EP2379322B2 - Strukturen aus synthetischem verbundstoff - Google Patents

Strukturen aus synthetischem verbundstoff

Info

Publication number
EP2379322B2
EP2379322B2 EP09799771.2A EP09799771A EP2379322B2 EP 2379322 B2 EP2379322 B2 EP 2379322B2 EP 09799771 A EP09799771 A EP 09799771A EP 2379322 B2 EP2379322 B2 EP 2379322B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frame member
valve
frame
members
sectional area
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP09799771.2A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2379322B1 (de
EP2379322A1 (de
Inventor
David J. Sogard
Jason P. Hill
Scott Smith
Patrick A. Haverkost
Susan M. Shoemaker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Original Assignee
Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Boston Scientific Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=42028108&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP2379322(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados, Boston Scientific Ltd filed Critical Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Publication of EP2379322A1 publication Critical patent/EP2379322A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2379322B1 publication Critical patent/EP2379322B1/de
Publication of EP2379322B2 publication Critical patent/EP2379322B2/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

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    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • A61F2/2418—Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
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    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness

Definitions

  • WO 99/01245 discloses a laminated metal structure including a radially outer component and a radially inner component concentrically interconnected with each other.
  • the radially outer component has a porosity of at least 80% and the radially inner component is a radially impermeable strength element such as a metal foil.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a composite biomaterial, devices and systems that include the composite biomaterial, and method for forming and use of the composite biomaterial.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure are also directed to a valve frame, a valve, and methods of forming the valve.
  • the valve frame can be used for valve replacement and/or augmentation.
  • the valve frame can be a device that includes the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure.
  • the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure includes a continuous metal sheet of material having a predefined fenestration pattern and a polymer layer on at least one surface of the continuous metal sheet.
  • Embodiments of the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure provide improved mechanical properties that are not available in known materials.
  • the continuous metal sheet of the composite biomaterial does not display fretting and/or shear failure modes, which are both known to occur in existing composite materials.
  • the continuous metal sheet with the predefined fenestration pattern(s) of the present disclosure does not encounter fretting failure and/or loading failure (polymer matrix to filament failure) that can be found in traditional composite materials.
  • the fretting is a failure mode in which independent elements of a material (e.g., a strand and/or a fiber of a woven or knit material) move relative each other so as to cause the elements to wear and/or abrade against each other.
  • the continuous metal sheet of material having the predefined fenestration pattern allow for a continuous change of curvature or flexure along more than one axis without undergoing fretting, as will be discussed herein.
  • the predefined fenestration pattern provides the composite biomaterial with the ability to elastically deform in all directions.
  • the composite biomaterial can, besides other things, elastically stretch to allow a sheet of the composite biomaterial to bend in more than one axis without buckling.
  • buckling means to have a short tight twist, bend or curl caused by a doubling or a winding of the sheet upon itself that forms a line, a mark, a ridge or discontinuity in an otherwise smooth surface.
  • a discontinuity in a surface is a location where the curvature of a surface changes abruptly in space and/or time (i.e., where the surface goes from one smoothly changing surface abruptly to another smoothly changing surface) so as to form a buckle in the biomaterial.
  • the composite biomaterial combines desirable properties and physical characteristics of each of the continuous metal sheet of material with the predefined fenestration pattern and the polymer layer.
  • the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure exhibits complex mechanical properties, discussed herein, which can mimic those found in the in situ biological setting where the composite biomaterial are to be used.
  • a "composite biomaterial” refers to a material composed of at least one continuous metal sheet of material having at least one of a defined fenestration pattern according to the present disclosure and a polymer layer of sent disclosure on at least one surface of the continuous metal sheet.
  • the composite biomaterial may also include desired a filler, an excipient material, an adjuvant and/or a coating to enhance specific mechanical and/or biological characteristics of the composite material.
  • a "polymer layer” refers to a synthetic polymer, a non-synthetic polymer, and/or combinations of synthetic and non-synthetic polymers, as will be discussed here.
  • the polymer layer can be a mixture of one or more of a synthetic and/or one or more of a non-synthetic polymer, where a "mixture" can be defined as the state formed by two or more ingredients that are evenly distributed and/or commingled with each other, but yet retain a separate existence.
  • the polymer layer can be formed in domains of one or more of a synthetic and/or one or more of a non-synthetic polymer, where when two or more domains are used they join along an interface.
  • a "continuous metal sheet” refers to a material having a surface that does not cross over itself and where it is possible to pass from any one point of the surface to any other without leaving the surface. This is in contrast to sheets of material that are formed in a woven or knit pattern, where multiple strands of material are interlaced together. Forming the continuous metal sheet from a continuous piece of material as compared to multiple strands of material eliminates the problem of fretting that can be experienced when the strands of a woven or knit material surface slide over each other.
  • more than one of the continuous metal sheets of the present disclosure can be used in the composite biomaterial.
  • two or more of the continuous metal sheets can be positioned at least partially on top of each other, where they are spaced apart by the polymer layer.
  • two or more of the continuous metal sheets can be used as separate sheets in the same device.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for fenestration patterns to be formed in a continuous metal sheet through a number of different processes, as will be discussed herein.
  • a "fenestration pattern" refers to a predefined configuration of apertures (i.e., openings) in the continuous metal sheet, where the apertures are defined by members and junctions from which the members extend.
  • arc or “arcuate” refer to portions of a curved shape having a locus. In one embodiment, the arc and/or arcuate do not include straight lines or line segments.
  • the curved shape can include, but are not limited to, algebraic curves including, but not limited to, circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, and parabolas, and transcendental curves. Other types of curves are also possible.
  • the modulus in that axis (E x ) is defined by the modulus of the material and the resulting stress is very high.
  • Substituting the straight beam with an arcute beam as in Example A reduces the modulus significantly (in this case, the modulus of a stainless steel straight beam would be approximates 2x10 9 Pa, while an arcuate beam is approximately 6x10 6 Pa, a change of over 300 times) and results in improved stress behavior that is less dependant on the angle of deformation as shown in Curve A.
  • the curves shown in Figure 15 are generalizations of beam behavior and are not intended to be quantitative.
  • the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure can be further characterized in that it is designed and constructed to be placed in or onto the body or to contact fluid or tissue of the body.
  • the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure will be biostable, biocompatible, and will minimize adverse reactions in the body such as blood clotting, tissue death, tumor formation, allergic reaction, foreign body reaction (rejection) or inflammatory reaction; will have the physical properties such as strength, elasticity, permeability and flexibility required to function for the intended purpose; and can be purified, fabricated and sterilized.
  • a “biostable” material is one that is ken down by the body, whereas a “biocompatible” material is one that is not rejected by the body.
  • Composite biomaterials of the present disclosure can be used in a medical device.
  • a “medical device” may be defined as a device that has surfaces that contact blood or other body fluids and/or tissues in the course of their operation. This can include, for example, extracorporeal devices for use in surgery such as blood oxygenators, blood pumps, blood sensors, tubing used to carry blood and the like which contact blood which is then returned to the patient.
  • implantable devices such as vascular grafts, stents, electrical stimulation leads, bladder slings, hernia repair, bowel repair, valve leaflets for use in the cardiovascular system (e.g., heart valves, venous valves), orthopedic devices, catheters, catheter shaft components, proximal and distal protection filters, guide wires, shunts, sensors, membranes, balloons, replacement devices for nucleus pulposus, cochlear or middle ear
  • the composite biomaterials of the present disclosure can also be used in non-medical applications.
  • the embodiments of the composite materials discussed herein can be used in any number of applications where thin, tough, flexible, and compliant materials that can undergo out of plane deformations (e.g., prescribed inhomogeneous deformation behavior) are needed.
