frequency range is typically in the range of 10 KHz.
- the received signal is then analyzed for amplitude and phase position in the spectral range.
- the transmission principle is a magnetically coupled system, similar to a transformer.
- Metallic objects and electrically conductive liquids such as electrolytes influence the received amplitude and also the phase position related to the transmission signal.
- the above-mentioned measuring methods can be used to deduce metal types that have been added to the cooking chamber.
- the transmitting coil and / or the receiving coil are arranged at least partially within the cooking chamber.
- a sparkover on the coils themselves can be reliably prevented despite the possibly strong during microwave operation fields, so that with appropriate dimensioning of the coil materials and the insulation no adverse effects occur when the transmitting and receiving coil within the Garraumes are arranged.
- the coils act as an antenna and couple energy.
- the transmitting and / or the receiving coil are provided outside the cooking chamber.
- the transmitting coil and / or the receiving coil are separated from the cooking chamber by a separating device, wherein the separating device is designed so that the emitted from the transmitting coil transmission signals, which are higher-frequency than microwave frequency, by the separator at least can pass through, to be taken after repeated passage of a separator of the receiving coil can.
- the separator may be formed, for example, as a specially designed perforated plate or wire mesh or the like, wherein the free passages in the wire mesh or in the perforated plate are dimensioned so that at most a small proportion of the microwave radiation from the oven reaches the transmitting coil and / or the receiving coil , At the same time, the holes are dimensioned such that the radiation emitted by the transmitting coil can at least partially enter the cooking chamber through the separating device and at least partially can in turn pass from the cooking chamber through a separating device to the receiving coil.
- an advantageous cooking appliance is made available, since it may also be possible to detect via two independent detection devices whether metal is contained in the sample added into the cooking chamber.
- the microwave generator or its electrical parameters can be used as a detection device and on the other hand, for example, a receiving coil as a detection device which independently provide separate results that can be correlated to more reliably deduce existing metal.
- the inventive method is used for operating a cooking appliance and is performed in a cooking appliance with at least one cooking chamber, at least one control device and at least one heating device, wherein at least one heating device comprises a tripodozillator as a microwave generator.
- the heater is used to heat in the cooking chamber einingbaren food. At least the presence of metal in a sample introduced into the cooking chamber is detected with the detection device and the evaluation device.
- FIG. 1 is shown in a schematic front view of a cooking appliance 1, which is designed here as Mikrowellengar Market and which has a cooking chamber 2.
- the cooking chamber 2 is a in FIG. 2 Heating device 4 shown in detail heated, wherein the heater 4 comprises a cultivozillator 5 as a microwave generator 6.
- the cooking appliance 1 has further heating devices 4, which may be, for example, electrically operated or gas-operated.
- the cooking chamber 2 steam for cooking can be fed.
- the user retains flexible options for preparing the food, where he can fall back on the most appropriate method. It is also possible a combination of individual types of heating to achieve an optimal cooking result.
- the cooking appliance 1 has a display 20 on which the current operating conditions can be displayed. It is also possible for an alarm to be output on the display 20 if, for example, metal is detected in the cooking chamber 2.
- control buttons 21 are provided for operating the cooking appliance 1. Also possible is an operation via a touchpad or separate buttons or as a remote control via a PC or a mobile phone or other electronic device.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of the individual components of the cooking appliance 1 and their connections.
- a sample 11 is added, which consists here of a bowl 19 and a food 7 received therein.
- the process is controlled by a control device 3.
- a heater 4 which has a cultivozillator 5 as a microwave generator 6.
- the heating device 4 is connected to the control device 3, for example via a bus system 22 or separate cables 23.
- the heating device 4 is likewise connected to the detection device 8, which detects the electrical connection and the power conditions of the heating device 4 and outputs it as signal 12 over time.
- the detection device 8 is followed by an evaluation device 9, which detects from the detected signals 12, whether contained in the cooking chamber 2 specimen 11 contains metal 13. This can be deduced by impedance changes to the presence of metal 13 when z. B. a hineingfure in the cooking chamber 2 bowl 19 is made metallic.
- the evaluation device 9 is connected to the control device 3 in order to switch off the cooking device 1, for example, when detecting metal in the cooking chamber 2 or on the in FIG. 1 displayed display 20 optical warning signals output. If necessary, audible warning signals can also be output.
- the evaluation device 9 can be determined with little effort, if a harmful sparkover could occur inside the cooking chamber 2.
- the microwave generator 6 is initially raised slowly with the control device 3, while continuously taking an impedance measurement.
- a characteristic impedance change which suggests the presence of a metallic object in the cooking chamber 2, is automatically detected by the evaluation device 9 and suitable measures, such as the output of an optical or acoustic warning message or the shutdown of the cooking appliance 1, are taken to prevent damage on the cooking chamber wall or on the metallic object itself to avoid by flashovers.
- suitable measures such as the output of an optical or acoustic warning message or the shutdown of the cooking appliance 1 are taken to prevent damage on the cooking chamber wall or on the metallic object itself to avoid by flashovers.
- the user is reliably warned and / or the cooking appliance 1 is switched off.
- FIG. 3 an alternative embodiment is shown, in which a transmitting coil 14 and a receiving coil 15 are provided here outside the cooking chamber 2.
- a separating device 16 is provided, which is designed here as a special perforated plate 17 and has holes 18.
