EP2405716B1 - Moyen d'éclairage et son procédé d'alimentation en courant - Google Patents

Moyen d'éclairage et son procédé d'alimentation en courant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2405716B1
EP2405716B1 EP10007123.2A EP10007123A EP2405716B1 EP 2405716 B1 EP2405716 B1 EP 2405716B1 EP 10007123 A EP10007123 A EP 10007123A EP 2405716 B1 EP2405716 B1 EP 2405716B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
led
temperature
design
current
light
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EP10007123.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2405716A1 (fr
Inventor
Otto Müller
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Odelo GmbH
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Odelo GmbH
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Priority to SI201031485A priority Critical patent/SI2405716T1/sl
Priority to EP10007123.2A priority patent/EP2405716B1/fr
Publication of EP2405716A1 publication Critical patent/EP2405716A1/fr
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Publication of EP2405716B1 publication Critical patent/EP2405716B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
    • H05B45/18—Controlling the intensity of the light using temperature feedback

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for powering a light source for a motor vehicle light with at least one LED as the light source according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a motor vehicle light fulfills one or more tasks or lighting functions, such as a function illuminating the road surface in the case of a design as a headlight, or a signal function as a signal light, such as for indicating the direction of travel or indicating a braking activity, or ensuring visibility the vehicle during the day and / or night, such as in a design as a daytime running light.
  • a function illuminating the road surface in the case of a design as a headlight or a signal function as a signal light, such as for indicating the direction of travel or indicating a braking activity, or ensuring visibility the vehicle during the day and / or night, such as in a design as a daytime running light.
  • motor vehicle lights are on the vehicle's bow, on the vehicle flanks and / or on the side mirrors and rear lights arranged flashing lights, for example, ambient lighting, marker lights, brake lights, fog lamps, reversing lights, and typically high set third brake lights, so-called Central, High-Mounted Braking lights, daytime running lights, headlamps and fog lights used as turning or cornering lights, as well as combinations thereof.
  • flashing lights for example, ambient lighting, marker lights, brake lights, fog lamps, reversing lights, and typically high set third brake lights, so-called Central, High-Mounted Braking lights, daytime running lights, headlamps and fog lights used as turning or cornering lights, as well as combinations thereof.
  • a motor vehicle luminaire essentially comprises a luminaire housing, a luminous means arranged therein, optionally a reflector arranged behind the luminous means in the housing, and a transparent cover protecting the illuminant and optionally the reflector against the effects of weathering, also referred to as a light disc.
  • the lens encloses a luminaire interior which accommodates the luminous means and optionally the reflector.
  • the luminaire housing or the interior of the luminaire can be subdivided into a plurality of chambers, each with its own illuminants, possibly reflectors, as well as, if appropriate, light disks, of which several chambers can fulfill the same or each chamber another of the functions described above.
  • the interior of the luminaire can be closed to the environment. Likewise, the interior of the lamp can communicate with the environment via a ventilation opening.
  • light sources for light bulbs come, for example, light bulbs, gas discharge lamps and increasingly singly or in groups arranged light emitting diodes used.
  • the latter consist of a light-emitting diode-semiconductor chip, short LED chip, as well as a molded for example by injection molding, the LED chip completely or partially enveloping primary optics.
  • automotive lights are known in which pure LED chips are used without molded primary optics. In the following, therefore, for the sake of simplicity, no distinction is made between light-emitting diode and LED chip, and instead the term LED is used uniformly for both embodiments, unless explicitly stated otherwise.
  • Outstanding properties of LEDs compared to other, conventional lamps are a much longer life and a much higher light output with the same power consumption.
  • LEDs as light sources for lamps particularly compact automotive lights, which can be adapted to almost every imaginable installation situation.
  • LEDs have luminous efficacy and their aging are temperature-dependent.
  • the efficiency of the light emission of LEDs which is also referred to as luminous efficacy and simplifies the ratio of light intensity to the amount of current supplied, decreases with increasing temperature.
  • aging increases with increasing temperature.
  • the electrical and electronic components accommodated in the luminaire interior heat up, including the LEDs when the light function is switched on.
