EP2270119B1 - Fuel composition - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a fuel composition containing a special low-alkanol-containing gasoline fuel in a larger amount and selected gasoline fuel additives in a smaller amount.

Carburetors and intake systems of gasoline engines, but also injection systems for fuel metering, are increasingly contaminated by contaminants caused by dust particles from the air, unburned hydrocarbon residues from the combustion chamber and the crankcase ventilation gases passed into the carburetor.

These residues shift the air-fuel ratio at idle and in the lower part-load range, so that the mixture becomes leaner, the combustion incomplete and, in turn, the proportions of unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas increase and gasoline consumption increases.

It is known that in order to avoid these disadvantages, fuel additives are used to keep valves and carburetor or injection systems of gasoline engines clean (cf. for example: M.Rossenbeck in catalysts, surfactants, mineral oil additives, ed. J. Falbe, U. Hasserodt, p. 223, G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1978 ).

The problem of valve seat wear when operating with unleaded petrol also arises with older gasoline engines. In contrast, valve seat wear-resistant additives based on alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds have been developed.

Modern gasoline engines require fuels with a complex property profile for trouble-free use, which can only be guaranteed in combination with appropriate gasoline additives. Such gasoline fuels generally consist of a complex mixture of chemical compounds and are characterized by physical quantities. The interaction between gasoline fuels and the corresponding additives is, however, in need of improvement in the known fuel compositions with regard to the cleaning or keeping-clean effect and the valve seat wear-inhibiting effect.

The WO 01/85874 discloses a fuel composition containing a petrol with a sulfur content of max. 150 ppm, an olefin content of max. 21 vol .-%, a benzene content of max. 1.0 vol .-%, an aromatic content of max. 42 vol .-%, a carrier oil mixture and a detergent additive. The fuel composition can include alcohols such as methanol (maximum 3% by volume), ethanol (maximum 5% by volume), isopropanol (maximum 10% by volume), t-butanol (maximum 7% by volume) or isobutanol (maximum 10 vol .-%) included. Comparable fuel compositions are also from the EP-A-1277828 known.

Comparable maximum alcohol levels are in the older one WO 03/074637 disclosed for gasoline fuel compositions which are additive with special mixtures of detergent additive and carrier oil.

The older one WO 03/076554 describes the use of special hydrocarbylamines to reduce injector deposits in gasoline engines, where the lead-free gasoline used can contain 0.1-15% by volume of additives such as methanol, ethanol and MTBE.

The object of the present invention was therefore to find a more effective gasoline-gasoline fuel additive composition. In particular, more effective additive formulations should be found.

Accordingly, the use of a combination of a straight-chain or branched, saturated C ₁ -C ₆ mono- or diol or mixtures thereof, and at least one gasoline fuel additive with detergent action, for reducing deposits in the intake system of a gasoline engine, can be determined according to CEC F-05 -A-93, where the petrol additive in an amount of 1 to 5000 ppm by weight and the alkanol in a content of 5 to 75 vol .-%, based on the total volume of the petrol, a petrol with a sulfur content of maximum 150 ppm by weight is metered in, this gasoline fuel additive having at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical with a number average molecular weight (MN) of 85 to 20,000 and at least one polar grouping.

1. (a) Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen mit bis zu 6 Stickstoffatomen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat,
2. (b) Nitrogruppen, ggf. in Kombination mit Hydroxylgruppen,
3. (c) Hydroxylgruppen in Kombination mit Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat,
4. (d) Carboxylgruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen,
5. (e) Sulfonsäuregruppen oder deren Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallsalzen,
6. (f) Polyoxy-C2- bis C4-alkylengruppierungen, die durch Hydroxylgruppen, Mono- oder Polyaminogruppen, wobei mindestens ein Stickstoffatom basische Eigenschaften hat, oder durch Carbamatgruppen terminiert sind,
7. (g) Carbonsäureestergruppen,
8. (h) aus Bernsteinsäureanhydrid abgeleitete Gruppierungen mit Hydroxy- und/oder Amino- und/oder Amido- und/oder Imidogruppen und
9. (i) durch Mannich-Umsetzung von substituierten Phenolen mit Aldehyden und Mono- oder Polyaminen erzeugte Gruppierungen

The polar grouping is selected from:

