EP2379951B1 - Heizkörper für eine haushaltsheizung mit einem zweiphasentransferfluid - Google Patents

Heizkörper für eine haushaltsheizung mit einem zweiphasentransferfluid Download PDF

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EP2379951B1
EP2379951B1 EP09805791.2A EP09805791A EP2379951B1 EP 2379951 B1 EP2379951 B1 EP 2379951B1 EP 09805791 A EP09805791 A EP 09805791A EP 2379951 B1 EP2379951 B1 EP 2379951B1
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heat
radiator
transfer fluid
mixture
fluid
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French (fr)
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EP2379951A1 (de
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Stéphane Colasson
Alain Marechal
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/002—Air heaters using electric energy supply
    • F24H3/004—Air heaters using electric energy supply with a closed circuit for a heat transfer liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/0226—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with an intermediate heat-transfer medium, e.g. thermosiphon radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/05308—Assemblies of conduits connected side by side or with individual headers, e.g. section type radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0275—Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. with base blocks; Heat pipe cores

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a radiator more particularly for home heating, and operating with a heat transfer fluid. More specifically, the heat transfer fluid used in the radiator of the invention operates in two-phase form, in particular liquid vapor.
  • Heat-transfer-medium radiators are also known in which said fluid, generally oil, is heated by means of an electric heating element and passes through a heating body, at which heat transfer is effected to the heating element.
  • said fluid generally oil
  • said heating body is heated by means of an electric heating element and passes through a heating body, at which heat transfer is effected to the heating element.
  • ambient air by natural convection. Due to the presence of a heating body whose exchange surface is relatively large, the temperature gradient is reduced with the ambient air so that the convective air movements in the room in question are limited.
  • radiators in which the fluid operates in monophasic regime.
  • said fluid remains in the liquid state.
  • the heat transfer fluid heats up in contact with an electric heating element, lightening and rising inside the heating body.
  • the coolant gives up to the ambient air part of the heat through the wall of the heating body, and corollary cools.
  • the fluid thus cooled becomes denser, and therefore heavier, down by gravity in the lower part of the radiator.
  • it is therefore necessary to have a minimum temperature difference between the fluid amount (hot) and the descending fluid (cold), directly dependent on the pressure losses of the fluid generated by its circulation.
  • a heat transfer fluid radiator operating in two-phase regime, in particular liquid / vapor.
  • the operation of such a radiator is as follows: The heat transfer fluid in the liquid state rests by gravity in the lower part of the radiator traversed by a heating element, constituted by a fluid mounted in temperature, and sealingly passing through the base of said radiator.
  • the coolant Under the effect of heat, the coolant is vaporized, said vapor then rising in the internal structure of the radiator, in particular at a heating body, at which a heat transfer occurs.
  • the latter condenses.
  • the condensate thus formed is in liquid form, and returns by simple gravity in the lower part of the radiator.
  • the hot source ensuring the thermal rise of the coolant is relatively difficult to regulate, both in time and in space.
  • the vaporization velocity of coolant is too high, the vapor thus generated causes drops of heat transfer fluid, disrupting the proper operation of the radiator.
  • the heating element when the heating element is directly in contact with the coolant for heating thereof, as is the case for example in the document WO-A-02/50479 , it can be damaged when the volume of liquid is too low. Indeed, the vapor phase in which the heating element is predominantly, or even completely, bathed, is not sufficient to absorb the energy of the heating element which can therefore undergo overheating.
  • the object of the present invention is to solve the problem of overheating of the heating element and maximum acceptable pressure by the radiator.
  • the invention provides a radiator for home heating with heat transfer fluid operating in two-phase form, said heat transfer fluid consisting of a mixture of at least two different heat transfer liquids, said heat transfer liquids having between them boiling temperatures at least ten degrees Celsius, comprising: - a reservoir of said heat transfer fluid; - a hot source, intended to raise the temperature of said coolant to a temperature such that it causes a phase change of said fluid; heating at which the heat transfer with the ambient air, having a number n of channels, in communication in the lower zone with the reservoir, n being equal to 1, in which the liquid of boiling temperature the lower is from 70% to 95% of the volume of the mixture for a temperature thereof of about 20 ° C, characterized in that the fluid
  • the coolant is a mixture of at least two types of fluorocabonated or hydrofluorocarbon aliphatic chains.
  • the at least two heat transfer liquids are miscible with each other.
  • the vapor formation phase is performed in at least two consecutive stages as the temperature of the heating element increases.
  • the presence of the heat transfer fluid of higher boiling temperature also meaning a more dense and less volatile liquid, ensures the presence of a minimum level of liquid in the collector of the radiator, thus avoiding the phenomenon of drying of the element. heating.
