Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
  • H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
  • H01M8/0273—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes with sealing or supporting means in the form of a frame
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
  • H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
  • H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
  • H01M8/0263—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant having meandering or serpentine paths
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
  • H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
  • H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
  • H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a flow field plate, particularly for use in a stack of fuel cells, which comprises at least one bipolar electrode of electrically conductive material and an ion exchange membrane at each side of the bipolar electrode.
• a flow field plate (e.g. a bipolar electrode and/or a separator plate) is a disk/plate with open channels, which may distribute the supplied reactants, gases or liquids, and may also give mechanical strength to the fuel/reactor cell.
• the channels distribute the anode reactant at one side and the cathode reactant at the other side of the electrode.
• metal, plastics and ceramics have been suggested as material, and it has been declared that the channels may be achieved by etching but also by removal with laser, or chip removal, embossing, pressing, or punching.
• a bipolar electrode may consist of graphite, for instance, where a pattern of channels has been achieved by moulding or chip removal, or consists of metal plates, where the pattern has been achieved by etching or chip removal. Also plates with pressed pattern of channels have been used, wherein two plates have been connected for forming a bipolar electrode, see e.g. WO 00/31815, but also US 6,051 ,331 , where photolitographically etched plates have been joined for forming a so called bipolar separator.
• An object of the present invention is to be able to offer a flow field plate/bipolar electrode, which with one and the same plate may easily be provided with a number of different/varying flow patterns.
• bipolar electrode which may offer a reduced construction height (in a direction perpendicular to the electrode) as compared with previously known bipolar electrodes.
• the frame is made of an insulated material.
• Fig. 1 is a planar view of one side of the first embodiment of a bipolar electrode according to the invention with a plate provided with a pattern of channels, which plate here is square and has channels extending towards two opposite side edges of the plate, and which is included in a sealing frame provided with portions forming channel curves.
• Fig. 2a is a perspective view of the plate of Fig. 1 before its mounting into the frame;
• Fig. 2b is a cross sectional view of a plate according to an alternative embodiment
• Fig. 3 is a cross sectional view according to the line HI-III of Fig. 1 ;
• Fig. 4 is a cross sectional view according to the line IV-IV of Fig. 1;
• Fig. 5 is a cross sectional view according to the line V-V of Fig. 1 ;
• Fig. 6 is a planar view of one side of a second embodiment of a plate provided with a pattern of channels, which plate here is square and has a frame region surrounding the pattern of channels, which plate is to be mounted into a sealing frame provided with portions forming channel curves according to the invention;
• Fig. 7 is a cross sectional view according to the line VII-VII of Fig. 6;
• Fig. 8 is a cross sectional view according to the line VIII-VIII of Fig. 6;
• Fig. 9 is a partial view of the upper left corner of Fig. 5, when the plate has been provided with a sealing frame with portions forming channel curves to form the second preferred embodiment of a bipolar electrode according to the invention;
• Fig. 10 is a cross sectional view according to the li ⁇ je X-X of Fig. 9;
• Fig. 11 is a cross sectional view according to the linje XI-XI of Fig. 9;
• Fig. 12 is a partial view of the upper left corner of Fig. 5, when the plate has been provided with a sealing frame with portions forming channel curves to form a third preferred embodiment of a bipolar electrode according to the invention;
• Fig. 13 is a cross sectional view according to the line XIII-XIII of Fig. 12;
• Figs. 14, 15, and 15; and 14a, 15a, and 16a, respectively, show some different patterns of channels, which have been achieved by frame portions formed by the channel curves at one side of a bipolar electrode of the invention, and at the other side, respectively;
• Fig. 17 shows an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• Figs. 1, 3, and 4 show the principles of an embodiment according to the invention of a bipolar electrode comprising a plate according to Figs. 2a and 2b, respectively, for use in a stack of fuel cells.
• a bipolar electrode comprising a plate according to Figs. 2a and 2b, respectively, for use in a stack of fuel cells.
• the bipolar electrode shown in Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 5 consists of one plate 1 only, which is clearest shown in Fig. 2a, with a material thickness in the region of 0.1 to 1 mm, preferably max. 0.5 mm and more preferred max. 0.2 mm.
