EP2318607B1 - Single surface structure - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a single-shell tensile structure with the features of claim 1 for surface elements for forming a roof or facade surface of a building. The tensile structure comprises rods and at least one node. The node comprises a central body on which at least three arms are formed. The free end faces of the arms are designed for attachment, in particular fastening, of the rods via their respective end face. Such nodes are also referred to as star nodes. The tensile structure can also be referred to as a surface support structure, the end face of the rods as a longitudinal end. The surface elements may be, for example, covering elements or roof elements for roof structures or facade elements or wall elements for wall structures. This can be considered glass panes as well as metal elements or surface elements made of other materials, such as plastic.

Single-shell tensile structures are used, for example, in construction in various designs. Frequently, in this way, lightweight structures for roofs or facades created, for example, of halls.

Single-shell tensile structures have a relatively small extent perpendicular to the structural plane in comparison to space frameworks. The desired shape is formed grid-like in the supporting structure only in the plane of the structure (in contrast to the three-dimensional lattice structure of a space framework), i. in two dimensions, wherein the support plane itself may also be curved, may have mutually inclined portions, or may otherwise be formed in three-dimensional space. The structure of the grid is made by bars, which are connected to each other via nodes.

In general, the surface elements are placed at their edges on the bars and nodes via seals and fastened.

Unlike with space frameworks, the bars and nodes are loaded in a tensile structure with strong bending moments. Due to the higher bending load, the connection between bars and nodes in a single-shell tensile structure usually can not be approximately punctiform as in space frameworks, but must be carried out flat. Here, at least a substantial part of the contact surface between the rod and node should be arranged perpendicular to the plane of the surface structure in order to transmit the bending moments occurring between rod and node can. The design of the bars and nodes themselves must be adapted to the necessary recording and transmission of bending moments.

Out DE 20 2006 000 418 U1 and DE 20 2006 018 652 U1 are single-shell tensile structures known in which the nodes are constructed of molded parts, which are cut out of flat materials and profile bars. For this purpose, the moldings are folded together and then welded. This creates a node that already has all the spatial angles of its individual Includes arms and thus generates the geometry of the subsequent overall construction. The assembly of the nodes from numerous individual parts is complex and expensive, furthermore, the many joints between the items, such as the welds, potential flaws.

The document DE 29911522 U1 discloses a single-shell tensile structure with the features of the preamble of claim 1.

The present invention has for its object to provide a new single-shell tensile structure of the aforementioned type, in which the above-described disadvantages of the prior art are avoided. In particular, the nodes required for the tensile structure should be inexpensive to produce with little manpower, the nodes should have less welds compared to the prior art. A corresponding node and a manufacturing method for this node should also be specified.

This object is achieved with respect to the single-shell structure by the features of claim 1. refinements and developments emerge from the respective dependent claims. With regard to a single-shell tensile structure mentioned at the outset, the invention provides that the at least one node (star node) of the tensile structure is made in one piece, i. from scratch, is made. The knot is thus not welded together from numerous individual parts, but made from a workpiece. This allows a cost-effective production without welding of individual parts.

The free end faces of the arms are curved or curved, in particular concave or convex or spherical, formed. The respective associated end faces of the bars is then hereby positively correspondingly also curved or arched, in particular concave or convex or spherical, formed. This allows small angular errors between the parts of the surface structure be compensated. The radii of curvature of the end faces should in this case be constant in each case and correspond to one another on corresponding end faces.

For example, it is considered that the knot is made by machining from the solid.

According to a particularly preferred development, it is provided that the knot is milled from the solid, for example on an automatic working Milling machine. Milling from the solid has the advantages over flame cutting from the solid that the surface does not harden, that all angles are possible, and that everything can be done on one machine, including making an engraving on the node to identify the component.

The knot may for example consist of steel, stainless steel, aluminum or other metals. The workpiece from which the knot is made in one piece may also be a cast steel or forged part shaped specifically with respect to the later node shape.

