EP2112244B1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von l12-aluminiumlegierungen mit hoher festigkeit - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von l12-aluminiumlegierungen mit hoher festigkeit Download PDFInfo
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- EP2112244B1 EP2112244B1 EP09251028.8A EP09251028A EP2112244B1 EP 2112244 B1 EP2112244 B1 EP 2112244B1 EP 09251028 A EP09251028 A EP 09251028A EP 2112244 B1 EP2112244 B1 EP 2112244B1
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- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 49
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 49
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 6
- -1 aluminum erbium Chemical compound 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 5
- FJMNNXLGOUYVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum zinc Chemical compound [Al].[Zn] FJMNNXLGOUYVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thulium atom Chemical group [Tm] FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006023 eutectic alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010128 melt processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018134 Al-Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018467 Al—Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018575 Al—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001093 Zr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQHSIRTYSFLSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynechromium Chemical compound [Al].[Cr] QQHSIRTYSFLSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYUOWZRAOZFACA-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum iron Chemical compound [Al].[Fe] CYUOWZRAOZFACA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LUKDNTKUBVKBMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum scandium Chemical compound [Al].[Sc] LUKDNTKUBVKBMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009646 cryomilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002074 melt spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009700 powder processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007783 splat quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009718 spray deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/053—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with zinc as the next major constituent
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to aluminum alloys and more specifically to heat treatable aluminum alloys produced by melt processing and strengthened by L1 2 phase dispersions.
- aluminum alloys with improved elevated temperature mechanical properties is a continuing process.
- Some attempts have included aluminum-iron and aluminum-chromium based alloys such as Al-Fe-Ce, Al-Fe-V-Si, Al-Fe-Ce-W, and Al-Cr-Zr-Mn that contain incoherent dispersoids. These alloys, however, also lose strength at elevated temperatures due to particle coarsening. In addition, these alloys exhibit ductility and fracture toughness values lower than other commercially available aluminum alloys.
- US-A-6,248,453 discloses aluminum alloys strengthened by dispersed Al 3 X L1 2 intermetallic phases where X is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Er, Lu, Yb, Tm, and U.
- the Al 3 X particles are coherent with the aluminum alloy matrix and are resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures.
- the improved mechanical properties of the disclosed dispersion strengthened L1 2 aluminum alloys are stable up to 572°F (300°C).
- the alloys need to be manufactured by expensive rapid solidification processes with cooling rates in excess of 1.8x10 3 F/sec (10 3 C/sec).
- US-A-2006/0269437 discloses an aluminum alloy that contains scandium and other elements. While the alloy is effective at high temperatures, it is not capable of being heat treated using a conventional age hardening mechanism.
- the present invention provides a method of forming a heat treatable aluminum alloy, the method comprising:
- the present invention is a method to form heat treatable aluminum alloys by rapid solidification, and thereafter heat treated.
- the alloys can achieve high temperature performance and can be used at temperatures up to about 650°F (343°C).
- These alloys comprise zinc, magnesium, and an Al 3 X L1 2 dispersoid where X is at least one first element selected from scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, and at least one second element selected from gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium.
- the alloys of this invention are based on the aluminum, zinc, magnesium system.
- the amount of zinc in these alloys ranges from about 5.0 to about 9.0 weight percent.
- the amount of magnesium in these alloys ranges from about 1.5 to about 3.0 weight percent.
- the aluminum zinc phase diagram is shown in FIG. 1 .
- the aluminum zinc binary system is a eutectic alloy system involving a monotectoid reaction and a miscibility gap in the solid state. There is a eutectic reaction at 94 weight percent zinc at 717.8°F (381°C).
- Zinc has maximum solid solubility of 83.1 weight percent in aluminum at 717.8°F (381°C) which can be extended by rapid solidification processing.
- the solubility of zinc in aluminum decreases with a decrease in temperature.
- Zinc provides significant amount of precipitation strengthening in aluminum by precipitation of fine second phases.
- the present invention is focused on hypoeutectic alloy composition ranges. Decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution of zinc in aluminum gives rise to spherical and ellipsoidal GP zones; precipitates with rhombohedral structure which are coherent with aluminum matrix and an incoherent ( ⁇ 'Al).
- the aluminum magnesium phase diagram is shown in FIG. 2 .
- the binary system is a eutectic alloy system with a eutectic reaction at 36 weight percent magnesium and 842°F (450°C).
- Magnesium has maximum solid solubility of 16 weight percent in aluminum at 842°F (450°C) which can extended further by rapid solidification processing.
- Magnesium provides substantial solid solution strengthening in aluminum.
- magnesium provides precipitation strengthening through precipitation of Zn 2 Mg ( ⁇ ') phase.