• a pattern of open channels 3 has been arranged at one side of the plate and a pattern of open channels 23 at the other side of the plate, respectively, in such way that valleys 4, 24 in the pattern at one side of the plate form ridges 25, 5 at the other side.
• the patterned portion of the plate may, as shown in Fig. 2a, for instance have a substantially sinusoidal cross section, whereby the same width Bl, B2 is obtained of the channel 3 at the first side as of the channels 23 at the second side.
• the ridges and valleys have a substantially equally sided parallel trapezoid cross section.
• the width of the valleys may differ from the width of the ridges, wherein the wide valleys and the narrow ridges at one side correspond to the wide ridges and the narrow valleys at the other side, whereby channels with a larger width Bl is formed at the first side and channels 23 with a narrower width B2 at the second side. This possibility may for instance be of interest in fuel cells.
• the plate 1 is mounted in an electrically insulated sealing frame 9 having a total thickness H, which preferably is essentially the same (see Fig. 3) as the height h of the plate 1, so that the surfaces 9OA and 9OB, respectively, are on the same level as the respective ridges 5, 25, whereby a common sealing plane Pl 5 and P2 S , respectively, for the plate 1 and the sealing 9 is formed at each side.
• the electrode may easily be arranged in a sealing manner against an opposite flat surface 29', see Fig. 4.
• the plate 1 (here exemplified for counter-flow) is provided with an aperture 7, 28 for inflow of reactants to the channels 3, 23 at the two sides of the plate 1, as well as apertures 27, 8 for outflow from the channels 3, 23 of reaction products formed.
• a first indentation 10, 31 in the sealing frame 9 bring about a flow path between each inlet aperture 7, 28 and an adjacent end of a channel 3 and 23, respectively.
• a second indentation 11, 30 in the sealing frame 9 achieves a flow path between each outlet aperture 27, 8 and an adjacent end of a channel 3 and 23, respectively.
• each channel portion 12 and 32 forms a U.
• a sealing part/flow barrier 9" at the end of the ridge 5 and 25, respectively, surrounded by the channel portion 12, 32.
• a sealing tongue 9' which from an outer portion of the sealing frame 9 extends to the intermediate ridge 5 and 25, respectively, and seals against the end thereof and then also between the channel portions 12, 32.
• the flow barriers 9" and the sealing tongues 9' thus extend past the side edges 100 of the plate 1, which is achieved at the manufacture when the plate 1 is cast into the material forming the sealing 9.
• the plate 1 with valleys 4, 25 and ridges 5, 25 may be afforded a single shape, and the channel portions 12, 32, necessary to connect the valleys to form flow channels 3, 23 for reactants and reaction products formed, are arranged in the surrounding frame 9, a greater flexibility may be achieved and manufacturing processes may be chosen which save material and costs, and if desired, the construction height of the completed bipolar electrode may be smaller than previously. Thanks to the fact that these channel portions 12, 32 are formed in the sealing 9, a much greater variation of the flow pattern may thus be achieved, with the possibility simultaneously only to use plates 1 of a limited number of designs.
• the valleys 4 at one side of the plate 1 are wide and the ridges 5 narrower than at the other side, so that the channels 3 at each side are wider Bl than B2 of the channels 23 at the other side.
• a fuel cell application e.g. air may be directed in the wide valleys at one side of the plate and hydrogen gas in the narrower valleys at the other side of the plate.
• the inlet aperture 7 located at a first corner via the inlet channel 10 goes straight into the channel 3 at one side of the plate 1.
• the channel 3 will thus in a meander flow, via the straight outlet channel 11 end into the outlet aperture 8 located in the vicinity of a diagonally opposite, second corner.
• the connection runs between the second inlet aperture 28 located at the second corner and the second outlet aperture 27, through the channel 23 at the other side.
• the inlet/outlet channels 30, 31 at the bottom side will run in an angle to the channel 23.
