EP2366081A2 - Procede pour minimiser la consommation d'energie d'un chauffe-eau a accumulation - Google Patents

Procede pour minimiser la consommation d'energie d'un chauffe-eau a accumulation

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Publication number
EP2366081A2
EP2366081A2 EP09774713A EP09774713A EP2366081A2 EP 2366081 A2 EP2366081 A2 EP 2366081A2 EP 09774713 A EP09774713 A EP 09774713A EP 09774713 A EP09774713 A EP 09774713A EP 2366081 A2 EP2366081 A2 EP 2366081A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
temperature
water heater
cim
time
management
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP09774713A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2366081B1 (fr
Inventor
Fausto Fioroni
Carlo Frati
Roberto Sampaolesi
Roberto Paolinelli
Angelo Mancini
Renato Moreci
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merloni Termosanitari SpA
Ariston SpA
Thermowatt SpA
Original Assignee
Merloni Termosanitari SpA
Ariston Thermo SpA
Thermowatt SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merloni Termosanitari SpA, Ariston Thermo SpA, Thermowatt SpA filed Critical Merloni Termosanitari SpA
Priority to PL09774713T priority Critical patent/PL2366081T3/pl
Publication of EP2366081A2 publication Critical patent/EP2366081A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2366081B1 publication Critical patent/EP2366081B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2007—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
    • F24H9/2014—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters using electrical energy supply
    • F24H9/2021—Storage heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/172—Scheduling based on user demand, e.g. determining starting point of heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/174—Supplying heated water with desired temperature or desired range of temperature
    • F24H15/175—Supplying heated water with desired temperature or desired range of temperature where the difference between the measured temperature and a set temperature is kept under a predetermined value
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/212—Temperature of the water
    • F24H15/223—Temperature of the water in the water storage tank
    • F24H15/225—Temperature of the water in the water storage tank at different heights of the tank
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/281—Input from user
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/355—Control of heat-generating means in heaters
    • F24H15/37—Control of heat-generating means in heaters of electric heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/395—Information to users, e.g. alarms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/414—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based
    • F24H15/421—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based using pre-stored data
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/486—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using timers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new method for the management of water preservation temperature in a generic storage water heater controllable by an electronic control.
  • An instant water heater can dispense a hot water flow rate strictly proportional to the thermal power installed. Installing high powers is generally difficult and this poses a limit to the dispensable flow rate.
  • the advantage of water storage heaters is to be able to dispense very high water flow rates while limiting the thermal power installed.
  • the amount of water that can be dispensed at the usage temperature T u during a single drawing may be larger than the volume of the storage tank as this is especially kept at a temperature higher than said usage temperature Tu and the water withdrawn is then used mixing it with cold water.
  • the selected storage volume is sufficient for fulfilling the largest of the expectable drawings for that specific utility keeping the storage temperature to the maximum possible value while the thermal power installed must be such as to restore a sufficient water reserve for the next drawing.
  • various utility categories correspond to as many models of storage water heaters (hereinafter simply referred to as water heater for shortness).
  • water heater for shortness
  • the main cause of inefficiency is due to the thermal dispersions that can be even very high and often useless during the whole day, even far-off the drawing time. Therefore, more or less accurate methods easy to be managed by the user have been developed, in order to limit the thermal dispersions while keeping the water heater temperature to the minimum values compatible with the service fulfilment.
  • the minimum requirement for the service to always be met is that the water heater should in any case be kept at a minimum temperature not lower than the usage temperature T u so as to fulfil small unexpected drawings, and the storage volume should be sufficiently large to ensure the largest drawing expected for that utility while keeping the temperature to the value allowed.
  • drawing pattern consisting in drawing times and amounts, shall be referred to as drawing profile. If it is true that the drawing profile is very uneven during the day, it is highly repetitive during predetermined time cycles that repeat, equal to one another: in particular for the one week interval. In fact, utility behaviours are little changing so that a typical drawing profile can be recognised for Mondays, Tuesdays, and so on, with, in particular, clear differences between working days and holidays, as well as, of course, for midweek holidays and for holiday periods.
  • drawing cycle Each of said repetitive time intervals is hereinafter referred to as drawing cycle.
  • small drawings overlap, usually in a quite random manner, especially in small utilities, to this regularity of more important drawings: small water drawings, for example for rinsing a dish or washing hands, which per se do not imply considerable energy consumptions but may have the effect, well known by the man skilled in the art, of tripping the temperature setting thermostat, with the consequence that the latter thus reaches uselessly higher values with a consequent increase of thermal dispersions.
