EP2089018A2 - Verfahren zur behandlung kognitiver beeinträchtigung und demenz - Google Patents

Verfahren zur behandlung kognitiver beeinträchtigung und demenz

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Publication number
EP2089018A2
EP2089018A2 EP07871365A EP07871365A EP2089018A2 EP 2089018 A2 EP2089018 A2 EP 2089018A2 EP 07871365 A EP07871365 A EP 07871365A EP 07871365 A EP07871365 A EP 07871365A EP 2089018 A2 EP2089018 A2 EP 2089018A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
heterocycle
optionally substituted
mmol
aryl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07871365A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Joseph Barbosa
Li Dong
Cynthia Anne Fink
Thomas Herbert Lanthorn
Jian Cheng Wang
G. Gregory Zipp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of EP2089018A2 publication Critical patent/EP2089018A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/397—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having four-membered rings, e.g. azetidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/4025—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. cromakalim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/407—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with other heterocyclic ring systems, e.g. ketorolac, physostigmine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/439—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom the ring forming part of a bridged ring system, e.g. quinuclidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4409—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof only substituted in position 4, e.g. isoniazid, iproniazid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods for treating, managing and preventing cognitive impairment associated with various diseases and disorders, age-associated memory impairment, and dementia.
  • Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common forms of mental retardation.
  • This invention is directed, in part, to methods of improving cognitive performance in patients suffering from diseases and disorders, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ ADHD), Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
  • the invention also encompasses methods of treating, preventing and managing age-associated memory impairment and dementia.
  • Methods of the invention comprise decreasing proline transporter activity in a patient, either by administering an effective amount of a compound that inhibits the pro line transporter or a compound that interferes with the expression of the gene that encodes the proline transporter.
  • Figure 1 shows differences between wildtype and SLC6A7 -knockout mice in a conditioned response test.
  • Figure 2 shows the effect of a compound of the invention administered to mice prior to the learning phase of a conditioned response test.
  • Figure 3 shows the effect of a compound of the invention administered to mice prior to a context test.
  • the protein product associated with the SLC6A7 coding region was used to discover compounds that may improve cognitive performance and may be useful in the treatment, prevention and/or management of diseases and disorders that affect cognitive performance.
  • alkenyl means a straight chain, branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 20 (e.g., 2 to 10 or 2 to 6) carbon atoms, and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • alkenyl moieties include vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl- 1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 1-octenyl, 2-octenyl, 3-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 2-decenyl and 3-decenyl.
  • alkyl means a straight chain, branched and/or cyclic (“cycloalkyl”) hydrocarbon having from 1 to 20 (e.g., 1 to 10 or 1 to 4) carbon atoms. Alkyl moieties having from 1 to 4 carbons are referred to as "lower alkyl.” Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl.
  • Cycloalkyl moieties may be monocyclic or multicyclic, and examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and adamantyl. Additional examples of alkyl moieties have linear, branched and/or cyclic portions (e.g., l-ethyl-4-methyl-cyclohexyl).
  • alkyl includes saturated hydrocarbons as well as alkenyl and alkynyl moieties.
  • alkylaryl or “alkyl-aryl” means an alkyl moiety bound to an aryl moiety.
  • alkylheteroaryl or “alkyl-heteroaryl” means an alkyl moiety bound to a heteroaryl moiety.
  • alkylheterocycle or “alkyl-heterocycle” means an alkyl moiety bound to a heterocycle moiety.
  • alkynyl means a straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 20 (e.g., 2 to 6) carbon atoms, and including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • Representative alkynyl moieties include acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-methyl-l-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-heptynyl, 2-heptynyl, 6-heptynyl, 1-octynyl, 2-octynyl, 7-octynyl, 1-nonynyl, 2-nonynyl, 8-nonynyl, 1-decynyl, 2-decynyl and 9-dec
  • alkoxy means an -O-alkyl group.
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , -O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -O(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , and -O(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 .
  • aryl means an aromatic ring or an aromatic or partially aromatic ring system composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • An aryl moiety may comprise multiple rings bound or fused together.
  • aryl moieties include anthracenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl, indan, indenyl, naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, phenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene, and to IyI.
  • arylalkyl or “aryl-alkyl” means an aryl moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
  • DTIC50 means an IC50 against human recombinant dopamine transporter as determined using the assay described in the Examples, below.
  • GTIC50 means an IC50 for human recombinant glycine transporter as determined using the assay described in the Examples, below.
  • halogen and halo encompass fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl moiety (e.g., linear, branched or cyclic) in which at least one of its carbon atoms has been replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S).
  • heteroaryl means an aryl moiety wherein at least one of its carbon atoms has been replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S).
  • heteroatom e.g., N, O or S.
  • examples include acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoquinazolinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, and tri
  • heteroarylalkyl or “heteroaryl-alkyl” means a heteroaryl moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
  • heterocycle refers to an aromatic, partially aromatic or non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic ring or ring system comprised of carbon, hydrogen and at least one heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S).
  • a heterocycle may comprise multiple (i.e., two or more) rings fused or bound together.
  • Heterocycles include heteroaryls.
  • Examples include benzo[l,3]dioxolyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[l,4]dioxinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, hydantoinyl, morpholinyl, oxetanyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl and valerolactamyl.
  • heterocyclealkyl or “heterocycle-alkyl” refers to a heterocycle moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic heterocycle.
  • heterocycloalkylalkyl or “heterocycloalkyl-alkyl” refers to a heterocycloalkyl moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
  • the terms “manage,” “managing” and “management” encompass preventing the recurrence of the specified disease or disorder, or of one or more of its symptoms, in a patient who has already suffered from the disease or disorder, and/or lengthening the time that a patient who has suffered from the disease or disorder remains in remission.
