EP2307823A1 - Réfrigérateur et procédé de production de froid à très basse température - Google Patents
Réfrigérateur et procédé de production de froid à très basse températureInfo
- Publication number
- EP2307823A1 EP2307823A1 EP09740356A EP09740356A EP2307823A1 EP 2307823 A1 EP2307823 A1 EP 2307823A1 EP 09740356 A EP09740356 A EP 09740356A EP 09740356 A EP09740356 A EP 09740356A EP 2307823 A1 EP2307823 A1 EP 2307823A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- mixing chamber
- boiler
- pumping
- conduit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/12—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using 3He-4He dilution
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dilution refrigerator and a method for producing cold at a very low temperature.
- the invention more particularly relates to a dilution refrigerator for obtaining very low temperatures comprising a mixing chamber, a first feed pipe having an upstream end connected to a helium source of isotope 3 ( 3 He) and a downstream end connected to the mixing chamber, a second supply pipe having an upstream end connected to a source of helium isotope 4 ( 4 He) and a downstream end connected to the mixing chamber, a conduit of evacuation of the mixture of 3 He- 4 He produced in the mixing chamber from 3 He and 4 He respectively provided by the first and second conduits, the exhaust pipe comprising an upstream end connected to the mixing chamber and a downstream end connected to a recovery volume of the fraction of the mixture discharged, the downstream ends of the first and second ducts and the upstream end of the evacuation duct fluidly communicating with a common joint so as to form the mixing chamber, the phase separation between the helium 3 He- 4 He mixture
- the 3 He- 4 He mixture may have two phases, a so-called concentrated 3 He-rich phase and a so-called diluted 4 He-rich phase.
- concentration of 3 He from the concentrated phase increases from 67% to approximately 100% while the concentration of 3 He from the dilute phase decreases from 67% to about 6.6%.
- a conventional dilution cooler conventionally comprises a box or mixing chamber filled with two liquid helium phases: a dilute phase and a concentrated phase under the thermodynamic conditions described above.
- the principle of cold production is essentially as follows: a 4 He- 3 He mixture is created in the thermodynamically isolated mixing box in such quantities that there are the two phases described above (a dilute phase and a concentrated phase ). Extracting 3 He from the diluted phase, from 3 He from the concentrated phase will dissolve in the dilute phase to maintain the equilibrium concentration. This dilution process leads to the production of cold.
- FR2626658 discloses a dilution cooler system independent of gravity or orientation.
- three conduits also called capillaries.
- the three capillaries are connected together at one end to form a junction (mixing chamber).
- Two capillaries are used respectively for injecting pure 3 He and 4 He mixture to produce a saturated 3 He- 4 He (concentrated phase mixture of dilute phase).
- the helium mixture is extracted by the third capillary and is recovered or discharged into the space which acts as a "free" pump. Phase separation between liquid helium mixtures is controlled only by 3 He and 4 He flux and capillary forces, and no longer by gravity.
- the refrigerator has no distiller.
- An auxiliary distillation unit may be provided to separate, during a dedicated operation, the two constituents of the 3 He- 4 He mixture possibly recovered (for example by means of storage tanks).
- An object of the present invention is to overcome all or part of the disadvantages of the prior art noted above.
- the refrigerator according to the invention is essentially characterized in that it comprises a boiler constituting the recovery volume of the mixture, the boiler ensuring the maintenance of the mixture of 3 He and 4 He at the equilibrium liquid-vapor the boiler forming both the source of 3 He and the source of 4 He, the first supply duct comprising a selective pumping member of 3 He in the boiler to feed the mixing chamber in 3 He continuously and in a first closed loop, the second supply conduit comprising a selective pumping member 4 He in the boiler to feed the mixing chamber in 4 He continuously and according to a separate second closed loop.
- embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following features:
- the boiler comprises a member for confining the liquid phase with respect to the gaseous phase
- the selective pumping member of the 4 He comprises a superficial fluidically connected with the liquid phase confined by the confinement member and a pumping member whose suction is connected to the liquid phase via the superficial,
- the first and second ducts and the evacuation duct are assembled to heat exchange between the boiler and the mixing chamber;
- the pumping member of the first supply duct is a pump for pumping 3 He gas, such as a mechanical pump and / or one or more so-called absorption pumps,
- the upstream end of the first supply duct and / or the pumping member of the first supply duct opens into a zone of the boiler collecting mainly 3 He from the 3 He- 4 He mixture at the liquid equilibrium -steam,
- the pumping member of the second supply duct is a pump for pumping liquid 4 He, such as a mechanical pump and / or a so-called fountain pump (thermomechanical pump) or a mechanical pump for 4 He,
- the upstream end of the second supply duct and / or the pumping member of the second supply duct opens into a zone of the boiler collecting mainly 4 He from the 3 He- 4 He mixture at the liquid equilibrium -steam,
- the invention also relates to a process for producing cold to very low low temperature, especially less than 2K and more preferably less than 1 K by a dilution cycle in which a two-phase mixture of the two isotopes 3 He and 4 He is created in a mixing chamber from 3 He and 4 He introduced liquid separately via respective supply ducts, in which said mixture is extracted from said mixture, via a discharge duct, with 3 He of a so-called concentrated phase in order to pass 3 He into a so-called diluted phase, and by means of which the frigories generated by the passage of 3 He in dilute phase, the phase separation of the two-phase mixture being achieved by the control of pure 3He and 4He flows introduced separately ns the mixing chamber and capillary forces in the ducts regardless of gravity.