  • These applications include those of aerospace applications, manufacturing applications, automotive applications, among others.
  • Figure 1 provides an embodiment of a composite biomaterial 100 of the present disclosure.
  • the composite biomaterial 100 includes a continuous metal sheet 102 and a polymer layer 104. As illustrated, both the continuous metal sheet 102 and the polymer layer 104 extend across the entire area of the composite biomaterial 100.
  • the composite biomaterial 100 can include a predefined zone in which one of either the continuous metal sheet 102 or the polymer layer 104 is present and the other is not present. In other words, the predefined zone is a region in which the continuity of the either of the continuous metal sheet 102 or the polymer layer 104 is interrupted.
  • the composite biomaterial 100 can include more than one of the predefined zones.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 includes arcuate members 106 that extend from a junction 108.
  • the junction 108 is a location on the continuous metal sheet 102 from which the arcuate members 106 extend to an adjacent junction 108.
  • the junction 108 is a portion of three or more of the arcuate members 106 being present at one location.
  • the arcuate members 106 include a first surface 110 and a second surface 112 that define cells 113 having an aperture 114 extending there between in the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • the aperture 114 defined by the arcuate members 106 provide a fenestration pattern 116 in the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • Forming the fenestration pattern 116 in the continuous metal sheet 102 can be accomplished by a number of different techniques. These techniques can include laser cutting, water jet cutting, photolithography techniques, abrasive cutting, etching techniques, among others.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 with the fenestration pattern 116 can be smoothed and/or polished using known methods.
  • the fenestration pattern 116 includes a repeated series of apertures 114.
  • this repeated series of apertures 114 can be arranged in a uniform, regular and symmetrical pattern relative the junction 108. So, the repeated series of the apertures 114 of the fenestration pattern 116 have the same shape (i.e., form), arranged in the same pattern, and each having the same surface area. In other words, the fenestration pattern 116 is homogenous pattern.
  • the fenestration pattern 116 can include a repeated series of the apertures having two or more different shapes, where each of the two or more shapes either has or does not have the same surface area.
  • the two or more different shapes can be arranged systematically to provide one or more of a repeated block of the two or more shapes where the blocks are used to form the fenestration pattern. So, for example the two or more different shapes could be arranged in a predefined block pattern that repeats in series to form the fenestration pattern. Alternatively, the two or more different shapes can be arranged randomly to form the fenestration pattern.
  • the repeated series of apertures could have a non-uniform configuration, with an irregular arrangement and/or a non-symmetrical pattern relative a junction. In other words, the fenestration pattern is heterogeneous pattern.
  • the arcuate members 106 each have a single arc shown generally at 118 that extends between adjacent junctions 108.
  • Each of the arcuate members 106 can also include more than one arc between the adjacent junctions 108, as will be discussed herein.
  • the single arc 118 can have a number of different shapes of curvature and/or curvature vectors (e.g., the sharpness of the curve).
  • the single arc 118 can have an elliptical curvature.
  • the single arc 118 can have a circular curvature.
  • Other shapes are also possible, including but not limited to sinusoidal curvature, and cubic spline curvature, among others described herein.
  • each of the apertures 114 can also include a center of symmetry 120 (i.e., a centroid) around which the arcuate members 106 extend in a series of alternating directions. So for example, the direction of curvature alternates (shown generally at 122) for each arcuate member 106 in a series of members extending around the center of symmetry 120 to define one of the apertures 114.
  • a center of symmetry 120 i.e., a centroid
  • the arcuate members 106 with junctions 108 provide the continuous metal sheet 102 with the ability to elastically stretch as a result of flexure (i.e., elastic bending or stretching) of the arcuate members 106 in response to an applied net force of compression and/or tension.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 can elastically stretch along any direction in which the arcuate members 106 travel. characteristic of the arcuate members 106 allows the continuous metal sheet 102 to shear deform in all directions.
  • the arcuate members 106 also allow the continuous metal sheet 102 to stretch in any direction along which the junctions 108 are aligned.
  • the continuous metal sheet helps to provides torsional coupling between arcuate members of the continuous metal sheet and the polymer layer that is not provided in composite materials having fabric and/or fibrous reinforcements.
  • the arcuate members of the continuous metal sheet maintain torsional coupling with the polymer layer, which helps to reduce the shear stress between the polymer layer and continuous metal sheet. This is not the case with composite materials having fabric and/or fibrous reinforcements.
  • fibrous composite materials mechanical coupling is provided through the polymer matrix in which they are embedded. So, while the tensile loads may be carried by the fibers, the torsional loads are carried by the polymer matrix. When under a torsional load it is the interface between the fibrous material and the polymer matrix bears the load, and this is where the failure can occurs.
  • the biomaterial composites of the present disclosure do not share this problem.
  • the response of the continuous metal sheet 102 to an applied net force is in contrast to other possible support sheets formed from non-arcuate members (i.e., straight members).
  • a support sheet formed with straight members e.g., a diamond shaped repeating pattern, etc
  • axes along which the support sheet will not elastically stretch or shear can include the axes along which both the straight members and their junctions align to form what is essentially a column.
  • a support sheet having such a structure will neither elastically stretch nor compress in all directions of loading (i.e., will not shear deform in all directions).
  • there may be an insignificant amount of stretch in such straight members but the continuous metal sheet of the present disclosure elastically stretches magnitudes more as compared to support sheets formed with non-arcuate members.
  • support sheets with straight members as discussed herein cannot bend in more than one orthogonal axis without buckling.
  • buckling means to have a short tight twist, bend or curl caused by a doubling or a winding of the sheet upon itself that forms a line, a mark or a ridge therwise smooth surface. This can occur in the support sheets with straight members when the straight members bend under a compressive force imposed by moving the sheet in more than one axis. As the straight members bend they create a wrinkle (i.e., a ridge or crease) in the curved surface of the support sheet. This disruption in the curved surface can, in applications where the material is in contact with blood flow, be less than desirable. Examples of such applications include, but are not limited to, vascular applications where smooth continuous surfaces without disruptions (e.g., wrinkles) would be preferred for a number of hemodynamic reasons.
  • the composite biomaterial 100 of the present disclosure in contrast, can deform about two or more orthogonal axes without buckling.
  • the composite biomaterial 100 has the ability to both maintain continuous curvature in more than one axis while supporting changes in curvature in more than one dimension without forming surface disruptions (e.g., wrinkling, buckling or creasing).
  • this is because the arcuate members 106 can elastically stretch to allow the continuous metal sheet 102 to bend in more than one orthogonal axis (e.g., three-dimensions) without buckling.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 can also deform about two orthogonal axes to provide a continuous smooth curvature across a surface of the polymer layer.
  • the biomaterial 100 can bend or flex under an applied net force without developing wrinkles and/or interruptions in a path projected by the surface.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 there are a number of parameters of the continuous metal sheet 102 that can be modified to adjust the characteristics and/or behaviors of the biomaterial 100 under stress.
  • changes to the shapes of curvature and/or curvature vectors e.g., the sharpness of the curve
  • dimensions e.g., changes in width and/or thickness
  • the stiffness, compliance, and/or flexibility dynamic response of the biomaterial 100 can be used to modify and/or adjust, for example, the stiffness, compliance, and/or flexibility dynamic response of the biomaterial 100.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 can also include members that are straight, in addition to those that are arcuate, as described herein.
  • use of straight members in addition to the arcuate members can be useful in applications that require planar structures and/or bending on only one axis.
