EP2219634A1 - Arzneimittel zur behandlung von phantomphänomenen - Google Patents
Arzneimittel zur behandlung von phantomphänomenenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2219634A1 EP2219634A1 EP08864109A EP08864109A EP2219634A1 EP 2219634 A1 EP2219634 A1 EP 2219634A1 EP 08864109 A EP08864109 A EP 08864109A EP 08864109 A EP08864109 A EP 08864109A EP 2219634 A1 EP2219634 A1 EP 2219634A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- glyrα3
- phantom
- tinnitus
- cochlea
- glycine
- Prior art date
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
- A61K31/164—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids of a carboxylic acid with an aminoalcohol, e.g. ceramides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
- A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, pantothenic acid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
- A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, pantothenic acid
- A61K31/198—Alpha-aminoacids, e.g. alanine, edetic acids [EDTA]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
- A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
- A61K31/232—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms having three or more double bonds, e.g. etretinate
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
- A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/46—8-Azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane; Derivatives thereof, e.g. atropine, cocaine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
- A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
- A61K31/5383—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/16—Otologicals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
- A61P29/02—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID] without antiinflammatory effect
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a medicament for the treatment of the phantom phenomena of acute tinnitus and / or phantom pain, a process for the preparation of such a medicament and a process for the treatment of these phantom phenomena.
- tinnitus The phantom phenomenon of tinnitus is understood to be a patient's perceived sounds produced by the ear and the auditory system. Tinnitus, which has been in existence for only a few weeks to three months, is referred to as acute tinnitus. If the tinnitus lasts longer than a year, it is called chronic. According to epidemiological surveys are in Germany about three million adults. At all ages, the numbers of those affected by chronic tinnitus vary between 4.4% and 15% depending on the study. Globally, tinnitus occurs annually in approximately 10 million people, which changes from an acute to a chronic form in about 340,000, so-called new disease rates.
- tinnitus Among the many causes of tinnitus include chronic noise, acute bang injuries, hearing loss and other disorders associated with hearing loss. Associations with inner ear hearing loss as a chronic progressive form or as noise deafness, followed by Meniere's Disease and sudden hearing loss, are more than two-thirds related to tinnitus according to clinical studies. The development and maintenance of tinnitus also involves diseases of the cervical spine as well as the temporomandibular joint and the musculoskeletal system. Tinnitus also seems to have a psychic component, so in this context psychogenic tinnitus is used. In many cases, however, despite intensive diagnostics, no reliable cause of tinnitus can be detected.
- WO 02/15907 A1 proposes the treatment of tinnitus by the administration of the potassium channel opener flupirtine.
- This treatment has the disadvantage that flupirtine is additionally a muscle relaxant analgesic, which would lead to an application with unacceptable side effects.
- Nimodipine is an inhibitor of the Ca + * channel Cavl.3.
- WO 2004/022069 A1 describes aberrant NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors as one of the possible causes of tinnitus. These altered so-called glutamate receptor channels, which i.a. are expressed by auditory nerve cells, lead to increased influx of calcium into the cell.
- NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of tinnitus.
- DE 101 24 953 A1 proposes a treatment concept for tinnitus that stimulates the expression of brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF), based on an animal model that describes chronic tinnitus In the cochlea and inferior colliculus, a reduction in BDNF expression predominates, suggesting that the therapeutic approach is to stimulate BDNF expression, but the authors have specifically and exclusively investigated the situation in chronic tinnitus rats treated with salicylates for three months, as is known to induce chronic tinnitus, see Penner MJ, and Jastreboff PJ (1996), Tinnitus: Psycho-physical observations in humans and animal modeis, Van de Water, Popper AN, Fax , RR (Ed.), Clinical Aspects of Hearing, Springer, New York, Heidelberg, pp.
- BDNF brain-derived nerve growth factor
- Phantom pain has so far been treated as part of pain therapies, for example with anticonvulsants, baclofen or calcitonin. Supportive occasionally pain-relieving antidepressants are used. Also, surgical methods are used by means of which, for example, nerves are blocked or stimulated. However, a targeted, causal treatment method does not yet exist, especially not because the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.
- Object of the present invention is therefore to provide a new substance or a new therapeutic concept, with the targeted or the phantom phenomena of acute tinnitus and phantom pain can be treated, the disadvantages of the prior art are preferably to be avoided.
- This object is achieved by the provision of a glycine receptor agonist.