1. (a) mono- or polyamino groups with up to 6 nitrogen atoms, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties,
2. (b) nitro groups, optionally in combination with hydroxyl groups,
3. (c) hydroxyl groups in combination with mono- or polyamino groups, where at least one nitrogen atom has basic properties,
4. (d) carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts,
5. (e) sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts,
6. (f) polyoxy-C2 to C4-alkylene groupings which are terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, where at least one nitrogen atom has basic properties, or are terminated by carbamate groups,
7. (g) carboxylic ester groups,
8. (h) Groups derived from succinic anhydride with hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups and
9. (i) Groups generated by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines

The lower alkanol used according to the invention is a straight-chain or branched, saturated C ₁ -C ₆ mono- or diol, in particular a C ₁ -C ₃ mono-alkanol, such as methanol, ethanol, n- or i-propanol, or a mixture of several of these alkanols.

The alkanol content, based on the total volume of the fuel composition, is 5 to 75% by volume, preferably 10 to 65% by volume, in particular 20 to 55% by volume, such as. B. 30 - 40 vol .-% or 40 - 50 vol .-%.

The content of other alcohols and ethers in petrol is usually relatively low. Typical maximum contents are 7% by volume for tert-butanol, 10% by volume for isobutanol and 15% by volume for ethers with 5 or more carbon atoms in the molecule.

The aromatic content of the petrol is preferably at most 40% by volume, in particular at most 38% by volume. Preferred ranges for the aromatic content are 20 to 42% by volume, in particular 25 to 40% by volume.

The sulfur content of the petrol is preferably at most 100 ppm by weight, in particular at most 50 ppm by weight. Preferred ranges for the sulfur content are 0.5 to 150 ppm by weight, in particular 1 to 100 ppm by weight.

In a preferred embodiment, the petrol has an olefin content of at most 21% by volume, preferably at most 18% by volume, in particular at most 10% by volume. Preferred ranges for the olefin content are 6 to 21% by volume, in particular 7 to 18% by volume.

In a further preferred embodiment, the petrol has a benzene content of at most 1.0% by volume, in particular at most 0.9% by volume. Preferred ranges for the benzene content are 0.5 to 1.0% by volume, in particular 0.6 to 0.9% by volume.

In a further preferred embodiment, the petrol has an oxygen content of at most 2.7% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 2.7% by weight, especially from 1.0 to 2.7% by weight, in particular from 1.2 to 2.0% by weight.

Particularly preferred is a petrol which simultaneously has an aromatic content of at most 38 vol.%, An olefin content of at most 21 vol.%, A sulfur content of at most 50 ppm by weight, a benzene content of at most 1.0 vol.% And one Has oxygen content of 1.0 to 2.7 wt .-%.

The above vol.% - specification for olefin, benzene, aromatics and oxygen content are in each case based on the volume of the mineral petrol component, ie. H. without additives and without alkanol.

The summer vapor pressure of petrol is usually a maximum of 70 kPa, especially 60 kPa (each at 370C).

The research octane number ("RON") of the petrol is usually 90 to 100. A common range for the corresponding engine octane number ("MOZ") is 80 to 90.

The specifications mentioned are determined using standard methods (DIN EN 228).

The hydrophobic hydrocarbon residue in the petrol additives, which ensures sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 85 to 20,000, in particular 113 to 10,000, especially 300 to 5,000. As a typical hydrophobic hydrocarbon residue, especially in In connection with the polar groups (a), (c), (h) and (i), the polypropenyl, polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl radicals, each with Mn = 300 to 5000, in particular 500 to 2500, especially 750 to 2250, come in Consider.

The following may be mentioned as individual gasoline fuel additives which can be used according to the invention.

Additives containing mono- or polyamino groups (a) are preferably polyalkene mono- or polyalkene polyamines based on polypropene or highly reactive (ie with predominantly terminal double bonds - mostly in the alpha and beta positions) or conventional (ie with predominantly central double bonds) polybutene or Polyisobutene with Mn = 300 to 5000. Such additives based on highly reactive polyisobutene, which from the polyisobutene, which can contain up to 20% by weight of n-butene units, by hydroformylation and reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines such as dimethylaminopropylamine , Ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine can be produced in particular from the EP-A 244 616 known. If one starts from the production of the additives of polybutene or polyisobutene with predominantly central double bonds (mostly in the beta and gamma position), the production route by chlorination and subsequent amination or by oxidation of the double bond with air or ozone to carbonyl or Carboxyl compound and subsequent amination under reductive (hydrogenating) conditions. The same amines as above for the reductive amination of the hydroformylated, highly reactive polyisobutene can be used for the amination. Corresponding additives based on polypropene are particularly in the WO-A 94/24231 described.

