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  • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
  • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
  • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
  • C12N15/8273—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for drought, cold, salt resistance
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  • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
  • C12N9/1205—Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. protein kinases
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  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
  • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
  • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

• the invention is in the field of plant molecular biology and relates to transgenic plants having increased water use efficiency and methods of producing such plants. More specifically, the invention relates to inhibition of the expression or activity of a PK220 protein kinase gene and transgenic plants having inhibited protein kinase activity.
• Water is essential for plant survival, growth and reproduction. Assimilation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis is directly linked to water loss through the stomata. Crop productivity which is closely linked to biomass production is dependent on plant water use efficiency (WUE) especially in water limited conditions (Passioura 1994 and Sinclair 1994, in Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield). Water use efficiency over a period of plant's growth can be calculated as the ratio of biomass produced per unit of water transpired (Sinclair 1994). Instantaneous measurements of water use efficiency can also be obtained as the ratio of carbon dioxide assimilation to transpiration using gas exchange measurements (Farquhar and Sharkey 1994, in Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield).
• Improvements to water use efficiency have used plant breeding methods whereby high water use efficiency varieties were crossed with the more productive but lower water use efficiency varieties in hope of improvements in crop yield under water limited conditions (Condon et al., 2002, Araus et al., 2002).
• Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approaches to identifying the components of water use efficiency have been the most common methods historically used (Mian et al., 1996, Martin et al., 1989, Thumma et al., 2001, Price et al., 2002), and more recently attempts have been made to engineer improved plants by molecular genetic means.
• the first gene associated with water use efficiency was ERECTA.
• the ERECTA gene was first identified as a gene functioning in inflorescence development and organ morphogenesis (Torii et al., 1996),). It was later found by QTL mapping to be a major contributor to transpiration efficiency, defined as water transpired per carbon dioxide assimilated, an opposite indicator to water use efficiency in Arabidopsis (Masle et al., 2005). ERECTA encodes a putative leucin-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK).
• LRR-RLK The regulatory mechanism of LRR-RLK is yet to be understood although it was suggested due to, at least in part, the effects on stomatal density, epidermal cell expansion, mesophyll cell proliferation and cell-cell contact.
• the normal transpiration efficiency was restored upon complementation using wild type ERECTA in mutant eracta.
• overexpression of ERECTA in transgenic Arabidopsis will result in reduced transpiration efficiency or enhanced water use efficiency. It is the only report showing a plant receptor-like kinase to be involved in transpiration efficiency or water use efficiency.
• HARDY Another Arabidopsis gene implicated in water use efficiency is the HARDY gene, found through the phenotypic screening of an activation tagged mutant collection (Karaba et al., 2007).
• Overexpression of HARDY in rice resulted in improved water use efficiency by enhancing photosynthetic assimilation and reducing transpiration.
• the transgenic rice with increased expression of HARDY exhibited increased shoot biomass under optimal water conditions and increased root biomass under water limited conditions.
• Overexpression of HARDY in Arabidopsis resulted in thicker leaves with more mesophyll cells and in rice increased leaf biomass and bundle sheet cells. These modifications contributed to enhanced photosynthetic activity and efficiency (Karaba et al., 2007).
• Protein kinases are a large family of enzymes that modify proteins by addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylation). Protein kinases constitute about 2% of all eukaryotic genes, many of which mediate the response of eukaryotic cells to external stimuli. All single subunit protein kinases contain a common catalytic domain near the carboxyl terminus while the amino terminus plays a regulatory role.
• Plant receptor-like kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases with a predicted signal peptide at the amino terminus, a single transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. There are more than 610 RLKs potentially encoded in Arabidopsis (Shiu and Bleecker 2001). Receptor-like kinases are often part of a signaling cascade. They interpret extracellular signals, through ligand binding, and phosphorylate targets in a signaling cascade which in turn affect downstream cell processes, such as gene expression (Hardie 1999).
• the receptor-like kinase identified as At2g25220 in the TAIR database is one serine/threonine kinase, and a member of the large gene family of receptor-like kinases with over 600 members in Arabidopsis (Shiu et al., 2001). However, except for annotation of the sequence as a kinase no function or role for the At2g25220 gene has been disclosed.
• HWE high water use efficiency gene
• This invention is based upon the discovery of a mutation in the PK220 gene that results in a plant with increased water use efficiency compared to plants without the mutation.
• the invention relates to the identification of a mutant plant that comprises a mutation in the PK220 gene also referred to herein as the HWE gene.
• the PK220 gene is a receptor-like protein kinase Inhibition of the expression or activity of the PK220 gene in plants provides beneficial phenotypes such as improved water use efficiency in a plant.
• the improved water use efficiency phenotype results in plants having improved drought tolerance.
• the invention provides a method of producing a transgenic plant, by transforming a plant, a plant tissue culture, or a plant cell with a vector containing a nucleic acid construct that inhibits the expression or activity of a PK220 gene to obtain a transformed plant, tissue culture or a plant cell and growing the plant or regenerating a plant from the plant tissue culture or plant cell wherein a plant having increased water use efficiency is produced, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a) an antisense sequence of a nucleic acid encoding said PK220 gene, wherein said PK220 gene is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90,
• the present invention provides a method for producing plants having increased water use efficiency, wherein the method includes generation of transgenic plants and modification of plants genome using the methods described herein.
• Water use efficiency refers to the ratio between the amounts of biomass produced per unit water transpired when measured gravimetrically and the ratio of photosynthetic rate to the rate of transpiration when measured using gas exchange quantification of a leaf or shoot.
• the term "increased water use efficiency” refers to a plant water use efficiency that is 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20 or more fold greater as compared to the water use efficiency of a corresponding wild-type plant.
• a plant having increased water use efficiency as compared to a wild-type plant may have 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60 %, 70%, 75% or greater water use efficiency than the corresponding wild-type plant.
• the methods of the invention involve inhibiting or reducing the expression or activity of an endogenous gene, such as PK220, wherein a plant is produced having increased water use efficiency.
• the invention provides a method of producing a plant having increased water use efficiency relative to a wild-type plant, by introducing into a plant cell a nucleic acid construct that inhibits or reduces the expression or activity of PK220, wherein said nucleic acid construct is as defined in claim 1.
• a plant having increased water use efficiency relative to a wild type plant is produced by a) providing a nucleic acid construct containing a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid construct that inhibits PK220 activity; b) inserting the nucleic construct into a vector; c) transforming a plant, tissue culture, or a plant cell with the vector to obtain a plant, tissue culture or a plant cell with decreased PK220 activity; d) growing the plant or regenerating a plant from the tissue culture or plant cell, wherein a plant having increased water use efficiency relative to a wild type plant is produced.
• the construct includes a promoter such as a constitutive promoter, a tissue specific promoter or an inducible promoter.
• the tissue specific promoter is a root promoter.
• a preferable inducible promoter is a drought inducible promoter.
• nucleic acid construct refers to a full length gene sequence or portion thereof, wherein a portion is preferably at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, or 150 nucleotides in length, or the compliment thereof. Alternatively it may be an oligonucleotide, single or double stranded and made up of DNA or RNA or a DNA-RNA duplex. In a particular embodiment, the nucleic acid construct contains the full length PK220 gene sequence, or a portion thereof, wherein the portion of the PK220 sequence is at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, or 150 nucleotides in length, or its compliment.
• transgenic plant produced by the method of the invention.
• a plant comprising a sequence encoding a mutated PK220 gene selected from SEQ ID Nos: 3 and 5 is provided. Seeds and transgenic seeds produced by said plant and transgenic plant are also provided.
• Decreased PK220 expression or activity refers to a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 75-fold reduction or greater, at the DNA, RNA or protein level of an PK220 gene as compared to wild-type PK220, or a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 75 fold reduction of PK220 activity as compared to wild-type PK220 activity.
• PK220 activity includes but is not limited to kinase activity at serine and or threonine amino acid residues of substrate polypeptides, where it participates in phosphorylation reactions.
• the invention further provides a transgenic seed produced by the transgenic plant(s) of the invention, wherein the seed produces plant having increased water use efficiency relative to a wild-type plant.
• the invention employs nucleic acid constructs that inhibit the expression or activity of a PK220 gene.
• the construct comprises an antisense sequence of a nucleic acid encoding the PK220 gene, wherein said PK220 gene is encoded by a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO's: 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 153, 161 and 193.
• the construct comprises a sequence encoding a mutated PK220 gene selected from SEQ ID NOs:3 and 5.
• compositions which contain the nucleic acids of the invention for expression in a plant cell to produce the transgenic plants described herein.
• a “promoter sequence”, or “promoter” means a nucleic acid sequence capable of inducing transcription of an operably linked gene sequence in a plant cell. Promoters include for example (but not limited to) constitutive promoters, tissue specific promoters such as a root promoter, an inducible promoters such as a drought inducible promoter or an endogenous promoters such as a promoter normally associated with a gene of interest., i.e. a PK220 gene
• expression cassette means a vector construct wherein a gene or nucleic acid sequence is transcribed. Additionally, the expressed mRNA may be translated into a polypeptide.
• expression or “overexpression” are used interchangeably and mean the expression of a gene such that the transgene is expressed.
• the total level of expression in a cell may be elevated relative to a wild-type cell.
• non-naturally occurring mutation refers to any method that introduces mutations into a plant or plant population.