- the dilution cycle operates in a closed loop, the process comprising
- the first step of recovery and separation of the two isotopes is carried out in a boiler designed to maintain the 3 He- 4 He mixture at the liquid-vapor equilibrium,
- the second step of re-introducing into the mixing chamber the two isotopes 3 He and 4 He is carried out via respective pumping members, the mixture of the two isotopes 3 He and 4 He is maintained in the mixing chamber at a temperature of between 1 OmK and 30OmK and for example 50 mK and 30OmK,
- the pumping pressure of the pumping member of the first conduit is between 0.1 and 50mb, and preferably equal to about 5mbar
- the process comprises, between the first recovery and separation step and the second re-introduction step, a step of cooling respective one or each of the isotopes separated between 1 and 2K and preferably between 1, 4 and 1, 5K - the temperature in the boiler and the concentration of 3 He in the boiler are maintained such that the vapor pressure of 3 He is much higher than that of the 4 He,
- the delivery pressure of the pump of the first duct is between 50 and 1500 mbar and preferably of the order of 200 mb for liquefaction of the 3 He at a temperature (cooling at the pump outlet) of 1.4-1.5 K ,
- the method uses a dilution refrigerator comprising a mixing chamber, a first feed pipe having an upstream end connected to a helium source of isotope 3 ( 3 He) and a downstream end connected to the mixing chamber; a second supply duct having an upstream end connected to a source of helium isotope 4 ( 4 He) and a downstream end connected to the mixing chamber, a duct discharging a fraction of the mixture of 3 He - 4 He produced in the mixing chamber from the 3 He and 4 He supplied by the first and second conduits respectively, the exhaust duct having an upstream end connected to the mixing chamber and a downstream end connected to a volume of recovering the fraction of the mixture discharged, the downstream ends of the first and second conduits and the upstream end of the evacuation conduit fluidly communicating with a common junction so as to form the chamber of mixture, the phase separation between the helium mixtures being controlled by the 3He and 4He fluxes and the capillary forces in the ducts instead of gravity, the refrigerator further comprising a boiler constitu
- the pumping pressure can be negative
- the invention may also relate to any alternative device or method comprising any combination of the above or below features.
- the dilution cooler 1 comprises a mixing chamber 2 formed at the open ends (common junction) of a first 3 He feed 3 conduit, a second 4 He feed 4 feed and a exhaust duct 8 of the mixture 3 He - 4 He.
- the exhaust duct 8 comprises, from upstream to downstream, two portions: a first portion (reference zone 13) in which the two phases circulate (concentrated and diluted) and a second portion (reference zone 12) in which the mixture circulates monophasic 3 He - 4 He after complete dilution of the concentrated phase in the dilute phase.
- This evacuation duct 8 thus serves to evacuate the mixture of 3 He- 4 He produced in the mixing chamber 2 from 3 He and 4 He respectively provided by the first 3 and second 4 ducts.
- the phase separation between the helium 3 He- 4 He mixtures is controlled by the flows of 3 He and 4 He in the conduits 3, 4, 8 and the capillary forces in the conduits 3, 4, 8. that is, the phase separation is not dependent on gravity or orientation (according to the same general principle as in FR2626658).
- the refrigerator 1 comprises a boiler evaporator 5 in which a diluted 3 He- 4 He liquid mixture is found in equilibrium with the 3 He-rich vapor phase.
- the boiler 5 (“still” in English) is for example a copper and / or stainless subassembly provided with the required fluid inlets and outlets and constituting a sealed volume of a few cubic centimeters for example.
- the volume of the boiler 5 is sized so that the liquid-gas interface is established within said volume, depending on the quantities of He circulating in the system.
- the upstream end of the first duct 3 is connected to the boiler 5 via a pump 6 and the downstream end of the first duct 3 is connected to the mixing chamber 2.
- the second supply duct 4 has an upstream end connected to the boiler 5 via a pump 7 and a downstream end connected to the mixing chamber 2.