According to a development, it is provided that the arms of the node are inclined and / or rotated relative to one another in such a way that the node defines the orientation of the rods attached to the node and thus the geometry of the surface structure in the region of the node. In other words, the arms of the star node, the number of which may be arbitrary and may also differ at different star nodes of a surface structure, are arranged around a center and can have all horizontal, vertical and / or rotational angles to one another.

According to a development, the free end faces of the arms correspond with the respective associated end faces of the bars with respect to their shape, for accurately fitting attachment of the bars to the node.

The free end faces of the arms may have one or more cutouts in the front side center and / or on or around the front side edge, which correspond to one or more corresponding elevations of the associated end face of the respective bar.

According to a development of the surface structure according to the invention it is provided that the arms of the node are formed with a rectangular cross-section. In this case, the arms should have an upper side, a lower side opposite the upper side and two sides facing the other arms between the upper side and the lower side, the upper side and / or lower side of the respective arm being designed to arrange a planar element.

Here, the tops of the arms may be formed flat. In this case, the respective upper side is to be aligned at least in the region towards the free arm side in accordance with the inclination of the surface element attached or attached thereto and thus in accordance with the inclination or curvature of the roof or facade surface formed or to be formed from the surface elements in the region of the respective node.

Alternatively or additionally, the undersides of the arms may be formed flat. In this case, the respective underside should be oriented at least in the region towards the free arm side in accordance with the inclination of the surface element attached or to be attached thereto and thus in accordance with the inclination or curvature of the roof or facade surface formed or to be formed from the surface elements in the area of the respective knot. The special feature of this development is that the underside of the arms is designed according to the intended inclination or curvature of the surface elements to be attached, ie that of the surface support structure To be supported roof or facade surface may also be attached to the underside of the support structure. Here, both a sole attachment to the bottom as well as a formation of two surfaces, at the top and at the bottom of the support structure, possible. Of course, the variant can also be provided to form the surface only at the top of the support structure.

A further development provides that the node and / or the bars of the surface structure have recesses and / or holes for weight saving. Alternatively or additionally, at the node and / or on the rods recesses and / or holes and / or grooves and / or webs and / or ribs for attachment and / or fixation of additional parts, such as seals and / or support parts and / or support bands for the be attached surface elements, or provided for the attachment of tension cables.

The rods of the surface structure are preferably straight, in particular as straight connecting rods between two nodes. The rods may be, for example, hollow profiles or other profiles or weldments made of individual parts. In the case of high profiles, it can be provided in the tensile structure that two nodes (or even several nodes) are arranged one above the other, ie. Each rod is then attached to at least one end face on at least two arms, namely one arm each of the nodes arranged one above the other. The nodes arranged one above the other can hereby be connected to one another, for example welded or fastened to one another via fastening means.

The bars may for example consist of or comprise aluminum or steel, in particular stainless steel or hot-dip galvanized steel or stainless steel. They may also consist of fiber composite material, for example made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (also: CFRP) and / or glass fiber reinforced plastics (also: GRP), or include these.

The knot and the bars of the tensile structure can be welded together. However, it may alternatively or additionally be provided that they are connected to one another via fastening devices. For example, the free end faces of the arms and the respective end faces of the rods associated therewith can have mutually corresponding fastening devices for attaching the rods to the node. Suitable for this example, tapped holes and / or through holes and / or slots. Corresponding bolts or screws can then be inserted through the through holes or slots and screwed into the threaded holes.

The individual parts of the surface structure, in particular the individual bars and nodes, are usually intended for exactly one position in the structure in complex constructed and shaped structures. It therefore makes sense to reliably provide the individual parts, and thus also the nodes, with a clear identification in order to enable or simplify a correct component assignment on site and thus to ensure a correct installation of the parts at the desired position on site. A development of the method therefore provides an engraving for identification of the node already during milling from the solid mitzufräsen. It thus eliminates an additional step and the associated additional sources of error.