• chemical mutagenesis such as ethane methyl sulfonate or methanesulfonic acid ethyl ester
• fast neutron mutagenesis DNA insertional means such as a T-DNA insertion or site directed mutagenesis methods.
• diph stress refers to a condition where plant growth or productivity is inhibited relative to a plant where water is not limiting.
• water-stress is used synonymously and interchangeably with the drought water stress.
• drought tolerance refers to the ability of a plant to outperform a wildtype plant under drought stress conditions or water limited conditions or to use less water during grow and development relative to a wildtype plant.
• the “term water use efficiency,” is an expression of the ratio between the amounts of biomass produced per unit water transpired when measured gravimetrically and the ratio of photosynthetic rate to the rate of transpiration when measured using gas exchange quantification of a leaf or shoot.
• dry weight means plant tissue that has been dried to remove the majority of the cellular water and is used synonymously and interchangeably with the term biomass.
• nuclear is defined as a segregated sibling of a transgenic line that has lost the inserted transgene and is therefore used a control line.
• hwe116 means a plant having a mutation in a PK220 gene.
• the HWE gene is referred to as a PK220 gene sequence and a protein encoded by a PK220 gene is referred to as a PK220 polypeptide or protein.
• the terms HWE and PK220 are synonymous.
• PK220 nucleic acid refers to at least a portion of a PK220 nucleic acid.
• PK220 protein or “PK220 polypeptide” refers to at least a portion thereof. A portion is of at least 21 nucleotides in length with respect to a nucleic acid and a portion of a protein or polypeptide is at least 7 amino acids.
• AtPK220 refers to an Arabidopsis thaliana PK220 gene
• BnPK220 refers to a Brassica napus PK220 gene.
• the invention is based in part on the discovery of plants having increased water use efficiency relative to a wild type control.
• the gene responsible for the beneficial phenotype has been determined and shown to be an inhibited PK220 gene.
• Methods of producing a plant, including a mutant plant, a transgenic plant or genetically modified plant, having increased water use efficiency are disclosed herein. Specifically the invention identifies a PK220 gene that when expression or activity of the PK220 gene is inhibited, a plant having a beneficial phenotype is obtained.
• the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g ., gaps can be introduced in either of the sequences being compared for optimal alignment between the sequences).
• the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared.
• a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are homologous at that position (i.e., as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid "homology” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "identity").
• the nucleic acid sequence homology may be determined as the degree of identity between two sequences.
• the homology may be determined using computer programs known in the art, such as GAP software provided in the GCG program package. See, Needleman and Wunsch (1970).
• GAP software provided in the GCG program package. See, Needleman and Wunsch (1970).
• GAP creation penalty of 5.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.3 the coding region of the analogous nucleic acid sequences referred to above exhibits a degree of identity preferably of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%, with the coding sequence portion of the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1.
• sequence identity refers to the degree to which two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences are identical on a residue-by-residue basis over a particular region of comparison.
• percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over that region of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, U, or I, in the case of nucleic acids) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the region of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
• substantially identical denotes a characteristic of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 80 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 85 percent identity and often 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a reference sequence over a comparison region.
• percentage of positive residues is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over that region of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical and conservative amino acid substitutions, as defined above, occur in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the region of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of positive residues.
• PK220 expression or activity embraces both these levels of inhibition or reduction.
• Decreased PK220 expression or activity refers to a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 75-fold reduction or greater, at the DNA, RNA or protein level of an PK220 gene as compared to wild-type PK220, or a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 75 fold reduction of PK220 protein activity as compared to wild-type PK220 activity.
• PK220 protein activity includes but is not limited kinase activity at serine and or threonine amino acid residues of substrate polypeptides, where it participates in phosphorylation reactions. Methods of measuring serine/threonine kinase activity are known to those in the art.
• RNAi constructs including all hairpin constructs and RNAi constructs useful for inhibition by dsRNA-directed DNA methylation or inhibition by mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation
• miRNA miRNA
• amiRNA artificial miRNA
• TILLING methods in vivo site specific mutagenesis techniques and dominant/negative inhibition approaches.
• RNA inhibition also known as hairpin constructs.
• a portion of the gene to inhibit is used and cloned in a sense and antisense direction having a spacer separating the sense and antisense portions.
• the size of the gene portions should be at least 20 nucleotides in length and the spacer may be a little as 13 nucleotides (Kennerdell and Carthew, 2000) in length and may be an intron sequence, a coding or non-coding sequence.
• Antisense is a common approach wherein the target gene, or a portion thereof, is expressed in an antisense orientation resulting in inhibition of the endogenous gene expression and activity.
• the antisense portions need not be a full length gene nor be 100% identical.
• the antisense is at least about 70% or more identical to the endogenous target gene and of least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, or 150 nucleotides in length.
• 50 nucleotides or greater in length the desired inhibition will be obtained.
• Sequences encoding a wild type PK220 gene or portion thereof that are useful in preparing constructs for PK220 inhibition include for example, SEQ ID NO's: 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 153, 161 and 193.
• Exemplary sequences that are useful for constructs to downregulate PK220 expression or activity are described in SEQ ID NO's: 12, 13, 147, 149, 153, 161, 168 and 174.
• inhibition of endogenous gene activity can be selectively targeted to the gene or genes of choice by proper selection of a fragment or portion for antisense expression. Selection of a sequence that is present in the target gene sequence and not present in related genes (non-target gene) or is less than 70% conserved in the non-target sequences results in specificity of gene inhibition.
• amiRNA inhibition can be used to inhibit gene expression and activity in a more specific manner than other RNAi methods.
• siRNA that requires a perfect match between the small RNA and the target mRNA
• amiRNA allows up to 5 mismatches with no more than 2 consecutive mismatches.
• the construction of amiRNA needs to meet certain criteria described in Schawab et al. (2006).. This provides a method to down-regulate a target gene expression or activity using a gene portion comprising of at least a 21 nucleotide sequence of PK220.
• Dominant/negative inhibition is analogous to competitive inhibition of biochemical reactions.
• Expression of a modified or mutant polypeptide that lacks full functionality competes with the wild type or endogenous polypeptide thereby reducing the total gene/protein activity.
• an expressed protein may bind to a protein complex or enzyme subunit to produce a non-functional complex.
• the expressed protein may bind substrate but not have activity to perform the native function. Expression of sufficient levels of non active protein will reduce or inhibit the overall function.
• PK220 genes that produce a PK220 protein that is deficient in activity can be used for dominant/negative down-regulation of gene activity. This is analogous to competitive inhibition.
• a PK220 polypeptide is produced that, for example, may associate with or bind to a target molecule but lacks endogenous activity.
• An example of such an inactive PK220 is the AtPK220 sequence isolated from the hwe116 mutant and disclosed as SEQ ID NO:3.
• a target molecule may be an interacting protein of a nucleic acid sequence. In this manner the endogenous PK220 protein is effectively diluted and downstream responses will be attenuated.
• In vivo site specific mutagenesis is available whereby one can introduce a mutation into a cells genome to create a specific mutation.
• the method as essentially described in Dong et al. (2006) or US patent application publication number 20060162024 which refer to the methods of oligonucleotide-directed gene repair.
• one may use chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides essentially as described Beetham (1999). Accordingly, a premature stop codon may be generated in the cells' endogenous gene thereby producing a specific null mutant.
• the mutation may interfere with splicing of the initial transcript thereby creating a non-translatable mRNA or a mRNA that produces an altered polypeptide which does not possess endogenous activity.
• Preferable mutations that result loss or reduction of PK220 expression or activity include a C to T conversion at nucleotide position 874 when numbered in accordance with SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 3 or a nucleotide mutation that results in an amino acid change from a Leucine (L) codon (CTT) to a Phenylalanine (F) codon (TTT) at amino acid position 292 when numbered in accordance with SEQ ID NOs: 2 or 4.
• L Leucine
• F Phenylalanine
• TILLING is a method of isolating mutations in a known gene from an EMS-mutagenized population. The population is screened by methods essentially as described in (Greene et al., 2003).
• AtPK220 Homologues of Arabidopsis thaliana PK220 (AtPK220) were identified using database sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al.,. 1990 and Altschul et al.,. 1997). The tblastn or blastn sequence analysis programs were employed using the BLOSUM-62 scoring matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1992). The output of a BLAST report provides a score that takes into account the alignment of similar or identical residues and any gaps needed in order to align the sequences. The scoring matrix assigns a score for aligning any possible pair of sequences. The P values reflect how many times one expects to see a score occur by chance.
• BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
• the tblastn or blastn sequence analysis programs were employed using the BLOSUM-62 scoring matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1992).
• the output of a BLAST report provides a score that takes into account the alignment of similar or
• the tblastn sequence analysis program was used to query a polypeptide sequence against six-way translations of sequences in a nucleotide database. Hits with a P value less than -25, preferably less than -70, and more preferably less than -100, were identified as homologous sequences (exemplary selected sequence criteria).
• the blastn sequence analysis program was used to query a nucleotide sequence against a nucleotide sequence database. In this case too, higher scores were preferred and a preferred threshold P value was less than -13, preferably less than -50, and more preferably less than -100.
• a PK220 gene can be isolated via standard PCR amplification techniques. Use of primers to conserved regions of a PK220 gene and PCR amplification produces a fragment or full length copy of the desired gene. Template may be DNA, genomic or a cDNA library, or RNA or mRNA for use with reverse transcriptase PCR (RtPCR) techniques. conserveed regions can be identified using sequence comparison tools such as BLAST or CLUSTALW for example. Suitable primers have been used and described elsewhere in this application.