  • the arcuate members 106 can have a width 124 and/or a thickness 126 of less than 0.127 mm. In an additional embodiment, the arcuate members 106 can have a width 124 and/or a thickness 126 of less than 0.0762 mm. Alternatively, the width 124 and/or the thickness 126 can be from 0.254 millimeter to 0.127 millimeter. The width 124 and/or the thickness 126 could also be 0.127 to 0.0127 millimeter. In a specific embodiment, both the width 124 and the thickness 126 are 0.0254 millimeter or less. Other values for the width and/or thickness are also possible and their value(s) can depend upon the application and/or desired function of the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure.
  • the cross-sectional shape and/or size of the members 106 and/or junctions 108 can be used to modify the characteristics and/or behaviors of the biomaterial 100 under stress.
  • the members 106 and/or junctions 108 can have similar and/or different cross-sectional geometries along their length. The similarity and/or the differences in the cross-sectional geometries can be based on one or more desired functions to be elicited from each portion of the members 106, the junctions 108 and/or the portion of the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • Examples of cross-sectional geometries include rectangular, non-planar configuration, round (e.g., circular, oval, and/or elliptical), polygonal, and arced. Other cross-sectional geometries are possible.
  • the modifications discussed herein can be made to the entire continuous metal sheet 102.
  • the modifications discussed herein can be made in one or more discrete regions of the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • a first region can have members 106 and/or junctions 108 of a first thickness, width and/or cross sectional shape while a second region different than the first can have members 106 and/or junctions 108 of a second thickness, width and/or shape.
  • Such modifications can also occur for the members 106 and junctions 108 defining individual apertures 114. In other words, the modifications can occur for one or more of the individual apertures 114.
  • the selection of material used to form the continuous metal sheet 102 can also be used to determine the characteristics and/or behaviors of the biomaterial 100.
  • the continuous metal sheet 102 can be formed of a metal or a metal alloy having sufficient mechanical properties to resist Examples of such metals and/or metal alloys include Tantalum, Stainless Steel alloys platinum enriched stainless steel (PERSS, 304, 316, 17-7 PH, 17-4 PH), Tungsten, Molybdenum, Cobalt Alloys such as MP35N, Elgiloy and L605, Nb-1Zr, platinum, gold, rhodium, iridium oxide, Nitinol, Inconel and titanium, among others.
  • suitable metals and metal alloys include those having no grain structure or small grain structure that is less than about 5 microns.
  • An example of such a metal includes those sold under the trade designator "Metglas” (Metglas ® , Inc. Conway, SC). Other metal and metal alloys are also possible.
  • the polymer layer 104 can also be used in tailoring the characteristics and/or behaviors of the biomaterial 100 under stress.
  • the polymer layer 104 can have anisotropic tensile properties that can be used to modify the mechanical properties of the biomaterial 100. These anisotropic tensile properties can be determined by the chain structure and configuration, orientation, cross-linking, and molecular weight, among others, of the polymer layer 104.
  • examples of oriented polymers include those that are uniaxial oriented, biaxial oriented, or multi-axial oriented.
  • an oriented polymer has been processed (e.g., stretched and/or compressed) to align the molecular structures (e.g., the polymer chains) along at least one principle axis.
  • Uniaxial-oriented polymers have been oriented along one axis
  • biaxial-oriented polymers have been aligned along two orthogonal axes (e.g., a biaxially planar oriented structure).
  • an oriented polymer is less flexible along the axis of orientation as compared to an axis of non-orientation.
  • biaxially oriented polymers include those polymers that were initially isotropic and then were stretched simultaneously in two orthogonal directions to deform in all in-plane directions. Specific examples include blown polymer films having a slight shear induced orientation that are then expanded with a gas to stretch the material many fold in all directions simultaneously. The result can be a material having a circular and/or a slightly elliptical distribution of orientation and modulus.
  • the biaxial-oriented polymer can also include those polymers that have been first stretched in one direction, causing orientation changes, and then stretched in the other direction to produce a material with orientation in 2 directions (i.e., biaxial orientation).
  • the polymer layer 104 can be a laminated polymer material having a combination of layers that can each have a different orientation. These polymer materials are sometimes referred to as cross-ply laminates.
  • the direction of orientation of the polymer layer 104 can be aligned in a predetermined direction relative the fenestration pattern 116 of the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • the orientation of the polymer layer 104 can be aligned or parallel with rows, columns, and/or diagonals of the junctions 108 of the fenestration pattern 116.
  • the orientation of the polymer layer 104 can be off-set from (i.e., not aligned) the rows, columns, and/or diagonals of the junctions 108 of the fenestration pattern 116.
  • different relative positions of the orientation of the polymer layer 104 and the fenestration pattern 116 can result in a variety of characteristics and/or behavior modifications of the biomaterial 100 under stress.
  • the polymer layer 104 can be formed from a number of different synthetic and non-synthetic polymers.
  • the polymer layer 104 can be derived from autologous, allogeneic or xenograft material.
  • sources for xenograft material include, but are not limited to, mammalian sources such as porcine, equine, and sheep.
  • Additional biologic materials from which to form the polymer layer 104 include, but are not limited to, explanted veins, pericardium, facia lata, harvested cardiac valves, bladder, vein wall, various collagen types, elastin, intestinal submucosa, and decellularized basement membrane materials, such as small intestine submucosa (SIS), amniotic tissue, or umbilical vein.
  • explanted veins pericardium, facia lata, harvested cardiac valves, bladder, vein wall, various collagen types, elastin, intestinal submucosa, and decellularized basement membrane materials, such as small intestine submucosa (SIS), amniotic tissue, or umbilical vein.
  • SIS small intestine submucosa
  • the polymer layer 104 could be formed from a synthetic material.
  • the synthetic material can be formed in a manner that enhances the porosity of the material so as to improve biocompatibility of the material. Examples of such techniques include expansion, electrospinning, braiding, knitting or weaving of the material.
  • the synthetic material can have a balance of porosity such that it provides a preferable surface for cellular activity while minimizing fluid, i.e., blood, passage through it.
  • Such synthetic materials include, but are not limited to, fluorpolymers such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), elastomers such as polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene (SIBS), polyester, polyethlylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimides, silicones, polyurethanes, segmented poly(carbonate-urethane), polyurethane ethers, polyurethane esters, polyurethaneureas and the like, as well as mixtures and copolymers thereof.
  • fluorpolymers such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
  • elastomers such as polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene (SIBS), polyester, polyethlylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PE
  • an excipient material may optionally be added to the polymer layer 104 of the composite biomaterial 100.
  • the excipient can be a material that will temporarily fill the porosity of the porous polymer to enhance the ability to prevent fluid flow through the pores.
  • An example of such a filler is variations of polyethylene glycol that is well tolerated in vivo and may dissolve at slow or fast rates depending on molecular weight.
  • the excipient may also have a biologically active role to enhance function of the material. For example, coatings containing proteins and/or peptides could be used to create favorable conditions for endothelial cells to spread on a surface and enhance healing. Similarly, a coating of heparin or other thromboactive materials could reduce the potential for fibrin deposition on the leaflet surface.
  • the polymer layer 104 is applied over at least one of the first and/or second surface 110, 112 of the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • the polymer layer 104 can be provided over both the first and second surface 110, 112 of the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • the polymer layer 104 can be provided over one of the first and second surface 110, 112 of the continuous metal sheet 102.
  • the polymer layer 104 can be joined to the continuous metal sheet 102 using a number of techniques. Such techniques , but are not limited to, heat sealing, solvent bonding, adhesive bonding or use of coatings. For example, sufficient pressure and heat can be used to cause adherence of the layers (e.g., fusing) together at their points of contact through the apertures 114 in the continuous metal sheet 102. Alternatively, adherence of the polymer layer(s) 104 to the continuous metal sheet 102 can be accomplished by using an adhesive and/or solvent system to soften or dissolve the surface of one or more of the polymer layer(s) 104 and permit commingling of the layers which results in adherence.