- glycine receptors which hitherto could be localized predominantly in the central nervous system, are also expressed in the inner tube and transmit inhibitory signals to the auditory nerve upon binding of a glycine receptor agonist.
- the inventors have also recognized that the application of a glycine receptor agonist and the resulting inhibitory signals can correct the overactivity of the auditory nerve observed in phantom phenomena.
- Glycine receptor agonists are therefore new substances with which phantom phenomena can be targeted.
- the object underlying the invention is therefore completely solved by the provision of glycine receptor agonists.
- glycine receptor agonist a substance is provided which is selected from the group consisting of D-alanine, L-alanine, L-serine, taurine, cannabinoid, tropine, nortropine and derivatives thereof.
- This measure has the advantage of providing those agonistic substances which bind to the glycine receptor in a highly affine manner, can be synthesized and formulated simply and inexpensively.
- Preferred tropines and nortropine are described in Maksay et al. (2007), Synthesis of (nor) tropeine (di) esters and allosteric modulaton of glycine receptor binding, Bioorg. Med. Chem., Online publication of 4 November; Maksay et al. (2007), Synthesis of tropic and allosteric modulation of ionotropic glycine receptors, J. Med.
- the cannabinoid useful as a glycine receptor agonist is preferably selected from the group consisting of anandamide, arachidonylglycerol, tetrahydrocannabinol, WIN 55,212-2.
- the substance is administered locally on or in the ear, preferably via the round window membrane, or at the site of the amputation.
- This measure has the advantage that the substance is administered specifically at the site of action, so that only small amounts of active substance are required. As a result, the body of the treated patient is less stressed and side effects are largely reduced.
- the microdosing system offered by Lehner, R. et al. (1996), A new implantable drug delivery system for local therapy of the middle and inner ear, Ear. Nose Throat 76, pages 567 to 570, is described.
- the local application may also be via the use of biodegradable hydrogel, which serves as a carrier matrix for the glycine receptor agonist.
- gel pellets can be used for application via the round window membrane, such as, for example, the products Gelita® tampons, B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Germany.
- biocompatible nanoparticles come into question, as described, for example, in Durän J.D. et al. (2007), Magnetic colloids as drug vehicles, J. Pharm. Sei, online publication, Mohamed F. and van der Walle CF. (2008), Engineering Biodegradable polyester particles with specific drug targeting and drug release properties, J. Pharm. Sei, 97 (l): 71-87, abstract of December 2007; Gupta S. and Moulik S.P. (2008), Biocompatible microemulsions and their prospective uses in drug delivery, J. Pharm. Sci., 97 (l): 22-45, abstract published online in December 2007.
- the medicament has a further substance which is active against phantom phenomena and is selected from the group consisting of GABA receptor agonists, in particular benzodiazepines and substances related to these, baclofen, gamma-vinyl-GABA, gamma-acetylene-GABA , Progabide, muscimol, iboten, sodium valproate and tetrahydroisoxazolopyridine (THIP), MAP kinase inhibitors, in particular U 0126 or PD 98058, cam kinase inhibitors, L-type Ca 2+ channel antagonists, in particular nicardipine or nifedipine or isradipine, CREP antagonists, glutamate antagonists, trkB antagonists.
- GABA receptor agonists in particular benzodiazepines and substances related to these
- baclofen gamma-vinyl-GABA
- gamma-acetylene-GABA gamma
- a further subject matter of the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of the phantom phenomena of acute tinnitus and / or phantom pain in a human or animal subject, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a glycine receptor agonist, and (b) Formulation of the glycine receptor agonist in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- a further subject matter of the present invention relates to a method for the treatment of the phantom phenomena of acute tinnitus and / or phantom pain in a human being, comprising the following steps: (a) providing a drug, (b) applying, possibly locally on or in the ear or at the site of the amputation, of the drug the animal, and if necessary (c) repeating steps (a) and Qo), whereby the medicament of the use according to the invention described above is provided as medicament.
- Fig. 1 Detection of GlyR ⁇ 3, GlyR ⁇ and gephyrin in the rat cochlea.
- the rat cochlear cDNA was analyzed by RT-PCR in various postnatal stages (P14,> P21).
- P14 and> P21 amplification of transcripts of GlyR ⁇ 3 (512 ⁇ bp) GlyR ⁇ (732 bp) and gephyrin (573 bp). Noticeable is the double band for GlyR ⁇ 3 (467 bp / 512 bp, indicated by arrows) in adult animals.