- the holes 18 are dimensioned such that the transmission signals emitted by the transmitting coil 14 can enter the cooking chamber 2 at least partially and preferably substantially through the separating device 16.
- the transmission signals impinge on the introduced sample 11, which consists of the container 19 and the food 7 received therein.
- the transmission signal is influenced accordingly and passed through the separation device 16 to the receiving coil 15, where the receiving coil 15 as a detection device 8 receives the data and the evaluation device 9 zumony.
- the evaluation result is used by the control device 3 to alert the user to optionally contained in the cooking chamber 2 metal 13 or optionally off the cooking device 1 to avoid damage from sparking between a metal key 19 and the wall of the cooking chamber 2.
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Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Gargerät mit wenigstens einem Garraum und wenigstens einer Heizeinrichtung, sowie einer Steuereinrichtung zur Steuerung des Gargeräts. Wenigstens eine Heizeinrichtung umfasst einen Leistungsoszillator als Mikrowellenerzeuger, um die in den Garraum hineingebbaren Speisen über die Einbringung von Mikrowellenenergie zu garen. Dabei kann neben einem Mikrowellenerzeuger auch noch eine andere Heizeinrichtung vorgesehen sein. Beispielsweise kann der Garraum mit einer z. B. elektrisch betriebenen Unter- und/oder Oberhitze ausgerüstet sein. Ebenso ist es möglich, dass zusätzlich zu dem Mikrowellenerzeuger eine Dampferzeugungseinrichtung vorgesehen ist, um hineingebbare Speisen zu garen oder den Garprozess gezielt zu unterstützen.The present invention relates to a cooking appliance with at least one cooking chamber and at least one heating device, and a control device for controlling the cooking appliance. At least one heating device comprises a power oscillator as a microwave generator in order to cook the meals that can be introduced into the cooking chamber via the introduction of microwave energy. In this case, in addition to a microwave generator also another heater may be provided. For example, the cooking chamber with a z. B. electrically operated bottom and / or top heat. It is also possible that, in addition to the microwave generator, a steam generating device is provided to cook food that can be poured in or specifically to support the cooking process.
Als Mikrowellenerzeuger ausgeführte Heizeinrichtungen und damit ausgerüstete Gargeräte bieten eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zu konventionellen elektro- oder gasbetriebenen Gargeräten. Insbesondere das Aufwärmen von Speisen kann mit einem Mikrowellengerät vorteilhaft durchgeführt werden, da bei der Energiezufuhr durch Mikrowellen nicht erst der Behälter für die Speise und das gesamte Gargerät aufgewärmt werden muss, sondern da die Erwärmung von Speisen, die polarisierbare Stoffe enthalten, direkt durch Absorption der Mikrowellenstrahlung im Inneren der aufzuwärmenden Speisen erfolgt, so dass Mikrowellengargeräte energetisch vorteilhaft arbeiten können und zudem effektiv und schnell zu erwärmende Speisen auf die gewünschte Temperatur bringen.As a microwave generator designed heaters and thus equipped cooking appliances provide a useful supplement to conventional electric or gas-powered cooking appliances. In particular, the warming of food can be carried out advantageously with a microwave oven, since the energy supply by microwaves not only the container for the food and the entire cooking appliance must be warmed up, but because the heating of food containing polarizable substances, directly by absorption of Microwave radiation takes place inside the food to be heated, so that Mikrowellengargeräte can work energetically advantageous and also bring effective and quickly heated food to the desired temperature.
Im Gegensatz zu elektro- oder gasbetriebenen Gargeräten, bei denen Wärmetransfer über eine äußere Oberfläche und eine entsprechende Temperaturdifferenz erfolgen muss, wird bei einem Mikrowellengargerät die zugeführte Strahlungsenergie im Inneren absorbiert und wird dort sozusagen "innen" zugeführt.In contrast to electro- or gas-powered cooking appliances, in which heat transfer must take place over an outer surface and a corresponding temperature difference, the supplied radiation energy is absorbed in the interior in a Mikrowellengargerät and is fed there, so to speak "inside".
Die von einem Mikrowellenerzeuger produzierten Mikrowellen im Hochfrequenzbereich dringen in das Lebensmittel bzw. in die zu erwärmende Speise ein, wobei die Mikrowellen polarisierbare Moleküle in Schwingung versetzen, wodurch das Lebensmittel bzw. die aufzuwärmende Speise von innen erwärmt wird. Je nach den enthaltenen Stoffen in der aufzuwärmenden Speise erfolgt die Erhitzung unterschiedlich schnell, da die Absorptionsrate stoffabhängig ist. Die Mikrowellen werden in der Regel durch ein Magnetron als Mikrowellenerzeuger produziert. Möglich ist auch der Einsatz eines Klystrons als Mikrowellenerzeuger. Das Klystron ist eine Elektronenröhre, in der die Laufzeit der Elektronen ausgenutzt wird, um die benötigten Hochfrequenzsignale zu erzeugen.The microwaves produced by a microwave generator in the high-frequency range penetrate into the food or in the food to be heated, wherein the microwaves oscillate polarizable molecules, whereby the food or the food to be heated is heated from the inside. Depending on the substances contained in the food to be heated, the heating takes place at different rates, since the absorption rate is substance-dependent. The microwaves are usually produced by a magnetron as a microwave generator. It is also possible to use a klystron as a microwave generator. The klystron is an electron tube, in the duration of the electrons is exploited to generate the required high-frequency signals.