• the sealing frame 9 may also be provided with apertures 19 for inflow and outflow of for instance a cooling medium, which is intended, instead of a reactant, to flow in the channel/s at one side of the plate 1 when cooling is required, and apertures 20 for draw bars, not shown, which keep the plates together in a stack of fuel cells.
• the additional apertures 19 may be connected with the valleys 4 and 24 by indentations, not shown, in the sealing frame 9.
• the side edges 100 of the plate 1 are entirely encased in an electrically insulated sealing frame 9.
• the sealing frame 9 is provided with recesses giving flow connections, partly from each inlet aperture for reactants to the respective channel 3, 23, partly from each channel to the respective outlet aperture for reaction products formed, and partly connections between valleys to be connected.
• the material of the sealing frame 9, 29 and 49, 54, respectively is chosen from a group of material which is sufficiently resistant against the reactants used and the reaction products formed, and they do not conduct electricity.
• at least most of the valleys 4, 24 are straight and equally long. In the embodiments shown in Figs.
• the channel pattern covers substantially the entire plate 1 , so that the valleys 4, 24 have full depth and the ridges 5, 25 have full height out towards two opposite edges 100 of the plate 1.
• the plates according to this embodiment may be produced in a simple manner, e.g. by bending sheets.
• Fig. 3 and 4 it is indicated that the bipolar electrode in a stack of fuel cells is at both sides surrounded by a membrane electrode assembly 39 (MEA).
• MEA membrane electrode assembly 39
• a design of the channel portions 12, 32 may be chosen which implies that the cross section surface is substantially constant in a plane perpendicular to the flow direction, so that the flow resistance is essentially the same in each channel 3. This implies that the width of the legs of the U-shaped portions 12, 32 should preferably be essentially wider than the width Bl, B2 of the channels in the middle of the plate 1, when the depth h' of these channel portions 12, 32 are essentially smaller than the depth h in the middle of the channels 3, 23 of the plate 1.
• the channel portions 12, 32 may be chosen with a smaller cross section area.
• the mebrane itself is designated 33, which at both sides is proved with a gas diffusion layer 34, 35.
• a gas diffusion layer 34, 35 is electrically conductive and may for instance consist of carbon fibre web or of graphite paper.
• the unit 39 consisting of the membrane 33 itself and the gas diffusion layers 34, 35 is sometimes called MEA (membrane electrode assembly). Further, it may advantageously have a frame region which is encased in a sealing frame 36, wherein the sealing frame of the membrane unit sealing abuts that of the bipolar electrode.
• one gas diffusion layer 34 abuts the peaks of the ridges 5 at one side of the bipolar electrode for delimitation of the channels 4 between the ridges 5, and the other gas diffusion layer 35 abuts the peaks of the ridges 25 at the other side of the bipolar electrode for delimitation of the valleys 24 between the ridges 25.
• the membrane unit 39, or its sealing frame 36 is also provided with apertures corresponding to those of the bipolar electrode.
• the channel pattern 2, 22 is arranged in a central portion of the plate 1, as is best shown in Figs. 6 to 8, and is surrounded by a frame portion 6, 26, in which frame portion 6, 26 apertures are arranged for inflow 7, 27 (in a parallel flow) of reactants to the channels 3, 23 at both sides of the plates 1.
• the plate 1 is also provided with apertures for outflow 8, 28 of reaction products from the channels 3, 23 at both sides of the plates, and at least most of the channels 3, 23 are straight, have the same length and end at the frame portion 6, 26.
• the channels portions 12, 32 necessary to connect valleys 4, 24 to form flow channels for the reactants and reaction products formed are arranged in the surrounding frame 9, which is shown in Figs. 9 to 13. In this embodiment the valleys/ridges are, however, bent into the plate so that tight end walls 4', 24' connect valleys 4, 24 with the frame region 6, 26.
• the plate 1 suitably consists of a sheet metal with a material thickness of max. 1 mm, preferably 0.1 to 0.8 mm, whereby manufacturing costs as well as the constructions height may be kept down.
• the plate 1 consists of a polymer with good conductivity to electricity, which is resistant against reactants supplied to or formed in the stack of fuel cells.