  • the terms encompass modulating the threshold, development and/or duration of the disease or disorder, or changing the way that a patient responds to the disease or disorder.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include, but are not limited to, metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine.
  • Suitable non-toxic acids include, but are not limited to, inorganic and organic acids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, furoic, galacturonic, gluconic, glucuronic, glutamic, glycolic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, propionic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tartaric acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • inorganic and organic acids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic
  • Non-toxic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and methanesulfonic acids.
  • Examples of specific salts thus include hydrochloride and mesylate salts.
  • Others are well-known in the art. See, e.g., Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA: 1990) and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (19th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA: 1995).
  • the term “potent proline transporter inhibitor” means a compound that has a PTIC 50 of less than about 200 nM.
  • the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” contemplate an action that occurs before a patient begins to suffer from the specified disease or disorder, which inhibits or reduces the severity of the disease or disorder, or of one or more of its symptoms.
  • the terms encompass prophylaxis.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease or condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition, or to prevent its recurrence.
  • a prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease or condition.
  • the term "prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
  • PTIC50 means an IC50 for human recombinant Na -dependent pro line transporter as determined using the assay described in the Examples, below.
  • substituted when used to describe a chemical structure or moiety, refers to a derivative of that structure or moiety wherein one or more of its hydrogen atoms is substituted with a chemical moiety or functional group such as, but not limited to, alcohol, aldehylde, alkoxy, alkanoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyl, alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl), alkynyl, alkylcarbonyloxy (-OC(O)alkyl), amide (-C(O)NH-alkyl- or -alkylNHC(O)alkyl), amidinyl (-C(NH)NH- alkyl or -C(NR)NH 2 ), amine (primary, secondary and tertiary such as alkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino), aroyl, aryl, ary
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease or condition, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease or condition.
  • the term "therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of a disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • treat contemplate an action that occurs while a patient is suffering from the specified disease or disorder, which reduces the severity of the disease or disorder, or one or more of its symptoms, or retards or slows the progression of the disease or disorder.
  • the term “include” has the same meaning as “include, but are not limited to,” and the term “includes” has the same meaning as “includes, but is not limited to.” Similarly, the term “such as” has the same meaning as the term “such as, but not limited to.”
  • one or more adjectives immediately preceding a series of nouns is to be construed as applying to each of the nouns.
  • the phrase "optionally substituted alky, aryl, or heteroaryl” has the same meaning as "optionally substituted alky, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.”
  • a chemical moiety that forms part of a larger compound may be described herein using a name commonly accorded it when it exists as a single molecule or a name commonly accorded its radical.
  • the terms "pyridine” and “pyridyl” are accorded the same meaning when used to describe a moiety attached to other chemical moieties.
  • any atom shown in a drawing with unsatisfied valences is assumed to be attached to enough hydrogen atoms to satisfy the valences.
  • chemical bonds depicted with one solid line parallel to one dashed line encompass both single and double (e.g., aromatic) bonds, if valences permit.
  • names of compounds having one or more chiral centers that do not specify the stereochemistry of those centers encompass pure stereoisomers and mixtures thereof.
  • This invention encompasses compounds of formula I:
  • A is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocycle
  • each of Di and D 2 is independently N or CRi
  • each of Ei, E 2 and E3 is independently N or CR 2
  • X is optionally substituted heteroaryl
  • Y is O, C(O), CH(OH), or CH 2
  • each Ri is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R A , OR A , C(O)RA, C(O)ORA, C(O)N(RARB), N(R A RB), or SO 2 R A
  • each R 2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R A , 0R A , C(O)R A , C(O)OR A , C(0)N(R A R B ), N(R A R B ), or SO 2 R A
  • each R A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-
  • each R5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5A , OR 5A , C(O)R 5 A, C(O)OR 5 A, C(O)N(R 5A RSB), N(R 5 AR 5 B), or SO 2 R 5 A; each R 5 A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 5B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and n is 0-5.
  • each R 5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5 A, OR 5 A, C(O)R 5 A, C(O)OR 5 A, C(O)N(R 5 AR 5 B), N(R 5 AR 5 B), or SO 2 R 5 A; each R 5 A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 5 B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and m is 0- 4.
  • each R 5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5A , OR 5A , C(0)R 5A , C(0)0R 5A , C(O)N(R 5A R 5B ), N(R 5 AR 5 B), or SO 2 R 5 A; each R 5 A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 5B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and p is 0-7.
  • each R5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5 A, ORSA, C(O)RsA, C(O)ORsA, C(O)N(R5AR5B), N(R5AR5B), or SO2R5A; each R5A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 5B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and q is 0- 6.
  • each R 5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5A , OR 5A , C(O)R 5 A, C(O)OR 5A , C(O)N(R 5A R 5 B), N(R 5 AR5B), or SO 2 R 5 A; each R 5 A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 5B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and m is 0-4. Another encompasses compounds of formula II:
  • A is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocycle
  • each of Di and D 2 is independently N or CRi
  • each of Ei, E 2 and E 3 is independently N or CR 2
  • each of Gi and G 2 are independently N or CR 3
  • each of J 1 , J 2 and J 3 are independently N or CR 4
  • Y is O, C(O), CH(OH), or CH 2
  • each Ri is independently hydrogen, halogen, or (C 1-10 )alkyl
  • each R 2 is independently halogen, cyano, R 2 A, OR 2 A, or SO 2 R 2 A
  • each R 2 A is independently hydrogen or (Ci_io)alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogens
  • each R 3 is independently hydrogen, cyano, or (C 1-10 )alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogens
  • each R 4 is independently hydrogen, cyano, or (C 1-10 )alkyl optional
  • each R 5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5A , OR 5A , C(O)R 5A , C(O)OR 5A , C(O)N(R 5A R 5 B), N(R5AR5B), or SO 2 R 5 A; each R 5 A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 5B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and n is 0-5 if Z is CR 5 , or 0-4 if Z is N.