  • the heat transfer fluid comprises two different heat transfer liquids, the first liquid being methoxy-nonafluorobutane, and the second liquid being decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylpentane, and in that the coolant with a lower boiling point constitutes about 95% of the volume of the mixture at a temperature of 20 ° C.
  • the coolant is a mixture of three different heat transfer liquids, the first liquid being methoxy-nonafluorobutane, the second liquid being decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylpentane, and the third liquid being a product having the formula HF 2 C- (OC 2 F 4 ) m - (OCF 2 ) n -OCF 2 H, in which m and n are natural numbers with 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 3 and 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 3, and advantageously ZT-130 ® , and the first, second and third liquids respectively represent approximately 85%, 10% and 5% of the volume of the mixture for a temperature of this equal to 20 ° C.
  • connection zones with a passage between the reservoir and the channels constituting the heating body respecting the aforesaid relationship, eliminates or decreases at least drastically the number of drops of heat transfer fluid in liquid form driven by the steam generated at the hot source, and therefore optimizes the operation of the radiator.
  • connection zone of the constituent channels of the heating body at the reservoir opens above the electrical resistance.
  • the zones for connecting the channels of the heating body at the level of the tank have their lower part at a minimum distance ⁇ above the line of greater tangency of the electric heating resistance passing through. the reservoir, said distance respecting the relationship ⁇ ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ D , wherein D is the diameter of said heating resistor.
  • the filling coefficient ⁇ must be greater than the value of 0.0142, said coefficient ⁇ being defined by the ratio of the mass of vapor produced at 20 ° C to the total mass of fluid introduced into the radiator body.
  • a heat transfer fluid radiator known per se.
  • This radiator is in this case constituted by a plurality of unitary elements 1, constituting the heating body, all the elements being connected to a lower tank 3.
  • These different elements 1 may, for example, be made of cast aluminum and, in order to optimize the transfer with the ambient air, may have fins 2 thus promoting the diffusion of heat within the room in which such a radiator is implanted.
  • this heat transfer fluid consists of a single type of liquid which may be water, ethanol, or a polymeric synthetic material, such as by example R113 (chlorofluorocarbon) or an aliphatic chain fluorocabo dire or hydrofluorocarbonée, and preferably a hydrogenofluoroéther (such as HFE 7100 ®, HFE 7300 ® or HFE 7500 ®, sold by 3M, or the ZT-150 ®, ZT-130 ® or ZT-85 ® marketed by Solvay-Solexis).
  • a hydrogenofluoroéther such as HFE 7100 ®, HFE 7300 ® or HFE 7500 ®, sold by 3M, or the ZT-150 ®, ZT-130 ® or ZT-85 ® marketed by Solvay-Solexis.
  • hydrogenofluoroether mainly a family of molecules corresponding to the following structure I: AO- (BO) m - (CO) n -D (I) in which A, B, C and D represent linear or branched aliphatic groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, the hydrogens of which are wholly or partially substituted by fluorine atoms, and wherein m and n are natural numbers with 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 3 and 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 3.
  • the aforementioned aliphatic groups are alkyl groups.
  • the HFE 7100 ® is a mixture of 1-methoxy-nonafluorobutane, and 1-methoxy-nonafluorotertiobutane
  • HFE 7300 ® is the decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoro-methylepentane.
  • the aforementioned ZT products are hydrogenofluoroethers corresponding to the following general formula II: HF 2 C- (OC 2 F 4 ) m - (OCF 2 ) n -OCF 2 H in which m and n are natural numbers with 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 3 and 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 3.
  • the assembly of the various elements 1 between them constitutes the heating body itself, and are each provided with a vertical channel 4, opening in the lower zone at the level of the tank 3 by a connection zone 5.
  • a heating electric resistor 6 is inserted in the lower tank 3 and passes through it over substantially its entire length.
  • a resistor may for example consist of a double insulated heating cartridge.
  • connection zone 5 between the channel (s) 4 of the heating body and the tank 3 located in the lower part of said radiator has a section S corresponding to the following formula: S ⁇ AT P / 5 4 not
  • the constant A results from the practice of a liquid droplet flow model driven by a vapor flow, such as the Wallis and Kutateladze model.
  • the model in the context of the present invention is modified to take into account the thermal power injected, found directly in the source term of the production of the steam flow in the channels constituting the radiator.
  • the coolant is water, developing 1,000 watts electric, and having ten elements 1, so ten channels 4 in parallel, the connection section 5 between each of the channels and the reservoir 3 must be greater than 0.27 cm 2 .
  • the section of the connection zone 5 must then be greater than or equal to 0.383 cm 2 .
  • the electrical resistance 6 is further dimensioned such that the thermal flux density at the surface of the latter does not exceed 3 watts per cm 2 , in order to vaporize the heat transfer liquid in the form of small bubbles and consequently in order to reduce the phenomenon of noise generated conventionally in heat transfer radiators.
  • the surface of the heating rod or electrical resistance 6 in contact with the heat transfer fluid must be greater than 330 cm 2 , regardless of the number of channels and regardless of the heat transfer fluid.
  • connection zone 5 of the channels 4 at the level of the tank 3 opens above the upper maximum tangent line 7 of said heating rod 6 by a distance ⁇ greater than or equal to 0.5 ⁇ D, D being the diameter of the heating rod or electrical resistance 6.
  • connection area must not be flooded.
  • This criterion is respected if a maximum of 400 ml of HFE 7100 ® , 5 ml of water or 39 ml of ethanol is introduced into a radiator with an internal volume of 4 liters.
