EP2027093A2 - Cyanopyridines substituées en tant qu'inhibiteurs de protéine kinases - Google Patents

Cyanopyridines substituées en tant qu'inhibiteurs de protéine kinases

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Publication number
EP2027093A2
EP2027093A2 EP07796050A EP07796050A EP2027093A2 EP 2027093 A2 EP2027093 A2 EP 2027093A2 EP 07796050 A EP07796050 A EP 07796050A EP 07796050 A EP07796050 A EP 07796050A EP 2027093 A2 EP2027093 A2 EP 2027093A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
group
amino
nicotinonitrile
phenyl
alkyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP07796050A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Yanong Daniel Wang
Amarnauth Shastrie Prashad
Magda Asselin
Diane Harris Boschelli
Russell Dushin
Derek Cecil Cole
Allan Wissner
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Wyeth LLC
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Wyeth LLC
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Publication of EP2027093A2 publication Critical patent/EP2027093A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/84—Nitriles
    • C07D213/85—Nitriles in position 3
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present teachings relate to substituted 3-cyanopyridines (also known as nicotinonitriles) that are capable of inhibiting protein kinases.
  • the present teachings also relate to methods for the preparation of the substituted cyanopyridines and methods of their use.
  • the compounds of the present teachings can be useful for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as asthma and arthritis.
  • Protein kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to an amino acid residue (e.g., tyrosine, serine, threonine or histidine) on a protein. Regulation of these protein kinases is essential for the control of a wide variety of cellular events including proliferation and migration.
  • a large number of diseases including various inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as asthma, colitis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and joint inflammation, are associated with abnormal cellular events that are mediated by these kinases. See, e.g., Salek- Ardakami, S.
  • PKC protein kinase C
  • PKC ⁇ protein kinase C
  • Th2 cell responses result in reduced levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), contributing to the AHR and inflammatory pathophysiology.
  • IL-4 interleukin-4
  • IgE immunoglobulin E
  • BMMCs bone marrow mast cells
  • TNF ⁇ tumor necrosis factor-alpha
  • IL-13 interleukin- 13
  • MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
  • MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
  • MAPK MAPK kinases
  • cdks cyclin-dependent kinases
  • cdks including cdc2/cyclin B, cdk2/cyclin A, cdk2/cyclin E and cdk4/cyclin D, and others, are serine/threonine kinases that regulate mammalian cell division.
  • Additional serine/threonine kinases include the protein kinases A and B. These kinases, known as PKA or cyclic AMP-depcndent protein kinase and PKB (Akt), play key roles in signal transduction pathways.
  • PKA protein kinases
  • Akt cyclic AMP-depcndent protein kinase
  • PKB PKB
  • Tyrosine kinases are divided into two classes: the non- transmembrane TKs and transmembrane growth factor receptor TKs (RTKs).
  • Growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF)
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • RTKs include FGFR (the receptor for fibroblast growth factor (FGF)); flk-1 (also known as KDR), and flt-1 (the receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)); and PDGFR (the receptor for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)).
  • FGF fibroblast growth factor
  • flk-1 also known as KDR
  • flt-1 the receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
  • PDGFR the receptor for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
  • Other RTKs include tie-1 and tie-2, colony stimulating factor receptor, the nerve growth factor receptor, and the insulin-like growth factor receptor.
  • cytoplasmic protein or non-receptor TKs The cytoplasmic protein TKs have intrinsic kinase activity, are present in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and participate in diverse signaling pathways.
  • TKs Non-receptor TKs
  • AbI AbI
  • Jak Jak
  • Fak Fak
  • Syk Syk
  • Zap-70 Src family of kinases
  • SFKs Src family of kinases
  • R 1 , R 2 , and X are defined as described herein.
  • the present teachings also relate to pharmaceutical compositions that include a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I (including their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and esters) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • Another aspect of the present teachings relates to methods of preparing the compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and esters.
  • the present teachings also provide methods of using the compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and esters.
  • the present teachings provide methods of treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, colitis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and joint inflammation, which include administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I (or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or esters) to a mammal including a human.
  • autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as asthma, colitis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and joint inflammation
  • X is selected from a) -NR 3 -Y-, b) -O-Y-, c) -S(O) m -Y- d) -
  • Y at each occurrence, independently is selected from a) a divalent C MO alkyl group, b) a divalent C2- 1 0 alkenyl group, c) a divalent C 2- io alkynyl group, d) a divalent Ci.10 haloalkyl group, and e) a covalent bond;
  • R 1 is a phenyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 4 groups;
  • R 2 is a C ⁇ -14 aryl group or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each group optionally is substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from -Y-R 4 and -O-Y-R 4 ;
  • R 3 is selected from a) H, b) a C LI O alkyl group, c) a C 2 -10 alkenyl group, d) a C 2 .io alkynyl group, and e) a Ci.10 haloalkyl group;
  • R 4 at each occurrence, independently is selected from a) halogen, b) — CN, c) -NO 2 , d) oxo, e) -0-Y-R 5 , f) -NR 6 -Y-R 7 , g) -N(O)R 6 -Y-R 7 , h) -S(O) 111 -Y-R 5 , i) -S(O) 1n O-Y-R 5 , j) -S(O) m NR 6 -Y-R 7 , k) -C(O)-Y-R 5 , 1) -C(O)O- Y-Y-Y-
  • R 5 m) -C(O)NR 6 -Y-R 7 , n) -C(S)NR 6 -Y-R 7 , o) a C 1-10 alkyl group, p) a C 2 .
  • R 5 at each occurrence, independently is selected from a) H, b) -C(O)R 9 , c) -C(O)OR 9 , d) a Ci.io alkyl group, e) a C2-10 alkenyl group, f) a C 2 - I0 alkynyl group, g) a Cj. 10 haloalkyl group, h) a C 3 .
  • R 6 and R 7 at each occurrence, independently are selected from a) H, b) - O-Y-R 9 , c) -S(O) 01 -Y-R 9 , d) -S(O) m O-Y-R 9 , e) -C(O)-Y-R 9 , f) -C(O)O-Y-R 9 , g) -C(0)NR IO -Y-R' ', h) -C(S)NR ⁇ -Y-R 1 ', i) a C M0 alkyl group, j) a C 2 .io alkenyl group, k) a C2-10 alkynyl group, 1) a Ci.10 haloalkyl group, m) a C 3 - 14 cycloalkyl group, n) a C 6-H aryl group, o) a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and
  • R 8 at each occurrence, independently is selected from a) halogen, b) —
  • R 9 at each occurrence, independently is selected from a) H, b) -C(O)- C M o alkyl, c) -C(O)OH, d) -C(O)O-Ci-IO alkyl, e) a C M0 alkyl group, f) a C 2-I0 alkenyl group, g) a C2-10 alkynyl group, h) a Ci.10 haloalkyl group, i) a C 3 - 14 cycloalkyl group, j) a
  • R 10 and R 11 at each occurrence, independently are selected from a) H, b) -OH, c) -SH 5 d) -NH 2 , e) -NH-Ci -10 alkyl, f) -N(C 1-10 alkyl) 2 , g) -S(O) 111 -C 10 alky
  • R 12 at each occurrence, independently is selected from a) halogen, b) —
  • the pyridine ring can be oxidized on the nitrogen atom to provide the corresponding N-oxide having the formula I' :
  • R 1 , R 2 , and X are as defined herein.
  • X can be selected from — NR 3 - Y— , -O- Y— , and a covalent bond.
  • X can be selected from -NH-. -N(CH 3 )-, -NH-CH 2 -,
  • X can be -NH-.
  • R 1 can be selected from:
  • R 4 is as defined herein.
  • R 4 at each occurrence, can be independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -CN, -NO 2 , -O-Y-R 5 , -C(O)-Y- R 5 ,-C(O)O-Y-R 5 , -NR 6 - Y-R 7 , and a Ci -6 alkyl group.
