EP2293954A2 - Procede et systeme de stockage d'une charge electrique - Google Patents
Procede et systeme de stockage d'une charge electriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2293954A2 EP2293954A2 EP09772757A EP09772757A EP2293954A2 EP 2293954 A2 EP2293954 A2 EP 2293954A2 EP 09772757 A EP09772757 A EP 09772757A EP 09772757 A EP09772757 A EP 09772757A EP 2293954 A2 EP2293954 A2 EP 2293954A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- storer
- type
- rolling
- urban
- useful range
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines
- B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
- B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
- B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
- B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
- B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines
- B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
- B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
- B60K6/48—Parallel type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
- B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
- B60W10/06—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
- B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
- B60W10/08—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
- B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
- B60W10/26—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2510/00—Input parameters relating to a particular sub-units
- B60W2510/24—Energy storage means
- B60W2510/242—Energy storage means for electrical energy
- B60W2510/244—Charge state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2552/00—Input parameters relating to infrastructure
- B60W2552/05—Type of road, e.g. motorways, local streets, paved or unpaved roads
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for controlling an electrical charge in a hybrid vehicle system which is intended for at least two types of taxiing comprising an urban-type taxi and a suburban-type taxi and which comprises an electric storage and a machine. electric.
- the invention also relates to a storage system arranged to implement the control method and a sizing method of the storage system.
- the load of an electric storage is useful for involving an electric machine in the propulsion of the vehicle.
- the load must be in a range of values, called useful.
- a low value of the range generally corresponds to the minimum load to supply to power accessories without completely emptying the storer, which would have the effect of putting it out of service.
- a high value of the range generally corresponds to a security against the risk of overloading the storer, which would result in premature aging or even destruction of the storer.
- WO2002 / 058209 discloses a method in which a cycle frequency is related to a battery size and other parameters. The process is based on an increase in robustness by increasing the size of the battery.
- the document US7173396 discloses a hybrid vehicle with battery control which determines variable charge and discharge authorizations according to the operational operating conditions.
- the document US2005 / 0228553 discloses a hybrid vehicle energy management system that seeks to remedy the behavioral differences of the vehicle by switching from one type of running to another, by means of a device for predicting the types of driving on the vehicle. a predetermined route.
- the prior art seeks to recover as much energy as possible on the types of rolling that are conducive to the recovery of electrical energy, as is the case with suburban-type haulage, hoping to offer a large amount of energy. stored on the types of rolling more energy consumers as it is the case of urban-type taxiing.
- This approach tends towards the use of high-capacity energy storages which pose weight and space problems whose repercussions in terms of kinetic energy are unfavorable to urban-type taxiing.
- the recoverable energy in suburban-type taxiing is in fact only available at the beginning of urban-type taxiing and, correlatively, the energy in suburban taxiing is essentially recoverable when leaving an urban-type taxiing which empties the battery.
- An object of the invention is to make the rolling service and the consumption on each type of running robustly independent from each other.
- Another object of the invention is to minimize the useful energy of the electrical storage unit.
- an object of the invention is a method of controlling an electric charge in a hybrid vehicle system which is intended for at least two types of rolling comprising a type of rolling.
- urban and suburban-type haulage and includes an electrical storage and an electric machine.
- the process comprises
- the low threshold and the high threshold define a useful range of use of the storer for any type of rolling of the vehicle, the amplitude of the useful range being determined to ensure a rolling urban permanent type.
- the low threshold and the high threshold are independent of the type of rolling in progress.
- An object of the invention is also a system for storing an electric charge in a hybrid vehicle which is intended for at least two types of taxiing comprising an urban-type taxi and a suburban-type taxi and which comprises an electric storage and an electric machine.
- the system comprises a module arranged to receive a load level of the storer, to authorize loading the storer and prohibit unloading the storer when a low threshold is reached, to allow the storer to be unloaded and to forbid loading the storer. storer when a high threshold is achieved, and wherein said low threshold and said high threshold delimit a useful range of use of the storer for any type of running of the vehicle, the amplitude of said useful range being determined to ensure rolling of permanent urban type.
- the storer is sized to store a maximum electric charge equal to the sum of the high threshold and a minimum safety margin.
- An object of the invention is still a method of dimensioning a system for storing an electric charge in a hybrid vehicle which is intended for at least two types of taxiing comprising an urban-type taxi and a suburban type taxi and which includes an electrical storage and an electric machine. The method comprises:
- a security load of the storer is determined for supplying the electrical components of the vehicle, so as to determine a low threshold to allow the electric machine to charge the storer and prevent the electric machine from discharging the storer when the low threshold is reached
- the method comprises a fourth step in which a second useful range of utilization of the storer is determined to ensure a permanent suburban type rolling so as to determine said high threshold also from said second useful range.
