EP2066991B1 - Refrigerating arrangement comprising a hot connection element and a cold connection element and a heat exchanger tube connected to the connection elements - Google Patents
Refrigerating arrangement comprising a hot connection element and a cold connection element and a heat exchanger tube connected to the connection elements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2066991B1 EP2066991B1 EP07803233.1A EP07803233A EP2066991B1 EP 2066991 B1 EP2066991 B1 EP 2066991B1 EP 07803233 A EP07803233 A EP 07803233A EP 2066991 B1 EP2066991 B1 EP 2066991B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heat pipe
- parts
- connection element
- pipeline
- area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
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- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 59
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 45
- CNQCVBJFEGMYDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lawrencium atom Chemical compound [Lr] CNQCVBJFEGMYDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
- F25D19/006—Thermal coupling structure or interface
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D16/00—Devices using a combination of a cooling mode associated with refrigerating machinery with a cooling mode not associated with refrigerating machinery
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F2013/005—Thermal joints
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
- H01F6/04—Cooling
Definitions
- a refrigeration system with the above features for example, from the DE 36 21 562 A1 out.
- Cooling systems eg cooling systems for superconducting magnets
- a liquid refrigerant eg helium
- a temperature of typically 4.2 K can be used.
- large quantities of the corresponding refrigerant are necessary.
- the superconducting magnet there is also the possibility that it loses its superconducting properties, for example by exceeding a critical current for the corresponding superconducting material or a critical magnetic field. In such a case, the superconducting material quickly generates a large amount of heat. The resulting heat leads in a bath cooling to a boiling of the refrigerant within the cryostat. Large amounts of gaseous refrigerant leads to a rapid increase in pressure within the cryostat.
- cooling systems are designed without a refrigerant bath.
- Such cooling systems can do without any refrigerant.
- the cooling capacity is introduced in this case only by solid-state heat conduction in the areas to be cooled.
- the areas to be cooled may be replaced by a so-called solid state cryobus of e.g. Copper connected to a chiller.
- Another possibility is to connect the areas to be cooled and the chiller to a closed piping system in which a small amount of refrigerant circulates.
- the advantage of such cooling systems without a refrigerant bath continues to be that they are easier to adapt to moving loads to be cooled as cooling systems, which have a refrigerant bath.
- Cooling systems without a refrigerant bath are therefore particularly suitable for superconducting magnets of a so-called gantry, as used in ion beam therapy for combating cancer.
- the cooling capacity can be provided in the cooling systems described above typically a chiller with a cold head in particular a Stirling cooler available.
- a superconducting magnet in which a cold head with its second stage is directly mechanically and thermally connected to the support structure of a superconducting magnet winding, goes, for example, from US 5,396,206 out.
- the necessary cooling capacity is introduced directly into the superconducting magnet windings in the aforementioned superconducting magnet by solid-state heat conduction. If, however, a cold head has to be replaced, for example, for maintenance purposes, the abovementioned cooling device for a superconducting magnet has a decisive technical problem.
- During the exchange process may freeze air or other gases on the cryogenic contact surface, in this case the superconductive winding support structure. Ice formed at these points leads to a poor thermal connection of the subsequently re-used cold head with the support structure of the winding.
- the freezing of ambient gases at the cryogenic contact surfaces can be avoided by purposely flooding the space around these contact surfaces with gas.
- this is expensive and leads to a large consumption of purge gas or vaporized refrigerant for this purpose.
- EP 0 696 380 B1 discloses a superconducting magnet with a cryogen-free refrigeration system.
- the disclosed refrigeration system has a thermal bus of good thermal conductivity material such as copper, which is connected to the superconducting magnet.
- the thermal bus can still be connected to two cold heads.
- the two cold heads are arranged symmetrically to the thermal bus. They can each be approached from opposite sides to the thermal bus. In this way one or both cold heads can be brought into thermal contact with the thermal bus.
- the cooling capacity is introduced in accordance with one or both cold heads in the thermal bus.
- DE 102 11 568 B4 discloses a refrigeration system with two cold heads, which are connected via a piping system in which a refrigerant is circulatory according to a thermosiphon effect, connected to the parts to be cooled of a device.
- the piping system has a branch. At the ends of the branches there is a respective refrigerant space, which is connected to a cold head. Liquid refrigerant decreases, starting from one of these refrigerant chambers, gravity driven to the parts of the device to be cooled, at which the heat transfer takes place. Gaseous refrigerant in the piping system in turn rises to the two cold heads, where it is reliquefied.
- Such a cycle of the refrigerant may take place in the piping system both in the case where only one cold head is operating and in the case where both cold heads are operating.
- the refrigeration system is dimensioned in such a way that a single cold head applies the cooling capacity necessary for the parts of the device to be cooled, another cold head can be exchanged during operation of the refrigeration system.
- the piping system between the branch and the refrigerant spaces, which are each connected to a cold head made of poor thermal conductivity material. In this way, the losses can be limited by solid-state heat conduction.
- gaseous refrigerant is always added to the Climb to the point where there is no or a disconnected cold head. Thus, although the losses can be limited by solid-state heat conduction, but not the losses caused by circulating refrigerant.
- the refrigerating machine comprises a vacuum housing accommodating the vessel, a radiation shield arranged between the vessel and the housing, a cooling apparatus for cooling at least one shield and the vessel and a heat-conducting coupling arranged between the cooling apparatus and at least one shield and the vessel Production and interruption of heat transfer between these parts.
- a cryogenic cooling device for cooling an object in a vacuum container.
- the cooling device comprises a hot and a cold section, which are separated by a cold cylinder.
- a heat transfer device is arranged in each case. A heat exchange between the heat transfer means via a substance, as long as it is present in gaseous form.
- Object of the present invention is to provide a refrigeration system in which the parts to be cooled means of a device with a heat pipe in which a liquid is circulated by a thermosiphon effect, are connected to a heat sink, wherein the parts to be cooled of a device without a Mechanical separation should be largely thermally decoupled from the heat sink.
- This object is achieved with the measures specified in claim 1.
- the present invention is based on the following considerations: The heat exchange between the heat sink and the parts of a device to be cooled takes place essentially by the liquid which can be circulated in the heat pipe according to a thermosiphon effect. For thermal separation of the heat sink from the parts to be cooled of the device, the heat pipe can be pumped off via a pipe connected to its interior.
- the heat pipe should be made of a poor thermal conductivity material at the same time. By these measures, the thermal connection between the heat sink and the parts to be cooled of the device is reduced to a defined by the solid state heat conductivity of the heat pipe low level.
- the refrigeration system should contain at least one hot connection element, which is thermally connected to parts of a device to be cooled, and a cold connection element, which is thermally connected to a heat sink containing.
- a heat pipe made of poorly heat-conducting material should be connected at a first end to the hot connection element and at a second end to be mechanically detachable with the cold connection element.
- the interior of the heat pipe should be at least partially filled with a liquid which can be circulated according to a thermosiphon effect.
- the refrigeration system should include a pipeline having a first end to the interior is connected to the heat pipe and is configured such that at least parts of the pipeline are geodetically higher than the liquid level.
- the liquid should be able to be pumped out of the heat pipe via the pipeline.
- the refrigeration system according to the invention should be rotatable about an axis which runs substantially parallel to an axis of symmetry of the heat pipe.
- the heat pipe should continue to have a larger cross-section in a first region which is connected to the warm connection element than in a second region which is connected to the cold connection element.
- the parts of the heat pipe which connect the first and the second region to one another should be designed such that in the second region condensed refrigerant can pass unimpeded under the influence of gravity to the first region.
- a refrigeration system with the aforementioned features should be particularly advantageous for movable, in this case rotatably arranged to be cooled parts of a device used.
