EP2166198A2 - Verfahren zur Regelung der Ein- und Auslassventilsteuerung einer Brennkraftmaschine, bei welcher zumindest ein Zylinder abgeschaltet werden kann und Motor, der nach diesem Verfahren betrieben wird - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Regelung der Ein- und Auslassventilsteuerung einer Brennkraftmaschine, bei welcher zumindest ein Zylinder abgeschaltet werden kann und Motor, der nach diesem Verfahren betrieben wird Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2166198A2 EP2166198A2 EP09290661A EP09290661A EP2166198A2 EP 2166198 A2 EP2166198 A2 EP 2166198A2 EP 09290661 A EP09290661 A EP 09290661A EP 09290661 A EP09290661 A EP 09290661A EP 2166198 A2 EP2166198 A2 EP 2166198A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- rocker
- cylinder
- engine according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/36—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear peculiar to machines or engines of specific type other than four-stroke cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
- F01L1/181—Centre pivot rocking arms
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L13/00—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
- F01L13/0015—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for optimising engine performances by modifying valve lift according to various working parameters, e.g. rotational speed, load, torque
- F01L13/0036—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for optimising engine performances by modifying valve lift according to various working parameters, e.g. rotational speed, load, torque the valves being driven by two or more cams with different shape, size or timing or a single cam profiled in axial and radial direction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
- F02B75/021—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having six or more strokes per cycle
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/20—Control lever and linkage systems
- Y10T74/20576—Elements
- Y10T74/20882—Rocker arms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/21—Elements
- Y10T74/2101—Cams
- Y10T74/2107—Follower
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an internal combustion engine of the degraded operating type of at least one cylinder and to the use of such an engine for fable or medium load operation.
- the present invention aims to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks with a simple engine design and economical to further reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the temperature cylinders.
- the present invention relates to an internal combustion engine comprising at least one cylinder comprising intake means with an intake valve, exhaust means with a valve exhaust, and control means for opening / closing of the valves, said control means comprising control means and means for transmitting movement and effort between said control means and the valve to be controlled, characterized in that the means of transmission of movement and effort comprise a rocker arm with at least two disengageable rockers a soleplate controlling the movement of said valve.
- the control means may comprise a camshaft carrying cams cooperating with each rocker.
- One of the cams may comprise a cam profile cooperating with one of the rockers which is different from the cam profile of the other of the cams cooperating with the other rockers.
- the rocker arm may comprise means for alternating coupling between the sole and one or other of the rockers.
- the coupling means may comprise a jack with a piston provided with two rods cooperating to lock with said rockers.
- the piston rod can secure the rocker with the sole by cooperation with a hole carried by said rocker.
- the jack can be carried by the sole.
- the soleplate may preferably comprise a discharge of the fluid out of the jack.
- the rocker shaft may be a rotary shaft having a fluid supply channel said cylinder and a connecting channel in connection with a fluid discharge passage carried by the sole.
- the engine may comprise means for transmitting motion between the camshaft and the crankshaft of the engine with a transmission ratio for rotating said shaft at one-third of the rotational speed of said crankshaft and means for transmitting motion between the crankshaft.
- the present invention also relates to the use of such a motor, for operation, according to low or medium engine loads, with a cycle comprising at least two additional phases to the conventional phases of admission, compression, combustion 'a fuel mixture and exhaust gases.
- the internal combustion engine of the direct injection type of fuel, in particular a gasoline type engine, comprises at least one cylinder, here four cylinders referenced 10, 12, 14, 16 of which at least one of the cylinders can have a degraded operating mode for low or medium loads.
- Each cylinder contains a piston (not shown) sliding in a reciprocating rectilinear motion being connected to a crankshaft (symbolized by the center line 18).
- the piston thus defines with the cylinder a combustion chamber where the combustion of a fuel mixture can be achieved when the conditions of such a combustion are combined.
- This piston oscillates between a high position, called top dead center (TDC), for which the combustion chamber occupies a reduced volume and a low position, called bottom dead center (BDC), where the volume of the combustion chamber is the highest. important.