  • the efficiency of the light emission which is also referred to as the luminous efficiency, and thereby the luminosity of the LEDs decreases.
  • LEDs Another important property of LEDs is that their electrical resistance increases exponentially with increasing temperature. In order to counteract destruction during start-up of a cold LED, it is therefore common to operate LEDs on a constant current source. This prevents a current that can flow when the LEDs are cold, which could result in the immediate destruction of the LEDs.
  • US 2006/0202914 A1 is a light source for a lamp with at least one LED known as a light source.
  • the luminous means has detection means for determining the temperature of the at least one LED.
  • the luminous means has a current regulator which keeps the energization of the at least one LED constant at least within a predetermined temperature range.
  • the temperature range includes at least one design temperature of the at least one LED in a design state in continuous operation.
  • the current regulator includes Control means for lowering the energization at least below at least one predetermined threshold value for the temperature.
  • the detection means comprise at least one temperature-dependent electronic element.
  • the temperature-dependent electronic element may comprise the at least one LED itself.
  • US 5,406,172 is also a light source for a lamp with at least one LED as a light source known.
  • the light-emitting means likewise has detection means for determining the temperature of the at least one LED and a current regulator which keeps the energization of the at least one LED constant at least within a predetermined temperature range.
  • the temperature range includes at least one design temperature of the at least one LED in a design state in continuous operation.
  • the current regulator comprises regulating means for lowering the current supply at least below at least one predetermined threshold value for the temperature.
  • US 2009/0179595 A1 is a light source for a lamp with at least one LED known as a light source.
  • the luminous means has detection means for determining the temperature of the at least one LED.
  • the luminous means has a current regulator which keeps the energization of the at least one LED constant at least within a predetermined temperature range.
  • the temperature range includes at least one design temperature of the at least one LED in a design state in continuous operation.
  • the current regulator comprises regulating means for lowering the current supply above at least one predetermined threshold value for the temperature.
  • the luminous means comprises a temperature sensor accommodated on a circuit board on which the LEDs are arranged.
  • a current controller controls the energization of the groups of LEDs of different color depending on a desired light mixture so that regardless of the temperature, the light mixture is maintained.
  • An object of the invention is to develop a method for powering a lamp for a motor vehicle light with at least one LED as a light source, in which a dazzling of others
  • the invention relates to a light source for a motor vehicle light with at least one LED as the light source.
  • the luminous means comprises a current regulator, which keeps the energization of the at least one LED constant at least within a predetermined temperature range.
  • the temperature range comprises at least one design temperature of the at least one LED in the design state during continuous operation.
  • the lighting means further comprises detecting means for determining the temperature of the at least one LED.
  • the current controller comprises regulating means for lowering the current supply in a cold state lying at least below at least one predetermined threshold value for the temperature in comparison to the constant energization in the design state.
  • the lowering of the current below the threshold value for the temperature provides in a cold state, a reduced energization compared to the energization in the design state.
  • the temperature of the at least one LED determined by the detection means is lower than the design temperature, and more preferably lower than the predetermined threshold, and thus colder than in the design state of continuous operation.
  • the electrical energy W el results from the integral of the electric power P el resulting from the product of the current I (t) and the voltage U (t) of the at least one LED over the time interval.
  • the current I (t) and / or a voltage U (t) reduce the amount and / or a pulsed pulse operation of the current I. (t) and the voltage U (t) provided with a frequency perceptible above the human eye. If the at least one LED in the design state is operated in pulsed mode with a frequency that is perceptible to the human eye, then the lowering of the current supply can for example extend the currentless intervals between the successive pulses and / or shorten the pulses themselves.
  • the energization can be raised from the cold state with increasing temperature of the at least one LED to the design state.
  • the energization is selected such that a design intensity corresponding to the light intensity in the design state is maintained.
  • the predetermined threshold value below which the current supply is lowered is preferably below the design temperature of the at least one LED in the design state during continuous operation.
  • continuous operation is to be understood here as a function of the light function.
  • continuous operation is, for example, in persistent hazard warning light function, although the bulb is repeatedly dark.