FIG 1

eine dreidimensionale Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines Sternknotens in einer Ansicht von schräg oben,

FIG 2

den Sternknoten nach FIG 1 in einer dreidimensionalen Ansicht von schräg unten,

FIG 3

den Sternknoten nach FIG1 in einer dreidimensionalen Ansicht von unten,

FIG 4

ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Flächentragwerks in einer Draufsicht,

FIG 5a

ein Beispiel für die Anbindung zwischen Stab und Knoten eines erfindungsgemäßen Flächentragwerks,

FIG 5b

die Ausbildung der Stirnseite des Stabes für die Anbindung gemäß FIG 5a,

FIG 6

ein weiteres Beispiel für die Anbindung zwischen Stab und Knoten eines Flächentragwerks,

FIG 7

in Seitenansicht ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Sternknotens,

FIG 8

ein weiteres Beispiel für die Anbindung zwischen Stab und Knoten eines erfindungsgemäßen Flächentragwerks, und

FIG 9a-d

jeweils im Querschnitt durch einen Stab oder Arm des Knotens Ausführungsvarianten für die Anbringung von Dichtungen und Auflagegummis für die Flächenelemente an einem Flächentragwerk.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the description of embodiments and with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings. Show it:

FIG. 1

a three-dimensional representation of an embodiment of a star node in a view obliquely from above

FIG. 2

after the star node FIG. 1 in a three-dimensional view from diagonally below,

FIG. 3

after the star node FIG1 in a three-dimensional view from below,

FIG. 4

an embodiment of a surface structure in a plan view,

FIG. 5a

an example of the connection between rod and node of a surface structure according to the invention,

FIG. 5b

the formation of the end face of the rod for the connection according to FIG. 5a .

FIG. 6

another example of the connection between bar and knot of a tensile structure,

FIG. 7

in side view an embodiment of a star node,

FIG. 8

a further example of the connection between the rod and nodes of a surface structure according to the invention, and

9a-d

in each case in cross section through a rod or arm of the node variant embodiments for the attachment of seals and support rubbers for the surface elements on a surface structure.

Corresponding parts and components are designated in the figures with the same reference numerals.
1 to FIG. 3 show in different views ( FIG. 1 from diagonally above, FIG. 2 from diagonally below and FIG. 3 from below) an embodiment of a star node 11. The star node 11 is formed and intended for a single-shell tensile structure, as exemplified, albeit with a slightly different node 11, in FIG. 4 is shown with the reference numeral 10. These surface structures 10 include nodes 11 and rods 12 (see FIG. 4 ), they are intended for supporting surface elements for forming a roof or facade surface of a building (not shown).

The in 1 to FIG. 3 illustrated node 11 comprises a central body 13, on which six arms 14 are formed, which are mutually rotated and inclined at different angles, ie, the arms 14 have different angles of rotation and inclinations. The free end faces 15 of these arms are designed and fixed for attachment or attachment of the rods 12 of the surface structure. For this purpose, an end face 16 of the respective rod 12 is applied to the corresponding free end face 15 of the knot 11 and fastened there. The free end faces 15 of the arms 14 form in the example shown here essentially planar contact surfaces, which are aligned perpendicular to the orientation of the respective arm 14. At the free end faces 15 of the arms 14 two threaded bores 25 for fixing the rods 12 by means of threaded bolts or threaded screws are provided in each case.

Out 1 to FIG. 3 It can be seen that the illustrated node 11 is not composed of individual parts, but consists of one piece, without welds or similar connections. The knot 11 is milled from the solid, it was made by means of an automatic milling machine from a workpiece.

The arms 14 of the in 1 to FIG. 3 Knot 11 shown have a rectangular cross-section. In FIG. 1 the viewer is the respective O-side 19 of the arms 14 facing, in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 the bottom 20 of the arms 14. Between top 19 and bottom 20 are intermediate sides 21 of the respective arms to recognize. The upper sides 19 of the arms 14, together with the upper side of the central body 13, form an upper side of the knot 11, the undersides 20 of the arms 14, together with the underside of the central body 13, form a lower side of the knot 11.