- TDC top dead center
- BDC bottom dead center
- the stroke of this piston between these two dead spots corresponds to a phase of operation.
- each cylinder comprises intake means 20 with at least one intake valve 22 controlling an intake manifold 24.
- the intake manifolds are connected to an intake manifold 26 which is connected to a fluid inlet 28, such as outside air.
- the outside air can be either air at ambient pressure or supercharged air, which is compressed by a turbocharger for example, before its introduction into the cylinders.
- This air at ambient pressure or supercharged can also be mixed with exhaust gas in the case of engine operation with exhaust gas recirculation EGR (EGR for Exhaust Gas Recirculation).
- EGR exhaust gas recirculation
- Each cylinder also comprises exhaust means 30 with at least one exhaust valve 32 controlling an exhaust manifold 34 connected to an exhaust manifold 36 connected to an exhaust line 38 for venting into the atmosphere the flue gases from the combustion of the fuel mixture in the cylinders.
- this line may include means for the depollution of these exhaust gases, such as catalysts, before their release into the atmosphere.
- each cylinder comprises fuel injection means (not shown) for producing a fuel mixture in the cylinder.
- the ignition of this fuel mixture can be achieved either by ignition means, such as a spark plug (also not shown), or by auto-ignition.
- control means are configured in such a way that, in combination with the fuel injection means and possibly the ignition means in the case of a spark ignition engine, the cylinders 10 to 16 can respond to the two illustrated operating configurations. to the Figures 2 and 3 .
- the cylinders 10 to 16 operate in a conventional cycle (C) of four phases during two crankshaft revolutions (T).
- This cycle comprises, during one turn, an intake phase (A) between the PMH and the PMB of the piston with a sequence of opening and closing of the intake valve 22, and a phase of compression (CP) between the PMB and the PMH of this piston, then, in a following turn, a combustion phase (CB) of the fuel mixture present in the cylinder from the PMH of the piston to its PMB, and an exhaust phase (E) burnt gases ranging from PMB to PMH with a sequence of opening / closing of the exhaust valve 32.
- CB combustion phase
- E exhaust phase
- At least one cylinder here the cylinder 10, operates in a degraded manner with a cycle (C ') of six phases for three turns (T) of crankshaft.
- C ' cycles
- These phases are divided into four previously mentioned phases (intake, compression, combustion and exhaust phases according to two laps) followed, for an additional revolution, by two additional phases: a relaxation phase (D) during which the Residual flue gases contained in the cylinder are expanded between the PMH and the PMB of the piston and a recompression (RC) phase of the burnt gases expanded with a piston stroke between the PMB to the PMH.
- D the Residual flue gases contained in the cylinder are expanded between the PMH and the PMB of the piston
- RC recompression
- the engine operates with all the cylinders that follow the four-phase cycle with more precisely one combustion phase every four phases, ie every two turns.
- it is expected to change the engine with all or part of the cylinders operating in degraded mode with a single combustion phase (CB) in a six-phase cycle on three crankshaft revolutions.
- CB combustion phase
- the remaining part of the cylinders operates in conventional mode.
- control means 40, the intake valve and the control means 42 of the exhaust valve comprise control means and means for transmitting movement and effort between these control means and the valve to control, regulate.
- control means make it possible to operate the cylinder in question, either in degraded mode or in conventional mode.
- control means 40 applied to the intake valve 22, but this description also applies to the control means 42 of the exhaust valve 32.
- control means comprises a rotary camshaft 44.
- This camshaft comprises a shaft 46 fixedly holding a first cam 48 and a second cam 50, spaced from each other, with different cam profiles 52, 54 and controlling the same valve.
- the means of transmission of movement and effort 56 between the control means 44 and the intake valve 22, symbolized by the circle dashed lines, include a rocker 58 pivoting about a rocker shaft 60 which is itself rotatable about its longitudinal axis. This rocker shaft is placed between the inlet valve 22 and the camshaft 44 being substantially parallel to this camshaft.
