Classifications

• • H01L31/0543—
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
  • F24S23/10—Prisms
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
  • F24S23/30—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
  • F24S23/31—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses having discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lenses
• • H01L31/0547—
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
  • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

• THIS invention relates to non-tracking solar collectors.
• the function of the solar collector is to concentrate the radiation onto relatively small photovoltaic (PV) cells, while in the case of heat generation, the function of the collector is generally to concentrate the radiation onto a conduit or container conveying or storing a fluid, such as a liquid or gas, the temperature of which is to be elevated.
• PV photovoltaic
• Concentrator systems that employ focussing lenses for primary concentration require either biaxial tracking, i.e. both N-S and E-W, or a secondary tracking system that varies the position of the lens or target in order to ensure that the collected radiation is focussed correctly on the target, i.e. PV cells or fluid conduit or container.
• the latter type of system frequently referred to as a 1.5 times tracking system, typically moves the assembly of lenses, associated reflectors and/or target either individually or in arrays.
• the apparatus required to achieve such movement can however be expensive and complicated.
• an added disadvantage of systems which employ a focussing lens is the fact that dirt particles on the lens create shadows which result in uneven distribution of radiation on the PV cells. Apart from the fact that this reduces the efficiency of the PV cells, it can also cause permanent damage to the cells. Dirt particles on the reflectors of a reflector-type concentrating system can also be problematical.
• One example of a known solar collector uses an assembly of parallel wedges to reduce the angular dispersion of incident solar radiation. Radiation refracted by the wedges is then transported to the target by internal reflection in thin modules composed of wedge-shaped glass elements.
• a disadvantage of the system is however a relatively low concentration ratio of around 2:1.
• Concentrration ratio refers to the ratio of the area of the solar aperture, i.e. the area on which the solar radiation is incident, to the area of the target onto which the radiation is concentrated. The low concentration ratio is indicative of a low level of efficiency.
• Another example described in US 4,344,417, makes use of a narrow, wedge- shaped collector to receive incident radiation and reflect it internally to the target area. The concentration ratio is however again relatively low, indicating a low level of efficiency.
• JP 1 1305130 and JP 62266879 Further examples of prior art collectors are described in JP 1 1305130 and JP 62266879.
• the collector has wedge-shaped prisms and external reflectors arranged at a divergent angle with respect to one another in order to collect radiation over a larger solar aperture and to concentrate such radiation, by both internal reflection in the prisms and external reflection from the reflectors, onto a solar battery.
• N-S aligned, connected wedge-shaped prisms are again used to concentrate incident radiation by internal reflection.
• the prism assembly is used in conjunction with a conventional solar panel.
• a non-tracking solar collector comprising:
• a refractor arranged over the prism to refract solar radiation incident thereon onto the major side surfaces of the prism, as the sun moves relative to the earth, at angles allowing such radiation to enter the prism and be internally reflected therein towards a target at or adjacent the relatively wide end of the prism, the refractors being spaced laterally apart from one another.
• the preferred refractor is a linear refractor, such as a linear Fresnel lens.
• the refractors can be spaced apart from one another by radiation- transmitting panels which are continuous with the refractors, and in this event the collector may be configured to form part of a roof or wall cladding structure, such as a corrugated expanse of roof or wall cladding in which the linear refractors are arranged at the crests of the corrugations and the radiation-transmitting panels at the valleys thereof.
• a roof or wall cladding structure such as a corrugated expanse of roof or wall cladding in which the linear refractors are arranged at the crests of the corrugations and the radiation-transmitting panels at the valleys thereof.
• the narrow edges of the prisms will extend in the pitch direction of an expanse of roof cladding.
• the narrow ends of the prisms extend E-W in a pitched roof cladding structure the ridge cap of which extends N-S.
• linear refractors and light-transmitting panels form a flat expanse of roof or wall cladding.
• each reflector structure may include a pair of convergent reflector panels arranged to reflect radiation which is transmitted by the radiation-transmitting panels onto the prisms for collection and concentration by the prisms.