• a fragment of a sequence from a PK220 gene is 32 P-radiolabeled by random priming (Sambrook et al., 1989) and used to screen a plant genomic library (the exemplary test polynucleotides).
• total plant DNA from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Cucumis sativus, or Oryza sativa are isolated according to Stockinger et al. (Stockinger et al., 1996).
• Approximately 2 to 10 ⁇ g of each DNA sample are restriction digested, transferred to nylon membrane (Micron Separations, Westboro, Mass) and hybridized. Hybridization conditions are: 42°C in 50% formamide, 5X SSC, 20 mM phosphate buffer 1X Denhardt's, 10% dextran sulfate, and 100 ⁇ g/ml herring sperm DNA.
• Hybridization conditions are: 42°C in 50% formamide, 5X SSC, 20 mM phosphate buffer 1X Denhardt's, 10% dextran sulfate, and 100 ⁇ g/ml herring sperm DNA.
• Four low stringency washes at RT in 2X SSC 0.05% sodium sarcosyl and 0.02% sodium pyrophosphate are performed prior to high stringency washes at 55°C in 0.2.times.SSC, 0.05% sodium sarcosyl and 0.01% sodium pyrophosphate.
• High stringency washes are performed until no counts are detected in the washout according to Walling et al. (Walling et al., 1988). Positive isolates are identified, purified and sequenced. Other methods are available for hybridization, for example the ExpressHyb TM hybridization solution available from Clonetech.
• vectors preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding a PK220 protein, a PK220 gene or genomic sequence or portions thereof and analogs or homologs thereof.
• expression vector includes vectors which are designed to provide transcription of the nucleic acid sequence. Transcribed sequences may be designed to inhibit the endogenous expression or activity of an endogenous gene activity correlating to the transcribed sequence.
• the transcribed nucleic acid need not be translated but rather inhibits the endogenous gene expression as in antisense or hairpin down-regulation methodology. Alternatively, the transcribed nucleic acid may be translated into a polypeptide or protein product.
• the polypeptide may be a non-full length, mutant or modified variant of the endogenous protein.
• the term "vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
• plasmid refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated.
• viral vector Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.
• Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication).
• vectors are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "expression vectors".
• expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
• plasmid and vector can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.
• such other forms of expression vectors such as viral vectors or plant transformation vectors, binary or otherwise, which serve equivalent functions are also included.
• the recombinant expression vectors comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
• "operably-linked" is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).
• regulatory sequence is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel (1990). Regulatory sequences include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences) or inducible promoters (e.g., induced in response to abiotic factors such as environmental conditions, heat, drought, nutrient status or physiological status of the cell or biotic such as pathogen responsive).
• tissue-specific regulatory sequences e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences
• inducible promoters e.g., induced in response to abiotic factors such as environmental conditions, heat, drought, nutrient status or physiological status of the cell or biotic such as pathogen responsive.
• suitable promoters include for example constitutive promoters, ABA inducible promoters, tissue specific promoters and abiotic or biotic inducible promoters. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired as well as timing and location of expression, etc.
• the expression vectors can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., PK220 proteins, mutant forms of PK220 proteins, fusion proteins, etc.).
• the recombinant expression vectors can be designed for expression of PK220 genes, PK220 proteins, or portions thereof, in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
• PK220 genes or PK220 proteins can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors),) yeast cells, plant cells or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel (1990).
• the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
• a nucleic acid may be expressed in plants cells using a plant expression vector.
• plant expression vectors systems include tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid or portion thereof found in Agrobacterium, cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) DNA and vectors such as pBI121.
• the recombinant expression cassette will contain in addition to the PK220 nucleic acids, a promoter region that functions in a plant cell, a transcription initiation site (if the coding sequence to transcribed lacks one), and optionally a transcription termination/polyadenylation sequence.
• the termination/polyadenylation region may be obtained from the same gene as the promoter sequence or may be obtained from different genes.
• Unique restriction enzyme sites at the 5' and 3' ends of the cassette are typically included to allow for easy insertion into a pre-existing vector.
• promoters examples include promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Odell et al., 1985), promoters from genes such as rice actin (McElroy et al., 1990), ubiquitin (Christensen et al., 1992; pEMU (Last et al., 1991), MAS (Velten et al., 1984), maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al., 1992); and Atanassvoa et al., 1992), the 5'- or 3'-promoter derived from T-DNA of Agrobacteriurn tumefaciens, the Smas promoter, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter ( U.S.
• the Nos promoter the rubisco promoter, the GRP1-8 promoter, ALS promoter, ( WO 96/30530 ), a synthetic promoter, such as Rsyn7, SCP and UCP promoters, ribulose-1,3-diphosphate carboxylase, fruit-specific promoters, heat shock promoters, seed-specific promoters and other transcription initiation regions from various plant genes, for example, including the various opine initiation regions, such as for example, octopine, mannopine, and nopaline.
• a promoter associated with the gene of interest e.g.
• PK220 may be used to express a construct targeting the gene of interest, for example the native AtPK220 promoter (P PK ). Additional regulatory elements that may be connected to a PK220 encoding nucleic acid sequence for expression in plant cells include terminators, polyadenylation sequences, and nucleic acid sequences encoding signal peptides that permit localization within a plant cell or secretion of the protein from the cell.
• Such regulatory elements and methods for adding or exchanging these elements with the regulatory elements of PK220 gene include, but are not limited to, 3' termination and/or polyadenylation regions such as those of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) gene (Bevan et al., 1983); the potato proteinase inhibitor II (PINII) gene (Keil et al., 1986)); and An et al. (1989); and the CaMV 19S gene (Mogen et al., 1990).
• 3' termination and/or polyadenylation regions such as those of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) gene (Bevan et al., 1983); the potato proteinase inhibitor II (PINII) gene (Keil et al., 1986)); and An et al. (1989); and the CaMV 19S gene (Mogen et al., 1990).
• Plant signal sequences including, but not limited to, signal-peptide encoding DNA/RNA sequences which target proteins to the extracellular matrix of the plant cell (Dratewka-Kos et al., 1989) and the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia extension gene (De Loose et al., 1991), or signal peptides which target proteins to the vacuole like the sweet potato sporamin gene (Matsuoka et al., 1991) and the barley lectin gene (Wilkins et al., 1990), or signals which cause proteins to be secreted such as that of PRIb (Lund et al., 1992), or those which target proteins to the plastids such as that of rapeseed enoyl-ACP reductase (Verwoert et al., 1994) are useful in the invention.
• the recombinant expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).
• tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art.
• the promoter associated with a coding sequence identified in the TAIR data base as At2g44790 (P 4790 ) is a root specific promoter.
• expression systems which are operable in plants include systems which are under control of a tissue-specific promoter, as well as those which involve promoters that are operable in all plant tissues.
• Organ-specific promoters are also well known.
• the chalcone synthase-A gene van der Meer et al., 1990
• the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (dfr) promoter (Elomaa et. al., 1998) direct expression in specific floral tissues.
• the patatin class I promoter is transcriptionally activated only in the potato tuber and can be used to target gene expression in the tuber (Bevan, 1986).
• Another potato-specific promoter is the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) promoter (Visser et al., 1991).
• GBSS granule-bound starch synthase
• organ-specific promoters appropriate for a desired target organ can be isolated using known procedures. These control sequences are generally associated with genes uniquely expressed in the desired organ. In a typical higher plant, each organ has thousands of mRNAs that are absent from other organ systems (reviewed in Goldberg, 1986).
• the resulting expression system or cassette is ligated into or otherwise constructed to be included in a recombinant vector which is appropriate for plant transformation.
• the vector may also contain a selectable marker gene by which transformed plant cells can be identified in culture.
• the marker gene may encode antibiotic resistance. These markers include resistance to G418, hygromycin, bleomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin.
• the marker gene may encode a herbicide tolerance gene that provides tolerance to glufosinate or glyphosate type herbicides. After transforming the plant cells, those cells having the vector will be identified by their ability to grow on a medium containing the particular antibiotic or herbicide.
• Replication sequences of bacterial or viral origin, are generally also included to allow the vector to be cloned in a bacterial or phage host, preferably a broad host range prokaryotic origin of replication is included.
• a selectable marker for bacteria should also be included to allow selection of bacterial cells bearing the desired construct. Suitable prokaryotic selectable markers also include resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin or tetracycline.
• DNA sequences encoding additional functions may also be present in the vector, as is known in the art. For instance, in the case of Agrobacterium transformations, T-DNA sequences will also be included for subsequent transfer to plant chromosomes.
• host cell and “recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but also to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.
• Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques.
• transformation and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell.
• a host cell such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e ., express) a polypeptide encoded in an open reading frame of a polynucleotide.
• the method comprises culturing the host cell (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding a polypeptide has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that the polypeptide is produced.
• the method further comprises isolating the polypeptide from the medium or the host cell.
• Plant host cells include, for example, plant cells that could function as suitable hosts for the expression of a polynucleotide include epidermal cells, mesophyll and other ground tissues, and vascular tissues in leaves, stems, floral organs, and roots from a variety of plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Brassica napus, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Gossypium hirsutum and Glycine max.