  • R 4 at each occurrence, can be independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, — O— Ci -3 alkyl, — O— phenyl, and a C 1 - 3 alkyl group.
  • R 2 can be selected from a phenyl group, a Cs - 1 4 aryl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from -Y-R 4 and — O- Y-R 4 , wherein Y and R 4 are as defined herein.
  • R 2 can be selected from a phenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, a thiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, an indolyl group, a benzodioxinyl group, a benzodioxolyl group, a benzodioxanyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzoindolyl group, an indanyl group, an indenyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a tetrahydronaphthyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a quinolinyl group,
  • R 2 can be any organic compound
  • D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 independently can be H, a -Y-R 4 group, or an -O- Y-R 4 group, wherein Y and R 4 are as defined herein.
  • D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be a -Y-R 4 group or an — O- Y-R 4 group, wherein Y, at each occurrence, can be independently a divalent Ci -4 alkyl group or a covalent bond, and R 4 , at each occurrence, can be independently selected from a halogen; -CN -NO 2 , -O-Y-R 5 , -NR 6 -Y-R 7 , -S(O) 2 -Y-R 5 , - S(O) 2 NR 6 -Y-R 7 , -C(O)-Y-R 5 , -C(O)O-Y-R 5 ,-C(O)NR 6 -Y-R 7 , a C M0 alkyl group, a Ci-io haloalkyl group, a C 3-I4 cycloalkyl group, a C 6-H aryl group, a 3
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be an — O— (CH 2 ) n — R 4 group, wherein n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and R 4 , at each occurrence, can be independently selected from F, Cl, Br, -NO 2 , — 0-Y-R 5 , -NR 6 -Y-R 7 , S(O) 2 -Y-R 5 , -S(O) 2 NR 6 -Y-R 7 , -C(O)NR 6 -Y-R 7 , a C M0 alkyl group, a C 3 - I4 cycloalkyl group, a C 6-I4 aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of the Ci-io alkyl group, the C 3-J4 cycloalkyl group, the
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be — O-(CH 2 ) n NR 6 -Y-R 7 or an -O-(CH 2 ) n -3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, wherein the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 8 groups, wherein Y, R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are as defined herein, and n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be - (CH 2 ) n NR 6 — Y-R 7 or a-(CH 2 ) n -3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, wherein the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 — Y- R 8 groups, Y, R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are as defined herein, and n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be an — O- (CH 2 ) n NR 6 -Y-R 7 group or a -(CH 2 ) n NR 6 -Y-R 7 group, the -O-(CH 2 ) n NR 6 -Y-R 7 group and the
  • -(CH 2 ) n NR 6 -Y-R 7 group can be -O-(CH 2 ) n NH-Y-R 7 or -O-(CH 2 ) n N(CH 3 )-Y-R 7 , and-CCH ⁇ NH-Y-R 7 or -(CH 2 ) n N(CH 3 )-Y-R 7 , respectively, wherein Y, at each occurrence, can be independently a divalent Ci -4 alkyl group or a covalent bond, and R 7 , at each occurrence, can be independently selected from — O-Y-R 9 , -C(O)-Y-R 9 , -C(O)O-Y-R 9 , -C(O)NR l0 -Y-R' ', a Cio alkyl group, a C 3 - I4 cycloalkyl group, a C ⁇ -14 aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group
  • 4 aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be selected from a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, a diazepanyl group, a thiomorpholinyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 — Y— R 12 groups, wherein Y and R 12 are as defined herein.
  • the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group can be selected from a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, a diazepanyl group, and a thiomorpholinyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4— Y-R 8 groups, wherein Y and R 8 are as defined herein.
  • Y at each occurrence, can be independently a divalent C 1 . 4 alkyl group or a covalent bond
  • R 8 at each occurrence, can be independently an oxo group, -O- Y-R 9 , -NR ⁇ -Y-R 1 ', -S(O) n ,- Y-R 9 , -C(O)O-Y-R 9 , a Cj.
  • each of the Ci- 10 alkyl group, the C 3 - I4 cycloalkyl group, the C 6-I4 aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 12 groups, wherein Y and R 12 are as defined herein.