• the preferred embodiments of the invention include a radiation transmitting secondary solar concentrator at the wider end of each prism.
• This concentrator may have side walls, typically planar or concave, which converge towards one another to a width less than that of the wider end of the prism.
• the secondary solar concentrator should be made of a material with a higher refractive index than the material of which the prism is made and the prism and secondary solar concentrator should meet one another at a curved interface where a convex surface of the secondary solar concentrator mates with a concave surface of the prism.
• FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a pitched roof cladding structure incorporating a solar collector according to this invention
• Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic cross-sectional detail of a portion of the solar collector forming part of the roof cladding structure seen in Figure 1 ;
• Figure 3 illustrates the use of a secondary solar radiation concentrator.
• Figure 1 shows a roof cladding structure 10 comprising pitched sections 12 and 14 aligned in an E-W direction with the ridge cap 16 of the roof structure extending in a N-S direction, i.e. into the plane of the paper in Figure 1.
• the roof cladding structure has a corrugated profile, with arcuate crests, peaks or high points 18 alternating with arcuate valleys, troughs or low points 20.
• the cladding structure incorporates a solar collector or concentrator in which the crests 18 of the corrugations are provided by arcuate strips 22 designed as linear refractors, for example as linear Fresnel refractors.
• the refractors may be made of a suitable radiation refracting material such as glass, acrylic or polystyrene and are treated with ultraviolet (UV) filter material in view of their exposure to solar radiation.
• the valleys 20 of the corrugations are provided by radiation-transmitting strips or panels 24 made of a clear acrylic or other suitable material, treated with UV filter material if necessary.
• each linear refractor 22 Located beneath each linear refractor 22 is a prism 26 made of, for instance, glass, acrylic or polystyrene.
• the individual prisms 26 are elongate both vertically and in the pitch direction of the roof cladding structure 10, i.e. in the E-W direction.
• Each prism has major, planar side surfaces 28 and 30 which converge at an acute angle 32, in this case about 3°, to one another towards a relatively narrow end 34 of the prism.
• the opposite end 36 of the prism is relatively wide and has mounted to it a heat transmitting coupler 38 in heat transmitting contact with a pipe 40 conveying a fluid, such as water or a gas, which is to be heated by concentrated solar radiation.
• the narrow ends 34 of the prisms point to and are attached to the underside of the linear refractors 22. Although the narrow ends are shown as sharp edges, they may in practice be slightly truncated.
• the prisms are arranged with their narrow edges 34 extending E-W 1 i.e in the pitch direction and the linear refractors are designed to refract solar radiation incident thereon onto the major side surfaces 28 and 30 of the prisms.
• reflector structures 42 each composed of upwardly inclined pairs of reflectors 44.
• these reflectors may be of polished aluminium or they may be of steel with external surfaces carrying reflective films.
• the reflectors are connected to the wider ends 36 of the prisms and their upper ends are joined to one another and to the valleys 20 of the corrugations by connecting strips 46.
• the reflectors 44 are inclined at a latitude angle 48.
• FIG. 2 Preferred dimensions for the solar collector components are shown in Figure 2.
• the numeral 50 designates exemplary, parallel solar rays which are incident on each of the linear refractors at mid-day i.e. 12h00 and an overhead latitude angle. Such rays are refracted by the linear refractors onto the side surfaces 28 and 30 of the associated prism 26.
• the refracted rays are incident on the side surfaces 28 and 30 at angles 52 of about 20°. This is within the acceptance range for the prism, so the radiation enters the prism rather than being externally reflected off a surface 28 or 30.
• the surfaces 28 and 30 may be treated with a non- reflective coating to increase the acceptance range if necessary.
• Radiation which enters the prisms undergoes normal refraction at the air/prism material interface and thereafter undergoes total internal reflection within the prisms for eventual concentration on the pipes 40 in order to heat the fluid conveyed in the pipes.