• the frame region 6, 26 is located in a plane P of the bipolar electrode, which plane is located between the peaks of the ridges 5 at one side and the peaks of the ridges 25 at the other side of the electrode.
• the plane may be located halfway between the peaks of the ridges at one side and the peaks of the ridges at the other side of the plate. It is also possible, if so desired, to displace the plane in a direction towards the peaks of the ridges at one side to increase the pressure fall at one side of the plate at the same time as a reduction of the pressure fall at the other side of the plate may be allowed.
• Figs. 9 to 13 When the plate 1 shown in Figs. 6 to 13 is to be used as a bipolar electrode in a stack of fuel cells, it is suitable, to obtain the best protection against corrosion and the best electric insulation, which is clearest shown in Figs. 9 to 13, that the frame region 6 is entirely encased in an electrically insulating sealing frame 9 with indentations 10, 30 connecting, partly each reactant inlet 7, 27 with the respective channel 3, 23 and indentations 11, 31 connecting each channel 3, 23 with the respective outlet for reaction products.
• Fig. 9 elucidates that in the preferred embodiment each aperture edge in the plate (see e.g. 7') is surrounded by the sealing material of the sealing frame 9, whereby the insulation path is essentially increased between conductive surfaces.
• the invention offers a possibility to very great flexibility also when a frame region 6, 16 is used. See e.g. Fig. 9 and Fig. 12, where essentially the same type of plate 1 with a frame 6, 26 is used, but where the sealing frame 9 has got an essentially different design.
• the channel portions 12 have been arranged in the sealing frame 9 by essentially U-shaped recesses, like as already described in connection with Figs. 1 to 5.
• the sealing part 9' which is placed between the U-shaped legs is however, not really necessary from a sealing point of view.
• the flow is forced (via parallel flow) to flow in via the inlet aperture 7 and through the recess 10 in the sealing material 9 into the valley which is connected thereto and which forms the beginning of the channel 3 at the uppermost side (seen in Fig. 9) of the electrode. Thereafter, the channel will run as a meander to an outlet aperture (not shown) in accordance with what has been previously described.
• the channels of the opposite side may be arranged in a corresponding way.
• Fig. 12 there is shown that instead of a meander-shaped flow also a parallel flow may easily be achieved by simply opening up the flow paths in the sealing frame 9, so that the inlet aperture 7 stands in direct connection with each one of the parallel valleys 4. It is realized that different types of combinations according to this principal model allow very great variations of the flow pattern, especially in combination with the possibility to position the plane P at different distances and/or to use different widths B 1 , B2 of the channel at the respective side.
• Fig. 14 it is shown that with the invention a plurality of parallel channels may easily be achieved at one side with so called “dead ends", which may be preferred in certain applications, e.g. in connection with hydrogen gas. At the same time one may at the other side thereof only connect every second valley into a meander pattern, so that the total flow path at the back becomes essentially shorter than at the front, which is a desired application in certain cases.
• Fig. 15 a variant is shown where only a few of the present valleys are used for through-flow at one side while the back (15A) is given a more conventional meander pattern.
• Fig. 16 it is shown that with the same plate a drastically changed flow path may also be obtained at the back and the front, respectively, by connecting, in the same way as described above, e.g. each fourth valley at one side, Fig. 16, while every second adjacent valley is connected at the other side, Fig. 16A.
• This possibility to vary the flow pattern is thus a great advantage according to the invention.
• the plate 41 is round and substantially circular.
• a pattern 42 of open channels 43 at one side of the plate and a pattern, not shown, of channels at the other side of the plate have been arranged in such a way that valleys 44 between ridges 45 of the pattern at one side of the plate form ridges between valleys at the other side, and vice versa.
• the channel pattern consists of only one ridge and the adjacent channel which helically extends inwards. If desired, it is, of course, possible to make two or more parallel ridges with adjacent valleys extend helically over the patterned region, so that a corresponding number of channels are formed at each side of the plate.
• a frame region 46 extending along the circumference of the plate is provided with a first aperture 47 for inflow to or outflow from the channels 43 at one side of the plate 41 and in connection to the first aperture 47 a second aperture for inflow to or outflow from the channels at the other side of the plate 41.