  • the C 3 .14 cycloalkyl group, the Ce-w aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be selected from a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, a diazepanyl group, a thiomorpholinyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 12 groups, wherein Y and R 12 are as defined herein.
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be selected from halogen, -CN, -NO 2 , -S(O) 2 -Y-R 5 , -S(O) 2 NR 6 -Y-R 7 , -C(O)O-Y- R 5 , -C(O)NR 6 -Y-R 7 , a C- MO alkyl group, and a C MO haloalkyl group, wherein Y, R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined herein.
  • At least two of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be -O-(CH 2 ) n - R 4 groups, wherein n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, and R 4 , at each occurrence, can be independently selected from F, Cl, Br, -NO 2 , — O- Y— R 5 , -NR 6 -Y-R 7 , -S(O) 2 -Y-R 5 -S(O) 2 NR 6 -Y-R 7 , -C(O)NR 6 -Y-R 7 , a C , ., 0 alkyl group, a C 3-U cycloalkyl group, a C 6-I4 aryl group, a 3-14 membered cyclohetcroalkyl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of the Ci-io alkyl group, the C3-14 cycloalkyl
  • D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be independently an-O-CH 3 group or an -0-(CH 2 )i,-O— Y-R 5 group, wherein Y and R 5 are as defined herein, and n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • two of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be — O-CH3 groups.
  • two of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be-O-(CH 2 ) n -O-Y-R 5 groups or alternatively, an -O-CH 3 group and an -O-(CH 2 ) n -O— Y-R 5 group, wherein Y and R 5 are as defined herein, and n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be -0-CH 3 , and at least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be an -O-(CH 2 ) n NR 6 -Y-R 7 group or an -O- (CH2) n — 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, wherein the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 8 groups, wherein Y, R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are as defined herein, and n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [0025] In some embodiments, one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be
  • R 8 at each occurrence, independently can be selected from -O— Y— R 9 , — NR 10 - Y— R 11 , a C 6-H aryl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of the C 6 - I4 aryl group and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 12 groups, wherein Y, R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , and R 12 are as defined herein, and n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be a C 6 -I 4 aryl group or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 8 groups, wherein Y and R 8 are as defined herein.
  • At least one of D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be selected from a benzothienyl group, a benzofuryl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, and a thienyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 8 groups, wherein Y and R 8 are as defined herein.
  • Y at each occurrence, can be independently a C M alky I group or a covalent bond
  • R 8 can be independently selected from a halogen, -CN, -NO 2 -O-Y-R 9 , -NR 10 -Y-R ⁇ , -C(O)-Y-R 9 , - C(O)NR l0 -Y-R M , -S(O) 2 -Y-R 9 , -S(O) 2 NR 10 -Y-R ⁇ , and a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group optionally substituted with a C M alkyl group, wherein Y, R 9 , R 10 , and R 1 ' are as defined herein.
  • R 2 can be a Cg-I 4 bicyclic aryl group or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, where each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from -Y-R 4 groups and — O- Y— R 4 groups, wherein Y and R 4 are as defined herein.
  • R 2 can be selected from a benzothienyl group, a benzofuryl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a thienyl group, an imidazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an indolyl group, a benzodioxolyl group, a benzodioxanyl group, and a dibenzofuranyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from a -(CHj) n - R 4 group and an -0-(CH 2 ),,- R 4 group, wherein n, at each occurrence, independently can be 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, and R 4 , at each occurrence, can be independently -NR 6 - Y-R 7 or
  • R 4 can be -O-(CH 2 ) n NH-Y-R 7 , -O-(CH 2 ) ⁇ N(CH 3 )-Y-R 7 , -(CH 2 )nNH-Y-R 7 , or -(CH 2 ) n N(CH 3 )-Y-R 7 , wherein Y, at each occurrence, can be independently a divalent C
  • R 7 at each occurrence, can be independently selected from -O-Y-R 9 , -C(O)-Y-R 9 , -C(O)O- Y-R 9 , -C(O)NR'°-Y-R", a C M0 alkyl group, a C 3 -I 4 cycloalkyl group, a C 6- I 4 aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of the C MO alkyl group, the C 3-H cycloalkyl group, the C 6 - I4 aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 12 groups, wherein Y and R 12 are as defined herein.