  • the polymer layer 104 can be treated and/or coated with any number of surface or material treatments.
  • treatments include, but are not limited to, bioactive agents, including those that modulate thrombosis, those that encourage cellular ingrowth, throughgrowth, and endothelialization, those that resist infection, and those that reduce calcification.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure also include a number of different aperture configurations used to form additional fenestration patterns.
  • figure 2 provides an additional embodiment of the continuous metal sheet 202 for use in the composite biomaterial according to the present disclosure.
  • the continuous metal sheet 202 includes arcuate members 206 that extend from the junction 208 to define cells 213 having apertures 214 in the fenestration pattern 216.
  • the fenestration pattern 216 includes arcuate members 206 having a single arc 218.
  • each of the apertures 214 is defined by a greater number of the arcuate members 206 as compared to the number illustrated in figure 1 .
  • six (6) of the arcuate members 206 define one of the apertures 214, while four (4) of the arcuate members define one of the apertures illustrated in figure 1 .
  • other numbers of arcuate members could be used to define the apertures of the fenestration pattern. Such numbers could include three (3), five (5), seven (7), and/or eight (8) among other numbers.
  • Figure 3 illustrates another embodiment of the continuous metal sheet 302 for use in the composite biomaterial according to the present disclosure.
  • the continuous metal sheet 302 includes arcuate members 306 that extend from the junction 308 to define cells 313 having apertures 314 in the fenestration pattern 316.
  • the arcuate members 306 of the present embodiment each define two of the arc 318.
  • each arcuate member 306 extending from a junction 308 defines two of the arc 318 each having different directions of curvature before terminating at the next junction 308.
  • each of the two arcs of the arcuate member 306 extend in opposite directions 330 from a straight line 332 between a pair of adjacent junctions 308.
  • each of the two arcs 318 of the arcuate member 306 bisects the straight line 332 between a pair of adjacent junctions 308.
  • the arcs of the arcuate members 306 can also have variety of different lengths, different shapes of curvature and/or curvature vectors, as discussed herein.
  • the two arcs 318 of each arcuate member 306 can have an equal length.
  • the two arcs of each arcuate member 306 can have an unequal length.
  • each of the two arcs of the arcuate member 306 can have a number of different curvature shapes, as discussed herein.
  • each of the two arcs of an arcuate member 306 could have different curved shapes selected from those discussed herein.
  • Figure 4 provides an additional embodiment of the continuous metal sheet 402 for use in the composite biomaterial according to the present disclosure.
  • the continuous metal sheet 402 includes arcuate members 406 that extend from the junction 408 to define cells 413 having apertures 414 in the fenestration pattern 416.
  • the fenestration pattern 416 includes arcuate members 406 each defining two arcs 418.
  • the apertures 414 are defined by a greater number of the arcuate members 406 as compared to the number illustrated in figure 3 .
  • six (6) of the arcuate members 406 define one of the apertures 414, while four (4) of the arcuate members define one of the apertures illustrated in figure 3 .
  • other numbers of arcuate members could be define the apertures of the fenestration pattern, as discussed herein.
  • the arcs of the arcuate members 406 can also have variety of different lengths, shapes, and/or vectors of curvature, as discussed herein.
  • Figure 5 provides another embodiment of the continuous metal sheet 502 for use in the composite biomaterial according to the present disclosure.
  • the continuous metal sheet 502 includes arcuate members 506 that extend from the junction 508 to define cells 513 having apertures 514 in the fenestration pattern 516.
  • the fenestration pattern 516 includes arcuate members 506 each defining two of the arcs 518.
  • the arc length and curvature vectors (e.g., radius of curvature) of the arcs 518 are greater as compared to the arc length and curvature vectors of the arc illustrated in figure 4 .
  • Figure 6 provides an additional embodiment of the continuous metal sheet 602 for use in the composite biomaterial according to the present disclosure.
  • the continuous metal sheet 602 includes arcuate members 606 in which the members 606 form an angle 625. This is in contrast to a smooth curve as illustrated for other arcuate members discussed herein.
  • the first set of members 832 include a series of repeating single arcs 818 that change their direction of curvature at each junction 808.
  • the second set of members 840 has a linear shape.
  • the arc of the members could curve in the same on at each junction, where the direction on one side of the center axis is opposite of the direction on the other side of the center axis.
  • different combinations of linear and arcuate shaped members could also be used for the continuous metal sheet to provide the radiating pattern generally illustrated in figures 7 and 8 . Changes to these patterns and directions of arcs for the members can change the mechanical properties of the composite biomaterial.
  • the continuous metal sheet 802 includes apertures 814 defined by the members 832 and 840 that have at least two different shapes.
  • the members 832 and 840 define a first cell 850 and a second cell 852 that have shapes that are mirror images of each other.
  • the first and second cells 850, 852 are chiral (i.e., not superimposable on each other).
  • other combinations of linear and arcuate shaped members could be used to generate other patterns for the first and second cells that are both mirror images of each other and have chirality.
  • total area of each cell can have a predetermined value of 0.00015 to 0.40 square centimeters.
  • the total area of each cell illustrated in figure 3 can be 0.0031 square centimeters.
  • the total area of each cell illustrated in figure 4 can be 0.0043 square centimeters and the total area of each cell illustrated in figure 5 can be 0.017 square centimeters.
  • the members can have a width and thickness of less than 0.002 inches and that the length to be at least 10 times the width or thickness and that the width is less than or equal to the thickness.
  • the members can have a width and thickness of less than 0.0015 inches and that the length to be at least 20 times the width or thickness and that width is less than or equal to the thickness.
  • the cells of the continuous metal sheet illustrated herein have an open area (i.e., the apertures) that is a significant percentage of the surface area of the continuous metal sheet.
  • the embodiments of the apertures illustrated in figures 1-8 can have an open area that is from 78 percent percent of a total area of the cell defined by the arcuate members and junctions.
  • the open area of the cells can be seventy (70) percent to ninety eight (98) percent of the total area of the cell defined by the arcuate members and junctions.
  • the open area of the cells can be eighty five (85) percent to ninety five (95) percent of the total area of the cell defined by the arcuate members and junctions.
  • the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure can include some additional mechanical features that are useful for the variety of applications discussed herein.
  • the continuous metal sheet of the composite biomaterial can provide a Poisson's ratio having a negative value (i.e., an auxetic). In other words, as the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure is stretched in one direction, it gets wider in the perpendicular direction.
  • the embodiment illustrated in figures 1 and 2 can have negative Poisson ratios.
  • the embodiments illustrated in figures 3 and 4 can have Poisson ratios of approximately zero (0), depending upon the dimensions and loading direction imposed on the composite biomaterial.
  • the aspect ratios of the fenestration patterns discussed herein can also be used to adjust the Poisson's ratio of the composite biomaterial.
  • the continuous metal sheet of the composite biomaterial can provide a Poisson's ratio that is 0.5 or greater.
  • the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure can be used in a number of different applications.
  • the composite biomaterial can be used in forming a valve leaflet for use in a prosthetic valve (e.g., cardiac valve and/or venous valve).
  • Natural valve leaflets are anisotropic in complex ways that vary over the surface of the structure.
  • natural valve leaflets exhibit differing degrees of stiffness and elasticity depending on the location in the leaflet.
  • collagen fibers reinforce the valve tissue and provide the requisite structural integrity.
  • Natural heart valve leaflet tissue is a composite material that includes collagen fibers in bundles, which are arranged in a special structure and orientation, which provide a desired mechanical behavior by accommodating the principal stresses in the leaflet because the orientation of collagen bundles coincides with these stresses.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a valve 1076.