  • a daytime running light is continuous operation, for example, a certain period of time after switching on the light function, although LEDs above a visible to the human eye frequency can be pulsed in the pulse mode.
  • the lowering of the current supply is selected so that an at least approximately equal brightness of the at least one LED is obtained in the cold state as well as in the design state.
  • the lowering of the current supply or the starting of the cold state after switching taking place increasing the energization can be done in discrete step steps or continuously depending on the temperature determined by the detection means of the at least one LED.
  • the detection means may comprise at least one temperature-dependent electronic element accommodated on an LED carrier. If a plurality or groups of LEDs arranged as a light source of a light source for a motor vehicle light used, a reflector is typically provided with a plurality of reflector chambers. At the focal point of each reflector chamber while an LED is arranged. In order to position the LEDs with respect to the reflector, they are arranged on an LED carrier, which serves for receiving, fastening and electrical contacting of the LEDs. In addition, further required electronic components, resistors, etc. may be attached to the LED carrier. One or more cables and / or one or more connector elements of one or more electrical connectors for further electrical contacting can also be attached to the LED carrier.
  • the LED carrier can be attached to the reflector from behind or at least positioned.
  • the LED carrier thereby ensures a precise position of the LEDs to the focal point in the individual reflector chambers. It is also known to integrate the reflector in the LED carrier or to design the reflector as an LED carrier.
  • the LED carrier may consist of one or more, for example, attached to the reflector by means of screw and / or snap connections boards.
  • the detection means comprise a temperature-dependent electronic element housed in a primary optic of at least one LED.
  • the primary optics may be, for example, a light guide molded onto one or more LEDs. It is according to the invention in the temperature-dependent electronic element to the LED itself or at least one LED.
  • the characteristic which describes the behavior of the electrical resistance of an LED over the temperature is different for each LED.
  • the characteristic curve is unique, continuous and differentiable within a temperature range permissible for operating the LED. This has the consequence that at a certain temperature is exactly one electrical resistance.
  • the increase in electrical resistance over a certain temperature change is also calculable. The prerequisite for this is that the semiconductor materials used for the LED are known and that an electrical resistance at any known temperature is also known.
  • this circumstance is used, for example, when the vehicle is parked, for example during the night, e.g. at least one hour after the last drive to determine the electrical resistance of the light source and then valid in the cold state for the LED ambient temperature for the purpose of calibrating the characteristic.
  • the electrical resistance is determined by briefly applying the illuminant or a selected LED of the luminous means, without lighting up, to a known voltage or current and measuring the current or the voltage drop.
  • the ambient temperature can be interrogated, for example, on the motor vehicle side, for example via a fieldbus (for example, Controller Area Network, CAN bus) from a temperature sensor installed in the motor vehicle or from a control unit which is connected to a temperature sensor.
  • a fieldbus for example, Controller Area Network, CAN bus
  • the invention accordingly relates to a method for powering a light source for a motor vehicle light with at least one LED as the light source.
  • the method provides, at least within a predetermined temperature range, which comprises at least one design temperature of the at least one LED in a design state in continuous operation, to keep the current to the LED constant.
  • the design state is characterized by the maintenance of a designated as design light intensity intensity during continuous operation.
  • the term continuous operation is to be understood as previously described for the light source.
  • the method also provides a detection of the temperature of the at least one LED.
  • the method is characterized by a lowering of the current supply at a temperature of the at least one LED below a threshold value for the temperature, which threshold value is preferably smaller than the design temperature.
  • the detected temperature is used to reduce the energization at a temperature of at least one LED below the design temperature compared to a current in the design state, to a present due to the higher light output in a cold state below the design temperature at the same current higher light intensity of the at least one Compensate for the LED.
  • the design temperature is established.
  • the method provides for using a temperature-dependent characteristic of the electrical resistance of the at least one LED to detect the temperature of the LED.
  • a calibration of the characteristic curve is carried out by determining an ambient temperature and simultaneously determining the electrical resistance by briefly energizing the LED in a cold state under ambient temperature.