- Transcripts of GlyR ⁇ l and GlyR ⁇ 2 were not detected.
- sc P21 spinal cord from P21 animals was used as a positive control for GlyR ⁇ l-3, GlyR ⁇ , gephyrin and ⁇ -actin, ⁇ -actin (655 bp) was used as a housekeeping gene;
- Fig. 2 Detection of GlyR ⁇ 3_K and GlyR ⁇ 3_L splice variants in the adult rat cochlea (> P21).
- GlyR ⁇ 3 transcripts from the adult rat cochlea were amplified by RT-PCR. Conspicuous is the double band (indicated by double arrows)
- GlyR ⁇ 3_K- (467 bp) and GlyR ⁇ 3_L (512 bp) splice variants were detected after cloning of PCR fragments into the PCR-II-TOPO vector by insert PCR.
- Fig. 3 mRNA expression of GlyR ⁇ , GlyR ⁇ and gephyrin in the neurons of the spiral ganglia of the adult rat cochlea (> P21).
- a) b) expression of the GlyR ⁇ 3 mRNA in spiral ganglion neurons (SG, arrow) at various magnifications using whole-mount in situ hybridization of the adult rat cochlea (> P21).
- the overview (a) also shows a marking of the outer hair cells ("OHC").
- c) the expression of the mRNA of GlyR ⁇ in neurons of the spiral ganglia (SG, arrow), e), f) expression of the mRNA of gephyrin in neurons of the spiral ganglia (SG, arrow).
- FIG. 4 Expression of the mRNA of GlyR ⁇ 3, GlyR ⁇ and gephyrin in the adult organ of Corti (> P21).
- a) GlyR ⁇ 3 transcripts were detected in the outer hair cells (OHC, solid arrows) by whole-mount in situ hybridization. No signal was detected for inner hair cells (IHC), open arrows).
- OHC solid arrows
- IHC inner hair cells
- OHC solid arrows
- IHC open arrows
- FIG. 5 GlyR ⁇ / GlyR ⁇ 3 protein expression at the IHC level.
- a) b) Using the monoclonal antibody mAb4a, which detects all GlyR ⁇ subunits, the GlyR ⁇ protein was detected in rat cochlear cryosections at P8 among the IHC (open arrowheads) shown for the apical as well as the central basal cochlear Bow. At this stage, no GlyR ⁇ - Protein detected.
- c) to e) Using the polyclonal GlyR ⁇ 3-specific antibody, GlyR ⁇ 3 protein was detected at the level of IHC (*) in the whole mount in situ hybridization of the adult rat cochlea [> P21) (c) e)].
- a co-immunolabeling was performed with an antibody to Neurofilament 200, a marker for afferent nerve fibers (NG 200, filled arrowhead).
- the samples were counterstained with DAPI, which marks the cell nuclei. Scale bars in a), b) 20 ⁇ m, in c) to e) 50 ⁇ m;
- FIG. 6 GlyR ⁇ 3 protein expression at the level of OHC in the adult organ of Corti (> P21).
- a) to c) GlyR ⁇ 3 protein (*) was detected in OHC (solid arrows) by whole-mount immunohistochemistry.
- the samples were co-immunoprecipitated with anti-neurofilament 200 (NF 200, filled arrowhead).
- NF 200 stained the nerve fibers that terminate at the OHC.
- the nuclei were counterstained with DAPI, d) to f) Higher magnifications of a) to c).
- Remarkable is the localization of the GlyR ⁇ 3 protein (*) in the cell membrane of the OHC (filled arrows) towards the ends of the nerve fibers (filled arrowheads).
- Fig. 7 Hörnerv total action potential measurements [Engl: "Compound action potentials" (CAP)] after local application (LA) of strychnine (glycine receptor inhibitor).
- LA strychnine
- CAP Compound action potentials
- the CAP amplitudes continue to increase monotonically after strychnine application, as the inhibition of the auditory nerve neurons, which usually begins at high volume levels, does not occur. This means overexcitation at high volume levels ( Figure 7a).
- the CAP amplitudes increase more slowly after taurine application, since the taurine, which is usually inactive at low volume levels, activates inactive glycinergic (inhibitory) neurons Inhibit the auditory nerve. This means an inhibition at low and medium volumes.
- the glycinergen neurons are soderso activated, so there is an overlap of the CAP amplitude function at least over a limited volume range (Fig. 7b).
- FIG 9 Schematic representation of the increased expression of BDNF observed in tinnitus and the decreased expression of Arg3.1 / Arc in the periphery of the cochlea (a), and correction by glycine receptor agonists ("glycine”) or GABA receptor agonists (“GABA”) (b).
- glycine glycine receptor agonists
- GABA GABA receptor agonists
- the cochlea was chopped and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
- the cochlea was isolated and prepared as previously described; see. Knipper et al (2000), Thyroid hormone deficiency before the onset of hearing causes irreversible damage to peripheral and central auditory systems, J. Neurophysiol. 83: 3101-3112. Briefly, the cochleas were injected into the round and 2 ml paraformaldehyde / 2% sucrose (all chemicals were from SIGMA-Aldrich, Kunststoff, Germany, unless otherwise stated) in 50 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) fixed oval windows.
- RNA was extracted from the rat cochlea.
- Reverse transcription (RT) into cDNA was performed using the "Sensiscript Reverse Transcription Kit” (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and oligo-dTis primer (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- the PCR was carried out with "PuReTaq Ready-To-Go" PCR beads (Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany).
- the PCR program consisted of an initial denaturation phase of 3 min at 94 0 C, 35-40 cycles of denaturation at 94 0 C (30 sec), attachment at 58 0 C (30 sec), extension at 72 0 C (90 sec ) and a final step of the synthesis of 10 min at 72 0 C.
- the resulting PCR products were separated on agarose gels and stained with ethidium bromide.
- GlyR ⁇ 3, GlyR ⁇ and gephyrin were sequenced and compared to the corresponding sequence data from GeneBank using BLAST (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
- the names of the GlyR ⁇ 3 exons refer to the automatic gene-naming system Ensembl (www.ensembl.org) and differ from the original description of Nikolic et al. (1998), The human glycine receptor subunit alpha3. Glra3 gene structure, chromosome localization, and functional characterization of alternative transcripts, J. Biol. Chem. 273: 19708-19714. 10759
- the PCR fragments of GlyR ⁇ 3_L (513 bp) GlyR ⁇ (732 bp) and gephyrin (573 bp) were cloned into the pCR II topo vector (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) and used for transcription in vitro .
- the complementary strands for the sense and antisense probes were transcribed in the presence of digoxigenin-labeled mix (DIG; Roche Diagnostics) from either the SP6 or the T7 promoter site.
- DIG digoxigenin-labeled mix
- DIG-labeled antisense or sense samples were diluted in hybridization solution containing 25% microrarray hybridization buffer (Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany), 25% nuclease-free water, and 50% formamide. Hybridization was carried out at 55 ° C. overnight. The subsequent washing and detection steps were carried out as described, cf. Knipper et al. (1999), Distinct thyroid hormone-dependent expression of TrKB and p75NGFR in nonneuronal cells during the critical TH-dependent period of the cochlea, J. Neurobiol. 38: 338-356; Knipper et al. (2000, supra). Each hybridization was done in at least three different animals of the indicated age. 1.5 Fluorescent immunohistochemistry
- the middle ear is surgically opened: A small opening behind the eardrum allows access to the round window of the cochlea, in the massive bone of the bony labyrinth the only non-traumatic access to the inner ear.
- a silver wire electrode with silver pebbles melted is carefully positioned on the membrane of the round window, secured with tissue adhesive and the opening sealed with dental cement.
- the silver wire is passed through the skin in the neck of the animal and can be connected directly to the measurements and the electrophysiology amplifier.
- the direct electrical access through the CAP electrode allows the direct, largely interference-free derivation of the sum responses of the auditory nerves to acoustic stimulation.
- the arousal formation in the inner hair cells (IHCs) as summation potentials (SP) and the excitation formation in the outer hair cells (COH) as cochlear microphone potentials (CM) can be measured.
- a gelatinous carrier substance (Geleter, Braun) was carefully inserted into the round window after an initial control measurement in the round window. and soaked with 5-10 ⁇ l of the glycine receptor agonist taurine 10 mM fc and the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine 50 mM fc.
- the transcripts of GlyR ⁇ 3 (512 bp), GlyR ⁇ (732 bp) and gephyrin (573 bp) from the rat cochlea were amplified at Pl 4 ( Figure 1, P 14).
- ⁇ -actin (655 bp) was used as a housekeeping gene.
- the GlyR ⁇ 3 primers were designed to detect potential splice variants according to the isoforms of the subunits GLRA3 short (GlyR ⁇ 3_K) and GLRA3 long (GlyR ⁇ 3_L) in humans.
- the RT-PCR from the adult cochlea (> P21) gave a double band for the GlyR ⁇ 3 transcripts, indicated by arrows in Fig.
- Glra3 from rat and GLRA3 from humans with the "ensemble automatic gene annotation" system revealed highly conserved exon-intron boundaries
- the 45 bp deletion in G / r ⁇ 3_rn_K corresponds to the missing exon 9 (45 bp ) of the human cDNA Sequence of GLRA3_K ( Figure 2c, exon 9).
- the two G / ra3 transcripts amplified from the rat cochlea showed the features of the previously described human GLRA3 short ( ⁇ 3_K) and long ( ⁇ 3_L) splice variants and are therefore referred to below as GlyR ⁇ 3_K and GlyR ⁇ 3_L.
- the GlyR ⁇ 3 and gephyrin proteins should be visualized using a monoclonal antibody mAb4a, which recognizes all GlyR ⁇ subunits, a GlyR ⁇ 3-specific polyclonal antibody and a monoclonal antibody to hairpin cell anchor protein gephyrin.
- mAb4a directed against a common N-terminal epitope of the GlyR ⁇ l-4 subunits detected weak punctate signals below the inner hair cells as shown for the apical and central basilar arch of the cochlea in rat sections at P8 (FIG. Fig. 5a, b).
- P8 no protein could be detected for the GlyR ⁇ protein at the level of the outer hair cells.
- gephyrin polypeptides could not be detected, neither in decalcified nor in undecalcified tissue.
- whole-heat immunochemistry was used to circumvent the decalcification of the samples and to improve protein detection. Only positive results were obtained for the GlyR ⁇ 3-specific antibody.
- GlyR ⁇ 3 protein on rat OHC> P21 The expression of GlyR ⁇ 3 protein on rat OHC> P21 is shown in FIG.
- a signal was detected in the three levels of OHC ( Figure 6a, d, solid arrows).
- the nuclei of the OHC were labeled with DAPI ( Figure 6b, c, e, f) and the nerve fibers terminating at the OHC were stained with an antibody against NF200 ( Figure 6a-f, filled arrowhead).
- Typical clusters of GIy R ⁇ 3 protein were located at the cell membrane of OHC in close proximity to NF200-positive nerve endings ( Figures 6c, d, f). Elimination of the primary antibodies did not give any signals (data not shown).
- the glycine receptor agonist taurine inhibits the characteristic tinnitus upregulation of the activity of the auditory nerve
- the CAP amplitudes continue to increase monotonically after local application (LA) of strychnine, as the inhibition of the auditory nerve neurons, which usually begins at high volume levels, does not occur. This means overexcitation at high volume levels; Fig. 7a.
- the CAP amplitudes increase more slowly after taurine local application (LA), as the inactive glycinerergic (inhibitory) neurons usually at low levels are activated by taurine and inhibit the auditory nerve. This means an inhibition at low and medium volumes.
- the glycinergen neurons are activated in any case, so there is an overlap of the CAP amplitude function here, at least over a limited volume range.
- glycine receptors and the anchor protein gephyrin were detected in the rat cochlea and their distribution was analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. It has been demonstrated that glycine receptor agonists can be used to treat phantom phenomena such as acute tinnitus.
- transcripts of GlyR ⁇ 3, GlyR ⁇ and gephyrin were detected neither in the analyzed postnatal nor in mature stages (see FIG. 1).
- GlyR ⁇ 3 transcripts were detected in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, the auditory brainstem, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of adult rodents.
- GlyR ⁇ 3 transcripts were detected in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, the auditory brainstem, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of adult rodents.
- Increasing evidence for expression of GlyR ⁇ 3 in brain regions associated with sensory processing suggests a crucial role for GlyR ⁇ 3 in sensory integration. This understanding is supported by the detection of GlyR ⁇ 3 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where it has been identified as a key factor in the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the brain.
- GlyR ⁇ 3 At the level of the auditory brainstem, glycine receptors in the central sensory see processing of acoustic signals, including lateral inhibition and localization of noise sources a crucial role.
- the identification of GlyR ⁇ 3 in the rat cochlea further supports the concept of GlyR ⁇ 3 as the "sensory" variant of the GlyR ⁇ subunit. To date, it is not understood how the specific kinetics of GlyR ⁇ 3 are related to this role. Recombinant GlyR ⁇ 3 channels show fast kinetics, but have a lower affinity for glycine than GlyR ⁇ l channels.
- the inventors detected GlyR ⁇ 3 splice variants in the rat cochlea corresponding to the human isoforms GlyR ⁇ 3_K and GlyR ⁇ 3_L (see Figure 2). So far, alterant splicing of GlyR ⁇ 3 mRNA has been described only for humans and mice.
- the short GlyR ⁇ 3_K isoform lacks the 45 bp stretch of exon 9, corresponding to a loss of 15 amino acids in the channel protein. Recombinant ion channels of the two splice variants show different channel kinetics.
- the long GlyR ⁇ 3_L isoform shows a higher affinity for glycine and desensitizes much more slowly and to a lesser extent than GlyR ⁇ 3_K.
- the screening of cells of the cochlea for a possible differential subcellular distribution of the GlyR ⁇ 3 isoforms might be useful to further elucidate the role of these splice variants.
- electrophysiological recordings of native glycine receptors in isolated hair cells and of recombinant cochlear GlyR ⁇ 3_K and GlyR ⁇ 3_L channels may be useful for characterizing the channel properties of glycine receptor isoforms in the cochlea and for understanding their specific roles in hearing.
- GlyR ⁇ transcripts were detected in the rat cochlea by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. To date, it is unclear whether native GlyR ⁇ 3 channels form ⁇ 3 homopentamers or ⁇ 3 ⁇ heteropentamers. Further investigations are needed to assess the molecular composition of glycine receptors in the cochineal enlighten lea. Presumably, by binding to the ß-subunit, gephyrin anchors the cochlear glycine receptors in the cytoskeleton and is critical for the postsynaptic clustering of glycine receptors, as previously described for the central nervous system and retina.
- gephyrin in areas that have largely no glycinergen synapses, is already described for the CNS and the retina of rodents. There is increasing evidence that gephyrin is involved in these areas in postsynaptic clustering of GABAA receptors. While it is necessary to examine in more detail the expression of gephyrin transcripts in IHC, it is of considerable interest to consider a role of gephyrin as an anchor protein for an IHC-specific ion channel.
- transcripts of GlyR ⁇ l-4, GlyR ⁇ , and gephyrin were detected in specific retinal cell types at both the mRNA and protein level, suggesting that glycine-rich currents may be involved in the processing of visual information in the outer retina play.
- the detection of glycine receptors in the cochlea supports the concept of a modulatory role of glycergic neurotransmission in the peripheral sensory organs.
- GlyR mRNA and protein in the cochlea leads to the conclusion that the inhibitory glycine receptors and gephyrin are target molecules of the efferent oliviocochlear bundle.
- Lateral oliviocochlear (LOC) bundle The efferent system LOC modulates auditory nerve excitability and balances interaural sensitivity.
- ACh, GABA, dopamine and CGRP were identified as transmitters of the LOC system.
- IHC are initially contacted by oliviocochlear efferent fibers prior to onset of hearing. In the adult cochlea, these efferent fibers directly contact OHC and form axosomatic synapses with the afferent dendrites below the IHC. Therefore, it is believed that the putative inhibitory receptors are localized by efferent transmitters at the time of axosomatic synapse formation.
- GlyR ⁇ 3, GlyR ⁇ and gephyrin in adult cochlear SG neurons (see Figure 3) and detected GlyR ⁇ 3 protein at the level of IHC of neurofilament positive putative afferent fibers (see Figure 5).
- GIy R ⁇ 3 protein was localized at the base of IHC prior to onset of hearing.
- the dot-like staining pattern not only indicated the characteristic GlyR clusters in the cell membrane, it also reminds the localization of the SK2 channel protein in IHC at the same time.
- SK2 proteins it is believed that these efferent controls, mediated by nicotinic cholinergic receptors (ACh ⁇ , ⁇ 10), pass on to IHC at this early stage of development.
- the inventors have recognized that the glycine receptor in the cochlea is of great clinical and scientific interest. Specifically, it has been found that phantom phenomena such as acute tinnitus and phantom pain are treatable by glycine receptor agonist stimulation of the glycine receptors in the cochlea.
- Medial oliviocochlear (MOC) bundle It is possible that inhibitory GIyR in OHC is involved in efferent signaling of the MOC bundle. After the onset of hearing, nerve fibers of the MOC system contact the basolateral end of OHC with axosomatic synapses.
- the MOC bundle works as a noise-evoked feedback loop that reduces the OHC's contribution to cochlear amplification and protects the inner tube from acoustic trauma. So far, ACh and GABA have been identified as inhibitory transmitters of the MOC system.
- WO 2006/079476 showed a direct correlation of the altered increased expression of BDNF in the periphery of the cochlea with the induction of tinnitus.
- the increased expression of BDNF in the periphery of the cochlea is accompanied by down-regulation of the cortical plasticity gene Arg3.1 / Arc; see. Tan et al. (2007), Tinnitus behavior and hearing function correlate with the reciprocal expression patterns of BDNF and Arg3.1 / arc in auditory neurons following acoustic trauma, Neuroscience 145 (2): 715-726.
- the inventors have now discovered a completely new inhibitory transmitter, glycine, in the inner ear.
- the glycine receptors GlyR ⁇ 3, GlyR ⁇ and the anchor protein gephyrin could be detected in the adult cochlea below the IHC and in OHCs.
- the expression locus of the glycine receptors below the inner hair cells (IHC) shows that, analogous to the GABAergic feedback loop, glycine is released from the medial upper oligo complex (MOC) in the brain stem ( Figure 9b) and is typically inhibitory to the afferents of the IHCs acts.
- MOC medial upper oligo complex
- An excitocytosis caused by a tinnitus-inducing trauma (too much glutamate) or a dislocation of the inhibiting "balancing" efferent input leads to the already described hyperpolarization of the auditory nerve or to an increase of the BDNF level in spiral ganglia.
- the increase in BDNF expression represents the primary trigger for the induction of tinnitus, which bridges the pathophysiological change in nerve activity in the central auditory system via the pathological transport of the BDNF protein in the auditory nerve to the first synapse in the brain stem ,
- BDNF acts on the first postsynapses of the first central auditory switching station in the brain stem, the synapses in the ventral and dorsal nucleus of the cochlear nerve.
- the tinnitus-associated increase in BDNF in the spiral ganglia may be directly involved in the increase in activity in the dorsal and ventral nucleus of the cochlear and inferior colliculus, apparently via a detectable increase in inhibitory transmitters, such as GABA, the subsequent reduction of Arg3.1 / Arc in the auditory cortex.
- inhibitory transmitters such as GABA
- This is accompanied by a reduction of field potentials in the auditory cortex, an indication of a reduced thalamo-cortical input; see. Fig. 9a.
- a reduction of Arg3.1 / Arc in the auditory cortex could directly explain the hyperpolarization or excitocytosis of cortical neurons already proven in various studies with tinnitus in humans and animals.
- GABA receptor agonists would be effective in this model as glycine receptor agonists.
- glycine receptor agonists like GABA receptor agonists, correct for a pathological increase in BDNF levels.
- glycine receptor agonists just like GABA agonists, correct the reduction in cortical expression of Arg3.1 / Arc and thus counteract pathophysiological reorganization of cortical projections and tinnitus; see. Fig. 9b.
- a tinnitus-associated acute increase in BDNF levels in the cochlea can be counteracted directly and locally by agonists of an inhibitory factor, such as GABA receptor agonists and glycine receptor agonists, on the auditory nerves.
- an inhibitory factor such as GABA receptor agonists and glycine receptor agonists
- a curative avoidance of an increase of BDNF in the auditory nerve leads according to findings of the inventors to avoid a pathophysiological reorganization of cortical projections, which in the animal model by a reduction Arg3.1 / Are expression in cortical neurons is reflected with increased EPSP.
Abstract
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DE102007063210A DE102007063210A1 (de) | 2007-12-20 | 2007-12-20 | Arzneimittel zur Behandlung von Phantomphänomenen |
PCT/EP2008/010759 WO2009080268A1 (de) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-12-17 | Arzneimittel zur behandlung von phantomphänomenen |
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US10071083B2 (en) | 2017-02-03 | 2018-09-11 | Ovid Therapeutics Inc | Use of gaboxadol in the treatment of tinnitus |
GB2571696B (en) | 2017-10-09 | 2020-05-27 | Compass Pathways Ltd | Large scale method for the preparation of Psilocybin and formulations of Psilocybin so produced |
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DE10124953A1 (de) | 2001-05-21 | 2002-12-12 | Marlies Knipper | Substanz für die therapeutische Behandlung von Tinnitus |
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