  • Embodiments of the valve 1076 include a valve frame 1078 and valve leaflets 1060 that can be implanted through minimally-invasive techniques into a body lumen.
  • embodiments of the valve 1076 may help to maintain antegrade blood flow, while decreasing retrograde blood flow in a venous system of individuals having venous insufficiency, such as venous insufficiency in the legs.
  • embodiments of the valve can be used to replace and/or augment an aortic valve. Use of the valve embodiments can also be possible in other portions of the vasculature.
  • the valve frame 1078 includes a first frame member 1077 including a leaflet connection region 1086.
  • a distal end 1079 of the first frame member 1077 defines a distal cross-sectional area and a proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 defines a proximal cross-sectional area.
  • the proximal cross-sectional area is larger than the distal cross-sectional area, as discussed further herein.
  • the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083 and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 define a circular proximal cross-sectional area due to the configuration of the first and second frame members 1077, 1083. More specifically, the distal end 1085 of the second member 1083 and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 provide enough support to ensure that the body lumen will form a circular shape when the valve is implanted in the treatment site. Other cross-sectional shapes are also possible, including, but not limited to, oval or elliptical.
  • the valve frame 1078 also includes a third frame member 1087 connected to a middle portion 1089 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the third frame member 1087 can extend from the middle portion 1089 of the first frame member 1077 in a proximal direction.
  • a proximal end 1091 of the third frame member 1087 defines a circular proximal cross-sectional area approximately equal to the circular proximal cross-sectional area defined by the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083 and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the valve frame 1078 can also include a fourth frame member 1093.
  • the fourth frame member 1093 can be connected to the distal end 1079 of the first frame member 1077 and can define a fourth circular cross-sectional area. In some embodiments, the fourth circular cross-sectional area can be approximately equal to the distal cross-sectional area of the first frame member 1077.
  • the fourth frame member 1093 can serve as an additional structural member to anchor the valve frame 1078 at a treatment site. However, in embodiments where there is a limited amount of space for the valve 1076 (e.g., aortic valve replacement), the fourth frame member 1093 may not be included, or may be modified to take up less area as compared to that shown in Figure 10 .
  • valve 1076 it is also possible to have more members over the same valve frame 1078 length.
  • the purpose of the frame members are to anchor the valve 1076 and prevent intrusion of either the native defective valve and/or vein wall into the interior of the valve frame 1078, thereby preventing contact with the valve leaflets 1060.
  • the use of additional frame members must be balanced with the desire to minimize the use of additional frame members to prevent adverse healing response.
  • the additional frame members can be shorter in length and can have a narrow strut width. The modification to the additional members can also help allow the valve 1076 to be loaded into a delivery catheter.
  • the proximal end 1091 of the third frame member 1087, the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083, and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 form a bulbous portion 1095 around the leaflet connection region 1086 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the proximal end 1091 of the third frame member 1087, the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083, and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 extend radially from the distal end 1079 of the first frame member 1077 to define the bulbous portion 1095.
  • the bulbous portion 1095 can begin at the distal end 1079 of the first frame member 1077 and can reach a maximum cross-sectional area at the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077. From the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077, the bulbous portion 1095 can taper to a smaller cross-sectional area at the most-proximal end of the second frame member 1083. In some embodiments, the smaller cross-sectional area at the most-proximal end of the second frame member 1083 can be approximately equal to the circular cross-sectional area defined by the distal end 1079 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 can be radially expanded in order to define the proximal cross-sectional area and form the bulbous portion 1095.
  • the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083 and the proximal end 1091 of the third frame member 1087 can be radially expanded to define the circular distal cross-sectional area and the circular proximal cross-sectional area, respectively.
  • the perimeter of the bulbous portion 1095 can have a round shape.
  • Other shapes of the bulbous portion are also possible, including, but not limited to, one or more of a spherical, semi-spherical, ovoid, semi-ovoid, conical, semi-conical, torus, semi-torus, cylindrical, and semicylindrical.
  • the bulbous portions 1095 can be formed such that the bulbous portions 1095 on each side of the valve leaflets 1060 are equivalent to each other (i.e., mirror images).
  • each of the two or more bulbous portions 1095 can have different shapes, as discussed herein. In other words, the bulbous portion 1095 need not have the same shape as the other bulbous portion 1095 of the valve frame 1078.
  • proximal end 1091 of the third frame member 1087, the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083, and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 can move radially as the valve 1076 radially collapses and expands.
  • the frame members forming the bulbous portion 1095 can provide a spring force (e.g., elastic potential energy) to counter radial compression of the valve frame 1078 towards its uncompressed state.
  • valve frame 1078 can accommodate changes in body lumen size (e.g., diameter of the body lumen) by flexing to expand and/or contract to change the diameter of the valve frame 1078.
  • the valve frame 1078 can also provide sufficient contact and expansion force with the surface of a body lumen wall to encourage fixation of the valve 1076 and to prevent retrograde flow within the body lumen around the edges of the valve frame 1078, for example, the leaflet connection region 1086, and the surface of a lumen when combined with a closed state of the valve leaflets 1060 attached thereto.
  • Anchoring elements e.g., barbs
  • the frame members 1082 can have similar and/or different cross-sectional geometries and/or cross-sectional dimensions along their length.
  • the similarity and/or the differences in the cross-sectional geometries and/or cross-sectional dimensions can be based on one or more desired functions to be elicited from each portion of the valve frame 1078.
  • the first frame member 1077 and the second frame member 1083 can have a similar cross-sectional geometry along their length.
  • cross-sectional geometries include, but are not limited to, round (e.g., circular, oval, and/or elliptical), rectangular geometries having perpendicular sides, one or more convex sides, or one or more concave sides; semi-circular, triangular, tubular, I-shaped, T-shaped, parallelogram-shaped, and/or trapezoidal.
  • the cross-sectional dimensions of one or more geometries of the frame members 1082 can change from one portion of the valve frame 1078 to another portion of the valve frame 1078.
  • portions of the first frame member 1077 can taper (i.e., transition) from a first geometric dimension to a second geometric dimension different than the first geometric dimension.
  • valve frame 1078 includes a leaflet connection region 1086 along the first frame member 1077.
  • the leaflet connection region 1086 extends from the proximal end 1081 to the distal end 1079 in order to ensure that retrograde fluid flow is prevented from leaking around the valve frame 1078.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 include a first valve leaflet 1061 and a second valve leaflet 1063. As illustrated, the first and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063 are connected to the valve leaflet connection region 1086.
  • the first and second valve leaflet 1061, 1063 have surfaces that define a commissure region 1062 that reversibly opens and closes for unidirectional flow of a liquid through the valve 1076.
  • the commissure region 1062 includes portions of the valve leaflet 1060 surfaces that reversibly form a connection to allow fluid to flow through the valve 1076 in essentially one direction.
  • the first valve leaflet 1061 can include a first inflow surface 1053 and a first outflow surface 1051 opposite the first inflow surface 1053.
  • the second valve leaflet 1063 can include a second inflow surface 1049 and a second outflow surface 1047 opposite the second inflow surface 1049.
  • the first and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063 can move between a closed position in which fluid flow through the lumen 1080 can be restricted and an open position in which fluid flow through the lumen 1080 is permitted.
  • the commissure region 1062 can include portions of the first and second inflow surfaces 1053, 1049 that form a connection when the valve leaflets 1060 are in the closed position.
  • valve 1076 can also include a third valve leaflet, or a third valve leaflet and a fourth valve leaflet.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can be set along the first frame member 1077 such that the valve leaflets 1060 can move between a closed position in which fluid flow through the lumen 1080 can be restricted and an open position in which fluid flow through the lumen 1080 is permitted.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can be identical in size, shape, and material, or the valve leaflets 1060 can be formed of different materials and be of varying sizes.