  • the brief energization of the LED takes place without lighting up with known voltage or known current, whereby the current or the voltage drop is measured.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the method provides, starting from a cold state prevailing below the design temperature, an increase in the current supply with increasing temperature of the at least one LED up to the design state.
  • the method provides for such a lowering of the current supply that an at least approximately equal brightness of the at least one LED is obtained in the cold state as well as in the design state.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment of the method provides for a lowering of the current supply in discrete step steps depending on the detected temperature or proportional and continuous to the detected temperature.
  • the invention provides a reduction in the energization of one or more LEDs as the light source of a lamp of a motor vehicle light in Cold state in conjunction with an increase in the current supply with increasing temperature until reaching the design temperature.
  • FIG. 1 Schematically illustrated in its flow process for supplying power to a light bulb for a motor vehicle light with at least one LED as a light source consists, at least in a basic form essentially of seven process steps I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII.
  • the method starts in a first method step I with the switching on of a light source in a cold state for a motor vehicle light with at least one LED as the light source.
  • the luminous means comprises detection means for determining the temperature T LED of the at least one LED and a current regulator which keeps the current supply W A of the at least one LED constant at least within a predetermined temperature range.
  • the temperature range includes at least one design temperature T A of the at least one LED in a design state in continuous operation, which is higher than the temperature T LED of the LED in the cold state.
  • the LED takes the dominant position when cold Ambient temperature when the motor vehicle was turned off for a long time, for example, at night before switching on the lamp.
  • the current regulator of the luminous means comprises regulating means for lowering the current supply W K in comparison to the constant current supply W A at least below at least one predetermined threshold value T S for the temperature.
  • the threshold value T S is below the design temperature T A.
  • the method provides for detection of the temperature T LED of the at least one LED.
  • a temperature-dependent electronic element For detecting a temperature-dependent electronic element may be provided.
  • the term temperature-dependent designates here a property of the electronic element according to which it generates or emits, by itself or during a control from the outside, for example during energization, an electrical signal, for example, whose properties are proportional to a temperature prevailing preferably in the immediate vicinity of the electronic element ,
  • the temperature-dependent electronic element can be, for example, at least one LED itself, but also the arrangement of, for example, a temperature sensor in a primary optic molded onto one or more LEDs, for example, or on an LED carrier carrying one or more LEDs is conceivable.
  • a comparison of the detected temperature T LED of the at least one LED takes place with a threshold value T S for the temperature, which is preferably below a design temperature T A , which has the at least one LED in continuous operation in the design state.
  • the detected temperature T LED is less than the threshold value T S , for example less than the design temperature T A , then there is a cold state, which is characterized in that the detected temperature T LED is smaller than the threshold value T S and thus smaller than the design temperature T A.
  • Energization W K is carried out in the cold state in a fourth process step IV of the comprehensive at least one LED light source of the luminous means, which is smaller than a constant current supply W is lowered A at the design condition and compared to a current supply W A at design temperature T A at the design condition ,
  • the lowering of the current supply W K in the cold state compared to the amount of the current W A in the design state is preferably chosen so that at least approximately same brightness of the at least one LED is maintained in the cold state as in the design state.
  • a cold state here can be understood to be any state in which a detected temperature LED is present, which is smaller than the threshold value T S.
  • a fifth method step V which is parallel to the fourth method step IV, there is constant energization of the light source of the luminous means comprising the at least one LED in the amount of the current supply W A provided in the design state.
  • This energization W A in the design state is selected such that the at least one LED has a light intensity sufficient to fulfill legally required light values over a given lifetime or lifetime even during continuous operation with a long burning time under the then prevailing design temperature T A.
  • the level of the constant current supply W A in the design state is characterized by compliance with a designated as design light intensity intensity during continuous operation.
  • the length of the continuous operation can be given for example by the legally required detection method.
  • the continuous operation occurs at 30 min operating time, so that prevails after this period of operation, the design state.
  • a query is made as to whether the lighting means continues to be operated or whether it should be switched off.
  • the method ends in the seventh method step VII and the light source is switched off.
  • an eighth method step VIII parallel to the fourth and the fifth method step takes place instead of the fourth method step IV.