  • each R 5 is independently halogen, cyano, R 5A , OR 5A , C(O)R 5A , C(O)OR 5A , C(O)N(R 5A R 5B ), N(R 5 A R 5B ), or SO 2 Rs A ;
  • each R 5A is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle;
  • each R 5B is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heterocycle, heterocycle-alkyl, or alkyl-heterocycle; and n is 0-5 if Z is CR 5 , or 0-4 if Z is N.
  • At least one of Gi, G 2 , J 1 , J 2 or J 3 is N.
  • at least one of Ji, J 2 and J3 is CR 4 .
  • Y is C(O)
  • A is piperazine
  • all of Gi, G 2 , J 1 , J 3 , D 1 , D 2 , E 1 , and E 3 are CH
  • all of Ri are hydrogen
  • R 2 are lower alkyl.
  • Y is C(O)
  • A is piperazine
  • D 2 and Ei are both N
  • all of Ri and R 2 are hydrogen
  • A is optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocycle containing no more than two nitrogen atoms (i.e., the heterocycle, which contains no more than two nitrogen atoms, is optionally substituted).
  • A is monocyclic. In another, A is bicyclic. In another, A is unsubstituted. In another, A is optionally substituted pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, hexahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole, or octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole.
  • one of Di and D 2 is N. In another, both Di and D 2 are N. In another,
  • one of Ei, E 2 and E 3 is N. In another, two of Ei, E 2 and E 3 are N. In another, all of Ei, E 2 and E 3 are N. In another, all of Ei, E 2 and E 3 are independently CR 2 .
  • Ri is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl. In another, Ri is OR A and, for example, R A is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • R 2 is OR A and, for example, R A is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • X is an optionally substituted 5-, 6-, 9- or 10-membered heteroaryl. In another, X is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In another, X is of the formula:
  • each of Gi and G 2 are independently N or CR3; each of Ji, J 2 and J3 are independently N or CR 4 ; each R 3 is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R A , OR A , C(O)RA, C(O)ORA, C(O)N(RARB), N(R A RB), or SO 2 R A ; and each R 4 is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R A , OR A , C(O)RA, C(O)ORA, C(O)N(RARB), N(R A RB), or
  • one of Gi and G 2 is N. In another, both Gi and G 2 are N. In another, one of J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is N. In another, two of Ji, J 2 and J 3 are N. In another, all of Ji, J 2 and J 3 are independently CR 4 .
  • R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl. In another, R 3 is OR A and, for example, R A is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • R 4 is OR A and, for example, R A is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
  • Y is C(O). In another, Y is CH(OH). In another, Y is CH 2 .
  • This invention also encompasses compounds of formula III:
  • Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle
  • R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently halogen, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or heterocycle
  • R 4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle, or taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocycle
  • n is 0 to 5.
  • Ri is t-butyl or propyl.
  • R 3 is lower alkyl.
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form optionally substituted pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form l,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form piperazine-C(O)-aryl (e.g., piperazine-C(O)-phenyl).
  • This invention also encompasses compounds of formula IHA:
  • A is a heterocycle
  • Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl- heterocycle
  • R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently halogen, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or heterocycle
  • R 6 is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle
  • n is 0 to 5.
  • A is optionally substituted pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 6 is pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form 1, 4-diaza-bicyclo [3.2.2] - nonane.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form piperazine-C(O)-aryl (e.g., piperazine-C(O)-phenyl).
  • This invention also encompasses compounds of formula IV:
  • Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle
  • R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently halogen, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or heterocycle
  • R 4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle, or taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocycle
  • n is 0 to 5.
  • Ri is t-butyl or propyl.
  • R 3 is lower alkyl.
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form optionally substituted pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form l,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form piperazine-C(O)-aryl (e.g., piperazine-C(O)-phenyl).
  • This invention also encompasses compounds of formula IVA:
  • A is a heterocycle
  • Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl- heterocycle
  • R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently halogen, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or heterocycle
  • R 6 is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle
  • n is 0 to 5.
  • A is optionally substituted pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 6 is pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form 1, 4-diaza-bicyclo [3.2.2] - nonane.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form piperazine-C(O)-aryl (e.g., piperazine-C(O)-phenyl).
  • This invention also encompasses compounds of formula V:
  • Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle
  • R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently halogen, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or heterocycle
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle, or taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocycle
  • n is 0 to 5.
  • Ri is t-butyl or propyl.
  • R 3 is lower alkyl.
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form optionally substituted pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form l,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane.
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached do not form piperazine-C(O)-aryl (e.g., piperazine-C(O)-phenyl).
  • This invention also encompasses compounds of formula VA:
  • VA pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein: A is a heterocycle;
  • Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl- heterocycle
  • R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently halogen, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or heterocycle
  • Re is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle
  • n is 0 to 5.
  • A is optionally substituted pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • R ⁇ is pyridine or pyrrolidine.
  • A is not 1,4-diaza- bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane.
  • A is not piperazine-C(O)-aryl (e.g., piperazine-C(O)-phenyl).
  • Preferred compounds are potent proline transporter inhibitors.
  • Particular potent proline transporter inhibitors have a PTIC 50 of less than about 150, 125, 100, 75, 50 or 25 nM.
  • Some compounds inhibit the murine Na -dependent proline transporter, as determined by the method described in the Examples below, with an IC50 of less than about 150, 125, 100, 75, 50 or 25 nM.
  • Some compounds do not significantly inhibit the dopamine transporter.
  • some potent proline transporter inhibitors inhibit the dopamine transporter with an IC50 of greater than about 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 ⁇ M as determined using the assay described in the Examples below.
