Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/49—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide
  • C07C45/50—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide by oxo-reactions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/08—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with the hydroxy or O-metal group of organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0016—Plasticisers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
  • C08K5/101—Esters; Ether-esters of monocarboxylic acids
  • C08K5/103—Esters; Ether-esters of monocarboxylic acids with polyalcohols

Definitions

• the invention relates to triglyceride esters based on alkyl groups and processes for making them. More specifically, the invention relates to triglyceride esters having alkyl groups with low levels of branching. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Plasticizers are incorporated into a resin (usually a plastic or elastomer) to increase the flexibility, workability, or distensibility of the resin.
• the largest use of plasticizers is in the production of "plasticized” or flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products.
• Typical uses of plasticized PVC include films, sheets, tubing, coated fabrics, wire and cable insulation and jacketing, toys, flooring materials such as vinyl sheet flooring or vinyl floor tiles, adhesives, sealants, inks, and medical products such as blood bags and tubing, and the like.
• plasticizers include polyvinyl butyral, acrylic polymers, poly(vinylidene chloride), nylon, polyolefins, polyurethanes, and certain fluoroplastics. Plasticizers can also be used with rubber (although often these materials fall under the definition of extenders for rubber rather than plasticizers).
• Plasticizers A listing of the major plasticizers and their compatibilities with different polymer systems is provided in "Plasticizers," A. D. Godwin, in Applied Polymer Science 21st Century, edited by C. D. Craver and C. E. Carraher, Elsevier (2000); pp. 157-175.
• Plasticizers can be characterized on the basis of their chemical structure. The most important chemical class of plasticizers is phthalic acid esters, which accounted for about 85% worldwide of PVC plasticizer usage in 2002. However, in the recent past there has been an effort to decrease the use of phthalate esters as plasticizers in PVC, particularly in end uses where the product contacts food, such as bottle cap liners, sealants, potable water tubing and food films, or for medical applications such as examination gloves, blood bags, and IV delivery systems, or for toys, and the like. For these and most other uses of plasticized polymer systems, however, a successful substitute for phthalate esters has heretofore not materialized.
• esters based on cyclohexanoic acid are esters based on cyclohexanoic acid.
• various compositions based on cyclohexanoate, cyclohexanedioates, and cyclohexanepolyoate esters were said to be useful for a range of goods from semi-rigid to highly flexible materials. See, for instance, WO 99/32427, WO 2004/046078, WO 2003/029339, WO 2004/046078, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006- 0247461, and U.S. Patent No. 7,297,738.
• esters based on benzoic acid see, for instance, U.S. Patent No. 6,740,254, and also co-pending, commonly-assigned, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/040,480, filed March 28, 2008 and polyketones, such as described in 6,777,514; and also co-pending, commonly-assigned, U.S. Application No. 12/058,397, filed March 28, 2008.
• Epoxidized soybean oil which has much longer alkyl groups (Ci6 to C 18 ) has been tried as a plasticizer, but is generally used as a PVC stabilizer. At high concentrations, epoxidized soybean oil will eventually migrate to the surface of the plasticized PVC product and yield an unusable product.
• Plasticizers based on triglycerides have been tried in the past, but they have mostly been based on natural triglycerides from various vegetable oils. The alkyl groups on these natural triglycerides are linear, and can cause compatibility problems when the alkyl chain is too long.
• Nagai et al. in U.S. Patent No. 5,248,531 teaches the use of articles comprising vinyl chloride-type resins (among others) using triglyceride compounds as a hemolysis depressant, and also comprising 10 to 45 wt. % of plasticizers selected from trialkyl trimellitates, di-normal alkyl phthalates, and tetraalkyl pyromellitates.
• the alkyl chains of the acid moiety R 1 -R 3 in the structure below, formula (I), are independently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms and in embodiments at least one of the alkyl chains is branched.
• One specific triglyceride disclosed is glyceryl tri-2-ethylhexanoate.
• Zhou et al. discloses, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,652,774; 6,740,254; and 6,811,722; phthalate-free plasticizers requiring a mixture of different triesters of glycerin, preferably wherein the phthalate-free plasticizer is formed by a process of esterifying glycerin with a mixture comprising a mixture of alkyl acids and aryl acids.