- FIG. 2 a load control diagram of an electrical storage according to the level of load
- Figure 3 a diagram of evolution of the usual level of charge according to the type of rolling
- FIG. 4 a method of dimensioning an electrical storage device according to the invention
- FIG. 5 a diagram of the evolution of the level of charge as a function of the type of running according to the invention.
- a hybrid vehicle comprises an electrical storage unit 11 consisting of a battery, super capacitors or any other element capable of reversibly storing electrical energy.
- Various electrical consumers 21 such as the lighting headlights, the heating and air conditioning elements of the vehicle, the control members of the gearbox, are connected to the terminals of the electrical storer.
- a reversible converter 50 of electrical energy into mechanical energy consumes electrical energy supplied by the electrical storer in different life situations. If the vehicle operates without a heat engine (not shown), it is the electric storage only that provide the energy required for traction. When the vehicle is running with the heat engine, the electric storage sometimes brings additional energy to improve performance, for example.
- the reversible converter 50 provides energy to the electrical storer especially when the vehicle is decelerating or downhill, but this is not necessarily sufficient to ensure a zero energy balance.
- the reversible converter 50 must also provide electrical energy to recharge the electric storage 11 at other times by using the engine.
- the reversible converter 50 comprises a terminal 51 connected to the positive pole of the electrical storage unit 11 and a terminal 52 connected to the negative pole of the electrical storage unit 11. Between the terminals 51 and 52, the reversible converter 50 comprises for example an electric machine 53 which provides the mechanical energy in motor mode when the reversible converter 50 is controlled by a signal element 41 and absorbs mechanical energy in generator mode to charge the electric storage unit 11 when the reversible converter 50 is controlled by a signal element 42.
- the signal elements 41 and 42 are generated by a generally electronic module 40.
- the module 40 establishes the values of the signal elements 41 and 42 as a function of a torque setpoint to be supplied or absorbed by the electric machine 53.
- the module 40 receives various commands, for example brake units or acceleration units of the vehicle.
- the module 40 also receives a particular command from a generally electronic module 30.
- the module 30 is arranged to receive a charge level of the storage device 11 from a sensor 31 which, in a known manner, measures the voltage across the electrical storage unit 11 and its impedance is estimated from an electric current passing through the electric storage unit 11.
- the module 30 sends control and load control signals. discharge to the module 40 as shown for example in Figure 2.
- a step 500 represents an initial state or a sleep state, activated for example at different clock cycles of a processor of the module 30, not shown.
- the module 30 validates a transition 501 when it detects a low load threshold threshold Sb of the storer 11 and validates a transition 502 when it detects a high threshold threshold Sh of the storer load.
- a validation of the transition 501 activates a step 503 in which the load of the storer is authorized and the unloader of the storer is prohibited for driving the vehicle.
- this step only the actions of other regulating elements that attempt to recharge the storer, such as electric braking or an increase in engine speed to reload the storer, are allowed. The elements that decide these actions are outside the scope of the invention.
- a validation of the transition 502 activates a step 504 in which the load of the storer is prohibited and the discharge of the storer is authorized for driving the vehicle.
- this step only the actions of other regulating elements that tend to unload the storer, such as those that control the electric motor to provide a pulling torque, are allowed. The elements that decide these actions are outside the scope of the invention.
- the abscissa axis carries the time t and the y axis carries the load of the storer.
- the low threshold Sb and the high threshold Sh delimit a useful range Plu in which we note in the illustrated example a consistent discharge at the beginning of urban rolling and a consequent load at the beginning of suburban rolling.
- the Zu zone of the diagram shows the load evolution of the storer, which can occur in urban traffic.
- Zone Zs of the diagram shows the load evolution of the storer, which can occur in suburban rolling.
- the left part of the Zu zone is typical of a transition from a suburban taxi to an urban taxi.
- the left-hand part of the Zs zone is typical of a changeover from an urban taxi to a suburban taxi.
- the invention proposes a strategy which consists of having as useful energy only the energy necessary to carry out each of the types of rolling independently of each other.
- Figure 4 shows steps of a method of sizing the electrical energy storage system to implement the invention.
- the low load threshold Sb of the storer is determined below which the load of the storer can no longer be used for the traction of the vehicle. This approach helps to safeguard a safety load useful for feeding other organs or functions of the vehicle.
- the low threshold is determined from the knowledge of the different electrical consumptions of the vehicle apart from traction.
- a useful range Plu (cU) of state of charge of the storer in urban cycle is determined.
- the useful range can be determined by the calculation knowing that its amplitude is strongly related to the kinetic energy recoverable during slowdowns of the vehicle at limited speed and that in urban environment it is avoided to use the engine as far as possible. . It is also possible to experiment the vehicle in urban environment with a storer as dimensioned before the invention and to note the evolutions of load of which an envelope will give the useful range Plu (cU).
