EP2163736A1 - Variable lifting valve control - Google Patents
Variable lifting valve control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2163736A1 EP2163736A1 EP09015482A EP09015482A EP2163736A1 EP 2163736 A1 EP2163736 A1 EP 2163736A1 EP 09015482 A EP09015482 A EP 09015482A EP 09015482 A EP09015482 A EP 09015482A EP 2163736 A1 EP2163736 A1 EP 2163736A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- push rod
- gear
- axis
- rod
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L13/00—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
- F01L13/0015—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for optimising engine performances by modifying valve lift according to various working parameters, e.g. rotational speed, load, torque
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/30—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of positively opened and closed valves, i.e. desmodromic valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L13/00—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
- F01L13/0005—Deactivating valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2303/00—Manufacturing of components used in valve arrangements
- F01L2303/01—Tools for producing, mounting or adjusting, e.g. some part of the distribution
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2305/00—Valve arrangements comprising rollers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2800/00—Methods of operation using a variable valve timing mechanism
- F01L2800/13—Throttleless
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/21—Elements
- Y10T74/2101—Cams
- Y10T74/2107—Follower
Definitions
- the invention relates to mechanical, variable Hubventil practiseieux by which the individual valves or valve groups during operation of the engine, the actuation of the valves can be continuously adjusted from a maximum stroke length to a constant closed keeping, at the same time the opening duration of the valves during a decreasing stroke is shortened.
- the valves are driven by bucket tappets, which are themselves acted upon by pressure rods.
- the object of the invention is to be able to produce with a simple, space and mass saving mechanism, Hubventil tenumaschine, fulfill the above task.
- the Hubventil thoroughly can be used for throttle-free load controls and for valve and cylinder shutdowns, as they can establish a constant closed keeping the valves.
- One or more valves can be driven by the Hubventil tenuisme alternately by different cams, wherein the switching takes place without the use of a switchable coupling pin.
- Fig. 1 shows a Hubventilgnaung with a valve-actuating bucket tappet, which is driven by a pivoting joint of a push rod, wherein the push rod engages for its drive by means of its contact surfaces in the role of a control lever.
- Fig. 1 shows a cylinder head arranged in the Hubventil penetrateung for a stepless change of the valve lift and a continuous keep closed the Valves 26 during operation of the engine.
- the valve 26 is actuated by a bucket tappet 27 , which may also be designed as a valve clearance compensation element.
- the bucket tappet 27 has on its upper side a bearing block 28 for a bearing half-shell 29 into which engages a arranged at the lower end of a push rod 30 axle 31 , whereby a rotary joint 32 is formed for easy assembly.
- the pressure rod 30 has approximately perpendicular to its longitudinal axis extending contact surfaces 33 and 34 which engage in a roller 35 of the pressure rod 30 enclosing the adjusting lever 36 .
- the push rod 30 has a cam roller 37 via which the push rod 30 is set by a cam 38 in a swinging motion.
- roller 35 having adjusting lever 36 is mounted below in pivots 39 which are arranged in connected to the cylinder head 40 holders 41 , wherein the axis of rotation of these hinges 39 is equal to the axis of rotation of the common pivot 32 of the bearing block 28 and the push rod 30 when the valve 26 is closed.
- the arranged on the pressure rod 30 contact surface 33 is formed curved in a circular outward, wherein the radius R1 of the contact surface 33 as the center of the axis of rotation of the pressure rod 30 belonging to the rotary joint 32 has.
- a continuous keeping closed of the valve 26 is achieved in that the pressure rod 30 is not driven in a longitudinal movement when the contact surface 33 engages during the swinging movement of the push rod 30 in the roller 35 of the actuating lever 36 .
- the arranged on the lever 36 contact surface 34 has an inwardly directed curvature, which projects beyond the contact surface 33 , whereby during the swinging movement of the push rod 30 by means of engagement of its contact surface 34 in the roller 35 of the control lever 36 of the push rod 30 is driven in a longitudinal movement and the bucket tappet 27 driven by the pivot 32 actuates the valve 26 .
- the adjusting lever 36 has for its adjustment a circular about the axis of rotation of its hinges 39 extending teeth 42 with the pitch radius R2 , in which a gear 43 of a control shaft 44 engages.
- the contact surface 34 of the pressure rod 30 begins to engage in the roller 35 of the actuating lever 36 with a short distance, whereby a valve actuation is effected with a small valve lift in a short opening time. After that increases continuously with the case taking place further interventions of the contact surface 34 in the roller 35 of the valve lift, at the same time continuously increases the valve opening time.