• phthalate-free plasticizers requiring a mixture of different triesters of glycerin, preferably wherein the phthalate-free plasticizer is formed by a process of esterifying glycerin with a mixture comprising a mixture of alkyl acids and aryl acids.
• 6,734,241 teach a composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer as in formula (I) above, wherein at least one of the R groups is an alkyl group having from 1-5 carbon atoms and at least one of the R groups is a saturated branched alkyl group having from 9 to 19 carbon atoms and a hydrophilic group.
• a thermoplastic polymer as in formula (I) above, wherein at least one of the R groups is an alkyl group having from 1-5 carbon atoms and at least one of the R groups is a saturated branched alkyl group having from 9 to 19 carbon atoms and a hydrophilic group.
• some synthesis methods involve at least two separate steps, such as where the glycerol is first partially esterified with the Cio to C 2 0 branched chain acyl group and then reacted with acetic acid or acetic anhydride.
• a natural triglyceride ester such as that extracted from castor oil, may be partially saponified to obtain a monoester of glycerol, and then esterified with a shorter chain acid such as acetic acid.
• Triglycerides based on acids derived from natural products will be limited to naturally occurring alkyl groups with even carbon numbers, which offer very little flexibility in designing an appropriate plasticizer system for a given polymer system.
• a method of making triglyceride esters based on alkyl groups that can be economically produced on a commercial scale, preferably for use as a plasticizer with suitable melting or pour point, increased compatibility, good performance and low temperature properties.
• triglyceride esters with alkyl chains having low average levels of branching may be produced by esterification of glycerol with acids derived from the hydroformylation and subsequent oxidation of C 5 to C 9 olefins.
• Esterification of glycerol using an acid mixture with a narrow carbon number range eliminates many of the aforementioned problems, and enables high yield of the glycerol triesters to be obtained, having low residual hydroxyl numbers.
• embodiments of the invention are directed to a process comprising recovery of a C5 to Cio aldehyde composition from a hydroformylation process, preferably where the aldehydes have low average levels of branching; oxidation of the aldehyde composition to acids with oxygen and/or air; recovery of the resulting acid composition, and esterification with glycerol or other polyols.
• a similar result may be achieved by recovery of such C5 to Cio aldehydes from a hydroformylation process, hydrogenation to alcohols, then oxidation of the alcohols to acids, and subsequent esterification with glycerol or other polyols.
• the process further comprises providing a feed for the hydroformylation process from dimerization of diverse feedstock, preferably dimerization of a C3 or C 4 feedstock, or mixture thereof.
• the level of branching is controlled by providing an optional source of one or more linear alkenes to the hydroformylation reaction.
• a C5 to C 10 acid composition is provided at molar ratios of the acids to provide average carbon number between C7 and Cs for the mixture.
• a mixture of n-pentanoic acid and 2-propylheptanoic acid provides a triglyceride having alkyl groups with an average carbon number of about 7.5 with an averaged branching per acid molecule of 0.5.
• the C5 to C 10 acid composition is prepared and blended with a second acid composition to adjust the overall branching level.
• an acid composition having about 1.2 to about 1.6 or about 1.8 to 2.1 branches per acid molecule is blended with a linear carboxylic acid.
• the composition is then esterified with glycerol or other polyols.
• plasticizing esters can be prepared by esterification of glycerol with a blend of 2-propyl heptanoic acid, or isononanoic acid or 2-ethyl hexanoic acid with n-pentanoic acid or n-hexanoic acid.
• n-pentanoic acid is provided by an OXO process using Rhodium catalyst and butene-1 as a feed.
• N-hexanoic acid may be provided for example from saponification of natural trigylcerides such as coconut oil.
• the process described herein uses Ce linear alpha olefins.
• the olefins are subjected to a rhodium-based OXO process to provide a composition comprising about 75 wt. % to about 95% wt. % n-heptanoic acid and about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. % 2 -alkyl substituted C7 acids.
• the mixture is subjected to a distillation to adjust the composition to have from about 95 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % linear C7 acid.
• the linear C7 acid comprises greater than 99% of the acid composition.
• the invention is also directed to the product of the process of the invention, which comprises at least one compound represented by the formula (I)
• R , R , and R are independently selected from C4 to ClO alkyl groups having a low average level of branching of from about 0.05 to less than 0.8 branches per alkyl group in the molecule.