- the thermal contact when reinserting the heat sink will turn out much better than in the case in which there is significant ice formation at the contact surfaces. Furthermore, the cryogenic region in which the parts of the device to be cooled, due to the thermal decoupling, is prevented from penetrating into this region heat flows. In this way, even when replacing the heat sink to be cooled parts of a device at the desired low temperature.
- the thermal contact between the chiller and the parts to be cooled of the device is ensured at any time with a rotation of the parts to be cooled of a device.
- a refrigeration system can be specified, which allows even with a single heat sink use, without heating the parts to be cooled is necessary to exchange the heat sink or wait or remove temporarily.
- the refrigeration system according to the invention is particularly suitable for devices in the field of superconducting technology.
- FIG. 1 shows the schematic structure of a refrigeration system 100.
- a cryostat 108 are the parts to be cooled 102 of a device.
- the device parts to be cooled 102 may be, for example, the magnet windings of a superconducting magnet or other parts of the superconducting technique.
- a heat shield 112 is mounted to enhance thermal isolation.
- the cooling capacity for the parts to be cooled 102 of the device is provided by a refrigerator 109, such as a cold head or a Stirling cooler.
- a cold head can be used, which operates on the Gifford-McMahon principle.
- Such Two-stage chiller can according to the present embodiment with its first stage 111 thermally connected to the heat shield 112.
- the connection between the first stage 111 of the refrigerator 109 and the heat shield 112 may preferably be a releasable mechanical connection, such as a screw or clamp connection, which simultaneously ensures good thermal contact of the components.
- the second stage 110 of the refrigeration machine 109 represents the actual heat sink 104 of the refrigeration system 100.
- the second stage 110 of the refrigerator 109 is thermally connected to a cold connection element 103.
- the corresponding connection may preferably be a screw connection. That is, the refrigerator 109 is detachably screwed with its second stage 110 in the cold connection element 103. Any other mechanical connection which is releasable and at the same time ensures good thermal contact between the second stage 110 of the refrigerator 109 and the cold connection element 103 is also for the in FIG. 1 illustrated embodiment suitable.
- the connecting elements 101 and 103 may be part of the parts 102 to be cooled of a device or the heat sink 104. They can continue to be integrated into the corresponding components or permanently connected to them.
- the chiller 109 is partially located in a separately evacuable maintenance room 113. This maintenance room 113 is separated from the rest of the evacuatable space of the cryostat 108.
- the cold connection element 103 is connected to a heat pipe 105 with good thermal conductivity and preferably also mechanically.
- the heat pipe 105 is connected to a warm connection element 101. This compound is also designed to conduct heat well and may preferably also be a mechanical connection.
- the warm connection element 101 is in turn connected to a good heat-conducting with the parts to be cooled 102 of a device.
- a liquid 106 which can circulate in the heat pipe 105 in accordance with a thermosiphon effect.
- the heat pipe 105 itself, however, consists of a poorly heat-conducting material.
- the heat pipe 105 If the heat pipe 105 is completely filled with the liquid, it can assume a lower density in the upper cold region of the heat pipe 105 than in the lower, warmer region of the heat pipe 105. Due to the density differences of the liquid 106, a circulation can occur in the heat pipe 105 adjust according to the so-called. Thermosiphon effect, which causes a heat transfer from the parts to be cooled 102 of the device to the heat sink 104.
- the heat pipe 105 may be only partially filled with a liquid 106.
- a circulation of the liquid 106 can be set in two different phases, for example liquid-gaseous. Accordingly, gaseous liquid is liquefied in the portion of the heat pipe 105 which is in thermal contact with the cold joint 103. Condensed liquid 106 moves gravity driven into the in FIG. 1 shown below portion of the heat pipe 105, which is in thermal contact with the hot connector 101. In this part of the heat pipe 105, the liquid 106 delivers the cooling capacity to the hot connector 101 (and thus also to the parts of the device 102 to be cooled), whereupon gaseous liquid 106 rises again into the upper part of the heat pipe.
- the cold connector 103 acts as a condenser and the hot connector acts as an evaporator. In this way, a good thermal connection between the refrigerator 109 and its second stage 110 and the parts to be cooled 102 of a device can be ensured.
- the necessity may arise that a refrigeration machine 109 must be replaced, for example, for maintenance work or due to a defect.
- the liquid 106 which is located within the heat pipe 105, is pumped out via a pipe 107 leading to the outside. It is sufficient in many cases, the liquid 106 for the most part pump out of the heat pipe 105; but it can also be completely removed from the heat pipe 105. By removing the liquid 106 from the heat pipe 105, the thermal conductivity of the heat pipe 105 is significantly reduced.
- a heat conduction takes place in the following only as a result of solid-state heat conduction via the material of the heat pipe 105.
- the heat pipe 105 made of a poor thermal conductivity material such as stainless steel, the thermal conduction between the connecting elements 101, 103 can be reduced to a minimum.
- materials for the heat pipe 105 in addition to stainless steel and various plastics, ceramics or other low temperature suitable materials can be used.
- Another measure for minimizing the heat conduction is to make the heat pipe 105 particularly thin-walled and / or with small geometrical dimensions.
- the maintenance room 113 can be ventilated. Due to the ambient air flowing into the maintenance space 113, the cold connection element 103 and the previously cold parts of the chiller 109 begin to heat up.
- the maintenance room 113 can also be flooded with a special purge gas, such as dried air, nitrogen or helium.
- the refrigerator 109 can be removed from the refrigeration system 100.
- the previously deep-cold connection element 103 is thermally decoupled from the remaining still very cold parts, in particular the warm connection element 101 and the parts 102 to be cooled of a device and will therefore heat up quickly to a temperature close to room temperature.
- Superconducting magnet windings are particularly suitable for irradiation systems, as used in particle therapy, e.g. to fight cancer.
- Such superconducting magnet windings are preferably mounted in a so-called gantry, which is rotatable about a fixed axis.
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the generally designated 100 refrigeration system, wherein the entire refrigeration system 100, including the parts to be cooled 102 are arranged rotatably about an axis A.
- the refrigeration system 100 are the parts to be cooled 102 in a cryostat 108, which additionally has a heat shield 112.
- the refrigerator 109 is preferably designed rotationally symmetrical with respect to a further axis B.
- the refrigerator 109 is housed in a maintenance room 113, which is evacuated separately from the cryostat 108.
- the first stage 111 of the refrigerator 109 is connected to the heat shield 112, the second stage 104 of the refrigerator 109 is connected to the cold connector 103.
- the heat pipe 105 is located with a first part 202 in thermal, preferably also mechanical connection with the cold connection element 103. Another part 201 of the heat pipe 105 is in thermal, preferably also mechanical contact with the warm connection element 101 Heat pipe 105 has a smaller cross section than the second part 201 of the heat pipe 105.
- the part 203 of the heat pipe 105 which connects the first part 202 and the second part 201 of the heat pipe 105, is configured in such a way that condensed liquid 106 can pass unhindered from the first region 202 into the second region 201 due to gravity ,
- the entire heat pipe 105 may preferably have the shape of a truncated cone closed on both sides. Such a heat pipe 105 may further be connected to the refrigerator 109 so that the axis of symmetry of the truncated cone coincides with the axis B.
- a pipe 107 is connected to the heat pipe 105.
- the pipeline 107 has such a shape that any liquid 106 entering the pipeline 107 from the heat pipe 105 can not pass unhindered to the outer part of the pipeline 107 that is in communication with the cryostat 108.
- the pipeline 107 has a part 204 bent in the direction of the axis A.
- the liquid 106 can be pumped out of the heat pipe 105 through the pipe 107. In this way, a thermal separation between the parts to be cooled 102 of a device and the heat sink 104 is achieved.
- the working space 113 is aerated after the liquid 106 has been pumped off.