- a dial can be provided for a valve clearance adjustment between the bearing block 28 and the cup tappet 27 , or a bearing block 28 can be placed with an adapted height dimension.
- the Hubventil thoroughlyung the Fig. 1 can be designed such that the pressure rod 30, the valve 26 via a rocker arm or directly operated.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
- Mechanically-Actuated Valves (AREA)
- Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
- Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
- Harvester Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf mechanische, variable Hubventilsteuerungen, durch die bei Einzelventilen oder Ventilgruppen während des Betriebes der Kraftmaschine die Betätigung der Ventile stufenlos von einer maximalen Hublänge bis auf ein ständiges Geschlossenhalten eingestellt werden kann, wobei gleichzeitig die Öffnungsdauer der Ventile während eines sich verkleinernden Hubes verkürzt wird. Hierbei werden die Ventile durch Tassenstößel angetrieben, die selbst durch Druckstäbe beaufschlagt werden.The invention relates to mechanical, variable Hubventilsteuerungen by which the individual valves or valve groups during operation of the engine, the actuation of the valves can be continuously adjusted from a maximum stroke length to a constant closed keeping, at the same time the opening duration of the valves during a decreasing stroke is shortened. Here, the valves are driven by bucket tappets, which are themselves acted upon by pressure rods.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, mit einer einfachen, Raum und Masse einsparenden Mechanik, Hubventilsteuerungen herstellen zu können, die obige Aufgabe erfüllen.The object of the invention is to be able to produce with a simple, space and mass saving mechanism, Hubventilsteuerungen, fulfill the above task.
Die Hubventilsteuerungen sind für drosselfreie Laststeuerungen und für Ventil- und Zylinderabschaltungen einsetzbar, da diese ein ständiges Geschlossenhalten der Ventile herstellen können.The Hubventilsteuerungen can be used for throttle-free load controls and for valve and cylinder shutdowns, as they can establish a constant closed keeping the valves.
Ein oder mehrere Ventile können durch die Hubventilsteuerungen abwechselnd durch unterschiedliche Nocken angetrieben werden, wobei die Umschaltung ohne den Einsatz eines schaltbaren Koppelbolzens erfolgt.One or more valves can be driven by the Hubventilsteuerungen alternately by different cams, wherein the switching takes place without the use of a switchable coupling pin.
Das Ventil 26 wird über einen Tassenstößel 27 betätigt, der auch als Ventilspiel-Ausgleichselement ausgebildet sein kann. Der Tassenstößel 27 weist auf seiner Oberseite einen Lagerbock 28 für eine Lagerhalbschale 29 auf, in die ein an dem unteren Ende eines Druckstabes 30 angeordneter Achsbolzen 31 eingreift, wodurch ein Drehgelenk 32 für eine einfache Montage gebildet wird. An seinem oberen Ende weist der Druckstab 30 die etwa senkrecht zu seiner Längsachse verlaufenden Kontaktflächen 33 und 34 auf, die in eine Rolle 35 eines den Druckstab 30 umschließenden Stellhebels 36 eingreifen. Zwischen seinen Enden weist der Druckstab 30 eine Nockenrolle 37 auf, über die der Druckstab 30 von einem Nocken 38 in eine Schwingbewegung versetzt wird. Der oben die Rolle 35 aufweisende Stellhebel 36 ist unten in Drehgelenken 39 gelagert, die in mit dem Zylinderkopf 40 verbundenen Haltern 41 angeordnet sind, wobei die Drehachse dieser Drehgelenke 39 gleich der Drehachse des gemeinsamen Drehgelenkes 32 des Lagerbockes 28 und des Druckstabes 30 ist, wenn das Ventil 26 geschlossen ist. Die auf dem Druckstab 30 angeordnete Kontaktfläche 33 ist kreisförmig nach außen gewölbt ausgebildet, wobei der Radius R1 der Kontaktfläche 33 als Mittelpunkt die Drehachse des zu dem Druckstab 30 gehörenden Drehgelenkes 32 aufweist. Hierdurch wird ein ständiges Geschlossenhalten des Ventiles 26 dadurch erzielt, dass der Druckstab 30 nicht in eine Längsbewegung angetrieben wird, wenn die Kontaktfläche 33 während der Schwingbewegung des Druckstabes 30 in die Rolle 35 des Stellhebels 36 eingreift. Die auf dem Stellhebel 36 angeordnete Kontaktfläche 34 weist eine nach innen gerichtete Krümmung auf, welche die Kontaktfläche 33 überragt, wodurch während der Schwingbewegung des Druckstabes 30 mittels des Eingriffs seiner Kontaktfläche 34 in die Rolle 35 des Stellhebels 36 der Druckstab 30 in eine Längsbewegung angetrieben wird und der Tassenstößel 27, über das Drehgelenk 32 angetrieben, das Ventil 26 betätigt.The
Der Stellhebel 36 weist für seine Verstellung eine kreisförmig um die Drehachse seiner Drehgelenke 39 verlaufende Verzahnung 42 mit dem Teilkreisradius R2 auf, in die ein Zahnrad 43 einer Steuerwelle 44 eingreift.The adjusting