• the average branching per alkyl group may range from about 0.1 to about 0.7.
• the average branching of the C4 to ClO alkyl groups ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.6, preferably around about 0.2 to about 0.5, more preferably about 0.3 to 0.4 branches per alkyl group molecule. These averages are based on the sum total of alkyl groups on all R x -R 3 side chains in all the polyols in the mixture.
• the process of the invention provides, in preferred embodiments, an average branching of about 0.3 to 0.5, based on the branching in molecules having Ce alkyl chains in each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 .
• the process of the invention provides, in preferred embodiments, an average branching of about 0.2 to about 0.8, based on the branching in molecules having Cs alkyl chains in each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 .
• embodiments of the invention are also directed to the product of the process of the invention, which comprises at least one compound represented by the formula (I) above, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from C 4 to Cio alkyl groups.
• embodiments of the invention are also directed to a composition comprising the product of the process of the invention and a resin.
• embodiments of the invention are still further directed to an article comprising the composition according to the invention.
• embodiments of the invention are directed to compositions that include a polymer, at least one alkyl triglyceride, and a secondary plasticizer.
• linear alkyl triglycerides are suitable.
• alkyl triglycerides having low average levels of branching as described above may provide various benefits.
• Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a process according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• At least one linear triglyceride ester or triglyceride ester having low levels of branching on the alkyl chains is produced by esterification of one or more C5 to C 10 , preferably Ce to C9, acids with glycerol.
• the at least one C5 to C 10 preferably Ce to C9, acids will be derived from the hydroformylation of light olefins (C5 to Cs olefins) and thus may be referred to herein as "oxo acids".
• the Oxo Process is per se well known.
• WO2000015190 Typically, the hydroformylation of light olefins produces aldehydes which may be hydrogenated to the alcohol and subsequently oxidized to the desired acid(s), or directly oxidized to the desired acid(s).
• aldehydes which may be hydrogenated to the alcohol and subsequently oxidized to the desired acid(s), or directly oxidized to the desired acid(s).
• acids may be derived from other processes.
• Embodiments of the invention are also directed to the product of the process of the invention, which comprises at least one compound represented by formula (I)
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from linear and branched C 4 to C 10 alkyl groups that provide the product with a low average level of branching of from about 0.05 to less than 0.8 branches per alkyl group in the molecule.
• the average branching may range from about 0.07 to about 0.7.
• the average branching of the C5 to C 10 alkyl groups ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.6, preferably around about 0.2 to about 0.5, more preferably about 0.3 to 0.4 branches per alkyl group in the molecule.
• the acids and esters described herein are typically mixtures of isomers or molecules having a different number of carbon atoms.
• a C9 acid with an average branching number of 1.0 would refer to acids such as methyl substituted octanoic acids.
• a product incorporating 50/50 mixture of n-nonanoic acid and 2-methyl octanoic acid would have an average branching number of 0.5 branches per acid molecule.
• a product formed in the presence of a 70/30 mixture of n-nonanoic acid and 2-methyl octanoic acid would have an average branching number of 0.3 branches per acid molecule. It is believed that the low levels of branching provide benefits over triglycerides wherein the chains are all the same and linear.
• the process of the invention provides, in preferred embodiments, an average branching of about 0.3 to 0.5 per alkyl chain, based on the branching in molecules having Ce alkyl chains in each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 .
• the process of the invention provides, in preferred embodiments, an average branching of about 0.2 to about 0.8, based on the branching in molecules having Cs alkyl chains in each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 .
• the average branching numbers of the acids and esters described herein can be determined through techniques such as GC/MS where the structure of each isomer and its relative concentration in the mixture is determined.
• average branching numbers may be determined based on the sum total of alkyl groups on all R x -R 3 side chains in all the polyols in the mixture using 1 H and 13 C NMR measurements of the esters or acids, through comparison of the methylene, methine, and quaternary carbons to the methyl carbons. For example, if the NMR measurements were to give peak ratios of two methyl carbon atoms to 1 carbonyl carbon atom to 1 methine carbon, to 3 methylene carbon atoms, the R side chain would be described as methyl pentyl group with 1 branching per alkyl group while the acid would be described as isoheptanoic acid.