The tops 19 and bottoms 20 of the arms 14 are planar, i. it can be attached to the top 19 and on the bottom 20 surface elements. The inclination of the surfaces on top 19 and bottom 20 corresponds at least in the area to the free end face 15 of the arm 14 towards the intended inclination of the surface element to be attached thereto and thus the intended inclination or curvature of the surface elements to be formed roof or facade surface in the region of the respective node.

In FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 is a recess, concretely a receiving bore 26, centrally on the underside of the node 11 can be seen. In this receiving bore 26 additional parts, such as seals or brackets for ropes or other items can be inserted. However, the receiving bore 26 can also be used to support the node 11. Furthermore, in FIG. 2 schematically a larger recess 22 in the node 11 for weight reduction, specifically a cutout 22, indicated by dashed lines. This recess 22 may complement the optionally deeper receiving bore 26 on the underside of the node 11th be provided, but it can also be provided alternatively or additively at the top, or be formed continuously. As in FIG. 2 indicated, this recess 22 may be provided for weight reduction in the region of the central body 13 and / or in the arms 14.

Further recesses, holes, grooves and webs for attaching additional parts such as sealing strips, support parts or support bands or for fastening tension cables are in 1 to FIG. 3 not shown, but can of course be provided, in particular at the top and / or bottom of the node eleventh

FIG. 4 shows a section of an embodiment of a surface structure 10 in a plan view. To recognize are the star node 11 (the largely out of the node 1 to FIG. 3 corresponds to) with its central body 12 and six arms 14. At the free end faces 15 of the arms 14, a rod 12 is fixed in each case via its end face 16, by means of screwing. The rods 12 are straight, as connecting rods between two nodes 11. The rods 12 are rectangular tubes. For the formation of the threaded connection between rods 12 and nodes 11, the rods 12 have openings 27 through which screws are inserted, with which the rods 12 are screwed to the node 11, for example by the screws over top plates 28 of the rods 12 (in FIG. 4 not shown, see FIG. 5a /Federation FIG. 6 ) in threaded holes 25 (see 1 to FIG. 3 ) are screwed into the node 11. This gland is not visible from outside.
The openings 27 for inserting and tightening the screws are located in FIG. 4 on the side of the bars 12, on which the surface elements are arranged on the surface structure 10. After mounting the surface elements, the opening 27 are thus covered by the surface elements and are no longer visible, so that in total of the screw and the associated openings on the finished structure is nothing to see.

In FIG. 4 It will be appreciated that the arms 14 of the knot 11 are inclined and / or rotated relative to each other such that the knot 11 defines the orientation of the knot 12 attached to the knot and thus the geometry of the surface structure 10 in the region of the knot 11.

In FIG. 4 Furthermore, fastening bolts 29 and retaining plates 30 for the surface elements to be applied, for example glass panes, which are provided here on the outside of the rods 12 are schematically (and only partially indicated). Indicated in FIG. 4 Furthermore, a groove 23 in the node 11 and in two bars 12, which is intended for attachment of additional parts, specifically for receiving and fixing of seals or support parts for the surface elements (see also 9a-d ). As an alternative to the groove 23 may also be provided a protruding rib on which additional parts can be plugged (see 9a ).

FIG 5a and FIG 5b show an example of the attachment of a rod 12 to the node 11 of a tensile structure. In FIG. 5a the connection region between rod 12 and node 11 is shown in side view, in FIG. 5b the associated end face 16 of the rod 12. The rod 12 is a rectangular cross-section hollow profile, at the end face 16, a top plate 28 is welded. The welds 34 are in FIG. 5a shown. In the middle of the top plate 28, an elevation 18 is formed, which fits positively into a cutout 17 in the free end face 15 of the associated arm 14 of the knot 11, for accurately fitting the rod 12 at the node 11. This shaping of the contact areas has the advantage that significantly greater forces can be transmitted in comparison to a continuous flat connection surface. For the frictional attachment a screw connection is provided, ie a hexagon socket screw 37 is screwed through a hole 38 in the top plate 28 in a threaded bore 25 in the free end face 15 of the arm 14. For this purpose, of course, several screw connections per rod-node connection can be provided, which are arranged side by side and / or one above the other.

FIG. 6 shows another example of the connection between rod 12 and node 11 of a tensile structure. In this example, the top plate 28 is slightly set back in the hollow profile of the rod 12 is welded. A special shape is not provided here, the rod 12 is in turn frictionally bolted via a plugged through a hole in the top plate 28 screw 37 with the node 11 by the screw 37 into a threaded bore 25 in the free end face 15 of the associated arm 14 of the Knot 11 is screwed. Of course, several screw connections per rod-node connection can also be provided here, which are arranged side by side and / or one above the other.

To obtain a positive connection, could in the example after FIG. 6 In addition, around the free end face 15 of the arm 14 of the knot 11 circumferential cutout are provided, in such a way that the over the top plate 34 projecting hollow section of the rod 12 can be pushed accurately at least slightly over the free end face 15 of the arm 14.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic side view of an embodiment of a star node 11 according to the invention, in which the screw connection between node 11 and rod 12 is made starting from the node 11. For this purpose, recesses 39 are milled into the knot, via which screws 37 can be screwed through corresponding bores 40 in the arms 14 of the knot 11 into threads in the rods 12 (not shown).

FIG. 8 shows for the connection between rod 12 and node 11 of a tensile structure according to the invention, in which the mutually associated end faces 15, 16 of rod 12 and arm 14 of the node 11 are formed crowned, wherein the free end face 15 of the arm 14 is convex and the end face 16 of the rod 12 hereby concavely concave with respect to the shape, with at least substantially the same radius of curvature as the convex curvature. A reverse curvature of the two end faces 15, 16 is also possible.

The advantage of this design of the connection is, in particular, that small angular errors can be compensated between rod 12 and node 11 due to the curved connection during assembly. For this purpose, it must additionally be provided that the bore 40, through which the fastening screw 37 is passed, is made larger than the relevant screw diameter and / or as a slot. This is in FIG. 8 by way of example for an outgoing from the node 11 screw for the bore 40 shown in the node. Similarly, in a screw starting from the rod 12, the hole 38 should be formed in the top plate 28. The washers 41 used in these cases must be adapted accordingly in terms of their dimensions and / or shape.
9a-d show in each case in cross section through a rod 12 or an arm 14 (the arms 14 of the knot 11 and the rods 12 may be formed analogously with respect to their cross-section) variants for the already mentioned attachment of seals 32 and support members 33, for example support rubbers 33, for Surface elements on a surface structure. In 9a are two parallel ribs 31 (also: webs) formed on the rod 12, on which the support member 33 is attached. In 9b are comparable ribs 31 formed on the edge of the outside of the rod 12, also here a support member 33 is attached to the ribs 31. In 9c two parallel grooves 23 are provided in the rod 12, are inserted into the seals 32. It could also be provided for example in cross-section circular holes in the rod 12, are inserted into the correspondingly shaped seals. 9d Finally, shows a variant in which the support member 33 is mounted on the flat outer side of the rod 12, without special design of the outside of the rod 12 and the support member 33, ie both are flat in the contact area and flat. The fixation can be done by gluing, for example, by applying or applying an adhesive or an adhesive tape between the two components.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