In der dargestellten Position A des Stellhebels 36 ist der maximale Ventilhub und in der Position B des Stellhebels 36 ist ein ständiges Geschlossenhalten des Ventiles 26 eingestellt.In the illustrated position A of the
Wird während der Schwingbewegung des Druckstabes 30 der Stellhebel 36 von der Position des ständigen Geschlossenhaltens des Ventiles 26 in die Position des größten Ventilhubes gestellt, beginnt die Kontaktfläche 34 des Druckstabes 30 in die Rolle 35 des Stellhebels 36 mit einer kurzen Wegstrecke einzugreifen, wodurch eine Ventilbetätigung mit einem kleinen Ventilhub in einer kurzen Öffnungszeit bewirkt wird. Hiernach vergrößert sich stufenlos mit den hierbei erfolgenden weitergehenden Eingriffen der Kontaktfläche 34 in die Rolle 35 der Ventilhub, wobei sich gleichzeitig stufenlos die Ventilöffnungszeit verlängert.If, during the oscillating movement of the
Da während der Einstellung eines kleinen Ventilhubes und eines ständigen Geschlossenhaltens des Ventiles 26 von der Ventilfeder 45 keine ausreichende Kraft auf den Tassenstößel 27 übertragen wird, durch welche die Nockenrolle 37 gegen den Nocken 38 gedrückt wird, sind beiderseitig von dem Druckstab 30 Drehfedern 46 angeordnet, deren Windungen durch den Achsbolzen 31 des Drehgelenkes 32 geführt sind und deren Schenkelenden zum einen in Widerlager 47 des Druckstabes 30 und zum anderen in Widerlager 48 der an dem Zylinderkopf 40 befestigten, für die Drehgelenke 39 des Stellhebels 36 vorgesehenen Halter 41 eingreifen.Since during the adjustment of a small valve lift and a constant closed keeping of the
Ist der Tassenstößel 27 nicht als Ventilspiel-Ausgleichselement ausgebildet, kann für eine Ventilspieleinstellung zwischen dem Lagerbock 28 und dem Tassenstößel 27 eine Einstellscheibe vorgesehen werden oder ein Lagerbock 28 mit einem angepassten Höhenmaß aufgesetzt werden.If the
Es lassen sich viele Systeme von Hubventilsteuerungen durch geänderte Zusammenstellungen der hierin aufgeführten Konstruktionsteile erarbeiten.Many systems of lift valve controls can be devised by changing assemblies of the design parts listed herein.
Die Hubventilsteuerung der
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10155007A DE10155007A1 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2001-11-06 | Valve stroke |
EP02785308A EP1446561B1 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2002-10-25 | Variable lift valve controller |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02785308.4 Division | 2002-10-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2163736A1 true EP2163736A1 (en) | 2010-03-17 |
Family
ID=7705140
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02785308A Expired - Lifetime EP1446561B1 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2002-10-25 | Variable lift valve controller |
EP09015482A Withdrawn EP2163736A1 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2002-10-25 | Variable lifting valve control |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02785308A Expired - Lifetime EP1446561B1 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2002-10-25 | Variable lift valve controller |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7467609B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1446561B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE453782T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10155007A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2339106T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003040526A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
HUP0202368A2 (en) * | 2002-07-18 | 2004-03-29 | IFT Hungária Kft. | Device for valve stroke adjustment of an internal combustion piston engine |
DE10258277A1 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-24 | Mahle Ventiltrieb Gmbh | Control device for gas exchange valves of an internal combustion engine |
DE102005041900A1 (en) * | 2005-09-03 | 2007-03-15 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag | valve train |
US7765965B2 (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2010-08-03 | Manousos Pattakos | Fully variable valve actuation |
ATE510999T1 (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2011-06-15 | Manousos Pattakos | DESMODROMIC VARIABLE VALVE ACTUATION |
US20100059005A1 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2010-03-11 | Stone Albert C | Method and apparatus for adjusting variable valve lift |
JP5115747B2 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2013-01-09 | スズキ株式会社 | Variable valve operating device for internal combustion engine |
US8225761B2 (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2012-07-24 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Valve gear for internal combustion engines |
DE102013111410A1 (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2015-04-16 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Valve train for an internal combustion engine and internal combustion engine |