  • R 7 can be a C 3 - 1 4 cycloalkyl group, a C 6 -H aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, or a 5-14 meiribered heteroaryl group selected from a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, a diazepanyl group, a thiomorpholinyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 12 groups, wherein Y and R 12 are as defined herein.
  • R 4 can be an — 0-(CH 2 ),,- 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group or a a — (CH 2 ),,- 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, wherein the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group can be selected from a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, a diazepanyl group, and a thiomorpholinyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-R 8 groups, wherein Y and R 8 are as defined herein.
  • Y at each occurrence, can be independently a divalent Ci -4 alkyl group or a covalent bond
  • R 8 at each occurrence, can be independently an oxo group, -O-Y-R 9 , -NR 10 -Y-R n , _S(O) m -Y-R 9 , -C(O)O-Y-R 9 , a C 1-10 alkyl group, a C 3 - I4 cycloalkyl group, a C 6 - H aryl group, a 3-14 membered eye lohetero alky 1 group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of the C] -JO alkyl group, the C 3 - I4 cycloalkyl group, the Ce -I4 aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted with 1-4 -Y-
  • R 8 can be a C 3 - 1 4 cycloalkyl group, a C 6-I4 aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group selected from a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, a diazepanyl group, a thiomorpholinyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, wherein each of these groups can be optionally substituted with 1- 4 -Y-R 12 groups, wherein Y and R 12 are as defined herein.
  • the present teachings can exclude certain embodiments of compounds within the genus of compounds identified by formula I.
  • R 1 is a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group
  • the present teachings can exclude compounds where R 2 is a 2-[(lH-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]phenyl group.
  • compositions of formula I which can have an acidic moiety, can be formed using organic and inorganic bases. Both mono and polyanionic salts are contemplated, depending on the number of acidic hydrogens available for deprotonation.
  • Suitable salts formed with bases include metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium, potassium, or magnesium salts; ammonia salts and organic amine salts, such as those formed with morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono-, di- or tri- lower alkylamine (e.g., ethyl-tert-butyl-, diethyl-, diisopropyl-, triethyl-, tributyl- or dimethylpropylamine), or a mono-, di-, or trihydroxy lower alkylamine (e.g., mono-, di- or triethanolamine).
  • metal salts such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium, potassium, or magnesium salts
  • ammonia salts and organic amine salts such as those formed with morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono-, di
  • inorganic bases include NaHCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , KHCO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , LiOH, NaOH, KOH, NaH 2 PO 4 , Na 2 HPO 4 , and Na 3 PO 4 .
  • Internal salts also can be formed.
  • salts can be formed using organic and inorganic acids.
  • salts can be formed from the following acids: acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, dichloroacetic, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, naphthalenesulfonic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, phthalic, propionic, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, and toluenesulfonic, as well as other known pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
  • Esters of the compounds of formula I can include various pharmaceutically acceptable esters known in the art that can be metabolized into the free acid form (e.g., a free carboxylic acid form) in a mammal.
  • esters include alkyl esters (e.g., of 1 to 10 carbon atoms), cycloalkyl esters (e.g., of 3-10 carbon atoms), aryl esters (e.g., of 6-14 carbon atoms, including of 6-10 carbon atoms), and heterocyclic analogues thereof (e.g., of 3-14 ring atoms, 1-3 of which can be selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur heteroatoms), wherein the alcohol residue can include further substituents.