  • the simple method that has always been used is to enable and disable the heating element by a clock so that the desired temperatures are only ensured within the time period when drawings are expected.
  • Another simple method, less effective from the energy point of view for the user but more economically advantageous for the same, is to actuate the heating element only during any time bands with a lower rate; the water may uselessly be too hot with a certain advance compared to the needs, but in any case it was obtained at relatively low cost.
  • Document EP 0 866 282 provides for a device wherein it is possible to program the desired drawing sequence, that is, the drawing profile.
  • the amount of the n drawings envisaged in the time sequence t.l, t.2, ... t.k, ... t.n is recorded by setting for each time t.k the temperature T set.k deemed able to fulfil the k-th drawing.
  • a limit of the method consists in the difficulty of a correct programming, because the user cannot be aware of the effective drawing times of the hot water or of the effective values T se t.k to set to obtain the desired amount of hot water at the usage temperature T u .
  • the programming method therefore implies a series of adjustments for tests and errors with the high probability that the user stops correcting the program when he/she assesses that the services is met, but without knowing whether he/she could obtain this with greater efficiency.
  • Another difficulty lies in the fact that the effective time of achievement of the desired temperature depends on the heating time, difficult to assess and in any case variable over time for the same water heater for various reasons, such as scaling, seasonal temperature variations in the room where the water heater is placed, reduction of the effective thermal power of the heating element over time.
  • the prior document GB 2 146 797 acquires information on the drawing times and amounts through flow and rate sensors for each drawing, the storage temperature at an intermediate value between the minimum and maximum allowed and proportional to the expected drawing volume.
  • the method has the disadvantage of requiring the presence of flow sensors for sensing the drawings; moreover, it does not allow for corrections, meaning that it learns the drawing variability but, assigning an unchangeable temperature to each drawing amount as it is generated by a preset formula, it is not able to correct it if it is too high or too low.
  • the sequence of the drawing times and of the corresponding desired storage temperatures are set in an electronic processor; the processor consequently determines the values that the thermostat adjustment temperature must take in each time interval. Afterwards, such adjustment temperatures are changed rising them for the intervals in which the desired storage temperatures have not been reached, and dropping them in the opposite case.
  • a limit of the method, as in the first document mentioned, is the need of having to preset the times of the expected drawings; another limit, as in the second document mentioned, is that the desired and preset storage temperature is kept, however it may not be the best one for ensuring the service in the most effective manner.
  • An object of the present invention in a water heater is to keep a storage temperature thereof such as to fulfil all the drawings that may be expected by the usual behaviour of the utility while minimising thermal dispersions.
  • a second object of the present invention is to automatically learn and store, at least for cycles of weekly drawings, the drawing profile consisting in times and amounts of the same without needing manual settings or flow detectors.
  • a third object of the present invention is to detect utility behaviour changes changing the learnt and stored drawing profile accordingly.
  • a further object of the present invention is to prevent small random drawings from leading to a change of the drawing profile stored.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic cross-section view of the tank of a water heater.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic view of the logical device that manages the water heater according to the methods of the invention.
  • Figs. 3. a, 3.b and 3.c show water temperature distributions inside a storage water heater respectively at the end of a heating step, after a drawing that has used only part of the water stored and finally, after a drawing that has used substantially all and only the water that had a sufficiently hot temperature.
  • Figs. 4. a, 4.b, 4.c and 4.d show the patterns of water temperature in a water storage heater over time as drawing are made and water is heated by a method according to the invention.
  • tank 2 provided with a cold water inlet 2.1, a hot water outlet 2.2, a bottom 2.3 and a dome 2.4.
  • a heating element 3 which in the figure is schematically shown as an electrical resistor but which could consist of any other equivalent means, such as a gas combustion unit or a heat exchanger or else, is in charge of water heating.
  • said regulator 4 is provided with means IN suitable for introducing first data therein from the outside, for example during production through input IN.l and/or upon installation through input IN.2 and/or at a later time by the user through input IN.3.
  • regulator 4 receives second data from one or more sensors S; Sl, S2 that sense one or more corresponding temperatures T, Tl, T2 of water in their immediate vicinity inside tank 2.