CN104895640A (en) * | 2015-03-09 | 2015-09-09 | 常州嵘驰发动机技术有限公司 | Variable valve lift mechanism of internal combustion engine |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2335632A1 (en) * | 1973-07-13 | 1975-01-30 | Daimler Benz Ag | VALVE ADJUSTMENT FOR COMBUSTION MACHINERY |
DE9012934U1 (en) * | 1990-09-11 | 1990-12-06 | Loeffler, Werner, Dr.Med., 7053 Kernen, De | |
US4986227A (en) * | 1990-05-08 | 1991-01-22 | Dewey Iii Albert B | Variable lift valve train |
US5119773A (en) * | 1988-10-01 | 1992-06-09 | Peter Kuhn | Apparatus for operating the valves on internal combustion engines with a variable valve lift curve |
DE4322449A1 (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1995-02-02 | Kuhn Peter Prof Dr Ing | Device for the actuation of valves on internal combustion engines with variable valve lifting cam |
WO1998003778A1 (en) * | 1996-07-20 | 1998-01-29 | Dieter Reitz | Valve drive system and cylinder head for an internal combustion engine |
DE19708484A1 (en) * | 1997-03-03 | 1998-09-10 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Device for changing valve motion of lifting valve, especially for gas shuttle valve |
EP1050669A2 (en) * | 1999-05-05 | 2000-11-08 | Adam Opel Ag | Valve driving arrangement with variable lift for an internal combustion engine |
WO2002053881A1 (en) * | 2001-01-04 | 2002-07-11 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Fully variable mechanical valve gear for a piston internal combustion engine |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB8723256D0 (en) * | 1987-10-03 | 1987-11-04 | Jaguar Cars | Valve mechanisms |
FR2796982B1 (en) * | 1999-07-28 | 2001-10-26 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING A VALVE AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PROVIDED WITH SUCH A DEVICE |
US6439177B2 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-08-27 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Low friction variable valve actuation device |
DE10136612A1 (en) * | 2001-07-17 | 2003-02-06 | Herbert Naumann | Variable lift valve controls |
-
2001
- 2001-11-06 DE DE10155007A patent/DE10155007A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-10-25 DE DE50214139T patent/DE50214139D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-25 AT AT02785308T patent/ATE453782T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-25 ES ES02785308T patent/ES2339106T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-25 EP EP02785308A patent/EP1446561B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-25 EP EP09015482A patent/EP2163736A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-25 WO PCT/EP2002/011936 patent/WO2003040526A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2004
- 2004-04-29 US US10/834,599 patent/US7467609B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-12-16 US US12/336,136 patent/US7891327B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2335632A1 (en) * | 1973-07-13 | 1975-01-30 | Daimler Benz Ag | VALVE ADJUSTMENT FOR COMBUSTION MACHINERY |
US5119773A (en) * | 1988-10-01 | 1992-06-09 | Peter Kuhn | Apparatus for operating the valves on internal combustion engines with a variable valve lift curve |
US4986227A (en) * | 1990-05-08 | 1991-01-22 | Dewey Iii Albert B | Variable lift valve train |
DE9012934U1 (en) * | 1990-09-11 | 1990-12-06 | Loeffler, Werner, Dr.Med., 7053 Kernen, De | |
DE4322449A1 (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1995-02-02 | Kuhn Peter Prof Dr Ing | Device for the actuation of valves on internal combustion engines with variable valve lifting cam |
WO1998003778A1 (en) * | 1996-07-20 | 1998-01-29 | Dieter Reitz | Valve drive system and cylinder head for an internal combustion engine |
DE19708484A1 (en) * | 1997-03-03 | 1998-09-10 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Device for changing valve motion of lifting valve, especially for gas shuttle valve |
EP1050669A2 (en) * | 1999-05-05 | 2000-11-08 | Adam Opel Ag | Valve driving arrangement with variable lift for an internal combustion engine |
WO2002053881A1 (en) * | 2001-01-04 | 2002-07-11 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Fully variable mechanical valve gear for a piston internal combustion engine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003040526A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
US7467609B2 (en) | 2008-12-23 |
EP1446561A1 (en) | 2004-08-18 |
US7891327B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
DE10155007A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
ATE453782T1 (en) | 2010-01-15 |
DE50214139D1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
US20090095243A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
EP1446561B1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
ES2339106T3 (en) | 2010-05-17 |
US20040226525A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
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