• the numeral 54 indicates solar rays which are incident on the roof cladding structure but which do not fall on the refractors 22. These may for instance be solar rays at around 08h00 and 16h00 during the day with the sun at an overhead latitude angle. Such rays pass through the intermediate panels 24 and are incident on the reflector panels 44 which reflect the rays onto the surfaces 28 and 30. These rays also enter the prisms and are internally reflected therein for eventual concentration on the pipes 40. Thus the reflector structures provide a means for collecting radiation which would otherwise be lost and for directing it into the prisms for eventual concentration.
• the numeral 56 indicates solar rays which are incident on the linear refractors at mid-day and emanate from the sun at a limit solstice latitude angle of 23.5°. It will be noted that such rays pass, parallel to the adjacent reflector panel 44, to the wider end of the prism where acceptance and internal reflection concentrates them on the pipes 40.
• the numeral 58 indicates solar rays, emanating from a 20° latitude angle, which are incident at mid-day on the roof cladding structure. Rays 58 which pass through the panels 24 are directly incident on the wider ends of the prisms, which accept them for internal reflection and concentration.
• the solar collector effectively forms an integral part of the actual roof cladding structure and there is no requirement, as with conventional solar collectors, to mount a separate collector externally on a roof or other supporting structure.
• the concentrated solar radiation is used to heat up a fluid conveyed in a pipe. It will however be understood that the apparatus could equally well be used for electricity generation, in which case the radiation could be concentrated on PV cells located at the wider ends of the prisms. The random internal reflection of the radiation also ensures that there is an equal distribution of radiation on the PV cells.
• roof cladding structure in the illustrated embodiment has a corrugated profile it is also envisaged that embodiments in which alternating linear refractors and intermediate, radiation-transmitting panels are arranged in a flat configuration would also operate efficiently. In such a configuration the refractors and intermediate panels would be flat and would, in combination, form a flat expanse of roof or wall cladding. Further embodiments are also envisaged in which the reflectors 44 are offset for use as wall cladding structures.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a modified version of the apparatus.
• a secondary solar radiation concentrator is indicated by the reference numeral 70.
• the concentrator extends for the full length of the prism 26 and is of a solid or liquid material having a higher refractive index than the material of which the prism is made.
• the prism is made of an acrylic having a refractive index of less than 1.5 and the secondary concentrator 70 of polystyrol or glass having a refractive index of more than 1.5.
• the secondary concentrator is placed at the wider, lower end of the prism 26 and is intimately connected to the prism at an upwardly convex interface defined by a convex surface 72 of the secondary concentrator and a concave surface 74 of the prism.
• the secondary concentrator 70 has planar side surfaces 76 and 78 and a planar lower surface 80 to which the coupler 38 is intimately attached. As before the coupler 38 is in intimate contact with the pipe 40.
• the numeral 82 indicates a solar ray which enters the prism 26 through the side surface 30, is refracted at the prism/air interface, travels through the lower part of the prism to the convex interface between the prism and the solar concentrator 70 where it is refracted into the secondary concentrator, and is thereafter reflected internally off the side surface 76 of the secondary concentrator and onto the coupler 38. It will be understood that other solar rays that have been internally reflected in the prism will likewise be refracted into the secondary concentrator 70 for subsequent passage directly or through internal reflection onto the coupler. To ensure that all rays which enter the secondary concentrator 70 are reflected onto the coupler 38, inwardly facing mirrors 84 (only one shown) may be placed against the surfaces 76 and 78 or these surfaces may themselves be mirrored.
• the side surfaces of the secondary concentrator may be concave as indicated diagrammatically by the numeral 86, or convex.
• the convex interface defined by the surfaces 72 and 74 is preferred to a planar, horizontal interface because it will tend to refract radiation in the appropriate direction for subsequent reflection onto the coupler 38.
• a secondary concentrator having a convex interface as illustrated may be referred to as a secondary convex concentrator (SCC).

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
• Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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• 2007
  • 2007-07-27 WO PCT/IB2007/052982 patent/WO2008012777A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2007-07-27 US US12/375,490 patent/US20100307480A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2007-07-27 EP EP07805249A patent/EP2052194A2/de not_active Withdrawn

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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