- the alloys of this invention contain aluminum solid solutions containing zinc and magnesium. These alloys also contain precipitates consisting of fine dispersions of Zn 2 Mg ( ⁇ ') phase by decomposition of supersaturated solid solutions.
- solid solutions are dispersions of Al 3 X having an L1 2 structure where X is at least one element selected from scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium and at least one element selected from gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium.
- Exemplary aluminum alloys of this invention include, but are not limited to (in weight percent):
- scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium are potent strengtheners that have low diffusivity and low solubility in aluminum. All these elements form equilibrium Al 3 X intermetallic dispersoids where X is at least one of scandium, erbium, ytterbium, lutetium, that have an L1 2 structure that is an ordered face centered cubic structure with the X atoms located at the corners and aluminum atoms located on the cube faces of the unit cell.
- Al 3 Sc dispersoids forms Al 3 Sc dispersoids that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix.
- Lattice parameters of aluminum and Al 3 Sc are very close (0.405nm and 0.410nm respectively), indicating that there is minimal or no driving force for causing growth of the Al 3 Sc dispersoids.
- This low interfacial energy makes the Al 3 Sc dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 840°F (450°C).
- these Al 3 Sc dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof, that enter Al 3 Sc in solution.
- Erbium forms Al 3 Er dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix.
- the lattice parameters of aluminum and Al 3 Er are close (0.405 nm and 0.417 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al 3 Er dispersoids.
- This low interfacial energy makes the Al 3 Er dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842°F (450°C).
- Addition of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increases the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decreases the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al 3 Er to coarsening.
- Additions of zinc in aluminum provide significant precipitation strengthening through precipitation of fine second phase Zn 2 Mg ( ⁇ ').
- these Al 3 Er dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al 3 Er in solution.
- suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al 3 Er in solution.
- Thulium forms metastable Al 3 Tm dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix.
- the lattice parameters of aluminum and Al 3 Tm are close (0.405 nm and 420 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al 3 Tm dispersoids.
- This low interfacial energy makes the Al 3 Tm dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842°F (450°C).
- Addition of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increases the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix and decreases the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance to coarsening of the dispersoid.
- Al 3 Tm dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al 3 Tm in solution.
- Ytterbium forms Al 3 Yb dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix.
- the lattice parameters of Al and Al 3 Yb are close (0.405 nm and 0.420 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al 3 Yb dispersoids.
- This low interfacial energy makes the Al 3 Yb dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842°F (450°C).
- Addition of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increases the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix and decreases the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance to coarsening of the Al 3 Yb.
- additive of zinc in aluminum provides significant precipitation strengthening through precipitation of fine second phase Zn 2 Mg ( ⁇ ').
- these Al 3 Yb dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al 3 Yb in solution.
- Al 3 Lu dispersoids forms Al 3 Lu dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix.
- the lattice parameters of Al and Al 3 Lu are close (0.405 nm and 0.419 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al 3 Lu dispersoids.
- This low interfacial energy makes the Al 3 Lu dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842°F (450°C).
- Addition of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increases the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix and decreases the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance to coarsening of Al 3 Lu.
- Addition of zinc in aluminum provides significant precipitation strengthening through precipitation of fine second phase Zn 2 Mg ( ⁇ ').
- these Al 3 Lu dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or mixtures thereof that enter Al 3 Lu in solution.
- suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or mixtures thereof that enter Al 3 Lu in solution.
- Gadolinium forms metastable Al 3 Gd dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are stable up to temperatures as high as about 842°F (450°C) due to their low diffusivity in aluminum.
- the Al 3 Gd dispersoids have a D0 19 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- gadolinium has fairly high solubility in the Al 3 X intermetallic dispersoids (where X is scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium).
- Gadolinium can substitute for the X atoms in Al 3 X intermetallic, thereby forming an ordered L1 2 phase which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
- Yttrium forms metastable Al 3 Y dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1 2 structure in the metastable condition and a D0 19 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- the metastable Al 3 Y dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening.
- Yttrium has a high solubility in the Al 3 X intermetallic dispersoids allowing large amounts of yttrium to substitute for X in the Al 3 X L1 2 dispersoids which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
- Zirconium forms Al 3 Zr dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1 2 structure in the metastable condition and D0 23 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- the metastable Al 3 Zr dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening.
- Zirconium has a high solubility in the Al 3 X dispersoids allowing large amounts of zirconium to substitute for X in the Al 3 X dispersoids, which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
- Titanium forms Al 3 Ti dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1 2 structure in the metastable condition and DO 22 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- the metastable Al 3 Ti dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening.
- Titanium has a high solubility in the Al 3 X dispersoids allowing large amounts of titanium to substitute for X in the Al 3 X dispersoids, which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
- Hafnium forms metastable Al 3 Hf dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1 2 structure in the metastable condition and a D0 23 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- the Al 3 Hf dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient, which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening.