  • Some compounds do not significantly inhibit the glycine transporter.
  • some potent proline transporter inhibitors inhibit the glycine transporter with an IC50 of greater than about 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 ⁇ M as determined using the assay described in the Examples below.
  • a compound of formula 1 (Di and D 2 are defined herein) is contacted with a compound of formula 2 (Gi and G 2 are defined herein) under suitable conditions to provide a compound of formula 3.
  • suitable conditions include, for example, EDCl, HOBt, and Hunig's base in DMF.
  • Compound 3 is then contacted with compound 4 under suitable conditions to provide a compound of formula 5.
  • Suitable conditions include, for example, Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 , K 3 PO 4 , DME, water and heat.
  • a compound of formula 6 (e.g. , as a TFA salt) is contacted with a compound of formula 7 (Gi, G 2 , Ji, h and J 3 are defined herein) under suitable conditions to provide compound 8.
  • suitable conditions include, for example, TEA and heat.
  • Compound 8 is then contacted with compound 9 under suitable conditions to provide compound 10.
  • suitable conditions include, for example, n-BuLi in THF.
  • Compound 10 is then contacted with a compound of formula 4 to provide the final compound, 11.
  • suitable conditions include, for example, Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 , K 3 PO 4 , DME, water and heat.
  • a compound of formula 13 is reduced (e.g., with sodium borohydride) to provide compound 14, which is then coupled under suitable reaction conditions with a compound of formula 15 to provide compound 16.
  • suitable reaction conditions include, for example, PPh 3 and DEAD in THF.
  • a compound of formula 17 is contacted with compound 18 under suitable reaction conditions to provide compound 19.
  • suitable reaction conditions include, for example, potassium carbonate in DMF.
  • 5-allyl-2-amino-pyrimidine-4,6-diol is prepared by the reaction of guanidine with 2-allyl-malonic acid diethyl ester (e.g., in base).
  • the diol is converted to the corresponding di-chloride (e.g., with POCl 3 ), which is then oxidized (e.g., with OsO 4 ) to afford 3-(2-amino-4,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-5-yl)-propane-l,2-diol, which is subsequently converted to (2-amino-4,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-5-yl)-acetaldehyde (e.g., with Pb(OAc) 4 ).
  • 2,6-difluoro-pyridine is reacted with oxalic acid di-tert-butyl ester to afford (2,6-difluoro-pyridin-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • This is converted to the desired (2,6-difluoro-pyridin-3-yl)-hydrazono-acetic acid tert-butyl ester, which is subsequently cyclized to afford the corresponding 6-fluoro-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine- 3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • the tert-butyl ester is removed to yield the corresponding acid, which is reacted with the appropriate amine to afford the desired amide.
  • the amide is reacted with the desired acid chloride to obtain the final product.
  • succinonitrile is reacted with formic acid methyl ester to afford 2,3- dicyano-propen-1-ol sodium, with is reacted with an amine to yield the desired N- substituted S-amino-lH-pyrrole-S-carbonitrile.
  • the pyrrole is reacted with 3,3- dimethoxy-propionitrile in acidic conditions to afford a 6-amino-lH-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile, which is converted into the corresponding ethyl ester (e.g., with H 2 SO 4 in EtOH).
  • the ethyl ester is next reacted with the desired acid chloride, and finally reacted with the desired amine to yield the final product.
  • Nucleic acid based modulators of SLC6A7 expression or activity may also be used in methods of the invention.
  • Nucleic acid modulators of SLC6A7 can be aptamers, polynucleotides or oligonucleotides that encode a portion of SLC6A7 or, when corresponding to the non-coding strand, act as SLC6A7 antisense molecules that modulate SLC6A7 gene expression.
  • polynucleotides and oligonucleotides that target SLC6A7 expression may be used to regulate one or more of the biological functions associated with SLC6A7.
  • SLC6A7 -targeted polynucleotides and oligonucleotides can be used as part of ribozyme and/or triple helix sequences that may also useful for modulating SLC6A7 gene expression or activity.
  • Nucleic acid modulators of SLC6A7 expression can comprise an RNA molecule that reduces expression of a target nucleic acid by a RNA interference (RNAi)-based mechanism.
  • RNAi RNA interference
  • Examples of RNA molecules suitable for RNAi include short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs, tiny non-coding RNAs (tncRNAs), and small modulatory RNA (smRNA). See, e.g., Novina et al., Nature 430:161-164 (2004).
  • Inhibitory oligonucleotides may comprise at least one modified base moiety, such as 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, A- acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethyl-aminomethyl-2- thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D- galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5- methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7 -methyl guanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5- methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine
  • Inhibitory oligonucleotides may also comprise at least one modified sugar moiety, such as arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose.
  • Inhibitory oligonucleotides may also comprise at least one modified phosphate backbone, such as a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester, or a formacetal or analog thereof.
  • the inhibitory oligonucleotide is an ⁇ -anomeric oligonucleotide.
  • An ⁇ -anomeric oligonucleotide forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual ⁇ Zunits, the strands run parallel to each other.
  • the oligonucleotide can also be a 2N-O-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6131-6148 (1987)) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al, FEBS Lett. 215:327-330 (1987)).
  • double-stranded RNA may be used to disrupt the expression and function of SLC6A7.
  • inhibitory oligonucleotide or nucleic acid such as an antisense DNA molecule or a siRNA
  • the activity of an inhibitory oligonucleotide or nucleic acid is often affected by the secondary structure of the target mRNA. See, e.g. , Vickers et al. , J. Biol. Chem. 278 :7108-7118 (2003).
  • inhibitory nucleic acids can be selected that are complementary to a region of a target mRNA that is available for interacting with an inhibitory oligonucleotide.