- the parts of the working space 113 which are arranged between the mounting flange of the first stage 111 of the refrigerator with the heat shield 112 and the condenser 103, can be designed to be flexible.
- a flexible configuration can be done for example by means of a bellows.
- the condenser 103 can be moved along the axis B due to a flexible configuration of the heat pipe 105 be.
- the heat pipe 105 may also have a bellows for this purpose.
- FIG. 3 shows a further embodiment of a generally designated 100 refrigeration system.
- refrigeration system 100 is opposite to those in FIG. 2 shown is extended to an additional cooling system.
- a refrigerant space 301 is in thermal, preferably also in mechanical contact with the cold connection element 103.
- This refrigerant space 301 can be filled by a feed line 302 from a geodetically higher location.
- a same or similar refrigerant can be used as it is used for the heat pipe 105. Usable are, for example, helium, neon or nitrogen.
- a piping system 303 is connected, which is connected over a large area with the parts to be cooled 102 of a device.
- evaporating refrigerant can escape via an exhaust pipe 304 from the piping system 303. In this way, an overpressure in the piping system 303 is avoided.
- the auxiliary cooling device may e.g. be used so that the parts to be cooled 102 of a device first with nitrogen, which is inexpensive and readily available, are pre-cooled before using the chiller 109, the parts to be cooled 102 are cooled to even lower temperatures.
- the additional cooling device it is technically necessary to stop the refrigeration system 100 in its possible rotation about the axis A or at least to move it so slowly that in the pipeline system 303, a gravity-driven refrigerant circuit, which is based on a thermosiphon effect, can set ,
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Kälteanlage mit mindestens
- einem warmen Verbindungselement, welches mit zu kühlenden Teilen einer Einrichtung thermisch verbunden ist,
- einem kalten Verbindungselement, welches thermisch mit einer Wärmesenke verbunden ist,
- einem Wärmerohr aus schlecht-wärmeleitendem Material, welches an einem ersten Ende mit dem warmen Verbindungselement und an einem zweiten Ende mechanisch lösbar mit dem kalten Verbindungselement verbunden ist und dessen Innenraum zumindest teilweise mit einer nach einem Thermosiphoneffekt zirkulierbaren Flüssigkeit gefüllt ist, und
- einer Rohrleitung, die an einem ersten Ende mit dem Innenraum des Wärmerohrs verbunden ist und derart ausgestaltet ist, dass zumindest Teile der Rohrleitung geodätisch höher als der Flüssigkeitsspiegel liegen,
- wobei zu einer thermischen Trennung der Verbindungselemente die Flüssigkeit über die Rohrleitung abpumpbar ist.
- a warm connection element which is thermally connected to parts of a device to be cooled,
- a cold connection element which is thermally connected to a heat sink,
- a heat pipe made of poorly heat-conducting material which is connected at a first end to the hot connection element and at a second end mechanically detachable with the cold connection element and whose interior is at least partially filled with a circulatory liquid according to a thermosiphon effect, and
- a pipeline which is connected at a first end to the interior of the heat pipe and is designed such that at least parts of the pipeline are geodetically higher than the liquid level,
- wherein for a thermal separation of the connecting elements, the liquid can be pumped down via the pipeline.
Eine Kälteanlage mit den oben genannten Merkmalen geht beispielsweise aus der
Kühlsysteme, z.B. Kühlsysteme für supraleitende Magnete, verfügen oftmals über eine so genannte Badkühlung. Für eine solche Badkühlung kann ein flüssiges Kältemittel, z.B. Helium, mit einer Temperatur von typischerweise 4,2 K verwendet werden. Für eine Badkühlung sind jedoch große Mengen des entsprechenden Kältemittels notwendig. Bei einem supraleitenden Magneten besteht weiterhin die Möglichkeit, dass dieser, z.B. durch Überschreiten eines für das entsprechende supraleitende Material kritischen Stromes oder eines kritischen Magnetfeldes, seine supraleitenden Eigenschaften verliert. In einem solchen Fall tritt an dem supraleitenden Material kurzfristig eine große Hitzeentwicklung auf. Die anfallende Wärme führt bei einer Badkühlung zu einem Sieden des Kältemittels innerhalb des Kryostaten. In großen Mengen anfallendes gasförmiges Kältemittel führt zu einem schnellen Anstieg des Druckes innerhalb des Kryostaten.Cooling systems, eg cooling systems for superconducting magnets, often have so-called bath cooling. For such a bath cooling, a liquid refrigerant, eg helium, with a temperature of typically 4.2 K can be used. For a bath cooling, however, large quantities of the corresponding refrigerant are necessary. In the case of a superconducting magnet, there is also the possibility that it loses its superconducting properties, for example by exceeding a critical current for the corresponding superconducting material or a critical magnetic field. In such a case, the superconducting material quickly generates a large amount of heat. The resulting heat leads in a bath cooling to a boiling of the refrigerant within the cryostat. Large amounts of gaseous refrigerant leads to a rapid increase in pressure within the cryostat.
Um diesem Problem zu begegnen und gleichzeitig die Kosten für das Kältemittel zu reduzieren, werden Kühlsysteme ohne ein Kältemittelbad konzipiert. Solche Kühlsysteme können ohne jegliches Kältemittel auskommen. Die Kälteleistung wird in diesem Fall lediglich durch Festkörperwärmeleitung in die zu kühlenden Bereiche eingebracht. Bei einem solchen Kühlsystem können die zu kühlenden Bereiche durch einen sog. Festkörper-Kryobus aus z.B. Kupfer mit einer Kältemaschine verbunden sein. Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht darin, die zu kühlenden Bereiche und die Kältemaschine mit einem geschlossenen Rohrleitungssystem zu verbinden, in welchem eine geringe Menge Kältemittel zirkuliert. Der Vorteil solcher Kühlsysteme ohne ein Kältemittelbad besteht weiterhin darin, dass diese einfacher an bewegliche zu kühlende Lasten anzupassen sind als Kühlsysteme, welche ein Kältemittelbad aufweisen. Kühlsysteme ohne ein Kältemittelbad sind daher insbesondere für supraleitende Magnete einer so genannten Gantry geeignet, wie sie in der Ionenstrahltherapie zur Krebsbekämpfung eingesetzt werden. Die Kälteleistung kann in den zuvor beschriebenen Kühlsystemen typischerweise einer Kältemaschine mit einem Kaltkopf insbesondere einem Stirlingkühler zur Verfügung gestellt werden.To counteract this problem while reducing the cost of the refrigerant, cooling systems are designed without a refrigerant bath. Such cooling systems can do without any refrigerant. The cooling capacity is introduced in this case only by solid-state heat conduction in the areas to be cooled. In such a cooling system, the areas to be cooled may be replaced by a so-called solid state cryobus of e.g. Copper connected to a chiller. Another possibility is to connect the areas to be cooled and the chiller to a closed piping system in which a small amount of refrigerant circulates. The advantage of such cooling systems without a refrigerant bath continues to be that they are easier to adapt to moving loads to be cooled as cooling systems, which have a refrigerant bath. Cooling systems without a refrigerant bath are therefore particularly suitable for superconducting magnets of a so-called gantry, as used in ion beam therapy for combating cancer. The cooling capacity can be provided in the cooling systems described above typically a chiller with a cold head in particular a Stirling cooler available.