Die von dem Magnetron erzeugten Mikrowellen werden in den als Hohlraumresonator wirkenden Garraum eingeführt und dringen dort in die aufzuwärmende Speise oder das aufzuwärmende Lebensmittel ein. Mikrowellen, die nicht direkt in das Lebensmittel eindringen, werden von den meist aus Edelstahl gefertigten Garraumwänden reflektiert und treffen anschließend auf die aufzuwärmende Speise, die durch die Absorption der Mikrowellen entsprechend erwärmt wird. Während polare Flüssigkeiten wie z.B. Wasser Mikrowellen gut absorbieren, bleiben Stoffe wie Glas, Porzellan, Kunststoff und Papier weitgehend von Mikrowellen unbeeinflusst, wohingegen Metall die Mikrowellen reflektiert.The microwaves generated by the magnetron are introduced into the cooking chamber acting as a cavity resonator and penetrate there into the food to be heated or the food to be heated. Microwaves that do not penetrate directly into the food are reflected by the most stainless steel cooking chamber walls and then hit on the food to be heated, which is heated by the absorption of microwaves. While polar liquids such as e.g. When water absorbs microwaves well, materials such as glass, porcelain, plastic, and paper are largely unaffected by microwaves, whereas metal reflects the microwaves.
Sind nun mit den Speisen Metallteile in den Garraum hineingegeben, die nur einen geringen Abstand zur Wandung des Garraumes aufweisen, können Funkenüberschläge entstehen, wenn die erzeugte elektrische Feldstärke ausreichend groß und größer oder gleich 106 Volt/m ist. Funkenüberschläge können auch an Metallstücken mit ungeeigneter Geometrie, wie etwa Gabeln auftreten, wenn zwischen den einzelnen Gabelspitzen eine entsprechend hohe Feldstärke vorliegt. Insbesondere wenn die hineingegebene Speise in einer Metallschüssel gelagert wird, die beispielsweise an einer Seite nur einen geringen Abstand zur Garraumwand aufweist, können zwischen der Metallschüssel und der Garraumwand Funkenüberschläge entstehen, die zu Beschädigungen an der Metallschüssel oder an der Garraumwand führen können. Aus diesen Gründen wird empfohlen, keine Metallteile in den Innenraum eines Mikrowellengargerätes einzuführen. Trotz entsprechender Warnhinweise werden diese von den Benutzern nicht immer beachtet, sodass es zu entsprechenden Schäden an den Gargeräten kommen kann. Insbesondere bei Kombinationsgargeräten, die neben einer konventionellen Garraumbeheizungsart auch die Beheizung der Speisen mittels Mikrowellen vorsehen, z. B. bei einem sogenannten Kombi-Dampfgarer, der neben der Beheizungsart Dampf auch die Speisenerwärmung mittels Mikrowellen vorsieht, kann es vorkommen, dass die die Speisen beinhaltenden Behältnisse, die im Dampfgarbetrieb in der Regel aus Edelmetall ausgeführt sind, aus Unachtsamkeit im Garraum verbleiben und vom Bediener dann mittels Mikrowellen erhitzt werden, so dass es dann durch Funkenüberschläge zwischen Garraumwand und Metallbehältnis zu Beschädigungen an der Garraumwand oder dem Metallbehältnis kommen kann.Are now given with the food metal parts in the cooking chamber, which have only a small distance from the wall of the oven, sparking can occur when the generated electric field strength is sufficiently large and greater than or equal to 10 6 volts / m. Flashover may also occur on pieces of metal of unsuitable geometry, such as forks, when there is a correspondingly high field strength between each fork tip. In particular, when the given dish is stored in a metal bowl having, for example, on one side only a small distance from the cooking chamber, sparking flashovers can occur between the metal bowl and the cooking chamber wall, which can lead to damage to the metal bowl or on the cooking chamber wall. For these reasons, it is recommended not to introduce metal parts into the interior of a microwave oven. Despite appropriate warnings, these are not always observed by the users, which can lead to corresponding damage to the cooking appliances. In particular Kombinationsgargeräten, in addition to a conventional Garraumbeheizungsart also provide the heating of the food by means of microwaves, z. B. in a so-called combi steamer, which also provides the heating of food by means of microwaves in addition to the heating steam, it may happen that the food-containing containers, which are usually made of precious metal in steam cooking, remain out of carelessness in the oven and from Operators are then heated by means of microwaves, so that it can then come from arcing between Garraumwand and metal container to damage to the cooking chamber wall or the metal container.
Es ist deshalb die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Gargerät zur Verfügung zu stellen, welches über einen Mikrowellenerzeuger verfügt und bei welchem durch Funkenüberschläge verursachte Schäden besser vermieden werden.It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a cooking appliance which has a microwave generator and in which damage caused by flashovers can be better avoided.
Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Gargerät mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 und durch ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Gargerätes mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 10. Bevorzugte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen. Weitere Vorteile und Merkmale der Erfindung sind im Ausführungsbeispiel angegeben.This object is achieved by a cooking appliance with the features of
Ein erfindungsgemäßes Gargerät verfügt über wenigstens einen Garraum und wenigstens eine Heizeinrichtung sowie eine Steuereinrichtung zur Steuerung des Garprozesses. Zumindest eine der wenigstens einen Heizeinrichtung umfasst einen Leistungsozillator als Mikrowellenerzeuger, sodass die Heizeinrichtung zum Aufheizen von in den Garraum hineingegebenen Speisen geeignet ist. Wenigstens eine Detektionseinrichtung und wenigstens eine Auswerteeinrichtung sind vorgesehen, um im Betrieb des Gargerätes das Vorhandensein von Metall in einer in den Garraum hingegebenen Probe zu detektieren.An inventive cooking appliance has at least one cooking chamber and at least one heating device and a control device for controlling the cooking process. At least one of the at least one heating device comprises a power oscillator as a microwave generator, so that the heating device is suitable for heating meals fed into the cooking chamber. At least one detection device and at least one evaluation device are provided in order to detect the presence of metal in a specimen fed into the cooking chamber during operation of the cooking appliance.
Das erfindungsgemäße Gargerät hat viele Vorteile, da es mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Gargerät möglich ist, im Betrieb des Gargerätes das Vorhandensein von Metall in einer in den Garraum hineingegebenen Probe zu detektieren. Unter einer Probe im Sinne dieser Anmeldung wird alles verstanden, was in den Garraum hineingegeben wird. Beispielsweise kann unter "Probe" die eingeführte Speise und der die Speise aufnehmende Behälter verstanden werden. Gegebenenfalls gehört auch noch eine Abdeckung des Speisenbehälters zu der eingeführten Probe. Wenn also beispielsweise nur ein leerer Behälter eingeführt wird, so umfasst in diesem Fall die Probe nur den Behälter. Wenn hingegen ein mit einem Lebensmittel gefüllter Behälter samt zugehörigem Deckel in den Garraum eingeführt wird, so umfasst der Begriff "Probe" sowohl den Behälter als auch die darin enthaltene Speise und den Behälterdeckel.The cooking appliance according to the invention has many advantages, since it is possible with the cooking appliance according to the invention to detect the presence of metal in a sample placed in the cooking chamber during operation of the cooking appliance. For the purposes of this application, a sample is understood to mean everything that is put into the cooking chamber. For example, "sample" may be taken to mean the introduced food and the food receiving container. Optionally, also includes a cover of the food container to the imported sample. For example, if only an empty container is inserted, in this case the sample will only contain the container. If, on the other hand, a container filled with a food and its associated lid is introduced into the cooking chamber, the term "sample" encompasses both the container and the food and container lid contained therein.
In besonders bevorzugten Weiterbildungen ist der Leistungsoszillator als Detektionseinrichtung einsetzbar. Beispielsweise kann der Leistungsbedarf des Leistungsoszillators aus der Stromstärke und der angelegten Spannung, d. h. auf der Stromversorgungsseite des Leistungsoszillators ausgewertet werden, um Rückschlüsse auf die in dem Garraum vorhandenen Probe zu gewinnen. Denkbar ist zudem auf der sogenannten Mikrowellenseite des Leistungsoszillators, z. B. im Wellenleiter, eine Messung der Impendanz vorzunehmen, um Rückschlüsse auf die in dem Garraum vorhandenen Probe zu erhalten.In particularly preferred developments, the power oscillator can be used as a detection device. For example, the power requirement of the power oscillator may be determined from the current and the applied voltage, i. H. be evaluated on the power supply side of the power oscillator to draw conclusions about the existing in the oven sample. It is also conceivable on the so-called microwave side of the power oscillator, z. As in the waveguide to make a measurement of Impendanz in order to obtain conclusions about the present in the oven sample.
So kann beim Starten des Garvorgangs mit der Steuereinrichtung der Mikrowellenerzeuger zunächst langsam hochgefahren werden, während fortlaufend die Impedanz detektiert wird. Wird nun eine Impedanzänderung festgestellt, wenn beispielsweise ein erster kleiner Funke überspringt, so können automatisch die Ausgabe eines akustischen oder optischen Warnsignals und/oder die Abschaltung des Mikrowellenerzeugers oder des gesamten Gargeräts erfolgen. Wenn das Gargerät noch über andersartige Heizeinrichtungen verfügt, kann gegebenenfalls automatisch auf eine anders betriebene Heizeinrichtung zurückgegriffen werden, um den angestoßenen Garvorgang zum gewünschten Ende zu bringen.Thus, when starting the cooking process with the control device of the microwave generator can be initially raised slowly, while continuously the impedance is detected. Now, if an impedance change is detected, for example, if a first small spark skips, so automatically the output of an audible or visual warning signal and / or the shutdown of the microwave generator or the entire cooking appliance. If the cooking appliance still has different types of heating devices, it is optionally possible to resort automatically to a heating device operated in another way in order to bring the initiated cooking process to the desired end.
Solche Ausgestaltungen sind sehr vorteilhaft, da sich mit geringem Aufwand feststellen lässt, ob ein schädlicher Funkenüberschlag im Inneren des Gargerätes auftritt. Bei ersten Anzeichen von Funkenüberschlägen mit kleineren Intensitäten, die sich noch nicht schädlich auf die Garraumwandung auswirken, wird so der Benutzer zuverlässig gewarnt oder das Gargerät abgeschaltet, um Schäden zu verhindern.Such embodiments are very advantageous because it can be determined with little effort, if a harmful sparkover occurs inside the cooking appliance. At the first sign of spark surges with lower intensities, which do not yet have a detrimental effect on the cooking chamber wall, the user is reliably warned or the cooking appliance switched off to prevent damage.