  • a suitable region of a target mRNA can be identified by performing a "gene walk," e.g., by empirically testing a number of oligonucleotides for their ability to interact with regions along a target mRNA and/or to reduce target mRNA expression. See, e.g. , Vickers et al. , supra; Hill et al. , Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 21 :728-737 (1999).
  • a suitable region of a target mRNA can be identified using a mRNA secondary structure prediction program or related algorithm to identify regions of the target mRNA that do not hybridize to any other regions of the target mRNA. See, e.g., Hill et al., supra.
  • a combination of both of the above methods can also be used to identify a suitable region of a target mRNA.
  • This invention encompasses methods of treating, preventing and managing cognitive impairment associated with, or caused by, various diseases and disorders, including Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ ADHD), Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
  • ADD/ ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Down syndrome Fragile X syndrome
  • Huntington's disease Huntington's disease
  • Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease
  • schizophrenia schizophrenia
  • the invention also encompasses methods of treating, preventing and managing age-associated memory impairment.
  • the invention also encompasses methods of treating, preventing and managing dementia associated with metabolic-toxic, structural and/or infectious causes.
  • Metabolic-toxic causes of dementia include: anoxia; Bi 2 deficiency; chronic drug, alcohol or nutritional abuse; folic acid deficiency; hypercalcemia associated with hyperparathyroidism; hypoglycemia; hypothyroidism; organ system failure ⁇ e.g. , hepatic, respiratory, or uremic encephalopathy); and pellagra.
  • Structural causes of dementia include: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; brain trauma (e.g., chronic subdural hematoma, dementia pugilistica); brain tumors; cerebellar degeneration; communicating hydrocephalus; irradiation to frontal lobes; multiple sclerosis; normal-pressure hydrocephalus; Pick's disease; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; progressive supranuclear palsy; surgery; vascular disease (e.g. , multi-infarct dementia); and Wilson's disease.
  • Infectious causes of dementia include: bacterial endocarditis; Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease; Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease; HIV-related disorders; neurosyphilis; tuberculous and fungal meningitis; and viral encephalitis.
  • One embodiment encompasses methods wherein proline transporter activity in the patient is decreased.
  • the activity is decreased by administering to the patient an effective amount of a compound that inhibits the proline transporter (e.g. , a potent proline transporter inhibitor).
  • the activity is decreased by administering to the patient an effective amount of a compound that interferes with the expression of the gene that encodes the proline transporter (e.g., SLC6A7).
  • Another embodiment encompasses methods which comprise administering to the patient an effective amount of a compound that inhibits the proline transporter.
  • the compound is a potent proline transporter inhibitor.
  • Another embodiment encompasses a method of inhibiting a proline transporter, which comprises contacting a proline transporter (in vitro or in vivo) with a sufficient amount of a compound of the invention.
  • preferred proline transporters are encoded by the human gene SLC6A7, the murine ortholog thereof, or a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a proline transporter and that hybridizes under standard conditions to the full length of either.
  • the most preferred proline transporter is encoded by the human gene SLC6A7.
  • compositions and dosage forms comprising compounds of the invention as their active ingredients.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of this invention may optionally contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
  • Certain pharmaceutical compositions are single unit dosage forms suitable for oral, topical, mucosal (e.g., nasal, pulmonary, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, or intraarterial), or transdermal administration to a patient.
  • dosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets; capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches; lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices); pastes; powders; dressings; creams; plasters; solutions; patches; aerosols (e.g. , nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage forms suitable for oral or mucosal administration to a patient, including suspensions (e.g.
  • liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspensions, oil-in-water emulsions, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions, and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient; and sterile solids (e.g. , crystalline or amorphous solids) that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient.
  • sterile solids e.g. , crystalline or amorphous solids
  • the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
  • oral administration may require enteric coatings to protect the active ingredient from degradation within the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the active ingredient may be administered in a liposomal formulation to shield it from degradative enzymes, facilitate transport in circulatory system, and/or effect delivery across cell membranes to intracellular sites.
  • composition, shape, and type of dosage forms of the invention will typically vary depending on their use and active ingredients.
  • a dosage form used in the acute treatment of a disease may contain larger amounts of one or more of the active ingredients it comprises than a dosage form used in the chronic treatment of the same disease.
  • a parenteral dosage form may contain smaller amounts of one or more of the active ingredients it comprises than an oral dosage form used to treat the same disease.
  • Nucleic acid modulators of SLC6A7 can be suitably formulated and administered by any number of methods known to those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, gene delivery, electroporation, inhalation, intranasal introduction, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal injection, or intracranial injection.
  • mice homozygous for a genetically engineered mutation in the murine ortholog of the human SLC6A7 gene (“knockout” or "KO” mice) were generated using correspondingly mutated ES cell clones from the OMNIBANK collection of mutated murine ES cell clones (see generally U. S. Patent No. 6,080,576).
  • mice that were heterozygous, homozygous, or wildtype for the mutated allele were produced by breeding heterozygous animals capable of germline transmission of the mutant allele.
  • the mutated allele assorted according to standard Mendelian genetics. The mice were subjected to a battery of medical and behavioral tests, including those described below.
  • Trace aversive conditioning measures a form of classical conditioning with temporal separation between the end of a conditioned stimulus (CS) (in this case an 80 db tone) and the onset of an unconditioned stimulus (US) (in this case a 0.7 niA electric current) that are separated by a temporal "trace" (approximately 30 seconds).
  • This assay measures higher-order learning (usually associated with hippocampal function or the cortex) by determining how rapidly the test subjects learn to associate the US with CS.
  • the test animals are scored by calculating the percent freezing time as determined by comparing the difference between percent freezing post-CS and the percent freezing pre- CS.