Ein supraleitender Magnet, bei dem ein Kaltkopf mit seiner zweiten Stufe unmittelbar mechanisch und thermisch mit der Haltestruktur einer supraleitenden Magnetwicklung verbunden ist, geht z.B. aus der
Um ein Festfrieren von Gasen an den tiefkalten Kontaktflächen zu vermeiden, können diese auf etwa Raumtemperatur erwärmt werden. Dies führt in der Regel dazu, dass die gesamten zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung, z.B. die gesamten supraleitenden Wicklungen eines Magneten, auf Raumtemperatur gebracht werden müssen, bevor der Kaltkopf ausgetauscht werden kann. Insbesondere für große Systeme können eine solche Aufwärmphase und die anschließende Abkühlphase eine lange Zeit in Anspruch nehmen. Dies führt zu langen Ausfallzeiten des Systems. Die Aufwärm- und Abkühlphasen führen weiterhin zu einem großen Verbrauch an Energie.To prevent freezing of gases at the cryogenic contact surfaces, they can be heated to about room temperature. This usually results in the entire parts of a device to be cooled, e.g. the entire superconducting windings of a magnet must be brought to room temperature before the cold head can be replaced. Especially for large systems, such a warm-up phase and the subsequent cooling phase can take a long time. This leads to long downtime of the system. The warm-up and cool-down phases continue to lead to a large consumption of energy.
Alternativ kann das Anfrieren von Umgebungsgasen an den tiefkalten Kontaktflächen dadurch vermeiden werden, dass der Raum um diese Kontaktflächen gezielt mit Gas geflutet wird. Dies ist jedoch aufwändig und führt zu einem großen Verbrauch an Spülgas oder zu diesem Zweck verdampftem Kältemittel.Alternatively, the freezing of ambient gases at the cryogenic contact surfaces can be avoided by purposely flooding the space around these contact surfaces with gas. However, this is expensive and leads to a large consumption of purge gas or vaporized refrigerant for this purpose.
Zum Austausch eines der beiden Kaltköpfe der bekannten Anlage kann dieser von dem thermischen Bus mechanisch zurückgefahren werden, wodurch der entsprechende Kaltkopf ebenfalls thermisch von dem thermischen Bus getrennt wird. In diesem Fall wird die Kälteleistung lediglich durch den einen verbleibenden Kaltkopf zur Verfügung gestellt. Ein Austausch des zurückgefahrenen Kaltkopfes kann nun erfolgen, ohne dass der supraleitende Magnet erwärmt werden muss. Bei der in
Aus der
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Aus der
Die zuvor beschriebenen Einrichtungen ermöglichen zwar ein thermisches Entkoppeln eines kalten Bereichs von einem warmen Bereich ohne mechanische Trennung der Bereiche, jedoch nur bei mechanisch starr verbundenen Bereichen.Although the devices described above allow a thermal decoupling of a cold area from a warm area without mechanical separation of the areas, but only in mechanically rigidly connected areas.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, eine Kälteanlage anzugeben, bei der die zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung mit einem Wärmerohr, in dem eine Flüssigkeit nach einem Thermosyphon-Effekt zirkulierbar ist, mit einer Wärmsenke verbunden sind, wobei die zu kühlenden Teilen einer Einrichtung ohne eine mechanische Trennung weitgehend thermisch von der Wärmesenke entkoppelbar sein sollen. Diese Aufgabe wird mit den in Anspruch 1 angegebenen Maßnahmen gelöst. Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegen dabei die folgenden Überlegungen zugrunde: Der Wärmeaustausch zwischen der Wärmesenke und den zu kühlenden Teilen einer Einrichtung erfolgt im Wesentlichen durch die in dem Wärmerohr nach einem Thermosiphoneffekt zirkulierbare Flüssigkeit. Zur thermischen Trennung der Wärmesenke von den zu kühlenden Teilen der Einrichtung kann das Wärmerohr über eine an seinen Innenraum angeschlossene Rohrleitung abgepumpt werden. Das Wärmerohr soll gleichzeitig aus einem schlecht wärmeleitfähigen Material hergestellt sein. Durch diese Maßnahmen wird die thermische Verbindung zwischen der Wärmesenke und den zu kühlenden Teilen der Einrichtung bis auf ein durch die Festkörperwärmeleitfähigkeit des Wärmerohres definiertes geringes Maß herabgesetzt. Erfindungsgemäß soll die Kälteanlage mindestens ein warmes Verbindungselement enthalten, welches mit zu kühlenden Teilen einer Einrichtung thermisch verbunden ist, und ein kaltes Verbindungselement, welches thermisch mit einer Wärmesenke verbunden ist, enthalten. Ein Wärmerohr aus schlecht-wärmeleitendem Material soll an einem ersten Ende mit dem warmen Verbindungselement und an einem zweiten Ende mechanisch lösbar mit dem kalten Verbindungselement verbunden sein. Der Innenraum des Wärmerohrs soll zumindest teilweise mit einer nach einem Thermosiphoneffekt zirkulierbaren Flüssigkeit gefüllt sein. Weiterhin soll die Kälteanlage eine Rohrleitung umfassen, die mit einem ersten Ende mit dem Innenraum des Wärmerohrs verbunden ist und derart ausgestaltet ist, dass zumindest Teile der Rohrleitung geodätisch höher als der Flüssigkeitsspiegel liegen. Zur thermischen Trennung der Verbindungselemente soll erfindungsgemäß die Flüssigkeit über die Rohrleitung aus dem Wärmerohr abpumpbar sein.Object of the present invention is to provide a refrigeration system in which the parts to be cooled means of a device with a heat pipe in which a liquid is circulated by a thermosiphon effect, are connected to a heat sink, wherein the parts to be cooled of a device without a Mechanical separation should be largely thermally decoupled from the heat sink. This object is achieved with the measures specified in claim 1. The present invention is based on the following considerations: The heat exchange between the heat sink and the parts of a device to be cooled takes place essentially by the liquid which can be circulated in the heat pipe according to a thermosiphon effect. For thermal separation of the heat sink from the parts to be cooled of the device, the heat pipe can be pumped off via a pipe connected to its interior. The heat pipe should be made of a poor thermal conductivity material at the same time. By these measures, the thermal connection between the heat sink and the parts to be cooled of the device is reduced to a defined by the solid state heat conductivity of the heat pipe low level. According to the invention, the refrigeration system should contain at least one hot connection element, which is thermally connected to parts of a device to be cooled, and a cold connection element, which is thermally connected to a heat sink containing. A heat pipe made of poorly heat-conducting material should be connected at a first end to the hot connection element and at a second end to be mechanically detachable with the cold connection element. The interior of the heat pipe should be at least partially filled with a liquid which can be circulated according to a thermosiphon effect. Furthermore, the refrigeration system should include a pipeline having a first end to the interior is connected to the heat pipe and is configured such that at least parts of the pipeline are geodetically higher than the liquid level. For the thermal separation of the connecting elements according to the invention, the liquid should be able to be pumped out of the heat pipe via the pipeline.
Die Kälteanlage soll erfindungsgemäß um eine Achse drehbar sein, welche im Wesentlichen parallel zu einer Symmetrieachse des Wärmerohres verläuft. Das Wärmerohr soll weiterhin in einem ersten Bereich, der mit dem warmen Verbindungselement verbunden ist, einen größeren Querschnitt aufweisen als in einem zweiten Bereich, der mit dem kalten Verbindungselement verbunden ist. Die Teile des Wärmerohres, die den ersten und den zweiten Bereich miteinander verbinden, sollen derart ausgestaltet sein, dass in dem zweiten Bereich kondensiertes Kältemittel ungehindert unter dem Einfluss der Schwerkraft zu dem ersten Bereich gelangen kann. Eine Kälteanlage mit den zuvor genannten Merkmalen soll insbesondere vorteilhaft für bewegliche, in diesem Fall drehbar angeordnete zu kühlende Teile einer Einrichtung verwendet werden.The refrigeration system according to the invention should be rotatable about an axis which runs substantially parallel to an axis of symmetry of the heat pipe. The heat pipe should continue to have a larger cross-section in a first region which is connected to the warm connection element than in a second region which is connected to the cold connection element. The parts of the heat pipe which connect the first and the second region to one another should be designed such that in the second region condensed refrigerant can pass unimpeded under the influence of gravity to the first region. A refrigeration system with the aforementioned features should be particularly advantageous for movable, in this case rotatably arranged to be cooled parts of a device used.