  • the radiator of the invention thus makes it possible to overcome the various disadvantages mentioned in relation with the radiators of the prior art in a simple and effective manner and also makes it possible to regulate the operation of such a radiator in a facilitated manner.
  • the coolant consists of at least two heat transfer liquids, preferably miscible, having boiling temperatures different from at least 10 ° C, and preferably 20 ° C, the heat transfer fluid being consisting of a mixture of at least two types of aliphatic chains fluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbonées, including two types of hydrogénofluoroéthers from the HFE ® 7100, HFE 7300 ®, HFE ® 7500, the ZT-150 ®, the ZT-130 ® and the ZT-85 ® .
  • the product ZT-130 ® is deemed to correspond to formula II below: HF 2 C- (OC 2 F 4 ) m - (OCF 2 ) n -OCF 2 H in which m and n are natural numbers with 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 3 and 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 3.
  • the above mixtures allow a reduction of the operating pressure relative to the reference fluid, while ensuring a good homogeneity of the radiator temperature since the maximum temperature difference observed is less than 5 ° C.
  • the mixture 2 provides a better homogeneity of the temperature while the mixture 4 allows a more significant decrease in the operating pressure of the radiator.
  • the mechanical design pressure of the radiator being equal to twice the vapor pressure obtained at 1.24 times the nominal power Qn, it is deduced that the mechanical stress is reduced by nearly 800 mbar when the mixture 4 is used against 120 mbar when the mixture 2 is used.
  • the radiator and more particularly the section S of these channels, the distance ⁇ and the coefficient ⁇ of filling are chosen according to the mixture in question, in a manner similar to that described above.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Zweiphasentransferfluid, wobei dieses Transferfluid Teil dieses Heizkörpers ist und aus einem Gemisch aus mindestens zwei verschiedenen Transferfluiden besteht, deren Siedepunkte sich um mindestens zehn Grad Celsius unterscheiden, wobei dieser Heizkörper folgende Element umfasst:
    - einen Behälter (3) für dieses Transferfluid;
    - eine Wärmequelle (6) zur Erhöhung der Temperatur dieses Transferfluides, bis sie zu einer Phasenänderung dieses Fluides kommt;
    - ein Heizelement, an dem die Wärmeübertragung an die Umgebungsluft stattfindet, das eine Anzahl n der Kanäle (4) enthält, die im unteren Bereich mit dem Behälter (3) verbunden sind, wobei n gleich 1 sein kann,
    in dem das Fluid mit dem niedrigsten Siedepunkt 70 % bis 95 % des Mischungsvolumens darstellt, wenn deren Temperatur ungefähr gleich 20°C ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Transferfluid ein Gemisch aus mindestens zwei aliphatischen Fluorkohlenstoff- oder Hydro-Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Ketten ist.
  2. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mindestens zwei Transferfluide miteinander mischbar sind.
  3. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Transferfluid zwei verschiedene Transferfluide enthält, wobei das erste Transferfluid Methoxynonafluorbutan ist und das zweite Transferfluid Decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoro-methylepentan ist, und dadurch, dass die das Transferfluid mit dem niedrigsten Siedepunkt ungefähr 95 % des Gemischvolumens darstellt, wenn dessen Temperatur ungefähr gleich 20°C ist.
  4. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    - das Transferfluid aus einem Gemisch aus mindestens drei verschiedenen Transferfluiden besteht, wobei das erste Transferfluid Methoxynonafluorbutan ist, das zweite Transferfluid Decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoro-methylepentan ist und das dritte Transferfluid ein Produkt mit der Formel HF2C-(OC2F4)m-(OCF2)n-OCF2H ist, bei dem m und n natürliche ganze Zahlen sind, mit 0 ≤ m ≤ 3 und 0 ≤ n ≤ 3, und die vorteilhafterweise ZT-130® ist;
    - und dass das erste, zweite und dritte Transferfluid jeweils ungefähr 85 %, 10 % und 5 % des Mischungsvolumens bilden, wenn dessen Temperatur ungefähr gleich 20°C ist.
  5. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Wärmequelle (6) aus einem elektrischen Widerstand besteht.
  6. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abschnitt S der Verbindungszonen, die den Behälter (3) des Transferfluides und die Kanäle (4), die das Heizelement bilden, trennen, größer oder gleich der Formel ist: A × P / 5 4 n
    Figure imgb0010
     eine Formel in der:
    - P die Leistung des elektrischen Widerstandes (6) bezeichnet, und
    - A eine Konstante ist, die von der Art des Fluides und seiner Temperatur abhängt.
  7. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid, gemäß einem der Ansprüche 5 und 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindungszone (5) der Kanäle (4), die das Heizelement bilden, in Höhe des Behälters (3) oberhalb des elektrischen Widerstandes (6) mündet.
  8. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abstand δ, der die untere Grenze der Verbindungszone (5) und die obere Tangente des elektrischen Widerstandes (6) trennt, der Formel entspricht: δ > 0 , 5 × D ,
    Figure imgb0011
     in der D den Durchmesser dieses Heizwiderstandes bezeichnet.
  9. Heizkörper für eine Haushaltsheizung mit einem Transferfluid gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Füllkoeffizient α, der als Verhältnis der Dampfmasse des Transferfluides definiert ist, die bei 20 °C zur Gesamtmasse dieses in den Radiator eingefüllten Fluides erzeugt ist, der folgenden Formel entspricht: α > 0 , 0142.
    Figure imgb0012
EP09805791.2A 2009-01-19 2009-12-28 Heizkörper für eine haushaltsheizung mit einem zweiphasentransferfluid Active EP2379951B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0950302A FR2941290B1 (fr) 2009-01-19 2009-01-19 Radiateur pour chauffage domestique a fluide caloporteur diphasique.
PCT/FR2009/052703 WO2010081957A1 (fr) 2009-01-19 2009-12-28 Radiateur pour chauffage domestique a fluide caloporteur diphasique