- the exhaust duct 8 is connected to the mixing chamber 2 by its upstream end and is connected to the boiler 5 by its downstream end.
- the apparatus 1 thus forms two closed loops between the boiler 5 and the mixing chamber 2.
- the apparatus 1 is filled with a saturated 3 He and 4 He mixture so that there is a vapor-liquid interface in the boiler 5 and a concentrated-diluted interface in the mixing chamber 2.
- the first 3 supply duct feeds the mixing chamber 2 into 3 He from the boiler 5 via a pump member 6 such as a pump.
- the second supply duct 4 supplies the mixing chamber 2 with 4 He from the boiler 5 via a pump member 7 such as a pump.
- the pump 6 of the first conduit 3 pumps mainly 3 He (gaseous) because the temperature in the boiler 5 and the concentration of 3He in the boiler 5 are maintained such that the vapor pressure of 3 He is much higher than that of the 4He.
- This pump 6 may be a mechanical pump or any other equivalent equivalent pumping system placed at room temperature or cryogenic temperature (eg adsorption pump).
- the 3 He is cooled before being introduced into the mixing chamber 2.
- a cooler 10 provides liquefaction of the pumped 3 He
- This cooler O can be composed, for example, of a Joule-Thomson expansion system operating with He ( 3 He or 4 He) or any cooler making it possible to provide a temperature ideally of the order of 1, 4 to 1, 5 K.
- the 3 He is cooled by the boiler 5 (heat exchange with the first conduit 3). Then, the 3 He can be cooled via a heat exchange between the first duct 3 and the exhaust duct 8 (this exhaust duct 8 possibly also being in heat exchange with the second duct 4). There is thus a heat exchange zone 12 of the liquid 3 He injected with the monophasic 3 He - 4 He mixture and then a heat exchange zone 13 of the liquid 3 He injected with the 3 He - 4 He biphasic mixture.
- the isotope helium 3 ( 3 He) injected in liquid form into the mixing box 2 typically has a temperature of between 10mK and 30OmK.
- the pump 7 of the second duct 4 pumps exclusively liquid 4 He.
- the liquid pump 7 4 He can be connected to the boiler 5 by means for example of a system 9 called superimposed which acts as a semi-permeable membrane allowing only superfluid 4 He to be pumped.
- This superficial 9 has an end 19 immersed in the liquid phase of the boiler 5 and a non-submerged and preferably thermally insulated end 29 of the boiler 5.
- a boundary device 14 may be used to allow the 3 He- 4 He mixture to be confined. liquid in contact with the submerged end 19 of the superficial.
- This boundary device 14 can operate by capillarity, for example it can consist of a porous medium with a pore size distribution adapted to the desired application. Other systems, for example by electric field, can be envisaged to obtain this confinement between the liquid phase and the gaseous phase.
- Pump 7 may be a fountain effect pump (thermomechanical pump) or a mechanical pump 4 He or any other suitable equivalent member disposed if necessary downstream of the superleak 9 at ambient or cryogenic temperature (e.g. pump adsorption or cold turbine ).
- the superfluid 4 He pumped into the boiler 5 can be cooled by an external cold source 11 which performs the same function as the cooler 10 of the first duct 3 (cooling to a temperature ideally of the order of 1, 4 to 1.5 K ).
- the two coolers 10 and 11 may moreover constitute only one single and same cooler element. It will be noted that it is thermodynamically feasible to dispense with a cold source (cooler 10 and / or cooler 11 optional (s)), especially if the heat dissipation of the pump 7 of the second duct 4 is sufficiently low. After this first cooling 11, the 4 He can be cooled by the boiler 5 (heat exchange with the second duct 4).
- the 4 He is cooled via a heat exchange between the second duct 4 and the exhaust duct 8 (this exhaust duct 8 possibly being also in heat exchange with the first duct 3).
- this exhaust duct 8 possibly being also in heat exchange with the first duct 3.
- the isotopic helium 4 ( 4 He) injected in liquid form into the mixing chamber 2 typically has a temperature between 1 OmK and 30OmK. Operating temperatures in the mixing chamber 2 are generally in the range of 1 OmK to 30OmK.
- the concentration of 3 He in the liquid phase of the boiler 5 is preferably of the order of 10%, the temperature in the boiler 5 is preferably about 1.05K.
- the vapor pressure in the boiler 5 is of the order of 5mb and the concentration of 3 He in the steam close to 95%.
- the pumping pressure of the pump 6 of the first duct 3 is therefore typically of the order of 5 mb and the discharge pressure is for example greater or of the order of 200mb, which allows to liquefy the 3 He at the temperature from 1, 4-1, 5K.
- the temperature of the fluids after pumping and first cooling 10, 11 is for example between 1 and 2K.
- the dilution refrigerator 1 therefore uses a containment system 14 for locating the liquid and vapor phases in the boiler 5.