• NMR analyses of the branching found in the oxo acids shows that the branches are typically methyl branches.
• typical isomers include n-heptanoic acid, 3 -methyl hexanoic acid, 4-methyl hexanoic acid, 2-methyl hexanoic acid, as well as some 3,4-dimethyl pentanoic acid, and 2,4 dimethyl pentanoic acid. Similar products are found with mixtures of isomers in the Cs oxo acids produced from heptenes.
• C9 OXO acids prepared from the OXO reaction using linear octenes produced from the oligomerization of ethylene gives a mixture of n-nonanoic acid and 2-alkyl substituted acids such as 2-methyl octanoic acid, 2-ethyl heptanoic acid, 2-propyl hexanoic acid, and 2-butyl pentanoic acid with an average branching of 0.15 to 0.4 branches per acid molecule.
• aldehydes can be produced by hydroformylation of C 4 to C9 higher olefins that in turn have been produced by propylene and/or butene oligomerization and/or ethylene oligomerization by any suitable method such as zeolite catalyzed oligomerization, the Dimersol process, the Octol process, or any other process that produces low levels of branching.
• Low levels of branching may also be obtained by supplying butene- 1, pentene-1, hexene-1, heptene-1, octene-1, and nonene-1 directly to hydro formylation.
• the resulting C5 to C 10 preferably Ce to C9, aldehydes can then be recovered from the crude hydroformylation product stream by fractionation to remove unreacted olefins and the corresponding alcohols and other byproducts.
• C5 to C 10 preferably Ce to C9, aldehydes can then in turn be oxidized to their respective C5 to C 10 , preferably Ce to C9, acids using air or enriched air as an oxygen source.
• the C5 to C 10 preferably Ce to C9, aldehydes can be hydrogenated to the corresponding alcohol and then fully oxidized to the acid by oxidation or the alcohols can be converted to the aldehyde by catalytic dehydrogenation and then oxidized to the corresponding acid.
• the C5 to C 10 preferably Ce to C9, acids can then be purified by fractionation to remove unreacted aldehydes and heavies formed during oxidation.
• the C5 to C 10 preferably Ce to C9, acids can then be esterified with glycerol or other alcohols including ethylene glycol, and other polyols.
• glycerol preferably glycerol
• Single carbon number acids can be used in the esterification, or acids of differing carbon numbers can be use to optimize product cost and performance requirements.
• Glycerol is currently an attractive polyol for use to make plasticizers because it is abundantly available. It is, for instance, a co-product of biodiesel production and of natural alcohol production from coconut or palm kernel oil.
• Other polyols may be utilized to produce plasticizers, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and neopentyl glycol.
• polyols may be used, such as, but not limited too, a mixture of glycerol with propylene glycol or glycerol with trimethylol propane or glycerol with neopentyl glycol or pentaerythritol with dipentaerythritol.
• the polyols be fully esterified so that there are a low to negligible amount of free hydroxyl groups.
• glycerol is esterified to the triester.
• Equation (1) - (3) The chemistry and a simplified process to produce triglycerides via the route described above are shown in equations (1) - (3), below.
• the hexene feed example is shown in eqn (1), but the feed can be pentenes, hexenes, heptenes, octenes, nonenes, or decenes as the starting olefins.
• the resulting Cs, Ce, Ci, Cs, Cg and Cio acids may be used individually or together in mixtures to make mixed carbon number esters to be used as plasticizers.
• This mixing of carbon numbers and levels of branching may be manipulated to achieve the desired compatibility with PVC for the respective polyol used for the polar end of the plasticizer, and to meet other plasticizer performance properties.
• the exemplary gylceroltriheptanoate plasticizer shown in eqn. 3 has 1.0 branch per alkyl group in the molecule, it is apparent that this molecule represents a just one component in the plasticizer product mixture. Other components having one or more linear chains are also present at level that result in overall branching levels of 0.05 to 0.8 branches per alkyl chain in the molecule.
• Table 3 shows the values calculated by the same method for the Cs triglyceride:
• Table 4 shows the values calculated by the same method for the C9 triglyceride:
• the solubility parameter of PVC is calculated by the same Small's Group Contribution Method to be 9.66.