  • This eighth method step VIII provides that at a detected temperature T LED , which is lower than the given for example by the design temperature T A or dependent on this threshold T S (T A ) a temperature-dependent current supply W K (T LED ) of at least an LED takes place.
  • This temperature-dependent energization W K (TL ED) can increase from a cold state with a lower temperature T LED than the threshold value T S and the design temperature T A with increasing temperature T LED of the at least one LED up to the level of the current W A in the design state.
  • the design temperature T A adjusts itself here either immediately after reaching the design state corresponding energization W A or prevails more or less shortly after, depending on whether the threshold value T S is identical to the design temperature T A , or if and how far the threshold T S is below the design temperature T A.
  • the rise of the temperature-dependent current supply W K (T LED ) can take place in one or more discrete steps according to a step function, or the energization W K (T LED ) can follow a function with a temperature-dependent proportionality.
  • the lowering of the current supply W K (T LED ) can also be selected here such that an at least approximately equal brightness of the at least one LED is obtained in the cold state as well as in the design state.
  • the efficiency ⁇ of the light emission of an LED which simply reflects the ratio of light intensity to the amount of current supplied, is temperature-dependent. Accordingly, the efficiency ⁇ (T LED ) can be determined for every detected temperature T LED and conclusions can be drawn therefrom on a current required for a specific light intensity. If the brightness for each detected temperature T LED from cold state to Design state are kept constant, is based on the design light intensity, which can then be maintained in the cold state as described.
  • the energization W K or W K (T) applies in the cold state and for the energization W A in the design state:
  • the current I (t) and / or a voltage U (t) reduce the amount and / or a pulsed pulse operation of the current I. (t) and the voltage U (t) provided with a frequency perceptible above the human eye. If the at least one LED in the design state is operated in pulsed mode with a frequency that is perceptible above the human eye, then the lowering of the current supply W K in the cold state can provide, for example, to extend the currentless intervals between the successive pulses and / or the pulses themselves To shorten.
  • the invention provides, in a motor vehicle light with at least one light emitting diode or at least one LED chip as the light source arranged in one of a closed by a lens luminaire housing light fixture arranged lighting control of the energization of the LED and thus the brightness as a function of temperature an LED carrier embodied for example as a circuit board and / or the LED itself make.
  • the control provides that at low temperature, the energization is reduced compared to a prevailing at steady-state design temperature to compensate for a higher efficiency in the cold state with the same current higher light emission of the LED.
  • a temperature-dependent electronic element arranged in the vicinity of the corresponding LED or even in the LED itself, the temperature can be detected and detected.
  • the brightness is preferably kept constant as far as possible.
  • the term cold is to be considered in relation to an operating temperature reflecting the design temperature in continuous operation and only to be understood as a comparative measure.
  • the cold state is characterized by a detected temperature of the at least one LED, which is below the design temperature.
  • continuous operation is to be understood as a function of the light function.
  • continuous operation is, for example, in persistent hazard warning light function, although the bulb is repeatedly dark.
  • a daytime running lamp is continuous operation, for example, a certain period of time after switching on the light function, although the LEDs used as light sources above a visible to the human eye frequency can be operated clocked in the pulse mode.
  • the invention is particularly applicable in the field of manufacturing of automotive lights and the production of bulbs For automotive lights with LEDs as a light source commercially applicable.