  • a single sensor S; Sl is provided, it is placed where the thermostat sensor of a water heater 1 is normally placed according to the prior art, that is, substantially 1/3 away from the bottom 2.3. If a further sensor S2 is provided, it is connected at a lower point, close to bottom 2.3. If further sensors are provided, they are all distributed so as to sense the temperature pattern along the vertical axis with certain accuracy; however, it has been found that only two sensors Sl and S2 are sufficient for a good application of the method according to the invention.
  • sensor Sl arranged at about 30 mm from the bottom and sensor S2 at about 230 mm from the same bottom.
  • a memory MEM suitable for storing: - said first data received from the outside;
  • regulator 4 is provided with a processing unit UE suitable for processing said first and second data for obtaining said parameters and a clock CLOCK for associating at least some of said parameters to corresponding times.
  • regulator 4 is provided with first means Ul for sending output signals for the ON- OFF or modulating control of the heating element 3 besides any second output means U2 for signalling the system status to the user and/or to the operator.
  • the output means U2 for example, may consist of a display capable of showing the storage temperature, the drawing profile and so on.
  • said regulator 4 is capable of processing data for constructing a profile of the effective drawings carried out by the user, which extends over a predetermined drawing cycle (one week, in particular) after which it is capable of piloting the heating element 3 so that, in the drawing cycles subsequent to the first one, during which the utility behaviour is assumed as substantially equal to that of the previous drawing cycles, the storage temperature is kept to the minimum value required to fulfil the single drawings as much as it is physically possible.
  • regulator 4 is capable of detecting, as the subsequent drawing cycles run, any considerable changes of the utility behaviour that may require a corresponding change of the drawing profile sensed and stored while it disregards the irregularities of minor drawings (small drawings) that are not an indication of changes in behaviour. Going now to the method that, according to the invention, regulator 4 can carry out for obtaining what described above, upon the first start-up, water heater 1 starts operating keeping the temperature of tank 2 to values stored to memory MEM of regulator 4 after which it is capable of learning the drawing profile (that is, times and amounts of the single drawings) simply by processing data received from the one or more sensors S; Sl, S2 during the actual utility operation.
  • regulator 4 by processing the same data coming from said one or more sensors S; Sl, S2, regulator 4 is capable of calculating the thermal inertia of water heater 1 or better, the water heating speed characteristic of the thermal system, substantially consisting in tank 2 and in heating element 3.
  • a higher final water temperature at the end of the drawing than the usage temperature T 11 denotes that the required drawing has been met; on the other hand, if the final temperature is lower, this means that the user has received too cold water, that is, that the required service has not been provided in full.
  • the temperature increase speed allows deducing the time required for changing from any first temperature to a second target temperature without the need of knowing the thermal capacity of tank 2, insulation quality and thermal power of the heating element 3.
  • Water heater 1 therefore, at the end of the learning of its internal features and of the utility features, is capable of maintaining the temperature of tank 2 to values that are variable over time and the lowest possible yet always sufficient for ensuring the single drawings, while the information on said temperature provided from the outside through said first data only serves for operating water heater 1 itself at least during a first period of the first cycle of drawings so that the service to the user is certainly ensured since the first start-up.
  • T m said water temperature, generically indicate the temperature resulting from the mean of the one or more temperatures T, Tl, T2 sensed by the one or more sensors S; Sl, S2; such mean is not necessarily an arithmetical mean but it can be a weighed mean to give more importance to one or the other of said one or more temperatures T, Tl, T2.
  • Tm. eff indicates the effective mean temperature of the water not necessarily coinciding with the water temperature T m read by said S; Sl, S2, and exactly determined by laboratory tests only.
  • T m . eff is not used by the method according to the invention and shall be hereinafter referred to only for a few explanatory considerations of the method itself.
  • Tse t k indicates the K-drawing temperature, and is the temperature to ensure at the beginning of the k-th drawing P k - Said drawing temperatures T set . k have a predetermined initial value T set higher than or equal to the value required for fulfilling the largest drawing expected; afterwards, they take values calculated by regulator 4 for each of the k drawings expected.
  • Tset.max indicates the maximum setting temperature (generally 75 °C) that for safety reasons ensures that the water does not exceed hazardous values.
  • Tstand-by indicates the maintenance temperature to ensure at times far-off the drawings; it has a predetermined value preferably equal to the usage temperature T u and therefore comprised between 35 and 45 0 C so as to ensure small unexpected drawings. It is not subject to processing over time but for allowing a manual correction thereof if the preset value does not satisfy the utility or is deemed excessive.