Further preferred additives containing monoamino groups (a) are the hydrogenation products of the reaction products of polyisobutenes with an average degree of polymerization P = 5 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen, as described in particular in WO-A 97/03946 are described.

Further preferred additives containing monoamino groups (a) are the compounds obtainable from polyisobutene epoxides by reaction with amines and subsequent dehydration and reduction of the amino alcohols, as described in particular in DE-A 196 20 262 are described.

Additives containing nitro groups, optionally in combination with hydroxyl groups, (b) are preferably reaction products of polyisobutenes having an average degree of polymerization P = 5 to 100 or 10 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen, as described in particular in WO-A 96/03367 and WO-A 96/03479 are described. These reaction products usually issue mixtures pure nitropolyisobutanes (e.g. alpha, beta-dinitropolyisobutane) and mixed hydroxynitropolyisobutanes (e.g. alpha-nitro-beta-hydroxypolyisobutane).

Additives containing hydroxyl groups in combination with mono- or polyamino groups (c) are, in particular, reaction products of polyisobutene epoxides, obtainable from polyisobutene preferably having predominantly double bonds with Mn = 300 to 5000, with ammonia, mono- or polyamines, as described in particular in EP-A 476 485 are described.

Additives containing carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (d) are preferably copolymers of C ₂ -C ₄₀ olefins with maleic anhydride with a total molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, the carboxyl groups of which are wholly or partly to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and a remaining one The rest of the carboxyl groups are reacted with alcohols or amines. Such additives are particularly from EP-A 307 815 known. Such additives serve mainly to prevent valve seat wear and can, as in the WO-A 87/01126 described, are advantageously used in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.

Additives containing sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (e) are preferably alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of a sulfosuccinic acid alkyl ester, as described in particular in EP-A 639 632 is described. Such additives mainly serve to prevent valve seat wear and can advantageously be used in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyether amines.

Polyoxy-C ₂ - to C ₄ -alkylene (f) additives are preferably polyethers or polyetheramines which are obtainable by reaction of C ₂ - to C ₆₀ alkanols, C ₆ - to C ₃₀ alkanediols, mono- or di-C ₂ -C ₃₀ alkylamines, C ₁ -C ₃₀ alkylcyclohexanols or C ₁ -C ₃₀ alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyetheramines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines. Such products are used in particular in EP-A 310 875 , EP-A 356 725 , EP-A 700 985 and US-A 4 877 416 described. In the case of polyethers, such products also have carrier oil properties. Typical examples of this are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates as well as the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.

Additives containing carboxylic acid ester groups (g) are preferably esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, in particular those with a minimum viscosity of 2 mm 2 / s at 100 ° C., as described in particular in DE-A 38 38 918 are described. Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids, and long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are particularly suitable as ester alcohols or polyols. Typical representatives of the esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of iso-octanol, iso-nonanol, iso-decanol and iso-tridecanol. Products of this type also fulfill carrier oil properties.

Groups derived from succinic anhydride and containing hydroxyl and / or amino and / or amido and / or imido groups (h) are preferably corresponding derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride, which are obtained by reacting conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene with Mn = 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride thermally or via the chlorinated polyisobutene are available. Derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine are of particular interest. Such gasoline fuel additives are particularly in US-A 4,849,572 described.

Groupings (i) containing additives produced by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines are preferably reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine or dimethylaminopropylamine. The polyisobutenyl-substituted phenols can originate from conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene with Mn = 300 to 5000. Such "polyisobutene Mannich bases" are particularly in the EP-A 831 141 described.

The fuel composition which has been additized according to the invention may also contain other customary components and additives. Primarily carrier oils without a pronounced detergent effect should be mentioned here, for example mineral carrier oils (base oils), in particular those of the viscosity class "Solvent Neutral (SN) 500 to 2000", and synthetic carrier oils based on olefin polymers with Mn = 400 to 1800, especially based on polybutene or polyisobutene (hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated), of polyalphaolefins or polyinternal olefins.