• the differences in solubility parameters between the triglyceride structures in Formula 1 and PVC are shown in Table 1. These differences from PVC range from 1.23 for the Ce triglyceride to 1.06 units for the C9 triglyceride, which indicates reasonable expected solubility in PVC for these materials.
• the estimated solubility parameter for one non-phthalate plasticizer, di- isononyl cyclohexanoate is 7.32 by Small's method. This is a difference of 2.34 solubility parameter units from PVC.
• FIG. 1 An illustration of an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in Figure 1.
• Propylene is used as feedstock to an oligomerization reaction.
• the reaction may be continuous, batch, or semibatch. Unreacted C3 olefins are distilled off and optionally recycled. Trimers and tetramers may be recovered as bottoms product with the desired dimer hexene taken as a sidestream and sent to the hydroformylation reaction. Branching levels may be adjusted by addition of an optional feed to the hydroformylation reaction, typically although not necessarily, of a linear olefin, such as 1 -hexene or 1-octene. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen, conveniently supplied as Syngas, are also supplied to the reactor.
• the products are then separated by fractionation, with light olefins optionally recycled and the C7 aldehydes and C7 alcohols being separated.
• the amount of aldehyde and alcohols produced may be attenuated in the hydrofinishing section.
• the C 7 aldehydes are then oxidized with the addition of air and/or oxygen, and unreacted aldehydes and heavies are separated out.
• the desired product C7 acid is then esterified with polyol, in this embodiment glycerol and recovered as the triglyceride.
• plasticizers according to embodiments of the invention may also be used with vinyl chloride-type resins, polyesters, polyurethanes, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, rubbers, acrylics, polymer blends such as of polyvinyl chloride with an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or polyvinyl chloride with a polyurethane or ethylene-type polymer.
• linear alkyl triglycerides and alkyl triglycerides having low average levels of branching may be used in combination with a secondary plasticizer in the polymers described above.
• secondary plasticizer In these applications a broad definition of the term secondary plasticizer is implied, referring to another plasticizer or plasticizers used in combination with the inventive plasticizer.
• the plasticizers designated as secondary plasticizers often have utility as the primary plasticizer, when used at higher percentages in the plasticizer system, and in many cases, they can be used as the sole plasticizer in a flexible PVC product.
• Applicants have discovered that linear alkyl triglycerides combined with secondary plasticizers may result in compositions having improved properties when compared to compositions that where the secondary plasticizer or the linear alkyl triglyceride is substantially absent.
• alkyl triglycerides having low levels of branching may result in improved compositions when used in place of or along with linear alkyl triglycerides in the presence of a secondary plasticizer and a polymer.
• a secondary plasticizer comprises at least one ester selected from the group consisting of C 4 , Cs, Ce, and C7 secondary aliphatic alcohol esters of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
• Such secondary plasticizers are described in co-pending, commonly-assigned, U.S. Provisional Application No.
• cyclohexanecarboxylic acid esters as used herein is intended to include the cyclohexane group having at least one carboxylic acid functional group attached directly to the Ce ring, thus including monocarboxylic acid and polycarboxylic acid groups, i.e., dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, and so on.
• the preferred embodiment is the cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester of at least one C 4 to C7 secondary aliphatic alcohols. All possible isomers of polycarboxylic acids are envisioned to be useful, however in preferred embodiments, the dicarboxylic acid isomer with the carboxylic acid groups in the 1,2 substitution position is the preferred isomer. Mixtures of isomers are also envisioned.
• the alkyl triglycerides described herein are combined with cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters of at least one C 4 to C7 secondary aliphatic alcohols described above to provide a faster fusing plasticizer system, and even more particularly, they are useful as fast fusing plasticizers in mixtures with slower fusing plasticizers and/or with weaker solvating plasticizers, especially slower fusing plasticizers (or plasticizers with reduced solvency) such as di-2-propylheptyl phthalate or di-isononyl cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters or di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate or di-2-propylheptyl cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters or other ClO to Cl 3 dialkyl phthalate esters, to improve processability of PVC compositions.
• Fast fusing plasticizer or plasticizer systems are those plasticizers which solvate, dissolve, or fuse the PVC resin system faster or at lower temperatures relative to the industry standard plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Slower fusing plasticizers generally have poorer solvency for the PVC resin and require higher processing temperatures or longer heating times.