Dadurch, dass die Steuereinrichtung in dieser Ausgestaltung dazu eingerichtet ist, die Leistung des Leistungsozillators gezielt und vorzugsweise langsam zu steigern, und dass die Detektionseinrichtung dazu eingerichtet ist, eine Impedanzänderung zu erfassen, wird es der Auswerteeinrichtung ermöglicht, aus einer Impedanzänderung des Leistungsozillators auf das Vorhandensein von Metall zurückzuschließen, wenn das Metall wenigstens in einer in dem Garraum hineingegebenen Probe signifikant enthalten ist. Schäden durch starke Funkenüberschläge von der in den Garraum hineingegebenen Probe zur Garraumwand können dadurch effektiv verhindert werden.The fact that the control device is set up in this embodiment to increase the power of the power oscillator selectively and preferably slowly, and that the detection device is adapted to detect an impedance change, it is possible for the evaluation, from an impedance change of Leistungsozillators on the presence from metal if the metal is significantly contained in at least one sample placed in the cooking cavity. Damage caused by strong flashovers from the sample placed in the cooking chamber to the cooking chamber wall can thus be effectively prevented.
Es ist auch möglich, dass die Detektionseinrichtung wenigstens eine Sendespule und wenigstens eine Empfangsspule umfasst. Dabei ist die Detektionseinrichtung dazu eingerichtet, eine Pulsmessung und/oder eine Wechselstrommessung durchzuführen, um über die Ergebnisse der Messung darauf zurückzuschließen, ob die in den Garraum hineingegebene Probe Metall enthält.It is also possible that the detection device comprises at least one transmitting coil and at least one receiving coil. In this case, the detection device is set up to perform a pulse measurement and / or an alternating current measurement in order to conclude from the results of the measurement that the sample added to the cooking chamber contains metal.
Bei einer Pulsmessung werden über die Sendespule in bestimmten und vorzugsweise periodischen Abständen Pulse eines Magnetfeldes ausgesendet. Das erzeugte Magnetfeld induziert in metallischen Objekten Wirbelströme, die wiederum in der Empfangsspule eine Signaländerung verursachen, die unmittelbar nach Ausschalten des Sendepulses als Spannung messbar ist. Je nach dem zeitlichen Verlauf, der Intensität und der Dauer der Wirbelstromantworten auf unterschiedliche lange Pulse und Pulsfolgen kann so auf verschiedene Metalle und auch auf die Größe der metallischen Objekte geschlossen werden.In a pulse measurement, pulses of a magnetic field are emitted via the transmitting coil at specific and preferably periodic intervals. The generated magnetic field induces eddy currents in metallic objects, which in turn cause a signal change in the receiving coil which can be measured as voltage immediately after switching off the transmission pulse. Depending on the time course, the intensity and the duration of the eddy current responses to different long pulses and pulse sequences can be concluded so on different metals and also on the size of the metallic objects.
Bei einer Wechselstrommessung wird hingegen ein kontinuierlicher und meist niederfrequenter Strom in der Sendespule erzeugt. Der Frequenzbereich liegt typischerweise im Bereich von 10 KHz. In der Empfangsspule wird dann das Empfangssignal nach Amplitude und Phasenlage im Spektralbereich analysiert. Hier ist das Übertragungsprinzip ein magnetisch gekoppeltes System, ähnlich wie es bei einem Transformator vorliegt. Metallische Objekte und elektrisch leitfähige Flüssigkeiten wie Elektrolyte beeinflussen die empfangene Amplitude und auch die Phasenlage bezogen auf das Sendesignal. Diese beiden unabhängigen Parameter ermöglichen eine Unterscheidung verschiedener Materialien und verschiedener metallischer Objekte. Wenn zusätzlich unterschiedliche Sendefrequenzen, die nacheinander oder auch gleichzeitig ausgesendet werden können, eingesetzt werden, kann eine noch weitergehende Klassifizierung erfolgen.In an alternating current measurement, however, a continuous and usually low-frequency current is generated in the transmitting coil. The frequency range is typically in the range of 10 KHz. In the receiver coil, the received signal is then analyzed for amplitude and phase position in the spectral range. Here, the transmission principle is a magnetically coupled system, similar to a transformer. Metallic objects and electrically conductive liquids such as electrolytes influence the received amplitude and also the phase position related to the transmission signal. These two independent parameters allow a distinction between different materials and different metallic objects. If, in addition, different transmission frequencies that can be transmitted one after the other or simultaneously are used, an even more extensive classification can take place.
Da die unterschiedlichen Signalantworten bei verschiedenen Metallen von deren Stoffkonstanten abhängt, kann über die angeführten Messverfahren auf Metallarten zurückgeschlossen werden, die im Garraum hineingegeben worden sind.Since the different signal responses for different metals depend on their material constants, the above-mentioned measuring methods can be used to deduce metal types that have been added to the cooking chamber.
In bevorzugten Weiterbildungen sind die Sendespule und/oder die Empfangsspule wenigstens teilweise innerhalb des Garraumes angeordnet. Bei geeigneter Isolierung der Sendespule und der Empfangsspule kann trotz der beim Mikrowellenbetrieb möglicherweise stark wirkenden Felder ein Funkenüberschlag an den Spulen selbst zuverlässig verhindert werden, so dass bei geeigneter Dimensionierung der Spulenmaterialien und der Isolation keine nachteiligen Effekte auftreten, wenn die Sende- und Empfangsspule innerhalb des Garraumes angeordnet sind. Dabei wirken die Spulen als Antenne und koppeln Energie aus.In preferred developments, the transmitting coil and / or the receiving coil are arranged at least partially within the cooking chamber. With suitable insulation of the transmitting coil and the receiving coil, a sparkover on the coils themselves can be reliably prevented despite the possibly strong during microwave operation fields, so that with appropriate dimensioning of the coil materials and the insulation no adverse effects occur when the transmitting and receiving coil within the Garraumes are arranged. The coils act as an antenna and couple energy.