  • T tar g et indicates the target temperature. The target temperature T ta rget is preset equal to T se t.
  • regulator 4 it is set by regulator 4 equal to the maintenance temperature T s tand-by away from the drawing times but it must reach the value of the drawing temperature T se t.k with a heating advance time interval ⁇ t ant before the expected drawing start time tk.
  • ⁇ Thy ste resi s defines the hysteresis associated to said target temperature Ttarget- Similar to a conventional thermostat, regulator 4 enables the heating element 3 when the water temperature T m drops below the value Ttarge t - ⁇ Thysteresis (that is, if T m ⁇ T tar get - ⁇ Thysteresis) and disables it when the water temperature T m is higher than T taiget (that is, if T m > T ta rget)-
  • the value of hysteresis ⁇ Thysteresi s is predetermined; it may be very low, as in all electronic temperature regulators (for example 0.5 °C) if the heating element 3 is a group of electrical resistors piloted by regulator 4 through a TRIAC.
  • hysteresis ⁇ Thysteresis has a considerably higher value to prevent an excessive ON-OFF switching frequency of the same relays.
  • the value of hysteresis ⁇ T h y st ere s is is set equal to 5 °C when the target temperature Ttarget is set equal to the maintenance temperature T s tan d - b y so as to ensure, with good accuracy, that the water temperature T m actually has a useful value for the utility; on the other hand, when the target temperature T tar get is set equal to the drawing temperature Tset the value of hysteresis ⁇ Thysteresis may be higher (for example 8 0 C).
  • Hysteresis ⁇ Thystere s is shall not be mentioned anymore hereinafter and is deemed to be implicit in the methods by which regulator 4 pilots the heating element 3.
  • Topt indicates the optimal emptying temperature.
  • all the water in tank 2 substantially achieves the target temperature T tar g et (see fig. 3. a).
  • the water undergoes a stratification by virtue of the cold water entering from the bottom so if sensors S; Sl, S2, as usually happens, are in the proximity of the bottom, they do not sense the effective temperature of the output water anymore (see figs. 3.b, 3.c).
  • the optimal emptying temperature T opt is that sensed at bottom 2.3 when all the water has been drawn from said tank 2 at a temperature T m higher than the usage temperature T 11 and only the water at dome 2.4 has stayed at the usage temperature T 11 . Achieving the optimal emptying temperature T op t on bottom 2.3, at the end of a drawing, therefore indicates that the required drawing has been supplied and that this happened by reaching the minimum water temperature T m in tank 2 as compatible with the drawing itself and thus leaving tank 2 in minimum thermal dispersion conditions.
  • the optimal emptying temperature T opt of course depends not only on the usage temperature T u but also on the size and proportions of tank 2. By way of an example, in the already mentioned standard water heater 1, if the usage temperature T u is equal to 40 °C, the optimal emptying temperature T opt is comprised between 18 and 24 and more preferably, it may be set equal to 21 °C.
  • VTh indicates the water heating speed when the heating element 3 is active.
  • VT h (T m2 -T ml )/ ⁇ t (formula 1)
  • the calculated value of the water heating speed VT h cannot be deemed as valid and the step must be repeated.
  • Several phenomena may significantly affect the heating speed VT h value, some on the long term, such as degradation factors of water heater 1 or season variations in the temperature of the room where water heater 1 is arranged, - others on the short term, such as the effect of small drawings that due to the stratification they produce, lead to significant deviations between the effective water temperature T m .
  • e ff and that sensed by the one or more sensors S; Sl, S2.
  • the heating speed VTh is preferably calculated periodically, for example each time regulator 4 actuates the heating element 3 or, even more preferably, the calculation is repeated continuously with the heating element 3 on; for example, every 15 minutes, setting said predetermined measurement time ⁇ t equal to 15 minutes as well.
  • the moving mean between a predetermined number of the last values calculated may be used, or even more preferably, the last result in order of time may be filtered with a time constant ⁇ preferably of one hour and a half.
  • the drawing profile is recorded during all of a first drawing cycle, called learning cycle, but substantially considered as equal and representative of the following drawing cycles.
  • Said recording may then be repeated during the next cycles so as to keep into account any changes in the utility behaviour.