• a central, inner region 53 is provided with a first aperture 48 for outflow from or inflow to the channels 43 at one side of the plate and in connection to the first aperture 48 in the central region 53 with a second aperture 68 for outflow from or inflow to the channels at the other side of the plate.
• Both the frame region 46 and the central inner region 53 are located in a plane of the bipolar electrode, which plane is located between the peaks of the ridges 45 at one side and the peaks of the ridges at the other side of the electrode.
• the plane may consist of a median plane halfway between the peaks of the ridges at one side and the peaks of the ridges at the other side of the plate. If desired, it is also possible to displace the plane in a direction towards the peaks of the ridges at one side.
• additional apertures are arranged in the frame region 46, namely an aperture 59 for supply/discharge, for instance, of a circulating medium, e.g. cooling water, and an aperture 60 for insertion of draw bars, not shown, for axially keeping a stack of fuel cells together.
• a circulating medium e.g. cooling water
• the frame region 46 and the central inner region 53 are suitably entirely encased in an electrically insulating sealing frame 49 and an inner sealing frame 54 with indentations 50, 70, respectively, which connect partly each reactant inlet 46, 47 with the channel 43 and the adjacent channel 41 at the other side, respectively, and indentations 51, 71 which connect these channels with the respective outlet 48, 68 for reaction products.
• the sealing frame 49 and the inner sealing frame 54 are, of course, present at both sides of the plate 41. Further, in this context the inner sealing frame 54 is somewhat inappropriately called frame, although it in the embodiment shown does not frame any central region.
• the sheet material of the plate 1, 41 consists of a material which is affected by the reactants or by the reaction products formed, it is suitable that both side of the plate 1, 41 are provided with a thin protection layer of a material not being affected.
• the outer edges and the apertures 7, 8, 27, 28, 19, 20, 47, 48, 59, 60, 67, 68 of the plate are produced through for instance punching, the outer edges and the inner sides of the apertures will show regions which are unprotected and thus may be affected by the reactants and/or the reaction products.
• the sealing frames 9, 49 and 54 encase also the edges of the plate and the edges of the apertures 7, 8, 27, 28, 19, 20, 47, 48, 59, 60, 67, 68, so that these are protected against the reactants and/or reaction products as well as bimetallic corrosion between the protection layer and the base material of the plate 1, 41.
• the encasing of the outer edges gives also a protection against undesired electric contact.
• the bipolar electrode according to the invention offers the following advantages, for instance at the building of a stack of fuel cells.
• the pressure in the stack will be evenly distributed over the entire stack.
• Different flow pattern may be created at both sides of the bipolar electrode/flow field plate, e.g. parallel channels at one side and only one long single channel at the other side.
• Different material may be mixed in the frame to give it the exactly correct properties at the correct place both from a chemical and mechanical point of view.
• the plate itself may be manufactured of a plurality of different materials and by means of different methods, e.g. pressing/bending of thin metal sheet.
• Two different flow field plates may be connected and embedded to achieve different pattern at both sides and/or to create extra channels between the plates, e.g. for cooling.
• Guide spindles may easily be embedded, so that it will not be possible to mount the stack in a wrong way.
• the flow field plate according to the invention described above is principally intended to be used in fuel cells of the type which are driven by hydrogen gas, and air or oxygen gas is used as oxidation medium, but the man skilled in the art may, of course, simply and without any invention work modify it within the scope of the subsequent claims, so that it may be used within adjacent application fields.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Fuel Cell (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=40795762

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Families Citing this family (4)

Family Cites Families (5)

• 2007
  • 2007-12-18 SE SE0702818A patent/SE532057C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2008
  • 2008-12-11 EP EP08861913A patent/EP2232618A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2008-12-11 CN CN2008801262199A patent/CN102017251A/zh active Pending
  • 2008-12-11 WO PCT/SE2008/051437 patent/WO2009078792A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2008-12-11 JP JP2010539376A patent/JP2011507211A/ja active Pending

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events