Die Vorteile einer Kälteanlage mit den zuvor genannten Merkmalen sind vor allem darin zu sehen, dass eine Wärmeübertragung über das Wärmerohr deutlich herabgesetzt wird, indem die Flüssigkeit aus dem Inneren des Wärmerohres abgepumpt wird. Auf diese Weise können die zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung thermisch von der Wärmesenke weitgehend entkoppelt werden, ohne dass eine zweite Wärmesenke benötigt wird und ohne dass eine oder mehrere Wärmesenken mechanisch bewegt werden müssen. Wird die Wärmesenke, welche mechanisch lösbar mit dem kalten Verbindungselement verbunden ist, aus der Kälteanlage entfernt, kann sich das kalte Verbindungselement binnen einer kurzen Zeit soweit erwärmen, dass insbesondere Luft oder andere in der Umgebungsatmosphäre enthaltene Gase nur in geringem Maß an der Oberfläche des kalten Verbindungselements anfrieren. Eine Eisbildung an den Kontaktflächen zwischen dem kalten Verbindungselement und der Wärmesenke kann auf diese Weise größtenteils vermieden werden. Aufgrund der verminderten Eisbildung wird der thermische Kontakt beim Wiedereinsetzen der Wärmsenke deutlich besser ausfallen als in dem Fall, in dem sich deutliche Eisbildung an den Kontaktflächen zeigt. Weiterhin bleibt der kryogene Bereich, in dem sich die zu kühlenden Teile der Einrichtung befinden, bedingt durch die thermische Entkopplung vor in diesen Bereich eindringenden Wärmeströmen bewahrt. Auf diese Weise bleiben auch bei einem Austausch der Wärmesenke die zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung auf der gewünschten tiefen Temperatur.The advantages of a refrigeration system with the aforementioned features are to be seen in the fact that a heat transfer through the heat pipe is significantly reduced by the liquid is pumped from the interior of the heat pipe. In this way, the parts of a device to be cooled can be largely thermally decoupled from the heat sink without the need for a second heat sink and without having to mechanically move one or more heat sinks. If the heat sink, which is mechanically detachably connected to the cold connection element, removed from the refrigeration system, the cold connection element can heat up within a short time so far that in particular air or other gases contained in the ambient atmosphere only to a small extent on the surface of the cold Freeze connector. Ice formation on the contact surfaces between the cold connection element and the heat sink can be largely avoided in this way. Due to the diminished Ice formation, the thermal contact when reinserting the heat sink will turn out much better than in the case in which there is significant ice formation at the contact surfaces. Furthermore, the cryogenic region in which the parts of the device to be cooled, due to the thermal decoupling, is prevented from penetrating into this region heat flows. In this way, even when replacing the heat sink to be cooled parts of a device at the desired low temperature.
Durch die spezielle Ausgestaltung des Wärmerohres wird auch bei einer Drehung der zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung jederzeit der thermische Kontakt zwischen der Kältemaschine und den zu kühlenden Teilen der Einrichtung gewährleistet.Due to the special design of the heat pipe, the thermal contact between the chiller and the parts to be cooled of the device is ensured at any time with a rotation of the parts to be cooled of a device.
Mit den zuvor genannten Maßnahmen kann eine Kälteanlage angegeben werden, welche es gestattet, auch bei einer Verwendung einer einzelnen Wärmesenke, ohne dass ein Erwärmen der zu kühlenden Teile notwendig wird, die Wärmesenke auszutauschen oder zu warten bzw. temporär zu entfernen. Die erfindungsgemäße Kälteanlage ist besonders für Einrichtungen auf dem Gebiet der Supraleitungstechnik geeignet.With the aforementioned measures, a refrigeration system can be specified, which allows even with a single heat sink use, without heating the parts to be cooled is necessary to exchange the heat sink or wait or remove temporarily. The refrigeration system according to the invention is particularly suitable for devices in the field of superconducting technology.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der erfindungsgemäßen Kälteanlage gehen aus den von Anspruch 1 abhängigen Ansprüchen hervor. Dabei kann die Ausführungsform nach Anspruch 1 mit den Merkmalen eines der Unteransprüche oder vorzugsweise auch denen aus mehreren Unteransprüchen kombiniert werden. Demgemäß kann die Kälteanlage nach der Erfindung zusätzlich noch folgende Merkmale aufweisen:
- Die zu kühlenden Teile der Einrichtung können in einem evakuierbaren Kryostaten angeordnet sein und das zweite Ende der Rohrleitung kann außerhalb des Kryostaten liegen. Tiefkalte Teile einer Einrichtung können besonders vorteilhaft mittels eines evakuierbaren Kryostaten thermisch vor ihrer Umgebung isoliert werden. Eine solche thermische Isolation stellt eine besonders effektive Isolation für tiefkalte Teile einer Einrichtung dar. Insbesondere bei solchen tiefkalten Teilen einer Einrichtung ist es wünschenswert, eine Eisbildung an den Kontaktflächen des kalten Verbindungselementes zu vermeiden. Der Einsatz einer Kälteanlage gemäß dem vorstehenden Ausführungsbeispiel ist daher insbesondere für Vorrichtungen mit tiefkalten Teilen besonders vorteilhaft.
- Es kann eine mehrstufige Kältemaschine mit einer ersten und einer zweiten Stufe vorhanden sein, wobei die Wärmesenke von der zweiten Stufe gebildet sein kann und die erste Stufe mechanisch lösbar mit einem innerhalb des Kryostaten angeordneten Wärmeschild verbunden sein kann. Eine mehrstufige Kältemaschine ist besonders für tiefkalt zu kühlende Teile einer Einrichtung geeignet. Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, einen Wärmeschild als eine weitere Maßnahme zur thermischen Isolation einzusetzen. Die erfindungsgemäße thermische Trennung der zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung von der zweiten Stufe der Kältemaschine ist besonders vorteilhaft, da insbesondere bei mechanisch komplexen Kühlsystemen der Vorteil einer thermischen Trennung ohne bewegliche Teile zum Tragen kommt.
- Zumindest Teile der Kältemaschine können in einem von dem evakuierbaren Kryostaten abgetrennten, evakuierbaren Wartungsraum auswechselbar angebracht sein. Mit Hilfe eines weiteren, von dem evakuierbaren Kryostaten abgetrennten, ebenfalls evakuierbaren Wartungsraums kann der Auswechselvorgang der Kältemaschine vorgenommen werden, ohne dass das Vakuum des Kryostaten gebrochen werden muss. Der Wartungsvorgang gestaltet sich in dieser Weise besonders einfach und effektiv.
- Die Flüssigkeit kann als ein Zweiphasengemisch vorliegen. Liegt die Flüssigkeit in dem Wärmerohr in zwei Phasen vor, so kann sich eine Zirkulation der Flüssigkeit in dem Wärmerohr einstellen, durch die gasförmige Flüssigkeit an dem kalten Ende des Wärmerohres kondensiert und flüssige Flüssigkeit an dem warmen Ende des Wärmerohres verdampft. Auf diese Weise kann die latente Wärme des Phasenübergangs zum Wärmetransport genutzt werden. Eine entsprechende Zirkulation kann sich aber auch in einer einphasigen Flüssigkeit auf Grund natürlicher, auf Dichteunterschieden basierender Konvektion einstellen.