- the rocker arm includes a flat sole plate 62 of elongate profile having, in the vicinity of its end 66 closest to the camshaft, a bore 64 cooperating in sliding rotation with the rocker arm shaft and a contact zone 68 with the tail of the valve 22 near its other end 70.
- first rocker 72 and a second rocker 74 are also pivotally mounted on the rocker arm shaft 60 by means of a bore 76, 78 carried by the body 80, 82 of these rockers.
- the longitudinal dimensions of these rockers are such that one 84 of the ends of the first rocker 72 bears on the first cam 48 and one 86 of the ends of the second rocker 74 bears on the second cam 50.
- the other 88, 90 of these rocker ends comprise means of cooperation, here a first hole 92 and a second hole 94 substantially parallel to the rocker shaft, with coupling means 96 carried by the sole 62. These means are provided for coupling (or uncoupling) alternately, the first rocker 72 with the sole 62 or the second rocker 74 with the same sole.
- the coupling means comprise a jack 97, of hydraulic single-acting type, carried by the sole plate 62.
- This jack comprises a cavity 98, for example cylindrical with two vertical flanks 100, 102, placed in the body of the sole.
- This cavity continues, in the direction of the rockers and from the flanks, by holes 104, 106, preferably cylindrical and coaxial with the cavity, which are respectively facing holes 92, 94 being of the same radial dimension.
- a translational piston 108 preferably stepped, is housed in this cavity with a piston body 110 for delimiting two sealed chambers 112, 114, one of which 112 comprises an elastic means, such as a return spring 116.
- This body piston piston on both sides, a first rod 118 and a second rod 120 which cooperate with the holes 104, 106 and then with one or other of the holes 92, 94 of the rockers 72, 74.
- This passage also comprises a fluid circulation bypass 124 placing this passage in communication with the bore 64.
- a fluid evacuation passage 126 is also provided in the sole remote from the feed passage. This evacuation passage is advantageously placed between the bore 64 and the edge of the end 66 of the sole.
- the rocker shaft 60 internally comprises an axial channel for supplying pressurized fluid 128 with a radial inflow of fluid 130 in communication, from the periphery of this shaft, with an intake manifold 131 of fluid under pressure F
- This channel also comprises a fluid outlet 132 opening radially on the periphery of this shaft while being in concordance with the communication passage 122.
- the inlet 130 and the outlet 132 of the channel 128 as well as the housing 131 are dimensioned in such a way that they allow the supply of the chamber 114 during the entire rotation of a half turn of the rocker arm shaft. 60 from the figure 4 .
- This shaft also comprises a connecting channel 134 substantially radial and remote from the supply channel.
- This connecting channel comprises a radial bowl 136 continuing with a connecting passage 138 whose section cross section is substantially equal to the cross section of the evacuation passage 126.
- this channel is such that the cuvette can be in communication with the bypass 124 and the connecting passage may be in communication with the evacuation passage 126 for another half turn of the rocker shaft, as will be made explicit. in the following description.
- rocker shaft and the camshaft are kinematically connected in rotation by any transmission means, such as a gear train 140, so that the rocker arm shaft rotates at half the speed of rotation. the camshaft.
- This camshaft is conventionally controlled by the crankshaft 18 through a timing belt (or a chain, or a gear train) so that the rotational speed of this camshaft camshaft is one third of that of the crankshaft.
- the control means are initially in the configuration of the engine. figure 4 .
- the pressurized fluid F is introduced by the housing 131 into the inlet 130. This fluid flows in the channel 128 to reach the outlet 132 and is then passed through the communication passage 122 into the chamber 114. This pressurized fluid fills the 114 chamber by pushing the piston 108 to the right (considering this figure) while compressing the spring 116.
- the first rod 118 of this piston cooperates with the hole 92 of the first rocker 72 and the second rod 120 has released the hole 94 of the second rocker 74.