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EP2379951A1 EP2379951A1 (de) 2011-10-26
EP2379951B1 true EP2379951B1 (de) 2017-08-09

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WO (1) WO2010081957A1 (de)

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ITRM20110448A1 (it) 2011-08-25 2013-02-26 I R C A S P A Ind Resistenz E Corazzate E Profilato tubolare per radiatore bifasico e relativo radiatore bifasico
DE102012221923A1 (de) * 2012-11-29 2014-06-05 Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh Kühlsystem für zumindest eine Systemkomponente eines optischen Systems für EUV-Anwendungen sowie derartige Systemkomponente und derartiges optisches System
KR101593892B1 (ko) * 2014-08-14 2016-02-15 강환국 빙점 이하의 온도에서 작동 가능한 히트파이프 및 그를 포함하는 냉각시스템
CN104807060A (zh) * 2015-04-14 2015-07-29 贵州大学 一种无管道无液体式电暖气结构
CN108916972A (zh) * 2018-07-18 2018-11-30 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 一种取暖器

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GB2099980B (en) 1981-05-06 1985-04-24 Scurrah Norman Hugh Heat transfer panels
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JPH0619965Y2 (ja) * 1988-01-22 1994-05-25 サンデン株式会社 熱交換器
EP0622599B1 (de) * 1993-04-30 1999-06-23 Sanden Corporation Wärmetauscher
US5966498A (en) * 1996-08-07 1999-10-12 Lakewood Engineering And Manufacturing Company End closure assembly for oil-filled heater
GB2317946B (en) * 1996-10-02 2000-08-02 Caradon Heating Europ Bv A central heating radiator of the thermosiphon type
WO2000070289A1 (en) * 1999-05-18 2000-11-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Two-phase heat transfer without de-gassing
KR20040012697A (ko) 2000-12-19 2004-02-11 램코 홀딩스 엘티디 개선된 히터
ITMI20060381A1 (it) * 2006-03-02 2007-09-03 Solvay Solexis Spa Fluidi di scambio termico

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2129540A (en) * 1982-11-02 1984-05-16 Crockett & Kelly Inc Electrically-powered portable space heater

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US8909034B2 (en) 2014-12-09
FR2941290A1 (fr) 2010-07-23
WO2010081957A1 (fr) 2010-07-22
EP2379951A1 (de) 2011-10-26
FR2941290B1 (fr) 2012-07-13
US20120002954A1 (en) 2012-01-05
JP2012515320A (ja) 2012-07-05

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