  • valve leaflets 1060 can be coupled, as described more fully herein, to at least the valve leaflet connection region 1086.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 include a region 1065 of the valve leaflets 1061, 1063 that can move relative the valve frame 1078.
  • the region 1065 of the valve leaflets 1060 can be unbound (i.e., unsupported) by the valve frame 1078 and extends between the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077 to allow the commissure region 1062 to reversibly open and close for unidirectional flow of the liquid through the valve 1076.
  • valve leaflets 1060 in their open configuration can have a circumference that is less than the circumference of the valve frame 1078.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 in their open position include a gap 1067 between a free edge 1069 of each valve leaflet 1060 and the bulbous portion 1095 of the valve frame 1078.
  • the first and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063 and the bulbous portion 1095 of the valve frame 1078 provide surfaces that define a sinus 1071.
  • the sinus 1071 provides a dilated channel or receptacle defined by a volume between the first and second outflow surfaces 1051, 1047 of the first valve and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063 in the open position and the circular proximal cross-sectional area defined by the distal end 1085 of the second frame member 1083 and the proximal end 1081 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the presence of the sinus 1071 better ensures that the valve leaflets 1060 do not come into contact with a significant portion of the valve frame 1078 and/or the inner wall of the vessel in which the valve 1076 is implanted.
  • the sinus 1071 can help prevent adhesion between the valve leaflets 1060 and the vessel wall due to the presence of a recirculation volume of blood there between.
  • the sinus 1071 can also allow for improved valve leaflet 1060 dynamics (e.g., opening and closing of the valve leaflets 1060).
  • the sinus 1071 can allow for pressure differentials across the surfaces of the valve leaflets 1060 that provide for more rapid closing of the valve leaflets 1060 as the retrograde blood flow begins, as will be discussed herein.
  • the leaflets 1060 can be more responsive to changes in the flow direction.
  • the presence of the sinus 1071 allows slower moving fluid (e.g., blood) to move into the sinus 1071 and faster moving blood on the flow side of the leaflets 1060 to create a pressure differential.
  • This pressure differential across the valve leaflets 1060 provides for a Bernoulli effect for which an increase in fluid flow velocity there occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure. So as fluid flow becomes retrograde the fluid velocity through the opening of the valve leaflets 1060 is larger than the fluid flow in the sinus 1071. As a result there is a lower pressure in the opening of the valve leaflets 1060 that causes the opening to close more quickly and be more responsive to small changes in reversal of flow as compared to valves without the sinus 1071.
  • the configuration of the present embodiments allows the leaflets 1060 to experience a low shear as compared to angled leaflets which are subject to high shear and direct impact with flowing blood. This can be attributed to the alignment of the valve leaflets 1060, the first frame member 1077, and the adjacent vein segment, above and below the sinus 1071.
  • the sinus 1071 also allows for recirculation of blood within the sinus 1071 that can clean out potential thrombus buildup in the bottom of the sinus 1071.
  • valve leaflets 1060 can expand toward an inner surface of the bulbous portion 1095 of the valve frame 1078 to create an opening through which fluid is permitted to move.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can expand to define a semi-tubular structure having a circular cross-section when fluid opens the commissure region 1062.
  • the dimensions and configuration of the valve leaflets 1060 can include proportional relationships to structures of the valve frame 1078.
  • the first and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063 can each have a predetermined length between the proximal ends 1081 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the distance from a first distal end point 1045 to a second proximal end point 1075 can define a first length of the first and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063.
  • the free 069 of the first and second valve leaflets 1061, 1063 can define a curve 1097 with a bottom 1099, where the bottom 1099 is the nadir of the curve 1097.
  • the second length of the first and second leaflets 1061, 1063 can be defined as the distance between the bottom 1099 of the curve 1097 and the most distal point 1059 at the distal end 1079 of the first frame member 1077.
  • the ratio of the first length to the second length can be 1:1.5. In various embodiments, the ratio of the first length to the second length can be 1:1.
  • the embodiments of the valve frame described herein can be constructed of one or more of a number of materials and in a variety of configurations.
  • the valve frame embodiments can have a unitary structure with an open frame configuration.
  • the valve frame can also be self-expanding. Examples of self-expanding valve frames include those formed from temperature-sensitive memory alloy which changes shape at a designated temperature or temperature range, such as Nitinol. Alternatively, the self-expanding valve frames can include those having a spring-bias.
  • the valve frame 1078 can have a configuration that allows the frame embodiments to be radially expandable through the use of a balloon catheter. In such embodiments, the valve frame 1078 can be provided in separate pieces (e.g., two frame pieces) that are delivered individually to the implant site.
  • the embodiments of the valve frame 1078 can also be formed from one or more contiguous frame members.
  • the first and second frame members 1077, 1083 of the valve frame 1078 can be formed from a single contiguous member.
  • the single contiguous member can be bent around an elongate tubular mandrel to form the valve frame.
  • the free ends of the single contiguous member can then be welded, fused, crimped, or otherwise joined together to form the valve frame.
  • the first and second frame members 1077, 1083 of the valve frame 1078 can be derived (e.g., laser cut, water cut) from a single tubular segment. Similar approaches can be used with respect to the third frame member 1087 and the fourth frame member 1093.
  • the valve frame 1078 can be formed from a number of materials.
  • the valve frame 1078 can be formed from a biocompatible metal, metal alloy, polymeric material, or combination thereof.
  • the valve frame 1078 can be self-expanding or balloon expandable.
  • the valve frame 1078 can be configured so as to have the ability to move radially between the collapsed state and the expanded state.
  • suitable materials include, but are not limited to, medical grade stainless steel (e.g., 316L), titanium, tantalum, platinum alloys, niobium alloys, cobalt alloys, alginate, or combinations thereof.
  • Additional valve frame 1078 embodiments may be formed from a shape-memory material, such as shape memory plastics, polymers, and thermoplastic materials. Shaped memory alloys having superelastic properties generally made from ratios of nickel and titanium, commonly known as Nitinol, are also possible materials. Other materials are also possible.
  • the valve 1076 can further include one or more radiopaque markers (e.g., rivets, tabs, sleeves, welds).
  • one or more portions of the frame can be formed from a radiopaque material.
  • Radiopaque markers can be attached to, electroplated, dipped, and/or coated onto one or more locations along the valve frame 1078. Examples of radiopaque material include, but are not limited to, gold, tantalum, and platinum.
  • a radiograph image of the valve frame 1078 taken parallel to the commissural e.g., defined by a plane passing through the first and second proximal end points 1045, 1075 of the first frame member 1077 and a point along the center axis proximal or distal to this plane) of the valve leaflets 1060 in a first clock position can produce a first predetermined radiograph image (e.g., an imaging having the appearance of an inverted "V") and a radiographic image taken perpendicular to the commissural plane in a second clock position can produce a second predetermined radiograph image (e.g., an imaging having the appearance of an upright "U”) distinguishable from the first predetermined radiograph image.
  • a first predetermined radiograph image e.g., an imaging having the appearance of an inverted "V”
  • a radiographic image taken perpendicular to the commissural plane in a second clock position can produce a second predetermined radiograph image (e.g., an imaging having the appearance of an upright "U
  • the first and second predetermined radiograph images allow the radial position of the valve leaflets 1060 to be better identified within the vessel. This then allows a clocking position for the valve 1076 to be determined so that the valve 1076 can be positioned in a more natural orientation relative the compressive forces the valve 1076 will experience in situ. In other words, determining the clocking of the valve 1076, as described herein, allows the valve 1076 to be radially positioned in a same orientation as a native valve that it is replacing and/or augmenting.