  • the recording may start at any time t of the cycle and the start times t k of each drawing Pk of the n total drawings that will be comprised in the cycle (where k indicates the subsequent values from 1 to n), as well as the values T m ik and T m f k the water temperature
  • T m has at the drawing start and end, respectively, are recorded during it.
  • Said times t, t k may in any case be measured from the time taken as cycle start (for example from hours 0 of Monday if the cycle has a weekly duration, by such time meaning the time of start of the algorithm should the equipment be not provided with user interface for managing the calendar).
  • Said step is divided into an alternating sequence of n first substeps at the end of which, for each drawing P k (with k ranging from 1 to n), the start time tk of the k-th drawing and the corresponding drawing start temperature T m j k are detected, followed by as many second substeps at the end of which the corresponding drawing end temperature T m fk is detected, and the amount of the drawing itself is assessed. Going to describe said first substeps in a detail, the water temperature T m is monitored during each of them, at sampling time intervals ⁇ t c .
  • a drawing Pk is regarded as started when the following two conditions occur.
  • the first condition is that a higher water cooling speed VT C; in absolute value, than a predetermined cooling speed VT P must occur.
  • sampling time intervals ⁇ t c are quite short; preferably 60 seconds; correspondingly, said temperature reduction ⁇ T pl is preferably equal to 0.33 °C and therefore preferably, said predetermined cooling speed VT P is equal to 0.33 °C/minute.
  • the temperature drop may be due to a small random drawing which should not be taken into account as it is not characterising of the actual cyclic drawing profile, or even to ON-OFF cycles of the heating element during the normal thermostating process, should the temperature probes be close to the heating element itself.
  • the second condition set is that said first condition continues to be verified until the temperature T m has dropped by a predetermined second reduction value ⁇ T p2 , deemed to be indicative of a neither small nor random drawing.
  • Said second reduction value ⁇ T P 2 of course depends on the model of water heater 1 and on the type of utility it is intended for.
  • the preferred value for said second reduction value ⁇ T p2 is comprised between 4 and 13 °C; even more preferably, its value is 6.5 0 C.
  • T mik T m (t c ) (formula 5)
  • each predetermined drawing corresponds to a precise reduction of the energy contents of water heater 1 and thus, a precise drop of the effective mean water temperature T m . ef f irrespective of the value of such temperature at the drawing start; if said one or more sensors S; Sl and S2 were distributed along the entire height of water heater 1, said calculated temperature drop ⁇ T k would then be an unchanging value for each drawing, irrespective of the initial value of said effective mean water temperature T m.eff .
  • T set.k T o p t + ⁇ T k (formula 8)
  • Said one or more sensors S; Sl and S2 are preferably arranged in the proximity of bottom 2.3 and , during the drawings, sense quite a different water temperature T m compared to the effective mean temperature T m . eff since (please see figs. 3.b, 3.c) the cold water in input mixes partly with the hot water almost exclusively at bottom 2.3 in a volume Vp well smaller than volume V.
  • Said rule and threshold value of course depend on the model of water heater 1 and on the utility features, so they must be determined empirically; a general rule is that said predetermined threshold value T 8 is comprised between 20 and 30 °C and that such corrective term ⁇ T" k is at most 50% of said temperature drop ⁇ T k .
  • Tsetk Topt + ⁇ Tk se T m fk ⁇ T op t (formula 10) - if, on the other hand, the drawing end temperature T mfk is lower than the optimal emptying temperature T opt (an indication, among the other things, of the fact that the drawing has not been fulfilled completely), such corrective term ⁇ T" k , the value whereof is equal to the difference between such optimal emptying temperature T opt and the drawing end temperature T mfk itself, is added, that is:
  • T S et.k Topt + ⁇ T k + ⁇ T" k if Tmfk ⁇ T op t (formula 11.b)
  • step of drawing profile recording continues for the entire cycle, alternating said first and second substeps that, ending automatically at the beginning and at the end of each drawing respectively, will total the same number as the drawings.
  • each drawing k is determined by two characteristic parameters, drawing start time t k and temperature drop ⁇ T k produced thereby.
  • drawing profile recording step in the learning cycle a small adjustment to the actual features of utilities is already possible.
  • Fig. 4.a shows some points Pl, ... P4 representing as many drawings characterised by the corresponding times I 1 , .. U of drawing start t k and by the corresponding temperatures T se u, .. T S et. 4 of drawing T set .k- Fig. 4.b shows, in addition, the course of temperature T m with the rising ramps Rl, ... R4 for reaching said drawing temperatures Tl, .. T4.