- Die Rohrleitung kann an ihren Enden nahe der Symmetrieachse des Wärmerohres mit dem Wärmerohr und der Außenseite des Kryostaten verbunden sein. Die Rohrleitung kann weiterhin in Verlaufsrichtung mindestens einen der Achse nahen Zwischenbereich aufweisen. Durch eine Ausgestaltung der Rohrleitung, wie sie zuvor beschrieben ist, kann bei einer Drehung der zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung verhindert werden, das Kältemittel durch die Rohrleitung bis an das warme Ende der Rohrleitung vordringt, welches außerhalb des Kryostaten befestigt ist. Auf diese Weise wird vermieden, dass sich eine Zirkulation des Kältemittels in der Rohrleitung zwischen dem innerhalb des Wärmerohres befindlichen tiefkalten Bereich und dem Ende der Rohrleitung, welches außerhalb des Kryostaten angebracht ist, stattfindet. Besonders vorteilhaft kann durch die zuvor beschriebene Ausgestaltung der Rohrleitung Wärmeverluste durch eine wie zuvor beschriebene Zirkulation des Kältemittels unterbunden werden.
- Der Zwischenbereich der Rohrleitung kann einen V-förmigen Verlauf in Richtung der Achse A aufweisen. Eine V-förmig gebogene Rohrleitung stellt eine besonders einfache und effektive Ausgestaltungsform der Rohrleitung dar.
- Das Wärmerohr kann im Wesentlichen in der Form eines Kegelstumpfes ausgestaltet sein. Durch eine Ausbildung des Wärmerohres in der Form eines Kegelstumpfes kann eine besonders einfache kostengünstige und effektive Form des Wärmerohrs angegeben werden.
- Die Kälteanlage kann ein Zusatzkühlsystem umfassen, welches zumindest die folgenden Merkmale aufweist: Einen Kältemittelraum, welcher mit dem kalten Verbindungselement verbunden ist; eine Zuleitung, durch welche der Kältemittelraum von einem geodätisch höher gelegenen Ort außerhalb des Kryostaten mit einem zweiten Kältemittel befüllbar ist; ein Rohrleitungssystem, welches thermisch großflächig mit den zu kühlenden Teilen der Einrichtung verbunden ist und in welchen das zweite Kältemittel bedingt durch einen Thermosiphoneffekt zirkulierbar ist; eine Abgasleitung, durch welche gasförmiges zweites Kältemittel aus dem Rohrleitungssystem entweichen kann. Durch ein Zusatzkühlsystem mit den zuvor genannten Merkmalen kann insbesondere bei großen zu kühlenden Massen eine Beschleunigung der Abkühlphase erreicht werden. Indem über die Zuleitung ein zweites Kältemittel von einem geodätisch höher gelegenen Ort außerhalb des Kryostaten in den Kältemittelraum gefüllt wird, wird zusätzliche Kühlleistung für die zu kühlenden Teile einer Einrichtung bereitgestellt. Gegebenenfalls abdampfendes zweites Kältemittel kann über die Abgasleitung aus dem Rohrleitungssystem entweichen. Auf diese Weise wird die Bildung eines Überdruckes in dem Rohrleitungssystem verhindert. Innerhalb des Rohrleitungssystems kann das zweite Kältemittel nach einem Thermosiphoneffekt zirkulieren und so für eine effektive Kühlung sorgen.
- Die Verbindungselemente können aus einem gut wärmeleitfähigen Material, vorzugsweise aus Kupfer, bestehen. Das Wärmerohr kann aus einem Material mit einer thermischen Leitfähigkeit geringer als der von Kupfer, vorzugsweise aus Edelstahl, bestehen. Durch eine derartige Ausgestaltung der Verbindungselemente aus einem gut wärmeleitfähigen Material wie z.B. Kupfer, kann eine besondere effektive thermische Ankopplung sowohl an die Wärmesenke wie auch an die zu kühlenden Teile der Einrichtung erreicht werden. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Wärmerohres ist vor allem durch das innerhalb des Wärmerohrs zirkulierende Kältemittel bedingt. Wird das Wärmerohr selbst aus einem schlecht wärmeleitfähigen Material wie z.B. Edelstahl hergestellt, so kann durch Abpumpen des Kältemittels eine besonders starke Reduzierung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit erreicht werden.
- Die Einrichtung kann eine Gantry-Vorrichtung zur Strahlentherapie sein, und die zu kühlenden Teile können die Magnete der Gantry zur Ablenkung eines Teilchenstrahls sein. Die erfindungsgemäße Kälteanlage ist für eine Gantry besonders geeignet, da die zu kühlenden Magnete um eine Rotationsachse der Gantry gedreht werden.
- The parts of the device to be cooled can be arranged in an evacuatable cryostat and the second end of the pipeline can be outside the cryostat. Deep-frozen parts of a device can be thermally insulated from their environment particularly advantageously by means of an evacuatable cryostat. Such thermal insulation provides a particularly effective insulation for Deep-frozen parts of a device. Especially in such cryogenic parts of a device, it is desirable to avoid ice formation on the contact surfaces of the cold connection element. The use of a refrigeration system according to the above embodiment is therefore particularly advantageous especially for devices with cryogenic parts.
- There may be a multi-stage refrigerator having a first and a second stage, wherein the heat sink may be formed by the second stage and the first stage may be mechanically detachably connected to a heat shield disposed within the cryostat. A multi-stage chiller is particularly suitable for cryogenic parts of a device to be cooled. It is particularly advantageous to use a heat shield as a further measure for thermal insulation. The thermal separation according to the invention of the parts to be cooled of a device from the second stage of the refrigerating machine is particularly advantageous, since the advantage of a thermal separation without moving parts comes into play particularly in mechanically complex cooling systems.
- At least parts of the refrigeration machine may be interchangeably mounted in an evacuable maintenance space separated from the evacuatable cryostat. With the help of another, separated from the evacuated cryostat, also evacuated maintenance space of the replacement of the chiller can be made without the vacuum of the cryostat must be broken. The maintenance process is particularly simple and effective in this way.
- The liquid may be present as a two-phase mixture. If the liquid is present in the heat pipe in two phases, a circulation of the liquid in the heat pipe can be established, condensed by the gaseous liquid at the cold end of the heat pipe and liquid liquid evaporated at the warm end of the heat pipe. In this way, the latent heat of the phase transition can be used for heat transport. However, a corresponding circulation can also be achieved in a single-phase liquid due to natural convection based on density differences.
- The tubing may be connected at its ends near the axis of symmetry of the heat pipe to the heat pipe and the outside of the cryostat. The pipeline may furthermore have at least one intermediate region near the axis in the direction of progression. By means of an embodiment of the pipeline as described above, upon rotation of the parts to be cooled, a device can be prevented which advances refrigerant through the pipeline to the warm end of the pipeline, which is fastened outside the cryostat. In this way it is avoided that a circulation of the refrigerant in the pipeline takes place between the deep-cold area located inside the heat pipe and the end of the pipe which is arranged outside the cryostat. Particularly advantageous can be prevented by a circulation of the refrigerant as described above by the above-described embodiment of the pipeline heat losses.
- The intermediate region of the pipeline may have a V-shaped course in the direction of the axis A. A V-shaped bent pipe represents a particularly simple and effective embodiment of the pipeline.
- The heat pipe may be configured substantially in the shape of a truncated cone. By forming the heat pipe in the form of a truncated cone, a particularly simple inexpensive and effective form of the heat pipe can be specified.
- The refrigeration system may comprise an auxiliary cooling system, which has at least the following features: a refrigerant space, which is connected to the cold connection element; a supply line through which the refrigerant space can be filled from a geodetically higher location outside the cryostat with a second refrigerant; a piping system which is thermally connected over a large area with the parts to be cooled of the device and in which the second refrigerant is conditionally circulated by a thermosiphon effect; an exhaust pipe through which gaseous second refrigerant can escape from the piping system. By means of an additional cooling system with the aforementioned features, an acceleration of the cooling phase can be achieved, in particular for large masses to be cooled. By filling a second refrigerant from a geodetically elevated location outside the cryostat into the refrigerant space via the supply line, additional cooling capacity is provided for the parts of a device to be cooled. Optionally, evaporating second refrigerant can escape via the exhaust pipe from the piping system. In this way, the formation of an overpressure in the piping system is prevented. Within the piping system, the second refrigerant can circulate after a thermosiphon effect, thus providing effective cooling.