As solvents or diluents (when additive packages are provided) there are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. Solvent Naphtha.

Other common additives are corrosion inhibitors, for example based on ammonium salts of organic carboxylic acids which tend to form films, or of heterocyclic aromatics in the case of non-ferrous metal corrosion protection, antioxidants or stabilizers, for example based on amines such as p-phenylenediamine, dicyclohexylamine or derivatives thereof or of phenols such as 2,4-di -tert.-butylphenol or 3,5-di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, demulsifiers, antistatic agents, metallocenes such as ferrocene or methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, lubricity improvers (lubricity additives) such as certain fatty acids, alkenylsuccinic acid esters, bis (hydroxyalkyl) fatty amides or castor oil and dyes (markers). Sometimes amines are also added to lower the pH of the fuel.

Combinations of the described gasoline with a mixture of gasoline additives with the polar grouping (f) and corrosion inhibitors and / or lubricity improvers based on carboxylic acids or fatty acids, which may be present as monomeric and / or dimeric species, are also particularly suitable for the fuel composition according to the invention . Typical mixtures of this type contain polyisobutenamines in combination with alkanol-started polyethers such as tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates or - propoxylates, polyisobutenamines in combination with alkanol-started polyether amines such as tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylate-ammonia reaction products and alkanol-initiated polyol amine-combiners with alkanol-started polyol amine-combination or ether-alkoxylate-combination products such as tri-alkanolate or trolecidylolamine-amine-like combination products alkanol-started polyethers such as tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates or propoxylates, in each case together with the corrosion inhibitors or lubricity improvers mentioned.

The above-mentioned gasoline fuel additives with the polar groupings (a) to (i) and the other components mentioned are metered into the gasoline fuel and develop their effect there. The components or additives can be added to the petrol individually or as a previously prepared concentrate (“additive package”).

The petrol additives mentioned with the polar groups (a) to (i) are usually added to the petrol in an amount of 1 to 5000 ppm by weight, in particular 5 to 3000 ppm by weight, especially 10 to 1000 ppm by weight . The other components and additives mentioned are added, if desired, in amounts customary for this.

In the fuel composition according to the invention, surprisingly, with significantly less detergent or valve seat wear-inhibiting agent, the same cleaning or cleaning or valve seat wear-inhibiting effect can be achieved as in comparable fuel compositions without the addition of low alkanol. Furthermore, surprisingly, when using the same amounts of detergent or valve seat wear-inhibiting agent in the fuel composition according to the invention, compared to conventional fuel compositions, there is a significantly better cleaning or purifying or valve seat wear-inhibiting effect.

Furthermore, the fuel composition according to the invention additionally shows advantages in that fewer deposits are formed in the combustion chamber of the gasoline engine and that less additive is introduced into the engine oil via the fuel dilution.

1. i) Die Verwendung eines geradkettigen oder verzweigten, gesättigten C₁-C₆-Mono- oder Diols oder von Mischungen davon in einem Anteil von 5 bis 75 Vol.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtvolumen des Ottokraftstoffs, in schwefelarmen Ottokraftstoffen mit einem Schwefelgehalt von maximal 150 Gew.-ppm, zur Verbesserung der Wirkung eines Additivs mit Detergenswirkung, wobei die Additivwirkung nach CEC F-05-A-93 bestimmbar ist und wobei dieses Ottokraftstoffadditiv wie oben definiert ist; und
2. ii) die Verwendung wenigstens eines Ottokraftstoffadditivs mit Detergenswirkung, zur Verringerung von Ablagerungen im Einlasssystem eines Ottomotors, bestimmbar nach CEC F-05-A-93, wobei das Ottokraftstoffadditiv in einer Menge von 1 bis 5000 Gew.-ppm einem Ottokraftstoff mit einem Schwefelgehalt von maximal 150 Gew.-ppm, zudosiert wird, wobei dieses Ottokraftstoffadditiv wie oben definiert ist und wobei der Ottokraftstoff ein geradkettiges oder verzweigtes gesättigtes C₁-C₆-Mono- oder Diol oder Mischungen davon enthält, und wobei das Alkanol in einem Gehalt von 20 bis 75 Vol.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtvolumen des Ottokraftstoffs, enthalten ist.