- the refrigerator 1 according to the invention thus makes it possible to continuously maintain two distinct streams of isotopes of helium ( 4 He and 3 He) according to two closed loops, without the need for external helium supply.
- the refrigerator 1 or cryostat obtained makes it possible to produce and preserve with unlimited autonomy a stable temperature of the order of, for example, 0.05K in the mixing chamber 2.
- the system described above can be mounted on a support that can be rotated in all directions, especially for applications that are not gravity-dependent or subject to a gravity field.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0855275A FR2934674A1 (fr) | 2008-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Refrigerateur et procede de production de froid a tres basse temperature |
| PCT/FR2009/051468 WO2010012939A1 (fr) | 2008-07-31 | 2009-07-22 | Réfrigérateur et procédé de production de froid à très basse température |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2307823A1 true EP2307823A1 (fr) | 2011-04-13 |
| EP2307823B1 EP2307823B1 (fr) | 2013-05-15 |
Family
ID=40325814
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09740356.2A Active EP2307823B1 (fr) | 2008-07-31 | 2009-07-22 | Réfrigérateur et procédé de production de froid à très basse température |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20110185766A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2307823B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP5313348B2 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102112824A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2934674A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010012939A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2493553B (en) * | 2011-08-11 | 2017-09-13 | Oxford Instr Nanotechnology Tools Ltd | Cryogenic cooling apparatus and method |
| EP3037746B1 (fr) * | 2014-12-22 | 2020-08-12 | Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Refroidisseur cryogénique et procédé de fonctionnement d'un tel refroidisseur |
| FR3107586B1 (fr) * | 2020-02-21 | 2022-11-18 | Air Liquide | Dispositif et procédé de réfrigération à dilution |
| CN115699032A (zh) * | 2020-04-15 | 2023-02-03 | 谷歌有限责任公司 | 用于量子计算应用的交错的低温冷却系统 |
| CN112325498B (zh) * | 2020-11-06 | 2022-03-29 | 格物致寒(苏州)科学仪器有限公司 | 一种稀释制冷系统及方法 |
| FR3118142B1 (fr) * | 2020-12-18 | 2023-03-03 | Air Liquide | Dispositif et procédé de réfrigération à dilution |
| CN114754508B (zh) * | 2022-03-11 | 2024-03-22 | 上海铂钺制冷科技有限公司 | 可抑制超流氦液膜反重力爬升的极低温冷头蒸发器 |
| GB2616318B (en) | 2022-05-16 | 2024-05-15 | Oxford Instruments Nanotechnology Tools Ltd | Cryogenic cooling system |
| CN116227030B (zh) * | 2023-02-20 | 2025-10-17 | 中国科学院力学研究所 | 空间气液两相热传输系统的重力无关性设计方法 |
| CN118517816B (zh) * | 2024-07-22 | 2025-01-10 | 天津商业大学 | 一种低温吸附制冷设备 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7902014A (nl) * | 1979-03-14 | 1980-09-16 | Philips Nv | 3he-4he verdunningskoelmachine. |
| NL7902438A (nl) * | 1979-03-29 | 1980-10-01 | Philips Nv | 3he-4he koelmachine. |
| FR2626658B1 (fr) * | 1988-02-03 | 1990-07-20 | Centre Nat Etd Spatiales | Procede et appareillage pour l'obtention de tres basses temperatures |
| FR2707375B1 (fr) * | 1993-07-05 | 1995-09-22 | Centre Nat Etd Spatiales | Procédé d'obtention de très basses températures. |
| GB9406348D0 (en) * | 1994-03-30 | 1994-05-25 | Oxford Instr Uk Ltd | Sample holding device |
| JP3644683B2 (ja) * | 2003-02-28 | 2005-05-11 | 大陽日酸株式会社 | 希釈冷凍機 |
-
2008
- 2008-07-31 FR FR0855275A patent/FR2934674A1/fr active Pending
-
2009
- 2009-07-22 WO PCT/FR2009/051468 patent/WO2010012939A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-07-22 CN CN200980130316XA patent/CN102112824A/zh active Pending
- 2009-07-22 JP JP2011520563A patent/JP5313348B2/ja active Active
- 2009-07-22 EP EP09740356.2A patent/EP2307823B1/fr active Active
- 2009-07-22 US US13/056,744 patent/US20110185766A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010012939A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110185766A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| JP2011529561A (ja) | 2011-12-08 |
| WO2010012939A1 (fr) | 2010-02-04 |
| JP5313348B2 (ja) | 2013-10-09 |
| FR2934674A1 (fr) | 2010-02-05 |
| CN102112824A (zh) | 2011-06-29 |
| EP2307823B1 (fr) | 2013-05-15 |
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