- The connecting elements can be made of a good heat conductive material, preferably made of copper. The heat pipe may be made of a material having a thermal conductivity less than that of copper, preferably of stainless steel. Such a design of the connecting elements made of a good thermal conductivity material such as copper, a special effective thermal coupling can be achieved both to the heat sink as well as to the parts to be cooled of the device. The heat conductivity of the heat pipe is mainly due to the circulating within the heat pipe refrigerant. If the heat pipe itself from a poor thermal conductivity Material produced such as stainless steel, so can be achieved by pumping out the refrigerant, a particularly strong reduction in thermal conductivity.
- The device may be a gantry device for radiotherapy, and the parts to be cooled may be the magnets of the gantry for deflecting a particle beam. The refrigeration system according to the invention is particularly suitable for a gantry, since the magnets to be cooled are rotated about an axis of rotation of the gantry.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der erfindungsgemäßen Kälteanlage gehen aus den vorstehend nicht angesprochenen Ansprüchen sowie insbesondere aus der nachfolgend erläuternden Zeichnung hervor. In den Zeichnungen 2 und 3 sind bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen der erfindungsgemäßen Kälteanlage in leicht schematisierter Form angedeutet. Dabei zeigen deren
- Figur 1
- den Querschnitt einer nicht erfindungsgemäßen Kälteanlage,
- Figur 2
- den Querschnitt einer rotierbaren Kälteanlage und
- Figur 3
- den Querschnitt einer rotierbaren Kälteanlage mit einem Zusatzkühlsystem.
- FIG. 1
- the cross section of a refrigeration system not according to the invention,
- FIG. 2
- the cross section of a rotatable refrigeration system and
- FIG. 3
- the cross section of a rotatable refrigeration system with an additional cooling system.
Sich in den Figuren entsprechende Teile sind jeweils mit denselben Bezugszeichen versehen. Nicht näher ausgeführte Teile sind allgemeiner Stand der Technik.Parts corresponding to the figures are each provided with the same reference numerals. Parts that are not detailed are general state of the art.
Die Kältemaschine 109 befindet sich teilweise in einem separat evakuierbaren Wartungsraum 113. Dieser Wartungsraum 113 ist von dem übrigen evakuierbaren Raum des Kryostaten 108 abgetrennt. Das kalte Verbindungselement 103 ist mit einem Wärmerohr 105 gut wärmeleitend und vorzugsweise auch mechanisch verbunden. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite ist das Wärmerohr 105 mit einem warmen Verbindungselement 101 verbunden. Diese Verbindung ist ebenfalls gut wärmeleitend ausgestaltet und kann vorzugsweise auch eine mechanische Verbindung sein. Das warme Verbindungselement 101 ist wiederum gut wärmeleitend mit den zu kühlenden Teilen 102 einer Einrichtung verbunden. Innerhalb des Wärmerohres 105 befindet sich eine Flüssigkeit 106, welche in dem Wärmerohr 105 gemäß einem Thermosiphoneffekt zirkulieren kann. Das Wärmerohr 105 selbst besteht jedoch aus einem schlecht-wärmeleitenden Material.The
Ist das Wärmerohr 105 vollständig mit der Flüssigkeit gefüllt, so kann diese im oberen kalten Bereich des Wärmerohres 105, temperaturbedingt eine geringere Dichte annehmen als im unteren, wärmeren Bereich des Wärmerohres 105. Aufgrund der Dichteunterschiede der Flüssigkeit 106 kann sich in dem Wärmerohr 105 eine Zirkulation nach dem sog. Thermosiphoneffekt einstellen, welche einen Wärmetransport von den zu kühlenden Teilen 102 der Einrichtung zu der Wärmesenke 104 bewirkt.If the
Weiterhin kann das Wärmerohr 105 lediglich teilweise mit einer Flüssigkeit 106 gefüllt sein. In diesem Fall kann sich eine Zirkulation der Flüssigkeit 106 in zwei verschiedenen Phasen einstellen, z.B. flüssig-gasförmig. Demgemäß wird gasförmige Flüssigkeit in dem Teil des Wärmerohres 105, welcher sich in thermischem Kontakt mit dem kalten Verbindungsstück 103 befindet, verflüssigt. Kondensierte Flüssigkeit 106 bewegt sich schwerkraftgetrieben in den in
Im Betrieb einer Kälteanlage 100 kann sich die Notwendigkeit ergeben, dass eine Kältemaschine 109 z.B. zu Wartungsarbeiten oder aufgrund eines Defekts ausgetauscht werden muss. Bevor die Kältemaschine 109 aus der Kälteanlage 100 entfernt wird, wird die Flüssigkeit 106, welche sich innerhalb des Wärmerohres 105 befindet, über eine nach außen führende Rohrleitung 107 abgepumpt. Es ist in vielen Fällen ausreichend, die Flüssigkeit 106 zum überwiegenden Teil aus dem Wärmerohr 105 abzupumpen; sie kann aber auch vollständig aus dem Wärmerohr 105 entfernt werden. Indem die Flüssigkeit 106 aus dem Wärmerohr 105 entfernt wird, wird die Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Wärmerohres 105 erheblich herabgesetzt. Zwischen dem kalten Verbindungselement 103 und dem warmen Verbindungselement 101 findet im Folgenden eine Wärmeleitung lediglich infolge von Festkörperwärmeleitung über das Material des Wärmerohres 105 statt. Wird das Wärmerohr 105 aus einem schlecht wärmeleitenden Material wie z.B. Edelstahl hergestellt, kann die thermische Leitung zwischen den Verbindungselementen 101, 103 auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Als Materialien für das Wärmerohr 105 sind neben Edelstahl auch verschiedene Kunststoffe, Keramiken oder andere tieftemperaturgeeignete Werkstoffe verwendbar. Eine weitere Maßnahme zur Minimierung der Wärmeleitung ist, das Wärmerohr 105 besonders dünnwandig und/oder mit geringen geometrischen Ausmaßen zu fertigen.During operation of a
Nachdem die Flüssigkeit 106 aus dem Wärmerohr 105 über die Rohrleitung 107 abgepumpt worden ist, kann der Wartungsraum 113 belüftet werden. Bedingt durch die in den Wartungsraum 113 einströmende Umgebungsluft beginnt sich das kalte Verbindungselement 103 sowie die vormals kalten Teile der Kältemaschine 109 zu erwärmen. Der Wartungsraum 113 kann ebenfalls mit einem speziellen Spülgas, wie z.B. getrocknete Luft, Stickstoff oder Helium geflutet werden. Nachdem der Wartungsraum 113 belüftet worden ist, kann die Kältemaschine 109 aus der Kälteanlage 100 entfernt werden. Das vormals tiefkalte Verbindungselement 103 ist von den übrigen immer noch tiefkalten Teilen, insbesondere dem warmen Verbindungselement 101 und den zu kühlenden Teilen 102 einer Einrichtung, thermisch entkoppelt und wird sich daher schnell auf eine Temperatur nahe der Raumtemperatur erwärmen. Da sich das kalte Verbindungselement 103, wie zuvor beschrieben, erwärmt, wird eine Eisbildung durch kondensierendes Gas wie vorzugsweise Umgebungsluft weitgehend vermieden. Beim Wiedereinsetzen der Kältemaschine 109 ist daher ein guter thermischer und mechanischer Kontakt zwischen deren zweiter Stufe 110 und dem kalten Verbindungselement 103 gewährleistet.After the liquid 106 has been pumped out of the
Supraleitende Magnetwicklungen sind insbesondere für Bestrahlungsanlagen geeignet, wie sie in der Teilchentherapie z.B. zur Krebsbekämpfung eingesetzt werden. Solche supraleitenden Magnetwicklungen befinden sich bevorzugt in einer so genannten Gantry montiert, welche um eine festgelegte Achse rotierbar ist.Superconducting magnet windings are particularly suitable for irradiation systems, as used in particle therapy, e.g. to fight cancer. Such superconducting magnet windings are preferably mounted in a so-called gantry, which is rotatable about a fixed axis.