  • both male and female animals that were homozygous for the mutation in the murine ortholog of the SLC6A7 gene displayed significantly higher freezing percentages (approximately 50 percent for an average of 16 test animals) as compared to their wildtype control counterparts (approximately 30 percent for an average of 16 control animals). These results indicate that homozygous mutant animals perform significantly better in this well established test for cognitive performance.
  • the Morris water maze used a circular pool 2 meters in diameter and 40 cm in depth. See, e.g., Morris, 1984, J. Neurosci. Methods 11 :47-60, Guillou et al, 1999, J. Neurocsci. 19:6183-90.
  • the pool was filled to a depth of 30 cm with water at a temperature of 24-26°C, made opaque by the addition of non-toxic water-based paint.
  • the "escape" platform was about 30 cm high with a plastic disc 18 cm in diameter on top. The platform was placed about 0.5 cm below the water surface. The mouse was released into the pool facing the wall from one of 4 start positions labeled as N (North), S (South), W (West) or E (East).
  • a videotracking system comprising the camera and the WaterMaze image software (Actimetrics, Inc.) divided the pool into 4 equal quadrants designated as SE, SW, NE, and NW.
  • the software calculates the latency to reach platform, distance to the platform, time spent in each quadrant, swimming speed, and other parameters.
  • Each trial lasted until the mouse climbed onto the platform or 90 seconds had elapsed. If the mouse did not reach the platform in 90 seconds, the experimenter took it out of the water and gently placed it on the platform. At the end of each trial the mouse remained on the platform for further 20 seconds. There were 4 trials with platform per day with 8-12 min inter-trial intervals. During the inter-trial interval the mouse was kept in a clean cage under a heat lamp.
  • the first includes visible and hidden platform phases, and the second only uses a hidden platform phase; both protocols end with a 2 day reversal phase.
  • the visible phase generally precedes the hidden platform phase.
  • the pool was surrounded with white curtains in order to hide all external-maze cues/references.
  • the platform was made visible with a metal cylinder 8 cm h x 3 cm, which was put on the platform.
  • the start position was the same on each trial, while platform location was randomly changed during the trials. This phase lasted for approximately 3 days.
  • the platform was no longer marked and the curtains were removed.
  • a variety of extra-maze cues were optionally placed around the pool.
  • the start position was changed every trial, while the platform remained in the same location. This phase typically lasted about 7 days.
  • Probe trials were run before the training trials on day 1 and 5 of the hidden phase, and on day 1 of the visible phase, and also after the last trial on day 3 of the visible phase.
  • the platform was removed from the pool and the mouse was placed in the pool facing the wall in the quadrant opposite from the platform quadrant. The mouse swam for 60 sec and the percentage of time spent in each quadrant was recorded.
  • 5 trials were run.
  • the platform location was the same as it was in the hidden phase.
  • the platform was moved to the opposite quadrant.
  • the platform was there on first trial and then again moved to the left or right adjoining quadrant for the last 4 trials.
  • mice were first subjected to the visible platform task.
  • Repeated measures (RM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze genotype effect on the latency to reach platform over 11 trials.
  • the title compound was prepared from (6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-(4-pyrimidin-2-yl- piperazin-l-yl)-methanone as described below.
  • the title compound was prepared from (4-bromo-phenyl)-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H- [l,2']bipyridinyl-4-yl)-methanone as described below.
  • the title compound was prepared from (4-bromophenyl)(l-(pyrimidin-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanone as described below.
  • N-methoxy-N-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamide A mixture of N-tert- butoxycarbonyl isonipecotic acid (1.50 g, 6.54 mmol, 1 eq), l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.88 g, 9.81mmol, 1.5 eq), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1.33 g, 9.81 mmol, 1.5 eq), and N,N-dimethylformamide (26 ml) was treated with N 5 N- diisopropylethylamine (4.60 ml, 26.2 mmol, 4 eq).
  • N-methoxy-N -methyl- 1 -(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperadine-4-carboxamide A mixture of N-methoxy-N-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamide (1.50 g, 5.25 mmol, 1 eq), 2- chloropyrimidine (634 mg, 5.25 mmol, 1 eq), triethylamine (2.20 ml, 15.8 mmol, 3 eq), and ethanol (21 ml) was heated at 100 0 C in a sealed tube for 19 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with water and brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated.
  • reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for 40 minutes, and a solution of N- methoxy-N-methyl-l-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperadine-4-carboxamide (1.28 g, 5.11 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (5 ml) was added dropwise via a cannula. After 3 hours at -78°C, the reaction mixture was warmed to 0 0 C, stirred for lhour, and then quenched with 1 N aq. HCl (10 ml). The mixture was diluted with 150 ml of ethyl acetate, washed sequentially with saturated aq.
  • N-Boc- ⁇ -proline 400 mg, 1.858 mmol
  • EDC 425.9 mg, 2.23 mmol
  • HOBt 326.1 mg, 2.415 mmol
  • methylene chloride 8 ml
  • N- methyl-0-methyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride 217.5 mg, 2.23 mmol
  • TEA 281.5 mg, 2.787 mmol
  • the title compound was prepared from l-(2-pyrimidyl)-homopiperazine as described below.
  • 1 -(2-Pyrimidyl)-homopiperazine To a solution of homopiperazine (3.5 g, 35 mmol) in ethanol (100 ml) at 40 0 C, was added portionwise 2-chloropyrimidine (2.0 g, 17.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (75 ml) and washed with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate and brine. Layers were separated, and the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography and a semi-solid (1.0 g) was collected and used as is.
  • the title compound was prepared from 5-pyrimidin-2-yl-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester as described below.
  • 5-Pyrimidin-2-yl-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,4-clpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester A solution of hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.0 g, 4.7 mmol), 2-chloropyrimidine (0.54 g, 4.7 mmol), triethylamine (2 ml, 14 mmol) and ethyl alcohol (25 ml) was maintained at reflux for 4 hours.