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  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Procédé d'alimentation en courant d'un moyen lumineux pour une lampe de véhicule automobile ayant au moins une DEL en tant que source lumineuse, comprenant les étapes de procédé :
    - maintenir une alimentation constante en courant (WA) de ladite au moins une DEL au moins à l'intérieur d'une plage de températures prédéterminée qui comprend au moins une température de conception (TA) de ladite au moins une DEL dans un état de conception en fonctionnement continu,
    - détecter la température (TLED) de ladite au moins une DEL ainsi que
    - réduire l'alimentation en courant (WK) à une température (TLED) de ladite au moins une DEL au-dessous d'une valeur de seuil (TS) pour la température, dans lequel ladite valeur de seuil est de préférence inférieure à la température de conception (TA), et dans lequel on obtient, dans le cas de la réduction de l'alimentation en courant (WK), une luminosité de ladite au moins une DEL à l'état froid qui est au moins approximativement égale à celle à l'état de conception,
    caractérisé par
    la mise en oeuvre d'une courbe caractéristique fonction de la température, de la résistance électrique de ladite au moins une DEL pour détecter la température (TLED) de la DEL, dans lequel un calibrage de la courbe caractéristique à l'état froid à température ambiante se fait en déterminant une température ambiante qui vaut à l'état froid pour la DEL et en déterminant en même temps la résistance électrique de la DEL par le fait que la DEL est soumise pour une courte durée, sans s'allumer, à une tension connue ou bien à un courant connu et que le courant ou bien la chute de tension est mesuré(e).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé par le fait
    qu'à partir d'un état froid régnant au-dessous de la température de conception (TA) se fait une augmentation de l'alimentation en courant (WK) avec une température (TLED) croissante de ladite au moins une DEL jusqu'à l'état de conception.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé par le fait
    que la réduction de l'alimentation en courant (WK=WK(TLED)) se fait en étapes discrètes en fonction de la température (TLED) détectée.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé par le fait
    que la réduction de l'alimentation en courant (WK=WK(TLED)) se fait de façon proportionnelle à la température (TLED) détectée.
EP10007123.2A 2010-07-09 2010-07-09 Moyen d'éclairage et son procédé d'alimentation en courant Active EP2405716B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI201031485A SI2405716T1 (sl) 2010-07-09 2010-07-09 Svetilno sredstvo in postopek za njegovo električno napajanje
EP10007123.2A EP2405716B1 (fr) 2010-07-09 2010-07-09 Moyen d'éclairage et son procédé d'alimentation en courant

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10007123.2A EP2405716B1 (fr) 2010-07-09 2010-07-09 Moyen d'éclairage et son procédé d'alimentation en courant

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2405716A1 EP2405716A1 (fr) 2012-01-11
EP2405716B1 true EP2405716B1 (fr) 2017-04-19

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Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2908609A1 (fr) * 2014-01-27 2015-08-19 odelo GmbH Ampoule, phare de véhicule automobile équipé de celle-ci et son procédé de fonctionnement
EP3118279A1 (fr) * 2015-07-14 2017-01-18 odelo GmbH Procédé d'exploitation d'oled en tant que sources de lumière dans des phares de véhicules, moyen d'éclairage comprenant des oled en tant que sources de lumière et phare de véhicule équipé de celui-ci

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US5406172A (en) * 1993-12-28 1995-04-11 Honeywell Inc. Light source intensity control device
CA2637757A1 (fr) * 2005-03-03 2006-09-08 Tir Technology Lp Procede et appareil de commande de contrainte thermique dans des dispositifs electroluminescents
US7414370B2 (en) 2006-02-03 2008-08-19 Honeywell International Inc. Increasing reliability of operation of light emitting diode arrays at higher operating temperatures and its use in the lamps of automobiles
DE102007044567A1 (de) * 2007-09-07 2009-03-12 Arnold & Richter Cine Technik Gmbh & Co. Betriebs Kg Beleuchtungseinrichtung mit mehreren steuerbaren Leuchtdioden
US7812551B2 (en) * 2007-10-19 2010-10-12 American Sterilizer Company Lighting control method having a light output ramping function
DE102008013048A1 (de) 2008-03-06 2009-09-24 Mbb International Group Ag Leuchte, insbesondere zur Erzielung eines tageslichtähnlichen Leuchtspektrums
DE102008058524B4 (de) 2008-11-21 2010-11-18 Herbert Waldmann Gmbh & Co. Kg Schaltungsanordnung für eine Leuchte mit Leuchtdioden

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
MASANOBU SHIBATA: "Internal Resistance of an LED as a function of Temperature", INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL BANGKOK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, 31 January 2010 (2010-01-31), pages 1 - 1, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.isb.ac.th/HS/JoP/vol4iss1/jan10.html> *

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SI2405716T1 (sl) 2017-07-31

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