  • the material of the valve leaflets 1060 can be sufficiently thin and pliable so as to permit radially-collapsing of the valve leaflets 1060 for delivery by catheter to a location within a body lumen.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can be constructed of a fluid-impermeable biocompatible material that can be either synthetic or biologic.
  • Possible synthetic materials include, but are not limited to, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene (SIBS), polyurethane, segmented poly(carbonate-urethane), Dacron, polyethlylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), silk, Rayon, Silicone, or the like.
  • ePTFE expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • SIBS polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene
  • polyurethane segmented poly(carbonate-urethane)
  • Dacron polyethlylene
  • PE polyethylene terephthalate
  • silk Rayon, Silicone, or the like.
  • biologic materials include, but are not limited to, autologous, allogeneic or xenograft material.
  • SIBS small intestine submucosa
  • valve leaflets 1060 can be constructed of a semi-permeable biocompatible material formed of an ePTFE/Nickel-Titanium mesh.
  • the composite valve leaflets 1060 can be initially semi-permeable to blood until the mesh is filled with fibrin, red blood cells, and platelets from the blood, making the composite valve leaflets 1060 fluid-impermeable.
  • valve leaflets 1060 formed of the composite biomaterial, as described herein, can be used with the valve 1076.
  • the border strip of the valve leaflet 1060 can be attached to the valve frame 1078.
  • the valve leaflet 1060 can be attached to the leaflet connection region 1086 through the use of rivets 1088.
  • the rivets 1088 are from the material of the valve frame 1078.
  • the rivets can be separate elements that are secured across the openings 1073 of the border strip 1072 and opening through the frame member 1082.
  • the rivets can be formed of, or coated with a radiopaque material (e.g., gold, tantalum, and platinum) that would allow for visualization of the position, location, and orientation (e.g., axial, directional, and/or clocking position) of the valve 1076 during its implantation.
  • a radiopaque material e.g., gold, tantalum, and platinum
  • valve leaflets 1060 can be secured to the first frame member 1077 at the leaflet connection region 1086 through the use of biocompatible staples, glues, sutures or combinations thereof.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can be coupled to the first frame member 1077 through the use of heat sealing, solvent bonding, adhesive bonding, or welding the valve leaflets 1060 to the valve frame 1078.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can have a variety of sizes and shapes. For example, each of the valve leaflets 1060 can have a similar size and shape. Alternatively, each of the valve leaflets 1060 need not have a similar size and shape (i.e., the valve leaflets can have a different size and shape with respect to each other).
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can include one or more support structures, where the support structures can be integrated into and/or onto the valve leaflets 1060.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can one or more support ribs having a predetermined shape.
  • the predetermined shape of the support ribs can include a curved bias so as to provide the valve leaflets 1060 with a curved configuration.
  • Support ribs can be constructed of a flexible material and have dimensions (e.g., thickness, width and length) and cross-sectional shape that allows the support ribs to be flexible when the valve leaflets 1060 are urged into an open position, and stiff when the valve leaflets 1060 are urged into a closed position upon experiencing sufficient back flow pressure from the direction downstream from the valve 1076.
  • support ribs can also be attached to valve frame 1078 so as to impart a spring bias to the valve leaflets 1060 in either the open or the closed position.
  • valve leaflets 1060 to be used with the valve frame 1078 of the present disclosure may also be treated and/or coated with any number of surface or material treatments.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 can be treated with one or more biologically active compounds and/or materials that may promote and/or inhibit endothelization and/or smooth muscle cell growth of the valve leaflets 1060.
  • the valve leaflets 1060 may be seeded and covered with cultured tissue cells (e.g., endothelial cells) derived from a either a donor or the host patient which are attached to the valve leaflets 1060.
  • the cultured tissue cells may be initially positioned to extend either partially or fully over the valve leaflets 1060.
  • Valve leaflets 1060 can also be capable of inhibiting thrombus formation. Additionally, valve leaflets 1060 may either prevent or facilitate tissue ingrowth there through, as the particular application for the valve 1076 may dictate. For example, valve leaflets 1060 on the outer surfaces 1051, 1047 may be formed from a porous material to facilitate tissue ingrowth there through, while valve leaflets 1060 on the inner surfaces 1053, 1049 may be formed from a material or a treated material which inhibits tissue ingrowth.
  • valves to be used with the synthetic composite material of the present disclosure are also provided in co-pending U.S. Patent application serial number 11/150,331 filed (DKT# 04-0081US) filed June 10, 2005 and entitled “Venous Valve, System, and Method,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the fenestration pattern of the continuous metal sheet can include a repeated series of the apertures having two or more different shapes, where each of the two or more shapes either has or does not have the same surface area.
  • the fenestration pattern can continuously change across the surface of the continuous metal sheet (i.e., along a line of symmetry no two fenestrations are alike).
  • this continuous change in fenestration pattern helps to avoid possibilities of discontinuities, as discussed above, in the composite biomaterial.
  • the continuous change in fenestration pattern can also help to even out the stresses even across the surface of the composite biomaterial when used, for example, as a leaflet for a valve. By better distributing the stresses across the surface of the composite biomaterial the curvature of the composite biomaterial can change smoothly (i.e., does not have discontinuities).
  • Figures 11-13 provide illustrations of such heterogeneous fenestration patterns 1116, 1216 and 1316.
  • the fenestration patterns 1116, 1216 and 1316 have an initial fenestration pattern 1190, 1290 and 1390 generally along a central region 1192, 1292 and 1392 of the leaflet body region 1164, 1264 and 1364.
  • the initial fenestration pattern 1190, 1290 and 1390 changes shape as the continuous metal sheet 1102, 1202, and 1302 extends towards the boarder strip 1172, 1272, and 1372; coaptation region 1168, 1268, and 1368; and the commissure region 1162, 1262, and 1362.
  • the change in shape of the initial fenestration pattern 1190, 1290 and 1390 can, in one embodiment, be symmetrical relative the central region 1192, 1292 and 1392.
  • the change in shape of the initial fenestration pattern 1190, 1290 and 1390 can, in another embodiment, be asymmetrical relative the central region 1192, 1292 and 1392.
  • FIG. 11-12 further illustrate a different pattern for the continuous metal sheet 1102 and 1202 in the coaptation region 1168 and 1268.
  • the fenestration pattern 1116 and 1216 in the coaptation region 1168 and 1268 can provide for an edge of the continuous metal sheet 1102 and 1202 having a serpentine pattern 1194 and 1294.
  • the serpentine pattern 1194 and 1294 of the continuous metal 102 and 1202 provides the coaptation region 1168 and 1268 with greater flexibility as compared to a coaptation region without the serpentine pattern.
  • the serpentine pattern 1194 and 1294 provide for additional surface area to which the polymer layer 1104 and 1204 can be secured.
  • the amplitude and frequency of the serpentine pattern 1194 and 1294 at the edge of the continuous metal sheet 1102 and 1202 can be dependent upon the fenestration pattern of remainder of continuous metal sheet 1102 and 1202. For example, when the fenestration pattern provides for a relatively flexible continuous metal sheet, the amplitude of the serpentine pattern needs to be relatively high. Similarly, when the fenestration pattern provides for a relatively stiffer continuous metal sheet, the amplitude of the serpentine pattern needs to be relatively small.
  • the continuous metal sheet 1102, 1202, and 1302 also illustrate embodiments of the strain relief region 1166, 1266, and 1366.
  • the strain relief region 1166, 1266, and 1366 provides a transition region between the boarder strip 1172, 1272, and 1372 and the remainder of the continuous metal sheet 1102, 1202, and 1302.
  • the strain relief region 1166, 1266, and 1366 has struts that transition from a first thickness, and/or width (shown generally at 1196, 1296 and 1396) to a second thickness, and/or width (shown generally at 1198, 1298 and 1398) that is smaller than the first thickness.