  • Said ramps Rl, ... R4 have a course that depends on the heating speed VTh; the course, as known, is exponential but may be approximated by a rectilinear portion without appreciable errors given the order of size of the time constant of the water heater temperature (for example, well above 10 6 s for a standard water heater 1).
  • drawing Pl is fulfilled but at the end there is no sufficient time for bringing temperature T m which, following the drawing, has dropped to the optimal emptying temperature T op t, to the drawing temperature T 2 required by drawing P 2 .
  • drawing P 3 is not fulfilled either, whereas drawing P4, small and very far-off the previous ones, is.
  • fictitious drawings the following method called of "fictitious drawings” is applied, which in fact involves the construction of fictitious drawings.
  • time window ⁇ t w the drawing start time whereof ti falls within a fixed and predetermined time window (hereinafter referred to as time window ⁇ t w ) immediately subsequent to the current time, are taken into account.
  • T'seti Ts ⁇ ti + (Tseti - T opt ) + (T S et2 - T opt ) + ... + (T se t(i-i) - T opt ) (formula 13)
  • P 5 2, P 5 3, P 5 4 are indicated on top of the corresponding real drawings P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P4 .
  • the fictitious drawing P'i coincides with the real drawing P 1 because, since it was the first one in the time window ⁇ t w , at its drawing start temperature T set i, no other temperature has been added.
  • the target temperature Ttarget is set to the fictitious drawing start temperature value T' se t.i of the corresponding fictitious drawing P'i, it being understood that said target temperature T ta rget could never exceed the maximum setting temperature T se t.ma ⁇ .
  • Fig. 4.d shows that ramp R is blocked in its ascent due to the fact that before reaching the drawing start time t ls it has reached the maximum setup temperature T se t.max- This does not affect drawings Pl and P2 but drawing P3 the drawing start temperature Tset.2 whereof cannot be reached.
  • time window ⁇ t w must be reasonably larger than the intervals elapsing between multiple consecutive drawings.
  • time window ⁇ t w must be sufficiently wide as to include the drawing start time t; of all the drawings Pj the fictitious heating start times t'oNi whereof are expected to be prior to the fictitious heating start times t'oN relating to the i-1 prior drawings P 1 ,..., Pi -1 .
  • Pj the fictitious heating start times t'oNi whereof are expected to be prior to the fictitious heating start times t'oN relating to the i-1 prior drawings P 1 ,..., Pi -1 .
  • the method just described involves, as seen, the construction of said fictitious drawings P'i, ..., P'j, ..., P', the calculation of the corresponding fictitious drawing start temperatures T' se t, then the calculation of the corresponding heating start times t'oNi and finally, the actuation of the heating element 3 upon reaching the closest of said heating start times t'oNi setting the target temperature T ta rget equal to the fictitious drawing start temperature T' se t.i-
  • This method ensures the fulfilment of the utility demands as it considers together all the drawings P; that are so close to each other that there would be no time to fulfil those following the first one P 1 of the group, if the thermal energy required were not stored in advance by actuating the heating element 3.
  • fictitious drawing start temperature T' se t.i is almost never actually reached because as the heating proceeds, intermediate drawings reduce the water temperature T m -
  • the method of "fictitious drawings” allows supplying the thermal energy strictly required for ensuring the drawings, keeping the water temperature T m , time by time, to the minimum value required for such service and calculating the duration of the actuation periods of the heating element 3 without the need of explicitly knowing the thermal power thereof.
  • said heating start times t'oni may be advanced by a little (a tolerance advance ⁇ to i for taking into account deviations from the effective drawing start times (tj) relative to those recorded during the learning drawing cycle).
  • a tolerance advance ⁇ to i for taking into account deviations from the effective drawing start times (tj) relative to those recorded during the learning drawing cycle.