Further objects of the invention relate

1. i) The use of a straight-chain or branched, saturated C ₁ -C ₆ mono- or diol or mixtures thereof in a proportion of 5 to 75 vol .-%, based on the total volume of the petrol, in low-sulfur petrol with a sulfur content of maximum 150 ppm by weight, to improve the action of an additive with detergent action, the additive action being determinable in accordance with CEC F-05-A-93 and wherein this gasoline fuel additive is as defined above; and
2. ii) the use of at least one gasoline additive with detergent action, to reduce deposits in the intake system of a gasoline engine, determined according to CEC F-05-A-93, the gasoline additive in an amount of 1 to 5000 ppm by weight of a gasoline with a sulfur content of a maximum of 150 ppm by weight is metered in, this gasoline fuel additive being as defined above and wherein the gasoline fuel contains a straight-chain or branched saturated C ₁ -C ₆ -mono- or diol or mixtures thereof, and the alkanol in a content of 20 up to 75 vol .-%, based on the total volume of petrol, is included.

The following examples are intended to explain the invention in greater detail, but without restricting it.

Examples:

A commercial additive package comprising 60% by weight of detergent additive polyisobutenamine (Mn = 1000 g / mol) and 32% by weight of carrier oil (tridecanol etherified with 22 units of butylene oxide) was used as the gasoline additive.

The petrol fuels listed below were used with the corresponding specification, whereby OK 1 (parameters see table 1) represents a typical commercial fuel. Table 1 specification OK 1 Aromatics content [Vol .-%] 39.8 Paraffin content [Vol .-%] 47.7 Olefin content [Vol .-%] 12.5 Sulfur content [Ppm by weight] 35 density 743.6 [15 ° C] [kg / m ³ ] Start of boiling 34.5 ° C 10% volume 50 ° C 50% volume 85 ° C 90% volume 150.5 ° C End of boiling 189.0 ° C OK 2 = OK 1 + 10 vol.% EtOH
OK 3 = OK 1 + 50 vol.% EtOH

Manufacture of fuel compositions Example 1

150 or 200 mg additive package were dissolved in 1 kg OK 1 according to Table 1.

Example 2

Example 1 was repeated using OK 2 instead of OK 1.

Example 3

Example 1 was repeated using OK 3 instead of OK 1.

Application studies Example 4

Gasoline fuels according to Examples 1 to 3 were examined with regard to their influence on the intake system cleanliness (IVD) and on the combustion chamber deposits (TCD). This was done with the help of engine tests that were carried out in test bench tests with a Mercedes-Benz M102 E engine in accordance with CEC F-05-A-93. The IVD values for additive and non-additive fuels are summarized in Table 2 below.

Furthermore, the amount of combustion chamber deposits (TCD) for each of the 4 cylinders of the engine was determined in the same test series. The respective mean is also shown in Table 2. The procedure for determining the TCD value was analogous to the specification CEC F-20-A-98. Table 2 fuel OK 1 OK 2 OK 3 Additive amount [mg / kg] 0 150 200 0 150 200 0 150 200 IVD ¹⁾ [mg / valve] 269 85 23 293 98 15 239 31 3rd TCD ²⁾ [mg / cylinder] 1778 1864 1807 1677 1668 1713 1056 1248 764 ¹⁾ Intake valve deposits
²⁾ Total Combustion Deposits

As can be seen from Table 2, when larger amounts of ethanol (i.e.> 10%) are added to the petrol, a surprisingly low formation of valve or combustion chamber (cylinder) deposits is observed.

Claims (19)

1. The use of a combination of a straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diol or of mixtures thereof, and at least one gasoline fuel additive having detergent action, for reducing the level of deposits in the intake system of a gasoline engine, determinable to CEC F-05-A-93,
   wherein the gasoline fuel additive is dosed in an amount of 1 to 5000 ppm by weight and the alkanol in a content of 5% to 75% by volume, based on the total volume of the gasoline fuel, into a gasoline fuel having a sulfur content of not more than 150 ppm by weight, wherein said gasoline fuel additive includes at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbyl radical having a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 85 to 20 000 and at least one polar moiety, wherein said polar moiety is selected from:

   (a) mono- or polyamino groups having up to 6 nitrogen atoms, of which at least one nitrogen atom has basic properties,

   (b) nitro groups, optionally in combination with hydroxyl groups,

   (c) hydroxyl groups in combination with mono- or polyamino groups, in which at least one nitrogen atom has basic properties,