  • the struts of the continuous metal sheet 1102, 1202, and 1302 in the strain relief region 1166, 1266, and 1366 change size and/or shape as the continuous metal sheet 1102, 1202, and 1302 merges with boarder strip 1172, 1272, and 1372.
  • one or more of the desired fenestration patterns can be formed in the continuous metal sheet, as discussed herein.
  • One or more of the polymer layers can then be applied to the continuous metal sheet to form the composite biomaterial.
  • the composite biomaterial can then be shaped in to a form based on the desired application of the material.
  • features of the composite biomaterial and/or of the object to be formed with the composite biomaterial can be used in forming the object.
  • some of the embodiments of the composite biomaterial of the present disclosure have an symmetry.
  • objects that can be formed from composite biomaterial that also have an axis of symmetry.
  • an axis of symmetry can extend from a point that approximately bisects the commissure region down to a low point of the valve leaflet so as to divide the leaflet into lateral halves.
  • the axis of symmetry for the continuous metal sheet illustrated in figures 7 and 8 can be used as the axis of symmetry in forming the valve leaflet from the composite biomaterial.
  • a strain field can be formed in, or imposed upon, the composite biomaterial discussed herein prior to forming the object (e.g., the valve). In one embodiment, this imposed strain field can be applied to the composite biomaterial to provide a predetermined fenestration pattern in the continuous metal sheet. In one embodiment, the predetermined fenestration pattern formed with the imposed strain field is a different pattern as compared to the starting fenestration pattern of the unstrained continuous metal sheet.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure include a composite biomaterial that include a continuous metal sheet having a first set of members that extend in a radiating pattern from a corner, the corner of each of the first set of members being aligned along a center axis, and a second set of members that extend to intersect the first set of members; and a polymer layer over at least one surface of the continuous metal sheet.
  • the first set of members that extend in a radiating pattern from the corner extend in a chevron pattern.
  • the first set of members and the second set of members have a linear shape.
  • the first set of members have an arcuate shape.
  • the second set of members have an arcuate shape.
  • the arcuate shape of the first set of members elastically stretches to allow the continuous metal sheet to bend in more than one axis without buckling.
  • the first set of members and the second set of members define a center cell that contains the corner.
  • each center cell of the continuous metal sheet has six sides defined by two of the first set of members and two of the second set of members.
  • the center cell is a concave hexagon.
  • the first set of members and the second set of members a unit cell that has a different configuration than the center cell.
  • the unit cell is a rhomboid.
  • the unit cell is a rhombus.
  • the center axis is an axis of symmetry for the first set of members and the second set of members.

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Claims (14)

  1. Ventilrahmen (1078), der Folgendes aufweist:
    ein erstes Rahmenelement (1077), das einen Blättchenverbindungsbereich (1086) aufweist, wobei ein distales Ende (1079) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) einen distalen Querschnittsbereich definiert und ein proximales Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) einen proximalen Querschnittsbereich definiert, der größer ist als der distale Querschnittsbereich,
    ein zweites Rahmenelement (1083), das ein distales Ende (1085) hat, das mit dem proximalen Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) verbunden ist, wobei das distale Ende (1085) des zweiten Rahmenelements (1083) und das proximale Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) einen kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich definieren, und
    ein drittes Rahmenelement (1087), das mit einem mittleren Abschnitt (1089) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) verbunden ist, wobei ein proximales Ende (1091) des dritten Rahmenelements (1087) einen kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich definiert, der in etwa gleich dem kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich ist, der durch das distale Ende (1085) des zweiten Rahmenelements (1083) und das proximale Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) definiert ist,
    wobei das proximale Ende (1091) des dritten Rahmenelements (1087), das distale Ende (1085) des zweiten Rahmenelements (1083) und das proximale Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) einen bauchigen Abschnitt (1095) um den Blättchenverbindungsbereich (1086) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) herum bilden.
  2. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach Anspruch 1, wobei das zweite Rahmenelement (1083) mit dem proximalen Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) verbunden ist und sich in eine proximale Richtung erstreckt.
  3. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei sich das dritte Rahmenelement (1087) von dem mittleren Abschnitt (1089) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) in eine proximale Richtung erstreckt.
  4. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, der ein viertes Rahmenelement (1093) aufweist, das einen vierten kreisförmigen Querschnittsbereich definiert, der mit dem distalen Ende (1079) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) verbunden ist.
  5. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach Anspruch 4, wobei der vierte kreisförmige Querschnittsbereich in etwa gleich dem distalen Querschnittsbereich des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) ist.
  6. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach Anspruch 1, wobei der bauchige Abschnitt (1095) bei dem distalen Ende (1079) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) beginnt und einen maximalen Querschnittsbereich an dem proximalen Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) hat.
  7. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach Anspruch 1, wobei das proximale Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) radial erweitert sein kann, um den bauchigen Abschnitt (1095) zu bilden.
  8. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, der Ventilblättchen (1060) aufweist, die an den Ventilrahmen (1078) angebracht sind.
  9. Ventilrahmen (1078) nach Anspruch 8, wobei sich die Ventilblättchen (1060) wiederholt zwischen einem offenen Zustand und einem geschlossenen Zustand bewegen können.
  10. Verfahren, das Folgendes aufweist:
    Verbinden eines ersten Rahmenelements, das ein distales Ende hat, das einen distalen Querschnittsbereich definiert, und ein proximales Ende hat, das einen proximalen Querschnittsbereich definiert, der größer ist als der distale Querschnittsbereich, mit einem zweiten Rahmenelement an dem proximalen Ende des ersten Rahmenelements, wobei ein distales Ende des zweiten Rahmenelements und das proximale Ende des ersten Rahmenelements einen kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich definieren, wobei das erste Rahmenelement (1077) einen Blättchenverbindungsbereich (1086) umfasst;
    Verbinden eines dritten Rahmenelements mit einem mittleren Abschnitt des ersten Rahmenelements, wobei ein proximales Ende des dritten Rahmenelements einen kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich definiert, der in etwa gleich dem kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich ist, der durch das distale Ende des zweiten Rahmenelements und das proximale Ende des ersten Rahmenelements definiert ist;
    wobei das proximale Ende (1091) des dritten Rahmenelements (1087), das distale Ende (1085) des zweiten Rahmenelements (1083) und das proximale Ende (1081) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) einen bauchigen Abschnitt (1095) um den Blättchenverbindungsbereich (1086) des ersten Rahmenelements (1077) bilden;
    Koppeln von Ventilblättchen an das erste Rahmenelement, wobei sich eine freie Kante der Ventilblättchen benachbart zu dem distalen Ende des zweiten Rahmenelements und dem proximalen Ende des ersten Rahmenelements befindet und das distale Ende des zweiten Rahmenelements und das proximale Ende des ersten Rahmenelements einen Sinus zwischen dem distalen Ende des zweiten Rahmenelements und dem proximalen Ende des ersten Rahmenelements und den Ventilblättchen bilden.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei das Verfahren ein radiales Erweitern des proximalen Endes des ersten Rahmenelements aufweist, um den proximalen Querschnittsbereich zu definieren.
  12. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10-11, wobei das Verfahren ein radiales Erweitern des distalen Endes des zweiten Rahmenelements aufweist, um den kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich zu definieren.
  13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10-12, wobei das Verfahren ein radiales Erweitern des proximalen Endes des dritten Rahmenelements aufweist, um den kreisförmigen proximalen Querschnittsbereich zu definieren.
  14. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10-13, das ferner ein Verbinden eines vierten Rahmenelements mit dem distalen Ende des ersten Rahmenelements aufweist.
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