- the rotation of this cam makes it possible to generate the tilting of the sole assembly 62 - first rocker 72 around the rocker arm shaft by the contact of the end 84 of this rocker with the profile 52 of the first cam 48.
- the zone contact 68 of the sole causes the translational movement of the valve by opening / closing the orifice of the tubing it controls.
- the rotation of the camshaft on one turn occurs during a rotation of three turns of the crankshaft, so from 0 ° V to 1080 °.
- the rocker shaft rotates a half turn with a position of the cylinder rods 118, 120, as shown in dotted lines on the figure 4 .
- the inlet valve follows an opening / closing sequence between 0 ° V and 180 ° V and then, during the next cycle (C), an opening / closing sequence. closing between 720 ° V and 900 ° V.
- the cam 48 has a suitable profile for performing, during a camshaft revolution, this sequence of sequences.
- the fluid passes through the connecting passage 138 and the evacuation passage 126 to to reach all means of receiving this fluid such as a tank or tank.
- the piston 108 and rods 118, 120 are in the configuration in which the first rocker 72 is uncoupled from the sole 62 while the rocker 74 is coupled to this sole.
- the camshaft rotates one revolution and the rocker shaft rotates for half a turn.
- the inlet valve follows an opening / closing sequence between 1440 ° V and 1620 ° V to start the next operating cycle (C).
- the fluid supply channel 128 is not supplied with pressurized fluid during the entire rotation on one turn of the rocker shaft 60.
- the first rocker 72 therefore remains uncoupled from the sole 62 during all this rotation and the second rocker 74 is constantly coupled with this sole.
- the inlet valve 22 follows an opening / closing sequence according to an operating cycle (C ') every three turns, such that between 360 ° V and 540 ° V then according to the following cycle (C ') between 1440 ° V and 1620 ° V.
- C ' operating cycle
- this configuration makes it possible, as already mentioned, to obtain a single combustion phase (CB) according to a six-phase operating cycle (C ').
- this exhaust valve 32 As the exhaust valve 32 is subjected to control means identical to those of the intake valve, this exhaust valve also follows opening / closing sequences with an angular offset of 540 ° and this as well for the conventional operation of the engine cylinder only for degraded operation at low or medium loads.
- a hydraulic circuit (not shown) controlled by a control unit (also not shown) that usually includes any engine.
- This unit contains maps or data tables that allow you to operate all or part of the cylinders, depending on the conditions of evolution of the engine.
- this unit makes it possible to control the fuel injection parameters in the cylinder as well as the ignition parameters of the fuel mixture present in this cylinder.
- the variant of the figure 6 differs from the example of the figure 4 by the arrangement for evacuating the fluid expelled from the chamber 114 from the coupling means 96.
- bypass 124, the connecting channel 134 (connecting bowl 136, connecting passage 138) and the evacuation passage 126 have been replaced by a calibrated evacuation channel 142 contained in the sole 62.
- This channel which has a calibrated cross section, originates at the chamber 114 to end on an edge of the end 70 of the sole.
- the fluid is introduced under pressure into the chamber 114 by the supply channel 128 and the communication passage 122, as already explained in connection with the figure 4 . This fluid exerts pressure on the piston by moving it to the right of the figure.
- the fluid introduced into the chamber 114 is brought out through this channel but with a flow rate less than that from the passage 122. Because of the differential pressure between the introduction of the fluid and its evacuation, the pressure in the chamber is sufficient to maintain the piston in its position illustrated in FIG. figure 5 .