• PK220 nucleic acids encoding a PK220 protein that is not fully functional can be useful in a dominant/negative inhibition method.
• a PK220 variant polypeptide, or portion thereof, is expressed in a plant such that it has partial functionality.
• the variant polypeptide may for example have the ability to bind other molecules but does not permit proper activity of the complex, resulting in overall inhibition of PK220 activity.
• plant is meant to include not only a whole plant but also a portion thereof (i.e., cells, and tissues, including for example, leaves, stems, shoots, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds).
• the plant can be any plant type including, for example, species from the genera Arabidopsis, Brassica, Oryza, Zea, Sorghum. Brachypodium, Miscanthus, Gossypium, Triticum , Glycine, Pisum, Phaseolus" Lycopersicon, Trifolium, Cannabis, Cucurbita, Rosa, Vitis, Juglans, Fragaria, Lotus, Medicago, Onobrychis, Trigonella, Vigna, Citrus, Linum, Geranium, Manihot, Daucus, Raphanus, Sinapis, Atropa, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Nicotiana, Solanum, Petunia, Digitalis, Majorana, Ciahorium, Helianthus, Lactuca, Bromus, Asparagus, Antirrhinum , Heterocallis, Nemesis, Pelargonium , Panieum, Pennisetum, Ranunculus, Senecio,
• the invention also includes cells, tissues, including for example, leaves, stems, shoots, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds and the progeny derived from the transformed plant.
• the methods chosen vary with the host plant, and include chemical transfection methods such as calcium phosphate, polyethylene glycol (PEG) transformation, microorganism-mediated gene transfer such as Agrobacterium (Horsch et al., 1985), electroporation, protoplast transformation, micro-injection, flower dipping and biolistic bombardment.
• chemical transfection methods such as calcium phosphate, polyethylene glycol (PEG) transformation, microorganism-mediated gene transfer such as Agrobacterium (Horsch et al., 1985), electroporation, protoplast transformation, micro-injection, flower dipping and biolistic bombardment.
• the most widely utilized method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes which are plant pathogenic bacteria which genetically transform plant cells.
• the Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes respectfully, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of plants (See, for example, Kado, 1991).
• Descriptions of the Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer are provided in Gruber et al. (1993). and Moloney et al., (1989).
• Transgenic Arabidopsis plants can be produced easily by the method of dipping flowering plants into an Agrobacterium culture, based on the method of Andrew Bent in, Clough SJ and Bent AF, 1998.
• Floral dipping a simplified method for Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Wild type plants are grown until the plant has both developing flowers and open flowers. The plants are inverted for 1 minute into a solution of Agrobacterium culture carrying the appropriate gene construct. Plants are then left horizontal in a tray and kept covered for two days to maintain humidity and then righted and bagged to continue growth and seed development. Mature seed is bulk harvested.
• a generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation, where DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring about 1 to 4 ⁇ m.
• the expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate the plant cell walls and membranes.
• Aerosol Beam Injector (ABI) method described in U.S. Pat. 5,240,842 , U.S. Pat. 6,809,232 .
• Aerosol beam technology is used to accelerate wet or dry particles to speeds enabling the particles to penetrate living cells. Aerosol beam technology employs the jet expansion of an inert gas as it passes from a region of higher gas pressure to a region of lower gas pressure through a small orifice. The expanding gas accelerates aerosol droplets, containing nucleic acid molecules to be introduced into a cell or tissue. The accelerated particles are positioned to impact a preferred target, for example a plant cell. The particles are constructed as droplets of a sufficiently small size so that the cell survives the penetration. The transformed cell or tissue is grown to produce a plant by standard techniques known to those in the applicable art.
• This procedure typically produces shoots within two to four months and those shoots are then transferred to an appropriate root-inducing medium containing the selective agent and an antibiotic to prevent bacterial growth. Shoots that rooted in the presence of the selective agent to form plantlets are then transplanted to soil or other media to allow the production of roots.
• the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to provide homozygous transgenic plants, or pollen obtained from the regenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomically important, preferably inbred lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of those important lines is used to pollinate regenerated plants.
• a transgenic plant containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated using methods well known to one skilled in the art.
• a preferred transgenic plant is an independent segregate and can transmit the PK220 gene construct to its progeny.
• a more preferred transgenic plant is homozygous for the gene construct, and transmits that gene construct to all offspring on sexual mating. Seed from a transgenic plant may be grown in the field or greenhouse, and resulting sexually mature transgenic plants are self-pollinated to generate true breeding plants. The progeny from these plants become true breeding lines that are evaluated for decreased expression of the PK220 gene.
• the invention provides a method of producing a transgenic plant having increased water use efficiency relative to a wild type plant.
• the method includes transforming a plant, plant tissue or one or more plant cells with a vector comprising a nucleic acid construct that inhibits the expression or activity of a PK220 gene to obtain a transformed plant, plant tissue or plant cell and growing said transformed plant, or regenerating a plant from said transformed plant tissue culture or plant cell wherein a plant having increased water use efficiency is produced, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a) an antisense sequence of a nucleic acid encoding said PK220 gene, wherein said PK220 gene is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83
• the PK220 nucleic acid can be either endogenous or exogenous, for example an Arabidoposis PK220 nucleic acid may be introduced into a Brassica or corn species.
• the sequence is a PK220 nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the species being transformed.
• the compound is a PK220 nucleic acid sequence exogenous to the species being transformed and having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or greater homology to the endogenous target sequence.
• the plant can be any plant type including, for example, species from the genera Arabidopsis, Brassica, Oryza, Zea, Sorghum, Brachypodium, Miscanthus, Gossypium, Triticum, Glycine, Pisum, Phaseolus” Lycopersicon, Trifolium, Cannabis, Cucurbita, Rose, Vitis, Juglans, Fragaria, Lotus, Medicago, Onobrychis, Trigonella, Vigna, Citrus, Linum, Geranium, Manihot, Daucus, Raphanus, Sinapis, Atropa, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Nicotiana, Solanum, Petunia, Digitalis, Majorana, Ciahorium, Helianthus, Lactuca, Bromus, Asparagus, Antirrhinum, Heterocallis, Nemesis, Pelargonium, Panieum, Pennisetum, Ranunculus, Senecio, Salpiglos
• a F2 population was generated by crossing the hwe116 mutant to the Landsberg erecta (Ler) ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana and the resulting population was used for map-based cloning by assaying for drought tolerance and subsequently confirming the presence of the higher water use efficiency trait in the mutant.
• the water-loss per unit dry weight of the F2 plants was measured over a 5-day drought treatment and the data was normalized for QTL analysis relative to the hwe116 mutant and the two wild type ecotypes, Landsberg erecta and Columbia.
• Leaf tissues were collected from all F2 and control plants used in the phenotyping experiments for genotyping.
• QTL analysis was conducted using MAPMAKER 3.0 and WinQTLCart 2.5. To further specify the mutations within the QTL peak, celery endonuclease I (CEL I) was used.
• CEL I Celery endonuclease I
• DNA fragments of about 5 kb were amplified by optimized PCR using hwe116 or parent Columbia genomic DNA as template. Equal amounts of the amplified products were mixed together and then subjected to a cycle of denaturing and annealing to form heteroduplex DNA. Incubation with CEL I at 42 °C for 20 minutes cleaves the heteroduplex DNA at points of mutation, and DNA fragments were visualized by 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining.
• a 5 kb PCR product was amplified using primers SEQ ID NO: 102 and SEQ ID NO:104, and templates: hwe116, and the control Columbia type.
• the heteroduplexes formed PCR products resulted in smaller fragments (1.4 and 3.6 kb) after CEL I digestion.
• Overlapping sub-fragments (about 3 kb) were amplified using primers SEQ ID NO:104 and SEQ ID NO:105 to more narrowly define the mutation location. The sub-fragment was sequenced and a C nucleotide was found to have been mutated to T nucleotide in hwe116.
• the mutation of interest was identified as a C to T conversion at nucleotide position 874 of SEQ ID NO's: 1 and 3 that resulted in an amino acid change from a Leucine (L) codon (CTT) to a Phenylalanine (F) codon (TTT) at amino acid position 292.
• the gene harboring the mutation was identified as a Serine / Threonine protein kinase (Ser/Thr PK).
• the wild type gene was identified as being identical to Genbank Accession Number At2g25220. This Ser/Thr protein kinase is referred to as AtPK220 herein, and the mutated form identified in hwe116 is referred to as AtPK220L292F.
• AtPK220L292F AtPK220L292F(p)
• AtPK220(p) partial AtPK220
• SEQ ID NO: 106 primers for cloning and template RNA isolated from hwe116 and the control plant (Columbia), respectively.
• SEQ ID NO: 106 primers for cloning and template RNA isolated from hwe116 and the control plant (Columbia), respectively.
• the resulting partial AtPK220L292F nucleotide sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO:5 and the corresponding amino acid sequence as SEQ ID NO:6.
• the resulting partial AtPK220 nucleotide sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO:7 and the corresponding amino acid sequence as SEQ ID NO:8.
• the PCR products were digested with BamHI and PstI, and inserted into the expression vector: pMAL-c2 (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) to form an in-frame fusion protein with the malE gene for expression of the maltose-binding protein: MBP-AtPK220L292F(p) and MBP-AtPK220(p).