  • the regulator may learn which value to assign to such tolerance advance ⁇ toii.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour gérer un chauffe-eau à accumulation (1) visant à réduire des dispersions thermiques, qui se caractérise en ce qu'à des intervalles temporels courts (δw), tous les dessins w (Pl,..., Pi,..., Pw) sont pris en compte, le moment de début de dessin (ti) qui intervient dans une fenêtre temporelle prédéterminée (Δtw) suivant immédiatement le moment courant; à ces moments de début de dessin (ti) compris dans ladite fenêtre temporelle (Δtw), à mesure que de nombreux dessins fictifs (P' 1,..., P'i,..., P'w) sont construits, chacun ayant une température de début de dessin fictive (T'set.i); pour chacun desdits dessins fictifs (P' I,..., P'i,..., P'w), le moment de début de chauffage fictif (t'ONi) est calculé; une fois les moments de début de chauffage (t'ONi) les plus précoces atteints, la température cible (Ttarget) est réglée sur la valeur de température (T'set.i) de début de dessin fictive du dessin fictif correspondant (P'i) pour autant qu'elle ne soit pas supérieure à la température de configuration maximale (Tset.max), mais avant que ledit moment de début de chauffage précoce (t'ONi) ne soit atteint, la température cible (Ttarget) est maintenue égale à la température de maintenance (Tstand-by). Le procédé permet de maintenir la température aux valeurs minimales requises pour garantir les dessins.
EP09774713.3A 2008-11-28 2009-11-17 Méthode pour minimiser la consommation d'énergie d'un chauffe-eau à accumulation Active EP2366081B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL09774713T PL2366081T3 (pl) 2008-11-28 2009-11-17 Sposób minimalizowania zużycia energii pojemnościowego podgrzewacza wody

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITAN2008A000051A IT1394462B1 (it) 2008-11-28 2008-11-28 Metodo atto alla minimizzazione dei consumi energetici di uno scaldaacqua ad accumulo
PCT/IB2009/007524 WO2010061268A2 (fr) 2008-11-28 2009-11-17 Procede pour minimiser la consommation d'energie d'un chauffe-eau a accumulation

Publications (2)

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EP2366081A2 true EP2366081A2 (fr) 2011-09-21
EP2366081B1 EP2366081B1 (fr) 2016-11-23

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EP (1) EP2366081B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2609769T3 (fr)
IT (1) IT1394462B1 (fr)
PL (1) PL2366081T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT2366081T (fr)
RU (1) RU2525812C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010061268A2 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010024100A1 (de) * 2010-06-17 2011-12-22 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zur Temperatursteuerung eines Warmwasserspeichers und Warmwasserspeicher
ES2469946B1 (es) * 2012-12-18 2015-03-31 Fagor, S.Coop. Acumulador de agua caliente
WO2016189416A1 (fr) * 2015-05-27 2016-12-01 Stellenbosch University Système et procédé de détermination d'une programmation de chauffage personnalisée pour un réchauffeur d'eau
RU2643945C1 (ru) * 2016-11-02 2018-02-06 Олег Владимирович Кабанов Способ определения оптимального времени разогрева объекта
CN112856570B (zh) * 2021-01-18 2022-04-15 中电惠特热力设计技术服务邯郸有限公司 一种基于终端的动态供暖方法及供暖系统

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GB2132791A (en) * 1982-12-23 1984-07-11 Colin Baker Apparatus for and a method of controlling a hot water system
US4522333A (en) * 1983-09-16 1985-06-11 Fluidmaster, Inc. Scheduled hot water heating based on automatically periodically adjusted historical data
DE58903512D1 (de) * 1988-08-31 1993-03-25 Landis & Gyr Betriebs Ag Sollwertgeber fuer einen brauchwasserspeicher-regler.
DE19710772A1 (de) * 1997-03-17 1998-09-24 Bosch Gmbh Robert Bedienvorrichtung für eine Brauchwassererwärmung
DE19734361A1 (de) * 1997-08-08 1999-03-04 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zum Betreiben einer Heizungsanlage
US6375087B1 (en) * 2000-06-14 2002-04-23 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for self-programmable temperature and usage control for hot water heaters
GB2387671A (en) * 2002-04-19 2003-10-22 Gasforce Ltd A water-heating system controller

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Title
See references of WO2010061268A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ITAN20080051A1 (it) 2010-05-29
EP2366081B1 (fr) 2016-11-23
RU2525812C2 (ru) 2014-08-20
PL2366081T3 (pl) 2017-05-31
RU2011126003A (ru) 2013-01-10
WO2010061268A2 (fr) 2010-06-03
IT1394462B1 (it) 2012-07-05
ES2609769T3 (es) 2017-04-24
WO2010061268A3 (fr) 2011-03-17
PT2366081T (pt) 2016-12-22

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