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0805134A FR2936021B1 (fr) | 2008-09-18 | 2008-09-18 | Procede de controle de l'admission et de l'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne du type a fonctionnement degrade d'au moins un cylindre et moteur utilisant un tel procede |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2166198A2 true EP2166198A2 (de) | 2010-03-24 |
EP2166198A3 EP2166198A3 (de) | 2010-08-18 |
EP2166198B1 EP2166198B1 (de) | 2014-10-08 |
Family
ID=40651700
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09290661.9A Not-in-force EP2166198B1 (de) | 2008-09-18 | 2009-08-31 | Verfahren zur Regelung der Ein- und Auslassventilsteuerung einer Brennkraftmaschine, bei welcher zumindest ein Zylinder abgeschaltet werden kann und Motor, der nach diesem Verfahren betrieben wird |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8261709B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2166198B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2010071285A (de) |
FR (1) | FR2936021B1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170001625A1 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2017-01-05 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Hybrid vehicle, control device for hybrid vehicle, and control method for hybrid vehicle with throttle valve control according the temperature of the battery |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8978603B2 (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2015-03-17 | Caterpillar Inc. | Six-stroke internal combustion engine valve activation system and method for operating such engine |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6184106A (ja) | 1984-10-01 | 1986-04-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | フイルタ |
US4768475A (en) | 1986-02-28 | 1988-09-06 | Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Valve mechanism for an automotive engine |
US20060272598A1 (en) | 2004-03-17 | 2006-12-07 | Wakeman Russell J | Modulated combined lubrication and control pressure system for two-stroke/four-stroke switching |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3470856A (en) * | 1968-01-05 | 1969-10-07 | Int Harvester Co | Four stroke stratified engine |
DE3317128A1 (de) * | 1983-05-06 | 1984-11-08 | Leonhard Johann Gerhard Umina New South Wales Pal | Verbrennungsmotor |
FR2560645B1 (fr) * | 1984-03-02 | 1988-04-08 | Alsacienne Constr Meca | Procede pour le demarrage et la marche a faible charge d'un moteur diesel et moteur diesel comportant application de ce procede |
JPH0313522Y2 (de) * | 1984-11-09 | 1991-03-27 | ||
JPS63147909A (ja) * | 1986-10-23 | 1988-06-20 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の弁作動特性可変制御装置 |
US4945870A (en) * | 1988-07-29 | 1990-08-07 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Vehicle management computer |
JPH0633718A (ja) * | 1992-07-17 | 1994-02-08 | Mitsubishi Motors Corp | 可変バルブタイミング機構付き動弁系構造 |
SE521741C2 (sv) * | 1999-06-24 | 2003-12-02 | Volvo Personvagnar Ab | Metod för att styra en flertaktsmotor |
US20030226524A1 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2003-12-11 | Alireza Ziabazmi | Bazmi's six stroke engine |
US6705259B1 (en) * | 2002-12-10 | 2004-03-16 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | 3-step cam-profile-switching roller finger follower |
US7530342B2 (en) * | 2006-09-07 | 2009-05-12 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Approach for facilitating fuel evaporation in cylinder of an internal combustion engine |
-
2008
- 2008-09-18 FR FR0805134A patent/FR2936021B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-08-31 EP EP09290661.9A patent/EP2166198B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-09-15 JP JP2009213022A patent/JP2010071285A/ja active Pending
- 2009-09-18 US US12/562,299 patent/US8261709B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6184106A (ja) | 1984-10-01 | 1986-04-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | フイルタ |
US4768475A (en) | 1986-02-28 | 1988-09-06 | Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Valve mechanism for an automotive engine |
US20060272598A1 (en) | 2004-03-17 | 2006-12-07 | Wakeman Russell J | Modulated combined lubrication and control pressure system for two-stroke/four-stroke switching |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170001625A1 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2017-01-05 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Hybrid vehicle, control device for hybrid vehicle, and control method for hybrid vehicle with throttle valve control according the temperature of the battery |
US9789865B2 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2017-10-17 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Hybrid vehicle, control device for hybrid vehicle, and control method for hybrid vehicle with throttle valve control according the temperature of the battery |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2936021A1 (fr) | 2010-03-19 |
FR2936021B1 (fr) | 2013-01-04 |
JP2010071285A (ja) | 2010-04-02 |
EP2166198A3 (de) | 2010-08-18 |
EP2166198B1 (de) | 2014-10-08 |
US8261709B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
US20100064994A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
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