• the fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified using amylose-affinity chromatography as described by the manufacturer (New England Biolabs). Fractions containing the fusion proteins were pooled and concentrated (Centriprep-30 concentrator, Amicon). SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the expression level, size and purity of the fusion proteins.
• the kinase autophosphorylation assay mixtures (30 ⁇ l) contained kinase reaction buffer (50mM Tris, pH 7.5, 10mM MgCl 2 , 10mM MnCl 2 ), 1 ⁇ Ci [ ⁇ - 32 P] ATP and 10 ng of purified AtPK220L292F(p) or MBP-AtPK220(p).
• kinase reaction buffer 50mM Tris, pH 7.5, 10mM MgCl 2 , 10mM MnCl 2
• 1 ⁇ Ci [ ⁇ - 32 P] ATP 10 ng of purified AtPK220L292F(p) or MBP-AtPK220(p).
• myelin basic protein 3 ⁇ g was added to each assay. The reactions were started by the addition of the enzymes.
• the wild type MBP- AtPK220(p) fusion protein was able to phosphorylate the artificial substrate in the in vitro activity assay, indicating that the assay system was effective and the MBP-AtPK220(p) fusion protein was capable of activity.
• the hwe116 mutant form, MBP-AtPK220L292F(p) was unable to catalyse phosphorylation of the model substrate.
• the single point mutation is sufficient to abolish activity of the AtPK220(p) gene from hwe116.
• AtPK220 (At2g25220) in the TAIR database identifies a 5' start codon, termination signal and 3' UTR sequence. Analysis of the 5' portion of the annotated sequence suggested an alternative 5' sequence and start codon location. To determine the AtPK220 genes' 5' region and the likely start codon SMART RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, CloneTech) was performed.
• AtPK220 Compiling the 5' RACE results and TAIR database annotation yields the full-length cDNA of AtPK220 (SEQ ID NO:9).
• the sequence was determined to be 1542 bp in length, which included 39 bp of 5' UTR, 204 bp of 3'UTR, and 1299 bp of coding region.
• the AtPK220 coding region is identified as SEQ ID NO:1 and encodes a protein of 432 amino acids and is identified as SEQ ID NO:2.
• AtPK220 Sequence analysis indicates that this Ser/Thr PK belongs to a receptor-like protein kinase family, possessing a signal peptide (1-29), an extracellular domain (30-67), a single transmembrane domain (68-88), an ATP-binding domain (152-175 as determined by Prosite) a Ser/Thr protein kinase active-site domain (267-279 as determined by the InterPro method) and an activation loop (289-298, 303-316).
• Constructs for the expression of wild-type AtPK220 were generated and transformed into the hwe116 mutant.
• the construct was constitutively expressed from a CaMV 35S promoter and referred to as 35S-AtPK220.
• the primer pair SEQ ID NO: 109 and SEQ ID NO: 110 was used to amplify a fragment comprising the full length open reading frame (ORF) of AtPK220.
• the primer pair SEQ ID NO: 111 and SEQ ID NO: 110 was used to amplify a fragment comprising a portion of AtPK220 ORF.
• the amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes SmaI and BamHI and cloned into a pEGAD vector digested with the same restriction enzymes.
• SEQ ID NO: 10 The fragment comprising the full length open reading frame of AtPK220 resulting from the PCR and subsequent restriction digestion.
• the fragment comprising a portion of the AtPK220 ORF resulting from the PCR and subsequent restriction digestion is disclosed as SEQ ID NO:11.
• the 35S-AtPK220 construct was transformed into Arabidopsis hwe116.
• the transgenic lines were recovered and advanced to T3 homozygous lines. These lines are tested for their drought tolerance and water use efficiency characteristics.
• the 35S-AtPK220 construct restores the wild type phenotypes.
• SALK T-DNA knockout lines of AtPK220 and two close homologous genes in which are identified as TAIR Accession numbers AT4G32000 (SEQ ID NO:16) and ATG11020 (SEQ ID NO:18) were obtained from ABRC and advanced to homozygosity. They are listed as follows; AtPK220: SALK_147838; AtPK32000 (AT4G32000): SALK_060167, SALK_029937 and SALK_121979; AtPK11020 (AT5G11020): SAIL_1260_H05.
• Inhibition of gene activity can be achieved by a variety of technical means, for example, antisense expression, RNAi or hairpin constructs, in vivo mutagenesis, dominant negative approaches or generation of a mutant population and selection of appropriate lines by screening means.
• Constructs were designed for RNAi inhibition of PK220 using hairpin (HP) constructs.
• the constructs comprised a 288 bp or a 154 bp of AtPK220 cDNA sequence to produce constructs referred to as (270)PK220 and (150)PK220.
• the 288 bp (270)PK220 fragment comprises 10 bp of intron sequence that was included in the PCR primer during construction of these PCR products.
• Vector constructs using these fragments can be made to drive expression under the control of a promoter of choice that will be apparent to one of skill in the art. In these examples a constitutive promoter (35S CaMV), or the native AtPK220 promoter (P PK ) was used.
• AtPK220 gene Two fragments, or portions, of the AtPK220 gene were selected, first a 288 bp fragment At(270)PK220 (SEQ ID NO:13) and second a 154 bp fragment At(150)PK220 (SEQ ID NO: 12) were selected from a divergent region of AtPK220 as compared to its closest homologue At4g32000.
• the hairpin constructs (HP) 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 and 35S-HP-At(150)PK220 constructs were generated as follows.
• the sense fragments of (270)PK220 and (150)PK220 were amplified by RT-PCR using primer pairs of SEQ ID NO:134/SEQ ID NO: 115 and SEQ ID NO:114/ SEQ ID NO: 115, respectively.
• the PCR products were digested with SacI, and inserted into a binary vector pBI121tGUS at the SacI site, respectively.
• the resulting vectors were then used to subclone the antisense fragments of (270)PK220 and (150)PK220 that were derived from RT-PCR products amplified using primer pairs of SEQ ID NO:112/SEQ ID NO: 117, and SEQ ID NO:116/ SEQ ID NO: 117, respectively. Both the vector and PCR products were digested with BamHI and XbaI for subcloning.
• the P PK -HP-At(270)PK220 and P PK -HP-At(150)PK220 constructs were made from 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 or 35S-HP-At(150)PK220 respectively by replacing the 35S promoter sequence with AtPK220 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14).
• the 35S promoter sequence was removed from 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 and 35S-HP-At(150)PK220 by Hind III and Xba I double digestion.
• AtPK220 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) was amplified by PCR from Arabidopsis (Columbia) genome using primer pairs of SEQ ID NO:135/SEQ ID NO: 136.
• a strong root promoter P 4790 was identified and found to be highly expressed in the roots of Arabidopsis , particularly in the endodermis, pericycle, and stele.
• the P 4790 promoter is associated with a coding sequence identified as At2g44790 and the expression characteristics of P 4790 are similar to that of wild type AtPK220 expression.
• the P 4790 was used to replace the constitutive 35S promoter in 35S-HP-At(270)PK220.
• the promoter of At2g44790 was amplified using Arabidopsis (Col) genomic DNA as template and primers SEQ ID NO:151 and SEQ ID NO: 152.
• the amplified promoter fragment has the length of 1475 base-pairs right upstream the ATG start codon of At2g44790 according to TAIR annotation.
• the 1475 bp-P 4790 fragment is identified a SEQ ID NO: 150.
• Hind III and Xba I restriction sites were introduced to the 5' and 3' end of the promoter fragment by primer design.
• the promoter sequence was then used to replace the 35S promoter in 35S-HP-At(270)PK plasmids by HindIII / XbaI double digestion, which resulted in the final constructs of pBI-P4790-HP-At(270)PK.
• a hairpin construct was made using a 338 bp fragment of BnPK220 (SEQ ID NO;153) as the sense and anti-sense portions, and pBI300tGUS as the vector.
• Two pairs of primers SEQ ID NO: 154 and SEQ ID NO: 155; and SEQ ID NO: 156 and SEQ ID NO: 157 with unique restriction sites were designed according to BnPK220 sequence.
• a PCR fragment of 338 bp in length was amplified using Brassica napus cDNA as the template and the two pairs of primers, respectively.
• the SacI fragment was then inserted into pBI300tGUS at the SacI site downstream of the tGUS spacer in an antisense orientation.
• the resulting plasmid was subsequently used for cloning of a XbaI-BamI fragment in a sense orientation at the XbaI and BamHI sites.
• the vector pBI121tGUS was modified within the NPT II selectable marker gene and named pBI300.
• the NPT II gene in the vector pBI121 contains a point mutation (G to T at position 3383, amino acid change E182D).
• NheI-BstBI fragment positions 2715-3648
• NheI-BstBI fragment positions 2715-3648
• the P 4790 promoter of At2g44790 was used to control expression of a hairpin construct to down-regulate endogenous BnPK220 in Brassica.
• the plasmid of 35S-HP-Bn(340)PK was digested with HindIII and XbaI to replace the 35S promoter with the P 4790 promoter.
• the construct 35S-antisenseAtPK220 was made to down-regulate expression of AtPK220 via antisense.
• the antisense fragment was generated using PCR and the primer pair SEQ ID NO:106/ SEQ ID NO: 113.
• the synthesised product was digested with BamHI and XbaI to yield a 1177 bp sequence comprising 1160 bp of AtPK220 (SEQ ID NO:11). Included at the 5' end were 10 bp of intron sequence and at the 3'end, 7 bp of 3' UTR sequence, which were retained from the PCR primers.