Bevorzugt ist es aber auch, wenn die Sende- und/oder die Empfangsspule außerhalb des Garraumes vorgesehen sind. Dazu ist es besonders bevorzugt, dass die Sendespule und/oder die Empfangsspule von dem Garraum durch eine Trenneinrichtung getrennt sind, wobei die Trenneinrichtung so gestaltet ist, dass die von der Sendespule ausgestrahlten Sendesignale, die hochfrequenter als Mikrowellen-Frequenz sind, durch die Trenneinrichtung wenigstens durchtreten können, um nach nochmaligen Durchtreten einer Trenneinrichtung von der Empfangsspule aufgenommen werden zu können. Insbesondere kann die Trenneinrichtung beispielsweise als speziell ausgeführtes Lochblech oder Drahtgewebe oder dergleichen ausgebildet sein, wobei die freien Durchgänge in dem Drahtgewebe oder in dem Lochblech so bemessen sind, dass höchstens ein geringer Anteil der Mikrowellenstrahlung aus dem Garraum zu der Sendespule und/oder der Empfangsspule gelangt. Gleichzeitig sind die Löcher so bemessen, dass die von der Sendespule ausgestrahlte Strahlung wenigstens teilweise durch die Trenneinrichtung in den Garraum eintreten kann und wenigstens teilweise wiederum aus dem Garraum durch eine Trenneinrichtung zu der Empfangsspule gelangen kann.But it is also preferable if the transmitting and / or the receiving coil are provided outside the cooking chamber. For this purpose, it is particularly preferred that the transmitting coil and / or the receiving coil are separated from the cooking chamber by a separating device, wherein the separating device is designed so that the emitted from the transmitting coil transmission signals, which are higher-frequency than microwave frequency, by the separator at least can pass through, to be taken after repeated passage of a separator of the receiving coil can. In particular, the separator may be formed, for example, as a specially designed perforated plate or wire mesh or the like, wherein the free passages in the wire mesh or in the perforated plate are dimensioned so that at most a small proportion of the microwave radiation from the oven reaches the transmitting coil and / or the receiving coil , At the same time, the holes are dimensioned such that the radiation emitted by the transmitting coil can at least partially enter the cooking chamber through the separating device and at least partially can in turn pass from the cooking chamber through a separating device to the receiving coil.
Durch eine solche Ausgestaltung wird ein vorteilhaftes Gargerät zur Verfügung gestellt, da gegebenenfalls auch über zwei unabhängige Detektionseinrichtungen detektierbar ist, ob in der in den Garraum hineingegebenen Probe Metall enthalten ist. Zum einen kann beispielsweise der Mikrowellenerzeuger bzw. dessen elektrische Parameter als Detektionseinrichtung verwendet werden und zum anderen kann beispielsweise eine Empfangsspule als Detektionseinrichtung eingesetzt werden, die unabhängig voneinander separate Ergebnisse liefern, die miteinander korreliert werden können, um noch zuverlässiger auf vorhandenes Metall zurückzuschließen. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren dient zum Betreiben eines Gargeräts und wird in einem Gargerät mit wenigstens einem Garraum, wenigstens einer Steuereinrichtung und wenigstens einer Heizeinrichtung durchgeführt, wobei wenigstens eine Heizeinrichtung einen Leistungsozillator als Mikrowellenerzeuger umfasst. Dabei dient die Heizeinrichtung zum Aufheizen von in den Garraum hineingebbaren Speisen. Mit der Detektionseinrichtung und der Auswerteeinrichtung wird wenigstens das Vorhandensein von Metall in einer in den Garraum eingeführten Probe detektiert.By such a configuration, an advantageous cooking appliance is made available, since it may also be possible to detect via two independent detection devices whether metal is contained in the sample added into the cooking chamber. On the one hand, for example, the microwave generator or its electrical parameters can be used as a detection device and on the other hand, for example, a receiving coil as a detection device which independently provide separate results that can be correlated to more reliably deduce existing metal. The inventive method is used for operating a cooking appliance and is performed in a cooking appliance with at least one cooking chamber, at least one control device and at least one heating device, wherein at least one heating device comprises a Leistungsozillator as a microwave generator. In this case, the heater is used to heat in the cooking chamber einingbaren food. At least the presence of metal in a sample introduced into the cooking chamber is detected with the detection device and the evaluation device.
Weitere Vorteile und Merkmale der vorliegenden Erfindung ergeben sich aus dem Ausführungsbeispiel, welches im Folgenden mit Bezug auf die beiliegenden Figuren erläutert wird:
Figur 1- eine schematische Frontansicht eines als Mikrowellengargerät ausgeführten Gargeräts;
Figur 2- eine schematische Ansicht der einzelnen Komponenten des Gargeräts nach
Figur 1 ; Figur 3- eine schematische Ansicht eines alternativen, erfindungsgemäßen Gargerätes.