  • 5-AUyl-4,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-2-ylamine (4) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, pyrimidine 3 (1.027 g, 6.15 mmol) was added to 10 ml OfPOCl 3 . The mixture was refluxed at 110 0 C. After stirring for 30 min the POCl 3 was removed with the rotary evaporator. The crude mixture was very slowly quenched with 15 ml of hot distilled water. The aqueous mixture was extracted twice with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • (2-Amino-4,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-5-yl)-acetaldehyde (6) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a stirring suspension of diol 5 (329 mg, 1.39 mmol) in 10 ml of THF and 5 ml of methanol at 0 0 C was added lead acetate (700 mg, 1.58 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0 0 C for 1 h and then diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was filtered through Celite.
  • tert-butyi amine (0.30 ml, 2.78 mmol). After stirring for 5 min at room temperature, triethylamine (0.80 ml, 5.56 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred in the sealed tube at 115°C. After 14 h the n-butanol was removed with the rotary evaporator.
  • amide 11 35 mg, .081 mmol was dissolved in 1 ml of DMF.
  • the solution was degassed using nitrogen and then trans-dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.6 mg, 0.0081 mmol) was added. After degassing with nitrogen once more the mixture was bubbled through with carbon monoxide for 3 min.
  • a 2 M solution of ethylamine in THF (0.081 ml, 0.162 mmol) was added to the mixture and the vial was sealed. The mixture was stirred at 80 0 C. After stirring for 12 h the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and filtered through Celite.
  • amide 11 35 mg, .081 mmol was dissolved in 1 ml of DMF.
  • the solution was degassed using nitrogen and then trans-dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.6 mg, 0.0081 mmol) was added. After degassing with nitrogen once more the mixture was bubbled through with carbon monoxide for 3 min.
  • 3-(aminomethyl)pyridine 0.017 ml, 0.162 mmol
  • amide 11 35 mg, .081 mmol was dissolved in 1 ml of DMF.
  • the solution was degassed using nitrogen and then trans-dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.6 mg, 0.0081 mmol) was added. After degassing with nitrogen once more the mixture was bubbled through with carbon monoxide for 3 min.
  • 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine 0.017 ml, 0.162 mmol
  • amide 11 35 mg, .081 mmol was dissolved in 1 ml of DMF.
  • the solution was degassed using nitrogen and then trans-dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.6 mg, 0.0081 mmol) was added. After degassing with nitrogen once more the mixture was bubbled through with carbon monoxide for 3 min.
  • N,N-dimethyl ethylene diamine (0.014 ml, 0.162 mmol) was added to the mixture and the vial was sealed. The mixture was stirred at 80 0 C. After stirring for 12 h the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and filtered through C elite.
  • amide 11 35 mg, .081 mmol was dissolved in 1 ml of DMF.
  • the solution was degassed using nitrogen and then trans-dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.6 mg, 0.0081 mmol) was added. After degassing with nitrogen once more the mixture was bubbled through with carbon monoxide for 3 min.
  • a 2 M solution of methylamine in T ⁇ F (0.08 ml, 0.162 mmol) was added to the mixture and the vial was sealed. The mixture was stirred at 80 0 C. After stirring for 12 h the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and filtered through Celite.
  • 6-Amino-l-fer ⁇ butyl-lH-pyrrolor2,3-&1pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (18): To a solution of the pyrrolopyridine 17 (150 mg, 0.70 mmol) in 20 ml of EtOH was added 5 ml of sulfuric acid. The solution was stirred at reflux overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo. The residue was diluted with water and then neutralized with 1 N NaOH( aq ). The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated.
  • (2,6-Difluoro-pyridin-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid tert-butyi ester (23) To a solution of 2,6-difluoropyridine (22) (2.7 ml, 30 mmol) in 30 ml of THF at -78°C was added dropwise a freshly prepared solution of lithium diisopropylamine (32 mmol). The resulting solution was maintained at -78°C for 30 min. To the stirring solution was added dropwise a preloaded solution of di-tert-buty ⁇ oxylate (7.7 g, 38 mmol) in 30 ml of THF at -78°C.
  • the crude intermediate was taken up in 10 ml of 7 N ammonia dissolved in methanol. The solution was stirred at 140 0 C. After 36 h the mixture was concentrated. The crude product was purified by prep- ⁇ PLC to yield the amide 27 (60 mg, 30%) as a clear oil: m/z calcd.
  • 6-Amino-l-tert-butyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4- ⁇ lpyridine-3-carboxylic acid isopropylamide (29) To a solution of acid 26 (200 mg, 0.844 mmol), triethylamine (0.142 ml, 1.02 mmol), EDCI (198 mg, 1.02 mmol) and ⁇ OAt (137 mg, 1.02 mmol) in 5 ml of methylene chloride was added isopropylamine (0.072 ml, 0.844 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was then washed with a saturated solution of Na ⁇ C ⁇ 3( aq ) and brine.
  • the ability of compounds to inhibit the proline transporter was determined as follows.
  • a human SLC6A7 cDNA was cloned into a pcDNA3.1 vector and trans fected into COS-I cells.
  • a cell clone stably expressing proline transporter was selected for the assay.
  • Transfected cells were seeded at 15,000 cells per well in a 384 well plate and grown overnight. The cells were then washed with Krebs-Ringer's-HEPES-Tris (KRHT) buffer, pH 7.4, containing 120 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.2 mM CaCl, 1.2 mM MgSO 4 , 1.2 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 10 mM HEPES and 5 mM Tris. The cells were then incubated with 50 ⁇ l of KRHT buffer containing 45 nM 3 H-Proline for 20 minutes at room temperature.