• the 1177 bp fragment was cloned in an antisense orientation to the 35S promoter in pBI121w/oGUS at the BamHI and XbaI.
• amiRNA artificial microRNA construct was also made to down-regulate the expression of AtPK220 in Arabidopsis.
• An Arabidopsis genomic DNA fragment containing microRNA319a gene (SEQ ID NO: 148), was amplified by PCR using Arabidopsis (Col) genomic DNA as template and primers listed as SEQ ID NO: 141 and SEQ ID NO: 142.
• the backbone of miR319a was then used to construct amiRPK220 (SEQ ID NO:149), in which a 21 bp fragment of miRNA319a gene in both antisense and sense orientations was replaced by a 21 bp DNA fragment of AtPK220 using recombinant PCR.
• SEQ ID NO: 141 / SEQ ID NO: 144; SEQ ID NO:143 / SEQ ID NO: 146 and SEQ ID NO:145 / SEQ ID NO: 142 were designed for the construction.
• the final PCR product was digested with BamHI and XbaI, and subsequently cloned into pBI121w/o GUS for transformation into Arabidopsis or other plant species of choice.
• AtPK220L292F For expression of a non-functional AtPK220 sequence the AtPK220L292F from hwe116 was PCR amplified by RT-PCR using forward and reverse primers SEQ ID NO:118 and SEQ ID NO: 110.
• the PCR product was digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and XbaI (SEQ ID NO:121) and ligated into the binary vector pBI121w/oGUS.
• the sequence of SEQ ID NO:121 comprises the AtPK220L292F open reading frame (SEQ ID NO:3) and an additional 3 bp at the 5' end and 7 bp at the 3' end that are derived from UTR sequences (SEQ ID NO: 121).
• the HindIII-XbaI fragment of the root promoter P 4790 was used to replace 35S promoter in pBI300, and then AtPK220L292F sequence was put downstream P 4790 by XbaI and BamHI digestion to generate the P 4790 -driven dominant-negative construct.
• the resulting plasmid was then used for Brassica transformation. Additionally, the vector is used to transform a plant species of choice and can be a dicot or a monocot.
• RNAi Down-regulation of AtPK220 homologs in a monocot species using RNAi
• pBF012 is identical to pBINPLUS/ARS except that the potato-Ubi3 driven NPTII cassette has been excised via FseI digestion followed by self-ligation.
• Brachypodium distachyon PK220 was amplified using primer combinations SEQ ID NO:158 (bWET XbaI F) plus SEQ ID NO:159 (bWET BamHI R) having XbaI or BamHI sites respectively in the primers and SEQ ID NO:158 (bWET XbaI F) plus SEQ ID NO:160 (bWET ClaI R) having XbaI or ClaI sites respectively in the primers.
• PCR products were digested with the indicated restriction enzymes giving a 272 bp fragment (SEQ ID NO:161).
• BdWx intron 1 (SEQ ID NO:164) was amplified with SEQ ID NO:162 (bWx BamHI F) plus SEQ ID NO:163 (bWx ClaI R) primers having BamHI or ClaI sites respectively in the primers and digested with the indicated restriction enzymes.
• SEQ ID NO:164 The hairpin spacer sequence, BdWx intron 1 (SEQ ID NO:164), was amplified with SEQ ID NO:162 (bWx BamHI F) plus SEQ ID NO:163 (bWx ClaI R) primers having BamHI or ClaI sites respectively in the primers and digested with the indicated restriction enzymes.
• the B. distachyon Wx gene is a homologue of the rice GBSS waxy gene, although the introns show little conservation.
• the three fragments were ligated together into the XbaI site of the pUCAP MCS resulting in BdWx intron 1 sequence being flanked by Bd(272)PK220 target sequences in opposite orientations.
• the B. distachyon ubiquitin (BdUBQ) promoter contains an internal BamHI site, so the RNAi cassette was amplified with primers SEQ ID NO:200 (bWET BamHI end1) and SEQ ID NO:165 (bWET BamHI end2) which create BamHI cohesive ends without the need for BamHI digestion.
• the BamHI RNAi fragment was then ligated into the BamHI site of pUCAP already containing BdUBQ promoter and BdUBQT terminator resulting in the intermediate clone pBF067.
• the pBF067 complete insert was amplified with SEQ ID NO:166 (BdUBQ Pvul F) and SEQ ID NO:167 (BdUBQT PacI R), digested with Pvul and PacI and subsequently ligated into the PacI site of pUCAP or pBF012 vectors already containing a BdGOS2 driven mutant NPTII selectable marker in the AscI-PacI sites, resulting in pBF108 and pBF109, respectively.
• This mutant NPTII gene is commonly found in cloning vectors. There is only a single base pair difference from the wild type.
• This cassette is in the PacI-AscI sites of pUCAP for the shuttle/bombardment vector pBF108 and in the Pac-AscI sites of pBF012 for the binary vector pBF109.
• An expression cassette was constructed and inserted into two different vector backbones, the first being into the PacI-AscI sites of pUCAP and the second being into the PacI-AscI sites of pBF012.
• a fragment of Panicum virgatum PK220 being 251 bp in length (Pv(251)PK220) and identified as SEQ ID NO:168 was amplified using primer combinations SEQ ID NO: 169 (PvWET XbaI F) plus SEQ ID NO: 170 (PvWET BamHI R) and SEQ ID NO: 169 (PvWET XbaI F) plus SEQ ID NO: 171 (PvWET ClaI R). PCR products were digested with the indicated restriction enzymes.
• the three fragments were then ligated together into the XbaI site of the pUCAP MCS resulting in BdWx intron 1 sequence being flanked by Pv(251)PK220 target sequences in opposite orientations.
• No PvUBQ promoter sequence was available so the BdUBQ promoter and terminator are used in this construct.
• the BdUBQ promoter contains an internal BamHI site, so the RNAi cassette was amplified with primers SEQ ID NO: 172 (PvWET BamHI end1) and SEQ ID NO: 173 (PvWET BamHI end2) which create BamHI cohesive ends without the need for BamHI digestion.
• the BamHI RNAi fragment was then ligated into the BamHI site of pUCAP already containing BdUBQ promoter and BdUBQT terminator resulting in the intermediate clone pBF152.
• the pBF152 complete insert was amplified with SEQ ID NO:166 (BdUBQ Pvul F) and SEQ ID NO:167 (BdUBQT PacI R), digested with Pvul and PacI and subsequently ligated into the PacI site of pUCAP or pBF012 vectors already containing BdGOS2 driven wildtype NPTII in the AscI-PacI sites, resulting in pBF169 and pBF170, respectively.
• An expression cassette was constructed and inserted into two different vector backbones, the first being into the PacI-AscI sites of pUCAP and the second being into the PacI-AscI sites of pBF012.
• a fragment of Sorghum bicolor PK220 ( SbPK220 ) being 261 bp in length (Sb(261)PK220) and identified as SEQ ID NO: 174 was amplified using primer combinations SEQ ID NO: 175 (SbWET XbaI F) plus SEQ ID NO: 176 (SbWET BamHI R) and SEQ ID NO: 175 (SbWET XbaI F) plus SEQ ID NO: 177 (SbWET ClaI R).
• SbWx intron 1 SEQ ID NO: 178
• SbWx BamHI primers SEQ ID NO: 179
• SbWx ClaI R SEQ ID NO:180
• BamHI cohesive ends were added to the RNAi cassette via amplification with primers SEQ ID NO: 181 (SbWET BamHI end1)and SEQ ID NO: 182 (SbWET BamHI end2).
• SEQ ID NO: 181 SbWET BamHI end1
• SEQ ID NO: 182 SbWET BamHI end2
• the BamHI RNAi fragment was then ligated into the BamHI site of pUCAP already containing SbUBQ promoter and SbUBQT terminator resulting in the intermediate clone pBF151.
• the pBF151 complete insert was amplified with SEQ ID NO:192 (SbUBQ Pvul F) and SEQ ID NO:167 (BdUBQT PacI R), digested with Pvul and PacI and subsequently ligated into the PacI site of pUCAP or pBF012 vectors already containing BdGOS2 driven wildtype NPTII in the AscI-PacI sites, resulting in pBF158 and pBF171, respectively.
• a SbGOS2 promoter was identified from the Sorghum genome sequence was amplified and using the primer pair SEQ ID NO:184 (SbGOS2 HindIII F) and SEQ ID NO:185 (SbGOS2 HindIII R) a 1000 bp fragment of the GOS2 promoter, identified as SEQ ID NO:183, was PCR amplified and cloned using the HindIII restriction sites.
• a SbUBQ promoter was identified from the Sorghum genome sequence was amplified and using the primer pair SEQ ID NO:187 (SbUBQ PstI F) and SEQ ID NO:188 (SbUBQ PstI R) a 1000 bp fragment of the UBQ promoter, identified as SEQ ID NO:186, was PCR amplified and cloned using the PstI restriction sites.
• a SbUBQ terminator was identified from the Sorghum genome sequence was amplified and using the primer pair SEQ ID NO:190 (SbUBQT KpnI F) and SEQ ID NO:191 (SbUBQT KpnI R) a 239 bp fragment of the UBQ terminator, identified as SEQ ID NO:189, was PCR amplified and cloned using the KpnI restriction sites.