- FIG. 1
- a schematic front view of a running as Mikrowellengargerät cooking appliance;
- FIG. 2
- a schematic view of the individual components of the cooking appliance according to
FIG. 1 ; - FIG. 3
- a schematic view of an alternative cooking device according to the invention.
In
Das Gargerät 1 verfügt über eine Anzeige 20, auf dem die aktuellen Betriebsbedingungen angezeigt werden können. Möglicherweise kann auf der Anzeige 20 auch ein Alarm ausgegeben werden, wenn beispielsweise im Garraum 2 Metall detektiert wird.The
Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind Bedienknöpfe 21 zur Bedienung des Gargerätes 1 vorgesehen. Möglich ist auch eine Bedienung über eine Touchpad oder separate Schaltknöpfe oder als Fernsteuerung über einen PC oder ein Mobiltelefon oder ein sonstiges, elektronisches Gerät.In the illustrated embodiment,
In dem Garraum 2 des Gargeräts 1 ist eine Probe 11 hineingegeben, die hier aus einer Schüssel 19 und einer darin aufgenommenen Speise 7 besteht.In the
Der Prozess wird über eine Steuereinrichtung 3 gesteuert. Zum Beheizen des Garraumes 2 und zum Aufheizen der Speise 7 dient eine Heizeinrichtung 4, die einen Leistungsozillator 5 als Mikrowellenerzeuger 6 aufweist. Die Heizeinrichtung 4 ist beispielsweise über ein Bussystem 22 oder separate Kabel 23 mit der Steuereinrichtung 3 verbunden. Mit der Heizeinrichtung 4 ist ebenfalls die Detektionseinrichtung 8 verbunden, die den elektrischen Anschluss und die Leistungsbedingungen der Heizeinrichtung 4 erfasst und als Signal 12 über der Zeit ausgibt. Der Detektionseinrichtung 8 ist eine Auswerteeinrichtung 9 nachgeordnet, die aus den detektierten Signalen 12 erkennt, ob in der in den Garraum 2 hineingegebenen Probe 11 Metall 13 enthalten ist. Dadurch kann über Impedanzänderungen auf das Vorhandensein von Metall 13 zurückgeschlossen werden, wenn z. B. eine in den Garraum 2 hineingegebene Schüssel 19 metallisch ausgeführt ist.The process is controlled by a
Die Auswerteeinrichtung 9 ist mit der Steuereinrichtung 3 verbunden, um beispielsweise bei der Detektion von Metall in dem Garraum 2 das Gargerät 1 abzuschalten oder auf der in
Mittels der Auswerteeinrichtung 9 lässt sich mit geringem Aufwand feststellen, ob ein schädlicher Funkenüberschlag im Inneren des Garraumes 2 auftreten könnte. Beim Starten des Garvorgangs wird der Mikrowellenerzeuger 6 mit der Steuereinrichtung 3 zunächst langsam hochgefahren, während fortlaufend eine Impedanzmessung erfolgt. Eine charakteristische Impedanzänderung, die auf das Vorhandensein von einem metallischen Gegenstand im Garraum 2 schließen lässt, wird mit der Auswerteeinrichtung 9 automatisch festgestellt und es werden geeignete Maßnahmen, wie die Ausgabe einer optischen bzw. akkustischen Warnmeldung oder das Abschalten des Gargerätes 1 ergriffen, um Schäden an der Garraumwand bzw. am metallischen Gegenstand selbst durch Funkenüberschläge zu vermeiden. Schon bei Funkenüberschlägen mit kleinen oder kleinsten Intensitäten, die sich noch nicht schädlich auf die Garraumwandung auswirken, wird der Benutzer zuverlässig gewarnt und/oder das Gargerät 1 abgeschaltet.By means of the evaluation device 9 can be determined with little effort, if a harmful sparkover could occur inside the
In
Erfindungsgemäß können somit Schäden an der Garraumwand durch Funkenüberschläge effektiv verhindert werden, da schon bei kleinen Funkenüberschlägen entweder das Gargerät 1 abgeschaltet wird oder ein Warnhinweis für den Bediener erfolgt.According to the invention thus damage to the cooking chamber wall can be effectively prevented by sparkover, since even with small flashovers either the
Es liegt im Rahmen des Könnens des Fachmanns das beschriebene Gargerät 1 in nicht dargestellter Weise abzuwandeln, um die beschriebenen Effekte abzuwandeln, ohne den Rahmen der Erfindung zu verlassen.It is within the skill of the skilled person to modify the described
- 11
- GargerätCooking appliance
- 22
- Garraumoven
- 33
- Steuereinrichtungcontrol device
- 44
- Heizeinrichtungheater
- 55
- Leistungsoszillatorpower oscillator
- 66
- Mikrowellenerzeugermicrowave generator
- 77
- Speisefood
- 88th
- Detektionseinrichtungdetection device
- 99
- Auswerteeinrichtungevaluation
- 11 111 1
- Probesample
- 1212
- Signalsignal
- 1313
- Metallmetal
- 1414
- Sendespuletransmitting coil
- 1515
- Empfangsspulereceiving coil
- 1616
- Trenneinrichtungseparator
- 1717
- Lochblechperforated sheet
- 1818
- Lochhole
- 1919
- Schüsselbowl
- 2020
- Anzeigedisplay
- 2121
- Bedienknopfcontrol knob
- 2222
- Bussystembus system
- 2323
- Kabelelectric wire
Claims (10)
dass wenigstens eine Detektionseinrichtung (8) und eine Auswerteeinrichtung (9) vorgesehen sind, mit der im Betrieb des Gargerätes das Vorhandensein von Metall (13) in einer in den Garraum (2) hingegebenen Probe (11) detektierbar ist.Cooking appliance (1) with at least one cooking chamber (2), a control device (3) and at least one heating device (4), wherein at least one heating device (4) comprises a power oscillator (5) as a microwave generator (6), so that the heating device (4) suitable for heating food (7) which can be introduced into the cooking chamber (2), characterized
in that at least one detection device (8) and one evaluation device (9) are provided, with which the presence of metal (13) in a sample (11) delivered into the cooking chamber (2) can be detected during operation of the cooking device.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Leistungsoszillator (5) als Detektionseinrichtung (8) einsetzbar ist.Cooking appliance (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