  • KRHT Krebs-Ringer's-HEPES-Tris
  • Radiolabeled proline uptake was terminated by removing the radiolabeled proline and washing the cells rapidly three times with 100 ⁇ l of ice-cold KRHT buffer. Scintillation fluid (50 ⁇ l) was added per well, and the amount of tritiated proline present was determined using a Packard TopCount Scintillation counter.
  • Nonspecific uptake was determined by measuring of 3 H-proline uptake in the presence of 2 mM cold proline.
  • the IC50 of a compound was determined by measuring inhibition of four separate samples at ten concentrations, typically beginning with 10 ⁇ M followed by nine threefold dilutions (i.e., 10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.37, 0.12, 0.41, 0.014, 0.0046, 0.0015, and 0 ⁇ M). Percent inhibitions were calculated against the control.
  • the IC 50 of a compound was determined using the ten data points, each of which was an average of the four corresponding measurements.
  • Forebrain tissue was dissected from a wild type mouse and homogenized in 7 ml ice-cold homogenization buffer: 0.32 M sucrose, 1 mM NaHCO 3 , protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). The brain homogenates were centrifuged at 1000xg for 10 min to remove nuclei.
  • Proline transport assay was performed in 100 ⁇ l reaction mix consisting of 10 ⁇ g synaptosomes, l ⁇ Ci/0.24 ⁇ M [H3]-proline in assay buffer for a time between 0 to 20 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was terminated by rapid filtration through GF/B filter plate (Millipore) followed by three rapid washes in 200ul ice-cold assay buffer. Fifty microliters of Microscint-20 was added to each reaction and incubated for 2 hours. The [H3]-proline transport was determined by radioactivity counting.
  • the ability of compounds to inhibit the dopamine transporter was determined as follows.
  • a human DAT cDNA (NM OO 1044) was cloned into a pcDNA3.1 vector and transfected into COS-I cells. The resulting cell lines that stably express the dopamine transporter were used for further experimentation.
  • Transfected cells were seeded at 15,000 cells per well in a 384 well plate and grown overnight. The cells were then washed with Krebs-Ringer's-HEPES-Tris (KRHT) buffer, pH 7.4, containing 125 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 1.3 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgSO 4 10 mM D-glucose, 25 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodium ascorbate and 1.2 mM KH 2 PO 4 . The cells were then incubated with 50 ⁇ l of KRHT buffer containing 1 ⁇ M 3 H-Dopamine for 10 minutes at room temperature.
  • KRHT Krebs-Ringer's-HEPES-Tris
  • Radiolabeled dopamine uptake was terminated by removing the radiolabeled dopamine and washing the cells rapidly three times with 100 ⁇ l of ice-cold KRHT buffer. Scintillation fluid (50 ⁇ l) was added per well and the amount of tritiated dopamine present was determined using a Packard TopCount Scintillation counter.
  • Nonspecific uptake was determined by measuring of H-dopamine uptake in the presence of 250 ⁇ M benztropine.
  • the IC50 of a compound was determined by measuring inhibition of four separate samples at ten concentrations, typically beginning with 10 ⁇ M followed by nine three-fold dilutions (i.e., 10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.37, 0.12, 0.41, 0.014, 0.0046, 0.0015, and 0 ⁇ M). Percent inhibitions were calculated against the control. The percentage inhibitions were calculated against the control, and the average of the quadruplicates was used for IC 50 calculation.
  • the ability of compounds to inhibit the glycine transporter was determined as follows.
  • a human glycine transporter cDNA (NM_006934) was cloned into a pcDNA3.1 vector and transfected into COS-I cells. The resulting cell lines that stably express the glycine transporter were used for further experimentation. Transfected cells were seeded at 15,000 cells per well in a 384 well plate and grown overnight.
  • the cells were then washed with Krebs-Ringer's-HEPES-Tris (KRHT) buffer, pH 7.4, containing 120 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgSO 4 , 1.2 niM KH 2 PO 4 , 10 niM HEPES and 5 mM Tris.
  • KRHT Krebs-Ringer's-HEPES-Tris
  • the cells were then incubated with 50 ⁇ l of KRHT buffer containing 166 nM 3 H-glycine for 10 minutes at room temperature. Radiolabeled glycine uptake was terminated by removing the radiolabeled glycine and washing the cells rapidly three times with 100 ⁇ l of ice-cold KRHT buffer. Scintillation fluid (50 ⁇ l) was added per well and the amount of tritiated glycine present was determined using a Packard TopCount Scintillation counter.
  • Nonspecific uptake was determined by measuring H-glycine uptake in the presence of 2 mM cold glycine.
  • the IC 50 of a compound was determined by measuring inhibition of four separate samples at ten concentrations, typically beginning with 10 ⁇ M followed by nine three-fold dilutions (i.e., 10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.37, 0.12, 0.41, 0.014, 0.0046, 0.0015, and 0 ⁇ M). Percent inhibitions were calculated against the control. The percentage inhibitions were calculated against the control, and the average of the quadruplicates was used for IC50 calculation.
  • the calculation of the IC50 is performed using XLFit4 software (ID Business Solutions Inc., Bridgewater, NJ 08807) for Microsoft Excel (the above equation is model 205 of that software).
  • a compound having a PTIC 50 of less than 100 nM was administered to male C57B/6 albino mice subjected to a contextual fear conditioning program using a trace conditioning protocol.
  • the compound was administered at doses ranging from 50-200 mg/kg, and was found to recapitulate phenoytypes observed in SLC6A7 KO mice in a dose-dependent manner.
  • the compound did not increase freezing by itself in na ⁇ ve mice, as assessed in an open-field in the conditioning training apparatus, nor in mice given specific conditioning training and then placed in a novel open-field. Therefore, its effects appear to be specific to the learned response, and not due to non-specific enhancement of freezing behavior.

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