• the alkyl triglyceride composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% and the cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters comprise from about 99 wt% to about 1 wt% of the plasticizer composition, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters.
• the lower limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions is at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 90 wt%, or at least about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the amounts of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters.
• the upper limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions can be less than about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, less than about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 60 wt%, less than about 65 wt%, less than about 70 wt %, less than about 75 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 85 wt%, less than about 90 wt%, or less than about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the amounts of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters.
• the plasticizer composition comprises from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, 30 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 to about 60 wt%, or about 45 wt% to about 55 wt% of the alkyl triglyceride composition, based on the amounts of the alkyl triglyceride composition and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters.
• Other specific compositions include compositions having combinations of the upper and lower limits enumerated above.
• alkyl triglycerides described herein and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters are also particularly useful in blends with other plasticizers, such as phthalates, benzoates, polyester polymeric plasticizers prepared, for instance, from the condensation of adipic acid with other polyols, alcohols, and acids, various acetylated citrate esters of C4 to C7 alcohols, other cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters, and terephthalates, which in embodiments improves the processability and/or the properties of PVC compounds based in part on those plasticizers.
• plasticizers such as phthalates, benzoates, polyester polymeric plasticizers prepared, for instance, from the condensation of adipic acid with other polyols, alcohols, and acids, various acetylated citrate esters of C4 to C7 alcohols, other cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters, and terephthalates, which in embodiments improves
• the alkyl triglyceride composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and other plasticizers in the plasticizer composition.
• the lower limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions is at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 90 wt%, or at least about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and other plasticizers in the plasticizer composition.
• the upper limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions can be less than about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, less than about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 60 wt%, less than about 65 wt%, less than about 70 wt %, less than about 75 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 85 wt%, less than about 90 wt%, or less than about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and other plasticizers in the plasticizer composition.
• the plasticizer composition comprises from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, 30 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 to about 60 wt%, or about 45 wt% to about 55 wt% of the alkyl triglyceride composition, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and other plasticizers in the plasticizer composition.
• Other specific compositions include compositions having combinations of the upper and lower limits enumerated above.
• compositions comprise at least one C7-C 12 secondary alcohol esters of cyclohexanecarboxylic acids, and at least one plasticizable polymer, such as PVC, polyurethanes, acrylics, and polyolefins.
• compositions with at least one C 7 to C 12 secondary alcohol ester of a cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.
• compositions comprise at least one alkyl triglyceride and at least one cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ester, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester or cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid ester prepared from at least one C7 to C 12 secondary alcohols and PVC.
• at least one alkyl triglyceride is combined with dicarboxylic acid esters based on the 1,2- or 1,4- cyclohexandedicarboxylic acid esters Of C 7 to C 12 secondary alcohols.
• At least one alkyl triglyceride is combined with at least one C 7 to C 12 secondary alcohol esters of cyclohexanecarboxylic acids prepared using linear secondary alcohols derived from linear internal olefins and linear alpha olefins. In still other preferred embodiments, at least one alkyl triglyceride is combined with at least one C 7 to C 12 secondary alcohol esters prepared from branched secondary alcohols derived from lightly branched olefins.
• the alkyl triglyceride composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the at least one cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ester, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester or cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid ester prepared from at least one C 7 to C 12 secondary alcohols in the composition.
• the lower limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the compositions is at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 90 wt%, or at least about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the at least one cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ester, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester or cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid ester prepared from at least one C 7 to C 12 secondary alcohols.
• the upper limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions can be less than about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, less than about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 60 wt%, less than about 65 wt%, less than about 70 wt %, less than about 75 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 85 wt%, less than about 90 wt%, or less than about 95 wt% of the composition based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and at least one cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ester, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester or cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid ester prepared from at least one C7 to C 12 secondary alcohols.
• the composition comprises from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, 30 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 to about 60 wt%, or about 45 wt% to about 55 wt% of the alkyl triglyceride composition, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and at least one cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ester, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester or cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid ester prepared from at least one C7 to C 12 secondary alcohols.
• Other specific compositions include compositions having combinations of the upper and lower limits enumerated above.