in that the power oscillator (5) can be used as detection device (8).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Steuereinrichtung (3) dazu eingerichtet ist, die Leistung des Leistungsoszillators (5) gezielt langsam zu steigern, wobei die Detektionseinrichtung (8) eingerichtet ist, eine Impedanzänderung des Leistungsoszillators (5) zu erfassen, wobei die Auswerteeinrichtung (9) aus der Impedanzänderung des Leistungsoszillators (5) auf das Vorhandensein von Metall schließt, wenn das Metall (13) in einer in den Garraum (2) eingeführten Probe (11) signifikant enthalten ist.Cooking appliance (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
in that the control device (3) is set up to increase the power of the power oscillator (5) in a targeted manner, the detection device (8) being set up to detect an impedance change of the power oscillator (5), wherein the evaluation device (9) derives from the impedance change of the power oscillator (5) for the presence of metal closes when the metal (13) in a in the cooking chamber (2) introduced sample (11) is significantly included.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Auswerteeinrichtung (9) dazu strukturiert ist, ein Signal (12) auszugeben, wenn Metall (13) detektiert wird.Cooking appliance (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the evaluation device (9) is structured to output a signal (12) when the metal (13) is detected.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Detektionseinrichtung (8) wenigstens eine Sendespule (14) und wenigstens eine Empfangsspule (15) umfasst, wobei die Detektionseinrichtung (8) eingerichtet ist, eine Pulsmessung und/oder eine Wechselstrommessung durchzuführen.Cooking appliance (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
in that the detection device (8) comprises at least one transmitting coil (14) and at least one receiving coil (15), wherein the detection device (8) is set up to perform a pulse measurement and / or an alternating current measurement.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Sendespule (14) und/oder die Empfangsspule (15) wenigstens teilweise innerhalb des Garraumes (2) angeordnet sind.Cooking appliance (1) according to claim 5,
characterized,
that the transmitting coil (14) and / or the receiving coil (15) at least partially within the cooking cavity (2) are arranged.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Sendespule (14) und/oder die Empfangsspule (15) außerhalb des Garraumes (2) vorgesehen sind.Cooking appliance (1) according to claim 5 or 6,
characterized,
in that the transmitting coil (14) and / or the receiving coil (15) are provided outside the cooking chamber (2).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Sendespule (14) und/oder die Empfangsspule (15) von dem Garraum (2) durch eine Trenneinrichtung (16) und insbesondere ein Lochblech (17) getrennt sind, wobei die Löcher (18) in dem Lochblech (17) so bemessen sind, dass höchstens ein geringer Anteil von Mikrowellenstrahlung aus dem Garraum (2) zu der Sendespule (14) und/oder der Empfangsspule (15) gelangt.Cooking appliance (1) according to claim 5, 6 or 7,
characterized,
in that the transmitting coil (14) and / or the receiving coil (15) are separated from the cooking chamber (2) by a separating device (16) and in particular a perforated plate (17), the holes (18) in the perforated plate (17) being dimensioned in this way are that at most a small proportion of microwave radiation from the cooking chamber (2) to the transmitting coil (14) and / or the receiving coil (15) passes.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass wenigstens zwei Detektionseinrichtungen (8) vorgesehen sind.Cooking appliance (1) according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
in that at least two detection devices (8) are provided.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass mit der Detektionseinrichtung (8) und der Auswerteeinrichtung (9) im Betrieb des Gargerätes das Vorhandensein von Metall (13) in einer in den Garraum (2) hingegebenen Probe (11) detektiert wird.Method for operating a cooking appliance (1) having at least one cooking chamber (2), a control device (3) and at least one heating device (4), wherein at least one heating device (4) comprises a power oscillator (5) as a microwave generator (6), so that the Heating device (4) is suitable for heating food (7) that can be introduced into the cooking chamber (2),
characterized,
that the presence of metal (13) in a sample (11) delivered into the cooking chamber (2) is detected by the detection device (8) and the evaluation device (9) during operation of the cooking appliance.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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DE201010036913 DE102010036913A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2010-08-09 | Cooking appliance |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2418916A1 true EP2418916A1 (en) | 2012-02-15 |
EP2418916B1 EP2418916B1 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
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EP11401566.2A Not-in-force EP2418916B1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2011-08-09 | Cooking apparatus |
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EP (1) | EP2418916B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102010036913A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2559817T3 (en) |
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ES2559817T3 (en) | 2016-02-16 |
EP2418916B1 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
DE102010036913A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
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