- Hafnium has a high solubility in the Al 3 X dispersoids allowing large amounts of hafnium to substitute for scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium in the above mentioned Al 3 X dispersoids, which results in stronger and more thermally stable dispersoids.
- Niobium forms metastable Al 3 Nb dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1 2 structure in the metastable condition and a D0 22 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- Niobium has a lower solubility in the Al 3 X dispersoids than hafnium or yttrium, allowing relatively lower amounts of niobium than hafnium or yttrium to substitute for X in the Al 3 X dispersoids. Nonetheless, niobium can be very effective in slowing down the coarsening kinetics of the Al 3 X dispersoids because the Al 3 Nb dispersoids are thermally stable. The substitution of niobium for X in the above mentioned Al 3 X dispersoids results in stronger and more thermally stable dispersoids.
- Al 3 X L1 2 precipitates improve elevated temperature mechanical properties in aluminum alloys for two reasons.
- the precipitates are ordered intermetallic compounds. As a result, when the particles are sheared by glide dislocations during deformation, the dislocations separate into two partial dislocations separated by an anti-phase boundary on the glide plane. The energy to create the anti-phase boundary is the origin of the strengthening.
- the cubic L1 2 crystal structure and lattice parameter of the precipitates are closely matched to the aluminum solid solution matrix. This results in a lattice coherency at the precipitate/matrix boundary that resists coarsening. The lack of an interphase boundary results in a low driving force for particle growth and resulting elevated temperature stability. Alloying elements in solid solution in the dispersed strengthening particles and in the aluminum matrix that tend to decrease the lattice mismatch between the matrix and particles will tend to increase the strengthening and elevated temperature stability of the alloy.
- the alloys are based on aluminum zinc magnesium systems. Addition of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increases the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix and decreases the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance to coarsening of the L1 2 Al 3 X phases where X is at least one element selected from scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium and at least on element selected from gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium. Addition of zinc in aluminum provides significant precipitation strengthening through precipitation of fine second phase Zn 2 Mg ( ⁇ '). The amount of zinc in these alloys ranges from about 5.0 to about 9.0 weight percent. The amount of magnesium in these alloys ranges from about 1.5 to about 3.0 weight percent.
- the amount of scandium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.35 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.25 weight percent.
- the Al-Sc phase diagram shown in FIG. 3 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 0.5 weight percent scandium at about 1219°F (659°C) resulting in a solid solution of scandium and aluminum and Al 3 Sc dispersoids.
- Aluminum alloys with less than 0.5 weight percent scandium can be quenched from the melt to retain scandium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1 2 intermetallic Al 3 Sc following an aging treatment.
- Alloys with scandium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain scandium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10 3 °C/second. Alloys with scandium in excess of the eutectic composition cooled normally will have a microstructure consisting of relatively large Al 3 Sc grains in a finally divided aluminum-Al 3 Sc eutectic phase matrix.
- RSP rapid solidification processing
- the amount of erbium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 6.0 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 4.0 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 2.0 weight percent.
- the Al-Er phase diagram shown in FIG. 4 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 6 weight percent erbium at about 1211°F (655°C).
- Aluminum alloys with less than about 6 weight percent erbium can be quenched from the melt to retain erbium in solid solutions that may precipitate as dispersed L1 2 intermetallic Al 3 Er following an aging treatment.
- Alloys with erbium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain erbium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10 3 °C/second. Alloys with erbium in excess of the eutectic composition (hypereutectic alloys) cooled normally will have a microstructure consisting of relatively large Al 3 Er dispersoids in a finely divided aluminum-Al 3 Er eutectic phase matrix.
- the amount of thulium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 10.0 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 6.0 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 4.0 weight percent.
- the Al-Tm phase diagram shown in FIG. 5 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 10 weight percent thulium at about 1193°F (645°C).
- Thulium forms metastable Al 3 Tm dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1 2 structure in the equilibrium condition.
- the Al 3 Tm dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening.
- Aluminum alloys with less than 10 weight percent thulium can be quenched from the melt to retain thulium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed metastable L1 2 intermetallic Al 3 Tm following an aging treatment. Alloys with thulium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain Tm in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10 3 °C/second.
- RSP rapid solidification processing
- the amount of ytterbium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 15.0 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 8.0 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 4.0 weight percent.
- the Al-Yb phase diagram shown in FIG. 6 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 21 weight percent ytterbium at about 1157°F (625°C).
- Aluminum alloys with less than about 21 weight percent ytterbium can be quenched from the melt to retain ytterbium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1 2 intermetallic Al 3 Yb following an aging treatment.
- Alloys with ytterbium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain ytterbium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10 3 °C/second. Alloys with ytterbium in excess of the eutectic composition cooled normally will have a microstructure consisting of relatively large Al 3 Yb grains in a finally divided aluminum-Al 3 Yb eutectic phase matrix.