- a useful range Plu (cS) of state of charge of the storer in suburban cycle is determined.
- the useful range can be determined by the calculation knowing that its amplitude is strongly linked to the kinetic energy recoverable during slowdowns of the vehicle at high speed and that in suburban environment, it is easy to use the engine to bring a complement charge.
- the high threshold is determined to be equal to the upper limit of the useful range.
- the amplitude of the useful range is then lower because the useful range in suburban rolling whose average low value was originally higher than that of the useful range in urban running, is reduced to a low value at low threshold of charge. This is achieved by lowering the high load threshold Sh to the upper limit of the useful range in urban running or which covers the useful range in urban running.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
- Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0854540A FR2933355B1 (fr) | 2008-07-03 | 2008-07-03 | Procede et systeme de stockage d'une charge electrique |
| PCT/FR2009/051317 WO2010001075A2 (fr) | 2008-07-03 | 2009-07-03 | Procede et systeme de stockage d'une charge electrique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2293954A2 true EP2293954A2 (fr) | 2011-03-16 |
Family
ID=40402751
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09772757A Withdrawn EP2293954A2 (fr) | 2008-07-03 | 2009-07-03 | Procede et systeme de stockage d'une charge electrique |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2293954A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2011526562A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102076515A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2933355B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010001075A2 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09200906A (ja) * | 1996-01-17 | 1997-07-31 | Hitachi Ltd | ハイブリッドエンジン車 |
| JP3543486B2 (ja) * | 1996-05-21 | 2004-07-14 | 日産自動車株式会社 | ハイブリッド車の駆動装置の運転方法およびハイブリッド車の駆動装置 |
| JP3211699B2 (ja) * | 1996-09-17 | 2001-09-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 動力出力装置 |
| DE69922221T8 (de) * | 1998-09-14 | 2006-08-24 | Paice Llc | Hybridfahrzeug |
| US6209672B1 (en) * | 1998-09-14 | 2001-04-03 | Paice Corporation | Hybrid vehicle |
| CA2320003C (fr) * | 1999-09-22 | 2006-03-21 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Appareil de commande destine aux vehicules hybrides |
| JP4470311B2 (ja) * | 1999-10-15 | 2010-06-02 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 走行パターン生成装置 |
| JP4006948B2 (ja) * | 2001-02-14 | 2007-11-14 | スズキ株式会社 | 車両用発電制御装置 |
| JP3632634B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-18 | 2005-03-23 | 日産自動車株式会社 | ハイブリッド車両の制御装置 |
| JP3981067B2 (ja) * | 2003-11-14 | 2007-09-26 | 株式会社エクォス・リサーチ | 走行速度データ分類装置、走行速度パターン推定装置、及びハイブリッド車両の駆動制御装置 |
| US7301304B2 (en) * | 2004-02-14 | 2007-11-27 | General Motors Corporation | Energy storage system state of charge diagnostic |
| JP2005348524A (ja) * | 2004-06-03 | 2005-12-15 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | ハイブリット車両の制御装置 |
| JP4281725B2 (ja) * | 2005-09-01 | 2009-06-17 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | ハイブリッド自動車 |
| JP4899576B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-28 | 2012-03-21 | アイシン精機株式会社 | 車両駆動システムの制御装置 |
| JP4232789B2 (ja) * | 2006-04-24 | 2009-03-04 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の停止制御装置および停止制御方法 |
| KR100821776B1 (ko) * | 2006-06-09 | 2008-04-11 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 하이브리드 차량에 구비된 메인 배터리의 충방전량 제어방법 |
| FR2902705B1 (fr) * | 2006-06-27 | 2009-04-10 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Systeme micro-hybride pour vehicule automobile incorporant un module de strategies de pilotage |
-
2008
- 2008-07-03 FR FR0854540A patent/FR2933355B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-07-03 CN CN2009801252702A patent/CN102076515A/zh active Pending
- 2009-07-03 JP JP2011515584A patent/JP2011526562A/ja active Pending
- 2009-07-03 WO PCT/FR2009/051317 patent/WO2010001075A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-07-03 EP EP09772757A patent/EP2293954A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010001075A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2011526562A (ja) | 2011-10-13 |
| FR2933355B1 (fr) | 2010-09-03 |
| FR2933355A1 (fr) | 2010-01-08 |
| WO2010001075A2 (fr) | 2010-01-07 |
| WO2010001075A3 (fr) | 2010-06-10 |
| CN102076515A (zh) | 2011-05-25 |
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Legal Events
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| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
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| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20101221 |
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| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: AL BA RS |
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| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: MIGAUD, MELAINE Inventor name: MERCIER-CALVAIRAC, FABIEN Inventor name: ROBART, NICOLAS Inventor name: DOLLINGER, NICOLAS |
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