Im Bereich dieser Achse B ist eine Rohrleitung 107 mit dem Wärmerohr 105 verbunden. Durch diese Rohrleitung ist die Flüssigkeit 106 aus dem Wärmerohr 105 abpumpbar. Die Rohrleitung 107 weist eine derartige Form auf, dass etwaig von dem Wärmerohr 105 in die Rohrleitung 107 eintretende Flüssigkeit 106 nicht ungehindert zu dem äußeren, in Verbindung mit dem Kryostaten 108 stehenden Teil der Rohrleitung 107 gelangen kann. Zu diesem Zweck weist die Rohrleitung 107 einen in Richtung der Achse A gebogenen Teil 204 auf. Durch eine derartige Ausgestaltung des Rohres 107 kann auch bei einer Drehung der gesamten Kälteanlage 100 um die Achse A verhindert werden, dass Flüssigkeit 106 durch die Rohrleitung 107 in ständigen Kontakt mit dem äußeren Teil der Rohrleitung 107 tritt.In the area of this axis B, a
Wie im Zusammenhang mit
Die Zusatzkühleinrichtung kann z.B. derart eingesetzt werden, dass die zu kühlenden Teile 102 einer Einrichtung zunächst mit Stickstoff, welcher preiswert und gut verfügbar ist, vorgekühlt werden, bevor mit Hilfe der Kältemaschine 109 die zu kühlenden Teile 102 auf noch tiefere Temperaturen abgekühlt werden. Für den Einsatz der Zusatzkühleinrichtung ist es technisch notwendig, die Kälteanlage 100 in ihrer möglichen Rotation um die Achse A zu stoppen oder zumindest derart langsam zu bewegen, dass sich in dem Rohrleitungssystem 303 ein schwerkraftgetriebener Kältemittelkreislauf, welcher auf einem Thermosyphon-Effekt beruht, einstellen kann.The auxiliary cooling device may e.g. be used so that the parts to be cooled 102 of a device first with nitrogen, which is inexpensive and readily available, are pre-cooled before using the
Claims (14)
- Refrigeration installation (100) having at leasta. one warm connection element (101), which is thermally connected to parts (102) to be cooled of a device,b. a cold connection element (103), which is thermally connected to a heat sink (104),c. a heat pipe (105) composed of poorly thermally conductive material, which is connected to the warm connection element (101) at a first end and is mechanically detachably connected to the cold connection element (103) at a second end, and whose interior is at least partially filled with a fluid (106) which can circulate on the basis of a thermosiphon effect, andd. a pipeline (107) which is connected at a first end to the interior of the heat pipe (105) and is designed such that at least parts of the pipeline (107) are geodetically higher than the liquid level,e. in which case the fluid (106) can be pumped out via the pipeline (107) for thermal isolation of the connection elements (101, 103),characterized in thatf. a capability is provided to rotate about an axis (A) which runs essentially parallel to an axis of symmetry (B) of the heat pipe (105), andg. the heat pipe (105) has a larger cross section in a first area (201), which is connected to the warm connection element (101), than in a second area (202), which is connected to the cold connection element (103), and those parts (203) of the heat pipe which connect the first area (201) and the second area (202) to one another are designed such that coolant (106) which has condensed in the second area (202) can pass without any impediment under the influence of the force of gravity into the first area (201).
- Refrigeration installation (100) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the parts to be cooled of the device (102) are arranged in a cryostat (108) which can be evacuated, and the second end of the pipeline (107) is located outside the cryostat (108).
- Refrigeration installation (100) according to Claim 2, characterized in that a multistage refrigeration machine (109) having a first stage (111) and a second stage (110) is provided, with the heat sink (104) being formed by the second stage (110) and with the first stage (111) being mechanically detachably connected to a heat shield (112) which is arranged within the cryostat (108).
- Refrigeration installation (100) according to Claim 3, characterized in that at least parts of the refrigeration machine (109) are fitted replaceably in a maintenance area (113) which can be evacuated and is separated from the cryostat (108) which can be evacuated.
- Refrigeration installation (100) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fluid (106) is in the form of a two-phase mixture.
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, at its ends, close to the axis of symmetry (B) of the heat pipe (105), the pipeline (107) is connected to the heat pipe (105) and the outside of the cryostat (108), and, in the direction in which it runs, the pipeline (107) has at least one intermediate area (204) which is close to the axis (A).
- Refrigeration installation according to Claim 6, characterized in that the intermediate area (204) has a V-shaped bend in the direction of the axis (A) in the direction in which the pipeline (107) runs.
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heat pipe (105) is essentially in the form of a truncated cone.
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by an additional cooling system, comprisinga. a coolant area (301) which is connected to the cold connection element (103),b. a supply line (302) through which the coolant area (301) can be filled with a second coolant from a geodetically higher point outside the cryostat (108),c. a pipeline system (303) which is thermally connected over a large area to the parts to be cooled of the device (102) and in which the second coolant can circulate by means of a thermosiphon effect, andd. an off-gas line (304), through which gaseous second coolant can escape from the pipeline system (303).
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connection elements (101, 103) are composed of a highly thermally conductive material, preferably of copper.
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heat pipe (105) is composed of a material having a thermal conductivity lower than that of copper, preferably of stainless steel.
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the device contains superconducting parts.
- Refrigeration installation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the device is a gantry apparatus for beam therapy.
- Refrigeration installation according to Claim 13, characterized in that the parts (102) to be cooled are magnets, preferably superconducting magnets, for deflection of a particle beam.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102006046688A DE102006046688B3 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2006-09-29 | Cooling system, e.g. for super conductive magnets, gives a non-mechanical separation between the parts to be cooled and the heat sink |
PCT/EP2007/059269 WO2008040609A1 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2007-09-05 | Refrigerating arrangement comprising a hot connection element and a cold connection element and a heat exchanger tube connected to the connection elements |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2066991A1 EP2066991A1 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
EP2066991B1 true EP2066991B1 (en) | 2017-08-16 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07803233.1A Not-in-force EP2066991B1 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2007-09-05 | Refrigerating arrangement comprising a hot connection element and a cold connection element and a heat exchanger tube connected to the connection elements |
Country Status (7)
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---|---|
US (1) | US20090293504A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2066991B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101422231B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101523136A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102006046688B3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2647681T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008040609A1 (en) |
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2006
- 2006-09-29 DE DE102006046688A patent/DE102006046688B3/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-09-05 WO PCT/EP2007/059269 patent/WO2008040609A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-09-05 EP EP07803233.1A patent/EP2066991B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-09-05 CN CNA2007800364542A patent/CN101523136A/en active Pending
- 2007-09-05 KR KR1020097008609A patent/KR101422231B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-09-05 US US12/443,329 patent/US20090293504A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-09-05 ES ES07803233.1T patent/ES2647681T3/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20090077800A (en) | 2009-07-15 |
US20090293504A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
ES2647681T3 (en) | 2017-12-26 |
DE102006046688B3 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
CN101523136A (en) | 2009-09-02 |
WO2008040609A1 (en) | 2008-04-10 |
EP2066991A1 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
KR101422231B1 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
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