- the amount of lutetium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 12.0 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 8.0 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 4.0 weight percent.
- the Al-Lu phase diagram shown in FIG. 7 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 11.7 weight percent Lu at about 1202°F (650°C).
- Aluminum alloys with less than about 11.7 weight percent lutetium can be quenched from the melt to retain Lu in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1 2 intermetallic Al 3 Lu following an aging treatment.
- Alloys with Lu in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain Lu in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10 3 °C/second. Alloys with lutetium in excess of the eutectic composition cooled normally will have a microstructure consisting of relatively large Al 3 Lu grains in a finely divided aluminum-Al 3 Lu eutectic phase matrix.
- the amount of gadolinium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from 0.2 to about 2 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent.
- the amount of yttrium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from 0.2 to about 2 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent.
- the amount of zirconium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, more preferably from 0.1 to about 0.75 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent.
- the amount of titanium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, more preferably from 0.1 to about 1 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent.
- the amount of hafnium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, more preferably from 0.1 to about 1 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent.
- the amount of niobium present in the alloys of this invention may vary from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, more preferably from 0.1 to about 0.75 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent.
- alloys of this invention may include at least one of about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent sodium, about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.10 weight calcium, about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent strontium, about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent antimony, about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent barium and about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent phosphorus. These are added to refine the microstructure of the eutectic phase and the primary magnesium or lithium morphology and size.
- These aluminum alloys are made by rapid solidification processing.
- the rapid solidification process should have a cooling rate greater that about 10 3 °C/second including but not limited to powder processing, atomization, melt spinning, splat quenching, spray deposition, cold spray, plasma spray, laser melting and deposition, ball milling and cryomilling.
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Claims (3)
- Verfahren zur Herstellung einer wärmebehandelbaren Aluminiumlegierung, wobei das Verfahren Folgendes umfasst:(a) Herstellen einer Schmelze, bestehend aus:5,0 bis 9,0 Gewichtsprozent Zink;1,5 bis 3,0 Gewichtsprozent Magnesium;zumindest einem ersten Element, das aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus 0,1 bis 0,5 Gewichtsprozent Scandium, 0,1 bis 6,0 Gewichtsprozent Erbium, 0,1 bis 10,0 Gewichtsprozent Thulium, 0,1 bis 15,0 Gewichtsprozent Ytterbium und 0,1 bis 12,0 Gewichtsprozent Lutetium besteht;zumindest einem zweiten Element, das aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus 0,1 bis 4,0 Gewichtsprozent Gadolinium, 0,1 bis 4,0 Gewichtsprozent Yttrium, 0,05 bis 1,0 Gewichtsprozent Zirkonium, 0,05 bis 2,0 Gewichtsprozent Titan, 0,05 bis 2,0 Gewichtsprozent Hafnium und 0,05 bis 1,0 Gewichtsprozent Niob besteht;optional zumindest einem von 0,001 Gewichtsprozent bis 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Natrium, 0,001 Gewichtsprozent bis 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Calcium, 0,001 Gewichtsprozent bis 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Strontium, 0,001 Gewichtsprozent bis 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Antimon, 0,001 Gewichtsprozent bis 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Barium und 0,001 Gewichtsprozent bis 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Phosphor;optional nicht mehr als 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Eisen, 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Chrom, 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Mangan, 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Vanadium, 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Kobalt und 0,1 Gewichtsprozent Nickel;und wobei der Rest Aluminium mit unvermeidbaren Unreinheiten ist;(b) Verfestigen der Schmelzen, um einen festen Körper herzustellen; und(c) Wärmebehandeln des festen Körpers;
wobei das Verfestigen einen schnellen Verfestigungsvorgang umfasst, bei dem die Kühlrate größer als 103 °C/Sekunde ist; und
wobei das Wärmebehandeln Folgendes umfasst:Lösungswärmebehandlung bei 800 °F (426 °C) bis 1100 °F (593 °C) über dreißig Minuten bis vier Stunden;Abschrecken; undAltern bei 200 °F (93 °C) bis 600 °F (316 °C) über zwei bis achtundvierzig Stunden. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der feste Körper eine feste Aluminiumlösungsmatrix umfasst, die eine Vielzahl von dispergierten zweiten Al3X-Phasen enthält, die L12-Strukturen aufweisen, wobei X zumindest ein erstes Element und zumindest ein zweites Element beinhaltet.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, ferner umfassend:
Verfeinern der Struktur des festen Körpers durch Verformungsverarbeitung, umfassend zumindest eines von: Extrusion, Schmieden und Walzen.
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EP2112244A1 (de) | 2009-10-28 |
US20090263273A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
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