• Expression constructs designed to down regulate via a hairpin strategy can be devised following the same strategy as described above. Resulting in a construct that may comprise the following elements, a BdGOS2-wtNPTII-BdUBQT selectable marker cassette and a BdUBQ-(MgPK220 hairpin-RNAi cassette)-BdUBQT in a vector of choice such as pUCAP and pBF012
• the AtPK220 promoter was isolated using a PCR approach using Arabidopsis (Columbia ecotype) genomic DNA as template.
• the 5' primer, SEQ ID NO: 119 was designed near the adjacent gene and the 3' primer, SEQ ID NO:120, located 25 bp upstream of the ATG start codon of the AtPK220 gene.
• the amplified product was digested with BamHI and SmaI and cloned into pBI101.
• the digested fragment, SEQ ID NO: 14 was 1510 bp in length.
• the resulting construct was named P AtPK220 -GUS.
• P AtPK220 -GUS was transformed into Arabidopsis plants using flower dipping, and the transgenic plants were advanced to T3 homozygorsity.
• Various tissues including young seedlings and leaves, stems, flowers, siliques, and roots from T3 flowering plants were collected, stained in X-Gluc solution at 37C overnight, de-stained with ethanol solution, and examined under a microscope.
• the results showed that the promoter of AtPK220 was expressed mainly in endodermis and pericycle cells of root tissue and was also found in leaf trichomes and seed coat of developing seeds. Of significance was the observation that expression of P AtPK220 -GUS was suppressed by water stress.
• the primer pair SEQ ID NO: 109 and SEQ ID NO:110 produced a fragment that was digested with SmaI and BamHI to yield a fragment comprising the full length open reading frame of AtPK220 and is disclosed as SEQ ID NO:10 and cloned downstream, in frame with the green fluorescence protein (GFP) in a pEGAD plasmid at the SmaI and BamHI sites.
• GFP green fluorescence protein
• AtPK220 coding sequence was amplified using primer pair SEQ ID NO: 198 and SEQ ID NO: 199 and inserted upstream and in frame with GFP by AgeI digestion of pEGAD plasmid and the amplified AtPK220 fragment.
• the 35S-GFP-AtPK220 and 35S-AtPK220-GFP constructs were transformed into Arabidopsis plants and homozygous transgenic plants (root tissues) were used for visual screening of GFP signal under confocal microscope. Green fluorescence was detected along plasma membrane, suggesting that AtPK220 protein was associated with plasma membrane in roots and that AtPK220 possibly functions as receptor kinase to sense or transduce environmental signals.
• AtPK220 To isolate the homologous gene of AtPK220 from canola, a blast search (BLASTn) of NCBI Nucleotide Collection (nr/nt, est) and TIGR (DFCI) Brassica napus EST Database was done using AtPK220 sequence. Based on the sequences with highest similarity, a pair of primers, SEQ ID NO: 122 and SEQ ID NO: 123 were designed and used to PCR amplify a partial fragment of BnPK220. Both mRNA and genomic DNA isolated from Brassica leaves were used as template for these amplifications. A DNA fragment of about 500bp was obtained by PCR from canola genomic DNA template. Sequence analysis of this PCR product showed that it shares a high identity with AtPK220 in nucleotide sequence as well in the intron organisation.
• BLASTn NCBI Nucleotide Collection
• DFCI TIGR
• the 5' RACE yielded an amplified DNA of about 650 bp in length; and 3' RACE yielded a DNA of about 1 kb in size. Sequencing of these two RACE fragments showed high sequence similarity with AtPK220. A full-length mRNA of BnPK220 sequence was assembled by combining 5'RACE, partial BnPK220 fragment and 3' RACE results.
• a full length BnPK220 cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR using the PCR primers SEQ ID NO: 128 and SEQ ID NO: 129.
• This cDNA comprises an ORF of 1302 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO:25) and encodes a protein of 433 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:26).
• Another full length BnPK220 cDNA was also amplified by the RT-PCR using cDNA made from B. napus.
• This cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 193) is 98.6% identical to SEQ ID NO:25, and encodes a protein (SEQID NO:194) of 99.3% identical to SEQ ID NO:26.
• the full-length sequence of GmPK220 (SEQ ID NO:41) was determined by combining the assembled contig, 5' RACE and 3' RACE results.
• the 5' RACE was performed using the primers of SEQ ID NO: 130 for primary RACE PCR and SEQ ID NO: 131 for nested RACE PCR.
• the 3' RACE was performed using the primers of SEQ ID NO:137 for primary RACE PCR and SEQ ID NO: 138 for nested RACE PCR.
• GmPK220 encodes a protein as shown in SEQ ID NO:42
• the rice genome ( Oryza sativa, japonica cultivar) has been completely sequenced and is publically available.
• the homolog of AtPK220 in rice was determined by BLAST search of a rice EST database and by BLASTP search of a genomic sequence database. The target having the highest score was identified as Accession number Os05g0319700.
• Os05g0319700 is abbreviated as OsPK220, and disclosed as SEQ ID NO:59, which encodes a protein disclosed as SEQ ID NO:60.
• Accession number TC333547 is 2125 nucleotides in length and contains an open reading frame of 1377 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO:77) encoding a protein of 458 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:78). This translated protein is full-length and is larger than AtPK220 protein.
• the C-terminal kinase domain is highly conserved between the Arabidopsis and corn protein sequence, however, the N-terminal sequence is more variable.
• CO439063 is a short EST sequence and is missing 5' terminal sequence. The missing sequence was obtained by RACE methods. Two 5' RACE primers were designed based on the alignment between AtPK220 and CO439063. The primary 5' RACE primer is SEQ ID NO: 132 and the nested 5' RACE primer is SEQ ID NO:133. The 3' RACE was also performed using the primers of SEQ ID NO:139 for primary RACE PCR and SEQ ID NO:140 for nested RACE PCR. The ZmPK220 (SEQ ID NO:79) sequence was assembled based on 5' RACE, 3' RACE results and CO439063 EST sequences. The corresponding protein sequence was listed as SEQ ID NO:80.
• Brachipodium is one of the model monocot plants for functional genomic research.
• a contig was assembled from public ESTs or GSSs, and it covers a 3'portion of BdPK220 according to homologue alignment.
• RACE using Bd81RAR1 primer (SEQ ID NO: 195) and Bd81RAR2 primer (SEQ ID NO: 196) designed from the contig and using Brachipodium leaf cDNA produced a unique fragment of about 650 bp.
• the assembling of the RACE sequence and the contig gave the full length BdPK220 sequence (SEQ ID NO:24), which encodes a protein of 461 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 197).
• a BLAST search of a cotton (Gossypium) TIGR-EST database identified a sequence cluster identified as Accession number TC79117, that has high similarity with AtPK220.
• This cluster has two overlapping ESTs, TC79117 which is referred herein as GsPK220) and consists of an open reading frame of 1086 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO:81).
• the largest open reading frame encodes a protein of 361 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:82).
• Drought tolerant phenotype of hwe116 mutant found under water limited conditions and
• WUE Water Use Efficiency
• the final result of enhanced water use efficiency in the mutant is greater shoot DW biomass as shown in Table 3 (harvested on day 4 from 1 st flower). Table 3.
• Final shoot DW biomass Drought - shoot DW (g) Optimal - shoot DW (g) entry Mean S.E. Mean S . E . hwe116 0.354 0.014 0.449 0.017 parent 0.300 0.011 0.414 0.011 hwe116 as % of parent 118% 108%
• the hwe116 mutant maintains higher soil water content during drought treatment, reaches water-stress conditions later and shows yield protection following drought stress during flowering relative to control plants.
• the hwe116 mutant seedlings showed less sensitivity to cold stress.
• the hwe116 mutant had smaller seedlings under optimal conditions than those of controls but after cold exposure the shoot DW was equivalent to that of the parent and as percentage of the optimal DW it was higher than that of both controls by 9 and 15% indicating that the growth of the mutant was not as inhibited by cold as that of controls.
• the hwe116 mutant has thicker leaves and higher chlorophyll content per leaf area.
• the mutant showed delayed leaf senescence and resistance to oxidative stress.
• Plants were grown 1 per 3" pot under optimal growth conditions in a growth chamber (16hr light, 300uE, 22°C, 70% relative humidity).
• a growth chamber 16hr light, 300uE, 22°C, 70% relative humidity.
• leaf disks 86.6 um2 each
• 5uM N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (paraquat) solution as an oxidizing agent. Plates with leaf disks were placed under continuous light of 150uE for 25 hours. This resulted in chlorophyll bleaching.
• the differences between the mutant and controls in the extent of bleaching were quantified by measuring chlorophyll content of the leaf disks.
• a leaf disk was also removed from leaves that have not been exposed to paraquat treatment and optimal chlorophyll content was determined. These disks were also weighed. The results showed that the mutant had higher total chlorophyll content per leaf surface area (Table 5), however the leaves of this mutant are thicker (leaf disks were 15 to 24% heavier in the mutant compared to those of controls). Chlorophyll content per gram of fresh leaf tissue was, therefore, not different. There were no differences between chlorophyll a to b ratios between the mutant and controls. The hwe116 mutant showed resistance to the oxidative stress as indicated by 5 to 7% higher chlorophyll content following paraquat treatment (Table 5). Leaf senescence was also delayed in the hwe116 mutant (data not shown). Table 5.