   (d) carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or their alkaline earth metal salts,

   (e) sulfonic acid groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts,

   (f) polyoxy-C2- to C4-alkylene groups which are terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, in which at least one nitrogen atom has basic properties, or by carbamate groups,

   (g) carboxylic ester groups,

   (h) moieties derived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups and

   (i) moieties obtained by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines.
2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (a) is selected from polyalkenemono- or polyalkenepolyamines based on polypropene, polybutene or polyisobutene with Mn = 300 to 5000.
3. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (b) is selected from reaction products of polyisobutenes having an average degree of polymerization P = from 5 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen.
4. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (c) is selected from reaction products of polyisobutene epoxides obtainable from polyisobutene having predominantly terminal double bonds and Mn = from 300 to 5000 with ammonia or mono- or polyamines.
5. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (d) is selected from copolymers of C₂-C₄₀ olefins with maleic anhydrides which have a total molar mass of 500 to 20 000 and wherein some or all of the carboxyl groups have been converted to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and any remaining residue of the carboxyl groups has been reacted with alcohols or amines.
6. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (e) is selected from alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl sulfosuccinate.
7. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (f) is selected from polyethers or polyetheramines obtainable by reacting C₂-C₃₀-alkanols, C₆-C₆₀-alkanediols, mono- or di-C₂-C₃₀-alkylamines, C₁-C₃₀-alkylcyclohexanols or C₁-C₃₀-alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of polyetheramines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines.
8. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (g) is selected from esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols.
9. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (h) is selected from derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride obtainable by reacting conventional or highly reactive polyisobutyene having Mn = 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride by a thermal route or via chlorinated polyisobutene, wherein the derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride are selected from derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine.
10. The use according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline fuel additive having polar moieties (i) is selected from reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines.
11. The use according to any of claims 1 to 10, comprising a gasoline fuel having a maximum olefin content of 21% by volume based on the volume of the nonadditized gasoline fuel comprising no straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diols or mixtures thereof.
12. The use according to any of claims 1 to 11, comprising a gasoline fuel having a maximum benzene content of 1.0% by volume based on the volume of the nonadditized gasoline fuel comprising no straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diols or mixtures thereof.
13. The use according to any of claims 1 to 12, comprising a gasoline fuel having a maximum oxygen content of 2.7% by volume based on the volume of the nonadditized gasoline fuel comprising no straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diols or mixtures thereof.
14. The use according to any of claims 1 to 13, comprising a gasoline fuel having a maximum aromatics content of 42% by volume based on the volume of the nonadditized gasoline fuel comprising no straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diols or mixtures thereof.
15. The use according to any of claims 1 to 14, comprising the gasoline fuel additives having the polar moieties (a) to (i) in an amount of 10 to 1000 ppm by weight.
16. The use of a straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diol or of mixtures thereof in a proportion of 5% to 75% by volume, based on the total volume of the gasoline fuel, in low-sulfur gasoline fuels having a sulfur content of not more than 150 ppm by weight, for improving the efficacy of an additive having detergent action, wherein the additive action is determinable to CEC F-05-A-93 and wherein said gasoline additive is defined according to any of claims 1 to 10.
17. The use of at least one gasoline fuel additive having detergent action for reducing the level of deposits in the intake system of an internal combustion engine, determinable to CEC F-05-A-93, wherein the gasoline fuel additive is dosed in an amount of 1 to 5000 ppm by weight into a gasoline fuel having a sulfur content of not more than 150 ppm by weight, wherein said gasoline fuel additive is defined according to any of claims 1 to 10 and wherein said gasoline fuel comprises a straight-chain or branched, saturated C₁-C₆ mono- or diol or mixtures thereof, and wherein said alkanol is present in a content of 20% to 75% by volume, based on the total volume of the gasoline fuel.
18. The use according to claim 1 or 16, wherein the alkanol is present in a content of 10% to 65% by weight, based on the total volume of the gasoline fuel.
19. The use according to claim 1, 16, 17 or 18, wherein the alkanol is selected from C₁-C₃ monoalkanols and the detergent additive is selected from

    (a) polyalkenemono- or polyalkenepolyamines based on polypropene, polybutene or polyisobutene with Mn = 300 to 5000; and

    (i) reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines.