EP2173504A1 - Profile-rolling machine - Google Patents

Profile-rolling machine

Info

Publication number
EP2173504A1
EP2173504A1 EP08801517A EP08801517A EP2173504A1 EP 2173504 A1 EP2173504 A1 EP 2173504A1 EP 08801517 A EP08801517 A EP 08801517A EP 08801517 A EP08801517 A EP 08801517A EP 2173504 A1 EP2173504 A1 EP 2173504A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
profile
rolling
carriage
jaw
machine according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08801517A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2173504B1 (en
Inventor
Ernst Walter Menn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
E W Menn GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
E W Menn GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by E W Menn GmbH and Co KG filed Critical E W Menn GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP2173504A1 publication Critical patent/EP2173504A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2173504B1 publication Critical patent/EP2173504B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H3/00—Making helical bodies or bodies having parts of helical shape
    • B21H3/02—Making helical bodies or bodies having parts of helical shape external screw-threads ; Making dies for thread rolling
    • B21H3/06—Making by means of profiled members other than rolls, e.g. reciprocating flat dies or jaws, moved longitudinally or curvilinearly with respect to each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H5/00—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms
    • B21H5/02—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls
    • B21H5/027—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls by rolling using reciprocating flat dies, e.g. racks

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a profile rolling machine for rolling a profile, in particular a thread, in a blank.
  • Such profile rolling machines are z. B. from German Utility Model DE 8124426 U1 known.
  • the profile rolling machine disclosed therein has a first profiled rolling jaw and a second profiled rolling jaw, which can be moved back and forth relative to one another in order to roll the profile into the blank.
  • the lubricant between the sliding mating prevents so-called galling when the carriage is running in the guide.
  • the present invention seeks to further develop a known roll forming machine and in particular their sliding between carriage and guideway so that it is much less sensitive both in terms of their wear and in terms of their lubricating behavior than previously known profile rolling machines ,
  • a profile rolling machine is characterized in that the databases and / or Schlittengleitplatten are at least partially made of ceramic or a non-metallic material or coated therewith.
  • the claimed materials for the searchesgleitplatten and / or Schlittengleitplatten is advantageously achieved that the pairing thus formed is both much less susceptible to wear as well as from their lubricating behavior ago much less sensitive.
  • the claimed use of the materials also permits the use of a closed lubrication system that can be used over and over again with lubricants. This saves costs and protects the environment.
  • the inventively designed profile rolling machine is less sensitive to the ingress of dirt due to the high hardness of the materials.
  • the sliding pairing designed according to the invention also makes it possible to use a combined cooling and lubricating medium, ie a medium which fulfills both a cooling function and a lubricating function. light.
  • the use of such a combined medium has the advantage that not both a cooling circuit and a lubricant circuit must be provided, but that only one cycle is required, which in turn costs can be saved.
  • costs can be saved if the guide sliding plates and / or the slide sliding plates are not formed completely, but only with one or more inserts or a coating of the claimed materials.
  • the second profile rolling jaw is exchangeably attached to the carriage as a wearing part.
  • both profiled rolling jaws can be moved.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a guide rail according to the invention with a carriage according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a guideway 130 according to the invention, in which a carriage 124 is mounted so as to be movable back and forth. The back and forth process takes place in the direction of the double arrow.
  • the carriage 124 has a recess 125 into which a second profiled rolling jaw 126 can be exchangeably used as a wearing part.
  • the guideway 130 has preferably large-area guide sliding plates 132, which together with Schlittengleitplatten 122 on the carriage 124 form a sliding pair.
  • the guide sliding plates 132 and / or the slide sliding plates 122 are at least partially made of or coated with ceramic or a non-metallic material.
  • FIG. 2 shows the functional principle of the profile rolling machine, wherein a first profile rolling jaw 110 and the second profile rolling jaw 126 are moved back and forth relative to one another in order to roll in a profile, in particular a thread, in a blank 200 existing between them.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bearings For Parts Moving Linearly (AREA)
  • Machine Tool Units (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a profile-rolling machine for rolling a profile in a blank, wherein the profile-rolling machine has a first and a second profile-rolling jaw. The second profile-rolling jaw (126) is guided-held by a carriage (124)-in a guide track (130) relative to the first profile-rolling jaw (110) for the purpose of rolling the profile into the blank. The carriage (124) has a carriage slide plate (122) and the guide track (130) has a guide slide plate (132). The two slide plates together form a sliding pairing and slide on each other. In order to render said sliding pairing less susceptible to dirty lubricant and less susceptible to wear, it is proposed according to the invention to manufacture the guide slide plate (132) and/or the carriage slide plate (122) at least partially from ceramic or from a non-metallic material or to coat the same with such materials.

Description

Profilwalzmaschine Profile rolling machine
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Profilwalzmaschine zum Walzen eines Profils, insbesondere eines Gewindes, in einen Rohling.The invention relates to a profile rolling machine for rolling a profile, in particular a thread, in a blank.
Derartige Profilwalzmaschinen sind z. B. aus der deutschen Gebrauchsmusterschrift DE 8124426 U1 bekannt. Die dort offenbarte Profilwalzmaschine weist eine erste Profilwalzbacke und eine zweite Profilwalzbacke auf, welche relativ zueinander hin und her verfahrbar sind, um das Profil in den Rohling einzuwalzen.Such profile rolling machines are z. B. from German Utility Model DE 8124426 U1 known. The profile rolling machine disclosed therein has a first profiled rolling jaw and a second profiled rolling jaw, which can be moved back and forth relative to one another in order to roll the profile into the blank.
Bekannte Weiterentwicklungen derartiger Profilwalzmaschinen verfügen über eine Führungsbahn, in welcher ein Schlitten mit der zweiten Profilwalzbacke zum Einwalzen des Profils in den Rohling geführt und hin und her verfahrbar ist. Der Schlitten wie auch die Führungsbahn sind dabei jeweils mit eigenen Gleitplatten, nachfolgend Schlittengleitplatten und Führungsgleitplatten genannt, ausgebildet, welche zusammen eine Gleitpaarung bilden. Beim Verfahren des Schlittens mit der zweiten Profilwalzbacke in der Führungsbahn gleiten die Schlittengleitplatten und die Führungsgleitplatten aufeinander, typischerweise mit einem dazwischen befindlichen Schmiermittel.Known developments of such profile rolling machines have a guideway in which a carriage with the second profile rolling jaw is guided for rolling in the profile in the blank and moved back and forth. The carriage as well as the guideway are each called with their own sliding plates, hereinafter called slide sliding plates and guide sliding plates, which together form a sliding pair. In the method of sliding the second profiled rolling jaw in the track, the carriage sliding plates and the guide sliding plates slide on each other, typically with a lubricant therebetween.
Das Schmiermittel zwischen der Gleitpaarung verhindert ein so genanntes Fressen, wenn der Schlitten in der Führung läuft.The lubricant between the sliding mating prevents so-called galling when the carriage is running in the guide.
Die Problematik bei derzeitig verwendeten Gleitpaarungen, typischerweise Spezi- albronze für die Schlittengleitplatten und eine Nitrierung der Führungsgleitplatten, liegt darin, dass bei einer derartigen Gleitpaarung das Gleiten nur mit einem sor-The problem with currently used sliding pairings, typically special bronze for the slide sliding plates and nitriding of the guide sliding plates, lies in the fact that with such a sliding pairing, sliding is only possible with one sliding contact.
BESTATIGUNGSKOPIE tenreinen Schmierstoff funktioniert und gegen das Eindringen von Schmutz relativ empfindlich ist. Dies hat den Nachteil, dass die verwendeten Schmierstoffe in einem geschlossenen System gesammelt, gereinigt und zurückgeführt werden müssen, was sehr aufwendig und teuer ist, oder in einem offenen Schmiersystem verloren gehen.BESTATIGUNGSKOPIE Ten-grade lubricant works and is relatively sensitive to the ingress of dirt. This has the disadvantage that the lubricants used must be collected, cleaned and recycled in a closed system, which is very complicated and expensive, or lost in an open lubrication system.
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine bekannte Profilwalzmaschine und insbesondere deren Gleitpaarung zwischen Schlitten und Führungsbahn dahingehend weiterzubilden, dass sie sowohl im Hinblick auf ihren Verschleiß als auch im Hinblick auf ihr Schmierverhalten wesentlich unempfindlicher wird als bei bisher bekannten Profilwalzmaschinen.Based on this prior art, the present invention seeks to further develop a known roll forming machine and in particular their sliding between carriage and guideway so that it is much less sensitive both in terms of their wear and in terms of their lubricating behavior than previously known profile rolling machines ,
Diese Aufgabe wird durch den Gegenstand des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Demnach ist eine erfindungsgemäße Profilwalzmaschine dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungsgleitplatten und / oder die Schlittengleitplatten zumindest teilweise aus Keramik oder einem Nicht-metallischen Werkstoff gefertigt oder damit beschichtet sind.This object is solved by the subject matter of patent claim 1. Accordingly, a profile rolling machine according to the invention is characterized in that the Führungsgleitplatten and / or Schlittengleitplatten are at least partially made of ceramic or a non-metallic material or coated therewith.
Durch die Verwendung der beanspruchten Werkstoffe für die Führungsgleitplatten und / oder die Schlittengleitplatten wird vorteilhafterweise erreicht, dass die so gebildete Gleitpaarung sowohl wesentlich weniger verschleißanfällig als auch von ihrem Schmierverhalten her wesentlich unempfindlicher ist. Insbesondere gestattet die beanspruchte Verwendung der Materialien auch die Verwendung eines geschlossenen Schmiersystems, bei dem Schmierstoffe immer wieder verwendet werden können. Das spart Kosten und schont die Umwelt. Außerdem ist die erfindungsgemäß ausgebildete Profilwalzmaschine aufgrund der großen Härte der Materialien unempfindlicher gegen das Eindringen von Schmutz. Schließlich sei herausgestellt, dass die erfindungsgemäß ausgebildete Gleitpaarung auch die Verwendung eines kombinierten Kühl- und Schmiermediums, d. h. eines Mediums, welches sowohl eine Kühlfunktion wie auch eine Schmierfunktion erfüllt, ermög- licht. Die Verwendung eines solchen kombinierten Mediums hat den Vorteil, dass nicht sowohl ein Kühlkreislauf wie auch ein Schmiermittelkreislauf vorgesehen werden muss, sondern dass nur ein Kreislauf erforderlich ist, wodurch wiederum Kosten eingespart werden können.By using the claimed materials for the Führungsgleitplatten and / or Schlittengleitplatten is advantageously achieved that the pairing thus formed is both much less susceptible to wear as well as from their lubricating behavior ago much less sensitive. In particular, the claimed use of the materials also permits the use of a closed lubrication system that can be used over and over again with lubricants. This saves costs and protects the environment. In addition, the inventively designed profile rolling machine is less sensitive to the ingress of dirt due to the high hardness of the materials. Finally, it should be pointed out that the sliding pairing designed according to the invention also makes it possible to use a combined cooling and lubricating medium, ie a medium which fulfills both a cooling function and a lubricating function. light. The use of such a combined medium has the advantage that not both a cooling circuit and a lubricant circuit must be provided, but that only one cycle is required, which in turn costs can be saved.
Gemäß einem ersten Ausführungsbeispiel können Kosten eingespart werden, wenn die Führungsgleitplatten und / oder die Schlittengleitplatten nicht vollständig, sondern nur mit einem oder mehreren Einsätzen oder einer Beschichtung aus den beanspruchten Materialien ausgebildet sind.According to a first embodiment, costs can be saved if the guide sliding plates and / or the slide sliding plates are not formed completely, but only with one or more inserts or a coating of the claimed materials.
Vorteilhafterweise ist die zweite Profilwalzbacke als Verschleißteil an dem Schlitten auswechselbar befestigt.Advantageously, the second profile rolling jaw is exchangeably attached to the carriage as a wearing part.
Wenn der Schlitten in einer Schwalbenschwanznut oder einer T-Nut ähnlichen Führung entlang der Führungsbahn geführt ist, hat dies den Vorteil, dass der Schlitten und damit auch die zweite Profilwalzbacke während des Hin- und Herverfahrens auch quer zur Führungsbahn stabilisiert geführt ist.If the carriage is guided in a dovetail groove or a T-groove-like guide along the guide track, this has the advantage that the slide and thus also the second profile roll jaw is also guided stabilized transversely to the guideway during the to and fro process.
Zur Realisierung der Relativbewegung zwischen der ersten Profilwalzbacke und der zweiten Profilwalzbacke zum Einwalzen des Profils in den Rohling können grundsätzlich beide Profilwalzbacken bewegt werden. Es ist jedoch völlig ausreichend, die erste Profilwalzbacke und / oder die Führungsbahn ortsfest, vorzugsweise an der Profilwalzmaschine zu befestigen.In order to realize the relative movement between the first profiled rolling jaw and the second profiled rolling jaw for rolling the profile into the blank, in principle both profiled rolling jaws can be moved. However, it is quite sufficient to fix the first profile rolling jaw and / or the guide track, preferably to be attached to the profile rolling machine.
Die Verwendung eines Schmiermittels zwischen der Gleitpaarung vermindert vorteilhafterweise den Reibungswiderstand zwischen dieser. Notfalls kann die Gleitpaarung jedoch auch ohne spezielle Schmiermittel, insbesondere bei Verwendung der beanspruchten Materialien verwendet werden. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.The use of a lubricant between the sliding pair advantageously reduces the frictional resistance therebetween. However, if necessary, the sliding combination can also be used without special lubricants, in particular when using the claimed materials. Further advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims.
Der Beschreibung sind zwei Figuren beigefügt, wobeiThe description is attached to two figures, wherein
Figur 1 eine perspektivische Ansicht einer erfindungsgemäßen Führungsschiene mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Schlitten; undFigure 1 is a perspective view of a guide rail according to the invention with a carriage according to the invention; and
Figur 2 die erste und zweite ProfilwalzbackeFigure 2, the first and second profile rolling jaw
zeigt.shows.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf die genannten Figuren in Form von einem Ausführungsbeispiel detailliert beschrieben.The invention will be described in detail below with reference to the said figures in the form of an embodiment.
Figur 1 zeigt eine erfindungsgemäße Führungsbahn 130, in welcher ein Schlitten 124 hin- und her verfahrbar gelagert ist. Das Hin- und Herverfahren erfolgt in Richtung des Doppelpfeiles. Der Schlitten 124 weist eine Aussparung 125 auf, in welche eine zweite Profilwalzbacke 126 als Verschleißteil auswechselbar eingesetzt werden kann. Die Führungsbahn 130 verfügt über vorzugsweise großflächige Führungsgleitplatten 132, welche zusammen mit Schlittengleitplatten 122 an dem Schlitten 124 eine Gleitpaarung bilden. Erfindungsgemäß sind die Führungsgleitplatten 132 und / oder die Schlittengleitplatten 122 zumindest teilweise aus Keramik oder einem nicht-metallischen Werkstoff gefertigt oder damit beschichtet. Die daraus resultierenden Vorteile sind oben beschrieben.FIG. 1 shows a guideway 130 according to the invention, in which a carriage 124 is mounted so as to be movable back and forth. The back and forth process takes place in the direction of the double arrow. The carriage 124 has a recess 125 into which a second profiled rolling jaw 126 can be exchangeably used as a wearing part. The guideway 130 has preferably large-area guide sliding plates 132, which together with Schlittengleitplatten 122 on the carriage 124 form a sliding pair. According to the invention, the guide sliding plates 132 and / or the slide sliding plates 122 are at least partially made of or coated with ceramic or a non-metallic material. The resulting advantages are described above.
Figur 2 zeigt das Funktionsprinzip der Profilwalzmaschine, wobei eine erste Profilwalzbacke 110 und die zweite Profilwalzbacke 126 relativ zueinander hin und her verfahren werden, um in einen zwischen ihnen vorhandenen Rohling 200 ein Profil, insbesondere ein Gewinde einzuwalzen. FIG. 2 shows the functional principle of the profile rolling machine, wherein a first profile rolling jaw 110 and the second profile rolling jaw 126 are moved back and forth relative to one another in order to roll in a profile, in particular a thread, in a blank 200 existing between them.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Profilwalzmaschine zum Walzen eines Profils in einen Rohling (200) , wobei die Profilwalzmaschine aufweist: eine erste Profilwalzbacke (110); eine zweite Profilwalzbacke (126); einen Schlitten (124) zur Halterung der zweiten Profilwalzbacke (126), wobei der Schlitten mindestens eine Schlittengleitplatte (122) aufweist; und eine Führungsbahn (130) mit mindestens einer Führungsgleitplatte (132), auf welcher der Schlitten (124) mit seiner der Führungsgleitplatte (132) gegenüberliegenden Schlittengleitplatte (122) und der zweiten Profilwalzbacke (126) zum Einwalzen des Profils in den Rohling relativ zu der ersten Profilwalzbacke (110) hin und her verfahrbar ist; dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungsgleitplatte (132) und/oder die Schlittengleitplatte (122) zumindest teilweise aus Keramik oder einem nicht-metallischen Werkstoff gefertigt sind.A profile rolling machine for rolling a profile into a blank (200), the profile rolling machine comprising: a first profile rolling jaw (110); a second profile roll jaw (126); a carriage (124) for supporting the second profiled rolling jaw (126), the carriage having at least one carriage slide plate (122); and a guideway (130) having at least one guide slide plate (132) on which the carriage (124) with its slide slide plate (122) opposite the guide slide plate (132) and the second roll forming jaw (126) for rolling the profile into the blank relative to the slide first profile rolling jaw (110) is movable back and forth; characterized in that the Führungsgleitplatte (132) and / or Schlittengleitplatte (122) are at least partially made of ceramic or a non-metallic material.