• mutant hwe116 seedlings showed less inhibition on low nitrogen containing media.
• Knockout mutant of PK220 showed drought tolerant trends and higher water use efficiency under drought treatment.
• the drought treatment was started by watering all plants with the same amount of water and cessation of further watering. Pots were weighed daily and plants were harvested for shoot DW determinations on days 0, 2 and 4 of the drought treatment. The result showed that water lost from pots in 2 days relative to shoot DW on day 2 was significantly lower (by 13%) for the knockout mutant and its shoot DW was also significantly greater (by 24%) on day 2 as compared to control wild-type. This result is consistent with drought tolerant phenotype.
• Plants were grown (5 per 3" pot and 8 pots per entry per harvest) under optimal conditions in a growth chamber (18hr light, 150uE, 22°C, 60%relative humidity) until first day of flower.
• the drought treatment was started by watering all pots with the same amount of water and cessation of further watering. Pots were weighed daily for water loss determinations and plants were harvested for shoot biomass on day 4 of drought treatment.
• the results showed that 11 out of 13transgenic lines demonstrated a drought tolerant phenotype (having a lower water loss over 2 days relative to shoot biomass on day 4). Four of the lines showed a slight delay in flowering (1 day), as did the hee116 mutant.
• the final shoot biomass on day 4 was greater for most of the transgenic lines as compared to control WT. These results are indicative of a drought tolerant phenotype in the transgenic lines down-regulated in PK220 expression.
• the reduction in expression level of AtPK220 for the top 3 performing lines: 65-4, 38-5, and 59-3 are 75%, 47% and 58%.
• Table 8 Drought tolerance and shoot DW (day 4) for 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 transgenic lines relative to wild type (WT) and the hwe116 mutant relative to parent control.
• Transgenic lines of 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 in Arabidopsis had lower water loss relative to shoot biomass and enhanced WUE under optimal conditions.
• first flower all pots in the water limited group were watered with the same amount of water (to a pot weight of 120g in first 4 days and to 130g for last 3 days (as plants grew larger they required more water). Pots were weighed daily to determine daily water loss and plants were harvested on day 0 and day 7 of this treatment.
• Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated from the ratio of shoot biomass accumulated to water lost.
• Table 11 Water Use Efficiency under optimal conditions shoot DW accumulated (g) water lost (g) WUE (g shoot/kg water) entry d0-d4 d0 to d4 d0 to d4 59-5 0.514 223 3.31 (+4%) 65-4 0.671 276 2.43 (+9%) WT 0.517 232 2.23 hwe116 0.420 191 2.19 (5%) parent 0.421 202 2.08
• first flower all pots in the water limited group were watered with the same amount of water (to a pot weight of 95g), and further watering was stopped for 2 days. It took 2 days for the water limited group of plants to reach about 30% of initial soil water content (about 55g total pot weight), referred to as pre-treatment.
• the water limited treatment was deemed to have started (day 0 of treatment) and plants were watered daily up to a total pot weight of 55g for 3 days, and up to 65g in the following 4 days (until day 7 of treatment).
• the optimal group was maintained under optimal conditions by watering the pots daily up to 100g total pot weight in the 2 pre-treatment days, the first 3 days of treatment and then up to 130g in the last 4 days of treatment (as plants grew larger they required more water).
• the daily water loss from the pots was measured for all the plants and plants in both groups were harvested on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 of treatment for shoot dry weight determinations.
• the water loss relative to the shoot biomass was calculated over the initial two days before the start of treatment, during the first 3 days of treatment and during the last 4 days of treatment. The results under both optimal (Table 12) and water limited (Table 13) conditions are shown.
• the transgenic line 65-4 lost less water relative to shoot biomass than WT in both optimal and water limited conditions. Under limited water conditions this is consistent with enhanced drought tolerance phenotype.
• Table 12 Water loss in g/shoot DW in g under optimal conditions. Entry pre-treatment d0-d3 d3-d7 65-4 231 ⁇ 9 162 ⁇ 3 237 ⁇ 5 WT 275 ⁇ 8 178 ⁇ 7 243 ⁇ 6 Table 13.
• transgenic line 65-4 had larger plants (up to 24%) than the wild type throughout the treatment under both conditions.
• the growth rate (shoot dry weight accumulated per day over the 7 days of treatment) was slightly greater for the transgenic line under both optimal and water limited conditions (63.3 and 21.3 mg shoot/day, respectively) than that of WT control (58.3 and 20.4 mg shoot/day, respectively).
• transgenic line of 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 Arabidopsis and the hwe116 mutant grow better under limited nitrogen conditions than controls.
• the 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 transgenic line 65-5, its segregated null control (null 65-1) and wild-type (WT) plus the hwe116 mutant and its parent control were analyzed for growth characteristics of young seedling under optimal and limited nitrogen conditions.
• Nitrogen content refers to the available nitrogen for plant growth, including nitrate and ammonium sources. Seedlings were grown on agar plates (10 per plate and 5 plates per entry and per treatment) containing either optimal nutrients (including 20 mM nitrogen) or low (limiting to growth) nitrogen (optimal all nutrients except for nitrogen being 0.5 mM). Plates were placed in a growth chamber at 18hr lights of 200 uE and 22°C.
• Seedlings were grown for 14 days before being harvested for shoot biomass (8 seedlings) and chlorophyll determinations (2 seedlings). On optimal plates there were no differences in average seedling shoot biomass except for the hwe116 mutant, as shown before had slightly smaller seedling shoot DW (not significant). On low nitrogen the hwel116 mutant had significantly bigger seedling shoot DW and showed 30% less inhibition in growth as compared to its parent. The transgenic line 65-5 showed slightly greater shoot DW than controls and was 5% to 7% less inhibited in growth than the controls (Table 14). Table 14.
• Chlorophyll content of seedling shoots grown under low N levels reflected the shoot DW results. Chlorophyll content is very closely linked to available N and one of the major symptoms of N-deficiency in plants is leaf chlorosis or bleaching. Table 15 shows that chlorophyll content of the transgenic line 65-5 and the mutant hwe116 was reduced less than that of the controls. Table 15.
• Germination under cold (10°C) conditions was assessed in the transgenic line 65-5 carrying the 35S-HP-At(270)PK220 construct relative to WT-control and that of the hwe116 mutant relative to its parental control on agar plates containing optimal growth media.
• Four plates per entry with 30 seeds each were prepared and placed in the chamber at 10°C, 18hr light (200uE).
• Plants of two transgenic lines and WT were grown in four inch diameter pots (one per pot) under optimal conditions in a growth chamber at 18hr light (200uE), 22 °C, 60%RH. Eight days from first open flower gas exchange measurements were made on the youngest, fully developed leaf of 10 to 11 replicates per entry. Photosynthesis and transpiration rates were measured inside the growth chamber at the ambient growth light and temperature conditions and 400ppm carbon dioxide using Li-6400 and Arabidopsis leaf cuvette. From the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated. The results are shown in Table17. The WUE in the transgenic lines was 11 and 18% greater than that of the WT.
• Plants of two transgenic lines and the WT were grown (5 per 3 inch pot containing equal amount of soil) under optimal conditions in a growth chamber (22C, 18hr light of 200uE, 60% RH) until first open flower.
• the drought treatment was applied to half of the plants while the other half was maintained under optimal conditions until maturity.
• the drought treatment consisted of watering all the plants to the same saturated water level. Plants were then weighed daily to monitor water loss from the pots and their water content was equalized daily by watering all pots to the level of the heaviest pot. As a result the soil water content was declining and reached stress levels with plants wilting on day 4.
• Transgenic plants of 35S-AtPK220 were grown (5 per 3 inch pot) under optimal conditions in a growth chamber as described above until the first open flower. Drought treatment was applied by watering all plants to the same saturated level. Further watering was withheld. Plants were weighed daily to determine the daily water loss and all plants were harvested on day 4 of treatment by which time all plants showed wilting. The water loss relative to final shoot biomass was used to calculate drought tolerance where that of WT was assumed at 100%. The data are shown in Table 19. Three transgenic lines showed a reduction in drought tolerance from the mutant levels as indicated by increased water loss relative to shoot biomass. The three transgenic lines also flowered earlier than the mutant line and similar to the time that the WT lines flowered.
• AtPK220 gene mutation in hwe116.2 is responsible for the altered phenotypes observed and expression of a WT gene restore the WT characteristics of a mutant plant.
• AtPK220 Down regulation of AtPK220 with the AtPK220-promoter (P PK ) in Arabidopsis results in enhanced drought tolerance of plants
• Transgenic plants of 35S- BnPK220 (in hwe116 ) plus two null controls (segregated siblings of the transgenic lines without the transgene, therefore swe116 mutant) were grown (5 per 3 inch pot) under optimal conditions in a growth chamber as mentioned above until the first open flower. Drought treatment was applied then by watering all plants to the same saturated level. Further water was withheld. Plants were weighed daily to determine the daily water loss and all plants were harvested on day 4 of treatment (all plants were wilted). The water loss relative to final shoot biomass was used to calculate drought tolerance where that of WT was assumed at 100%. The results of this study are shown in Table 21.
• Transgenic Brassica lines having a 35S-AtPK220L292F construct showed drought tolerance and higher water use efficiency
• Water use efficiency calculated from the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration provides only a single point, instantaneous measurement rather than cumulative measurement over the period of treatment and as a result may be of lesser magnitude.

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