• compositions according to the invention comprise at least one slow fusing plasticizer selected from at least one cyclohexane dioate or cyclohexanoate trioate esters based on at least one alcohol selected from Cs to Cn aliphatic primary alcohols. Particularly preferred are the diisononyl and/or diisodecyl and/or di-2-propylheptyl esters.
• the slow fusing plasticizers are cyclohexanecarboxylic acid esters based on the 1,2- or 1,4 cyclohexandedicarboxylic acid esters.
• the fast fusing plasticizer is selected from fast fusing esters based on di-butyl terephthalates, Cs to Cio mono benzoates, dibenzoates esters of ethylene glycol or dipropylene glycol, C 4 to C7 cyclohexanoates, alkyl sulfonic acid esters of phenol, aliphatic dibutyrate esters, or citrate esters of C 4 to Ce primary alcohols.
• these plasticizing systems comprising a slow fusing plasticizer based on at least one cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid ester and at least one fast fusing plasticizer plastisol formulations to provide low viscosity formulations with improved viscosity stability and improved processability.
• Such combinations of plasticizers may be combined with the alkyl triglycerides described herein to provide a plasticizer composition wherein, the alkyl triglyceride composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the combination of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester and/or cyclohexanepolycarboxylic acid esters and at least one fast fusing plasticizer.
• the lower limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions is at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 90 wt%, or at least about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the combination of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester and/or cyclohexanepolycarboxylic acid esters and at least one fast fusing plasticizer.
• the upper limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions can be less than about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, less than about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 60 wt%, less than about 65 wt%, less than about 70 wt %, less than about 75 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 85 wt%, less than about 90 wt%, or less than about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the combination of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester and/or cyclohexanepolycarboxylic acid esters and at least one fast fusing plasticizer.
• the plasticizer composition comprises from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, 30 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 to about 60 wt%, or about 45 wt% to about 55 wt% of the alkyl triglyceride composition, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglyceride composition and the combination of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester and/or cyclohexanepolycarboxylic acid esters and at least one fast fusing plasticizer.
• Other specific compositions include compositions having combinations of the upper and lower limits enumerated above.
• the alkyl triglyceride composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% and about 99 wt% to about 1 wt% of one or more of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), di-2-propylheptyl phthalate (DPHP), diisononylcyclohexanediacid ester (DINCH), butyl benzyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DOTP), dibutyl terephthalate (DBT), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, isodecyl benzoate, diisohepty terephthalate in the plasticizer composition, based on the combined weights of the alkyl triglycer
• DEHP di-2-
• the lower limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions is at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 90 wt%, or at least about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition.
• the upper limit of the alkyl triglyceride composition in the plasticizer compositions can be less than about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, less than about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 60 wt%, less than about 65 wt%, less than about 70 wt %, less than about 75 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 85 wt%, less than about 90 wt%, or less than about 95 wt% of the plasticizer composition.
• the plasticizer composition comprises from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, 30 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 to about 60 wt%, or about 45 wt% to about 55 wt% of the alkyl triglyceride composition.
• Other specific compositions include compositions having combinations of the upper and lower limits enumerated above.
• the alkyl triglycerides described herein can be prepared with blends of acids.
• the preferred range for carbon number average of the acids containing low levels of branching was about 6 to 8, preferably 6.3 to 7.8, more preferably 6.6 to 7.7.
• This can be obtained for example, through the esterification of glycerol with a C 7 acid having low branching, or through use of a 50/50 mixture of Ce and Cs acids or through a 50/50 mixture of C5 and C9 acids or through a combination of any of the C5 to C 10 acids, where the weight fractions of the acids is chosen to give an average carbon number between 6 and 8, preferably 6.3 to 7.8, and even more preferably 6.6 to 7.7.
• the plasticizing esters of this invention can be prepared though blends of acids based on branching and carbon number.
• a plasticizer prepared from the esterification of glycerol using a 50/50 mixture of n-pentanoic acid and 2-propylheptanoic acid would give a plasticizing ester with an average carbon number side chain of 7.5 and having an average branching number of 0.5.
• an ester prepared by the esterification of glycerol with a 60/40 mixture of n-hexanoic acid and a C9 acid having a branching level of 1.5 would give a plasticizing ester with an average carbon number of 7.2 and having an average branching number of 0.64.

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