2. Profilwalzmaschine nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungsgleitplatte (132) und/oder die Schlittengleitplatte (122) vollständig aus der Keramik oder dem nicht-metallischen Werkstoff gefertigt sind oder einen oder mehrere Einsätze aus einem dieser Materialien aufweisen oder mit einem dieser Materialien beschichtet sind.2. Rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the Führungsgleitplatte (132) and / or Schlittengleitplatte (122) are made entirely of ceramic or non-metallic material or one or more inserts of one of these materials or with one of these Materials are coated.
3. Profilwalzmaschine nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nur einzelne Streifen, vorzugsweise Längsstreifen in Richtung des Hin- und Herverfahrens aus der Keramik oder dem nicht-metallischen Werkstoff auf der Führungsgleitplatte (132) oder der Schlittengleitplatte (122) ausgebildet sind. 3. roll forming machine according to claim 2, characterized in that only individual strips, preferably longitudinal strips in the direction of the back and forth of the ceramic or non-metallic material on the Führungsgleitplatte (132) or Schlittengleitplatte (122) are formed.
4. Profilwalzmaschine nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Profilwalzbacke (126) auswechselbar in / an dem Schlitten (124) befestigt ist.4. roll forming machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second profiled rolling jaw (126) replaceable in / on the carriage (124) is fixed.
5. Profilwalzmaschine nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungsbahn (130) als Schwalbenschwanznut (133) und der darin geführte Schlitten (124) als Schwalbenschwanz ausgebildet ist.5. Profile rolling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guide track (130) is designed as a dovetail groove (133) and guided therein slide (124) as a dovetail.
6. Profilwalzmaschine nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Profilwalzbacke (110) und/oder die Führungsbahn (130) ortsfest, vorzugsweise an der Profilwalzmaschine, angeordnet sind.6. Profile rolling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first profile rolling jaw (110) and / or the guide track (130) stationary, preferably on the roll forming machine, are arranged.
7. Profilwalzmaschine nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch ein Schmiermittel, vorzugsweise in Kombination mit einem Kühlmittel, zwischen der Führungsgleitplatte (132) und der Schlittengleitplatte (122).7. Profile rolling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a lubricant, preferably in combination with a coolant, between the Führungsgleitplatte (132) and the Schlittengleitplatte (122).
8. Profilwalzmaschine nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Schlitten, die Schlittengleitplatte und die zweite Profilwalzbacke (126) zumindest teilweise einstückig ausgebildet sind.8. roll forming machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the carriage, the Schlittengleitplatte and the second profile rolling jaw (126) are at least partially formed in one piece.
9. Profilwalzmaschine nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Führungsbahn (130) und die Führungsgleitplatte (132) einstückig ausgebildet sind. 9. roll forming machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guideway (130) and the Führungsgleitplatte (132) are integrally formed.
EP08801517A 2007-08-07 2008-08-05 Profile-rolling machine Active EP2173504B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007037152 2007-08-07
PCT/EP2008/006423 WO2009018992A1 (en) 2007-08-07 2008-08-05 Profile-rolling machine

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2173504A1 true EP2173504A1 (en) 2010-04-14
EP2173504B1 EP2173504B1 (en) 2010-10-20

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US (1) US8468863B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2173504B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE485118T1 (en)
DE (1) DE502008001609D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2354520T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2009018992A1 (en)

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ES2354520T3 (en) 2011-03-15
WO2009018992A1 (en) 2009-02-12
US20100175451A1 (en) 2010-07-15
US8468863B2 (en) 2013-06-25
DE502008001609D1 (en) 2010-12-02
ATE485118T1 (en) 2010-11-15
EP2173504B1 (en) 2010-10-20

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