10

Tensile structure

11

Node, star node

12

Rod

13

Central body of the node 11

14

Arm of the knot 11

15

free end of the knot 11 arms 14

16

Front side of the bar 12

17

countersink

18

increase

19

Top of the arm 14 of the node 11

20

Bottom of the arm 14 of the knot 11

21

Intermediate sides of the arm 14 of the node 11

22

Recess in node 11 to save weight

23

Groove for attaching additional parts

25

threaded hole

26

location hole

27

Opening in the bar 12

28

headstock

29

mounting bolts

30

Holding plates for surface elements

31

Rib for attachment of additional parts

32

poetry

33

Support part, support rubber

34

Weld

37

Screw, fixing screw

38

Hole in the top plate 28

39

Recess in the node 11

40

Bore in node 11

41

washer

Claims (12)

1. Single-shell plane load-bearing structure (10) for surface elements for forming a roof or façade surface of a building, comprising bars (12) and at least one node (11), in particular a star node,
   wherein the node (11) comprises a central body (13) on which at least three arms (14) are formed,
   wherein the free end faces (15) of the arms (14) are designed for mounting the bars via the respective end face (16) of the latter, wherein the node (11) is produced from one piece,
   characterized in that
   the free end faces (15) of the arms (14) are designed to be curved or arched, in particular to be concave or convex or crowned, and the respectively assigned end faces (16) of the bars (12) are likewise designed to be curved or arched so as to correspond positively therewith.
2. Plane load-bearing structure according to Claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the node (11) is produced by means of machining from a solid block.
3. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the node (11) is milled from a solid block.
4. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the arms (14) of the node (11) are inclined and/or rotated with respect to one another in such a way that the node (11) defines the orientation of the bars (12) mounted on the node (11) and thus the geometry of the plane load-bearing structure (10) in the region of the node (11).
5. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the free end faces (15) of the arms (14) correspond with the respectively assigned end faces (16) of the bars (12) in terms of their shaping so as to allow the bars (12) to be mounted on the node (11) in an accurately fitting manner.
6. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the free end faces (15) of the arms (14) have one or more milled-out portions (17) in the end face centre and/or on or around the end face edge, which milled-out portions correspond with one or more corresponding elevations (18) of the assigned end face (16) of the respective bar (15).
7. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the arms (14) are formed with a rectangular cross section and have an upper side (19), an underside (20) opposite the upper side (19), and, between the upper side (19) and underside (20), two sides (21) which are directed towards or away from the other arms, wherein the upper side (19) and/or underside (20) of the respective arm (14) are/is designed for arranging a surface element.
8. Plane load-bearing structure according to Claim 7,
   characterized in that
   the upper sides (19) of the arms (14) are designed to be flat, wherein the respective upper side (19) is oriented, at least in the region towards the free arm side (15), in a corresponding manner to the inclination of the surface element mounted or to be mounted thereon and thus in a corresponding manner to the inclination or curvature of the roof or façade surface, which is formed or is to be formed from the surface elements, in the region of the respective node (11).
9. Plane load-bearing structure according to Claim 7 or 8,
   characterized in that
   the undersides (20) of the arms (14) are designed to be flat, wherein the respective underside (20) is oriented, at least in the region towards the free arm side (15), in a corresponding manner to the inclination of the surface element mounted or to be mounted thereon and thus in a corresponding manner to the inclination or curvature of the roof or façade surface, which is formed or is to be formed from the surface elements, in the region of the respective node (11).
10. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    the node (11) and/or the bars (12) have/has cutouts (22) and/or holes for weight saving, and/or cutouts and/or holes and/or grooves (23) and/or webs and/or ribs (31) for mounting and/or fixing additional parts, in particular seals (32) and/or support parts (33) and/or support bands, or for fastening tensioning cables.
11. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    the bars (12) are designed to be rectilinear, in particular being rectilinear connecting bars between two nodes (11).
12. Plane load-bearing structure according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    the free end faces (15) of the arms (14) and the end faces (16) of the bars (12) respectively assigned thereto have mutually corresponding fastening devices (37, 25) for mounting the bars (12) on the node (11), in particular threaded bores (25) and/or through-bores (38, 49) and/or oblong holes.

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