  • alkyl esters e.g., of 1 to 10 carbon atoms
  • cycloalkyl esters e.g., of 3-10 carbon atoms
  • aryl esters e.g., of 6-14 carbon atoms, including of 6-10 carbon atom
  • esters of the compounds disclosed herein can be Cj.io alkyl esters, such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, isopropyl esters, butyl esters, isobutyl esters, t-butyl esters, pentyl esters, isopentyl esters, neopentyl esters, and hexyl esters; C 3-I o cycloalkyl esters, such as cyclopropyl esters, cyclopropylmethyl esters, cyclobutyl esters, cyclopentyl esters, and cyclohexyl esters; or aryl esters, such as phenyl esters, benzyl esters, and tolyl esters.
  • Cj.io alkyl esters such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, isopropyl esters, butyl esters, isobutyl est
  • prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein refers to a moiety that produces, generates or releases a compound of the present teachings when administered to a mammalian subject.
  • Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either by routine manipulation or in vivo, from the parent compounds.
  • prodrugs include compounds as described herein that contain one or more molecular moieties appended to a hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group of the compound, and that when administered to a mammalian subject, is cleaved in vivo to form the free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group, respectively.
  • prodrugs can include acetate, formate, and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present teachings. Preparation and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • compositions that include at least one compound described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to those skilled in the art and can be prepared in accordance with acceptable pharmaceutical procedures, such as, for example, those described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, ed. Alfonso R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD (2000), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as, for example, those described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, ed. Alfonso R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD (2000), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a substance that is acceptable for use in pharmaceutical applications from a toxicological perspective and does not adversely interact with the active ingredient. Accordingly, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those that are compatible with the other ingredients in the formulation and are biologically acceptable. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Compounds of the present teachings can be useful for treating a pathological condition or disorder in a mammal, for example, a human.
  • treating refers to partially or completely alleviating and/or ameliorating the condition and/or symptoms thereof.
  • the present teachings accordingly include a method of providing to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of the present teachings in combination or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Compounds of the present teachings can be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutically effective compounds or therapies for the treatment of a pathological condition or disorder.
  • therapeutically effective refers to a substance or an amount that elicits a desirable biological activity or effect.
  • the present teachings also include use of the compounds disclosed herein as active therapeutic substances for the treatment of a pathological condition or disorder mediated by a protein kinase such as protein kinase C (PKC) and its theta isoform (PKC ⁇ ).
  • PLC protein kinase C
  • PLC ⁇ protein kinase C
  • the pathological condition or disorder can include inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as asthma, colitis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and joint inflammation. Accordingly, the present teachings further provide methods of treating these pathological conditions and disorders using the compounds described herein.
  • the methods include identifying a mammal having a pathological condition or disorder mediated by a protein kinase such as PKC and PKC ⁇ , and providing to the mammal an effective amount of a compound as described herein.
  • the method includes administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound disclosed herein in combination or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present teachings further include use of the compounds disclosed herein as active therapeutic substances for the prevention and/or inhibition of the pathological condition or disorder listed above. Accordingly, the present teachings further provide methods of preventing and/or inhibiting these pathological conditions and disorders using the compounds described herein.
  • the methods include identifying a mammal having a pathological condition or disorder mediated by a protein kinase such as PKC and PKC ⁇ , and providing to the mammal an effective amount of a compound as described herein.
  • the method includes administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound disclosed herein in combination or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Compounds of the present teachings can be administered orally or parenterally, neat or in combination with conventional pharmaceutical carriers.
  • Applicable solid carriers can include one or more substances which can also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders or tablet-disintegrating agents, or encapsulating materials.
  • the compounds can be formulated in conventional manner, for example, in a manner similar to that used for known antiinflammatory agents.
  • Oral formulations containing an active compound disclosed herein can include any conventionally used oral form, including tablets, capsules, buccal forms, troches, lozenges and oral liquids, suspensions or solutions.
  • the carrier in powders, can be a finely divided solid, which is an admixture with a finely divided active compound.
  • an active compound in tablets, can be mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • the powders and tablets may contain up to 99% of the active compound.
  • Capsules can contain mixtures of active compound(s) with inert filler(s) and/or diluent(s) such as the pharmaceutically acceptable starches (e.g., corn, potato or tapioca starch), sugars, artificial sweetening agents, powdered celluloses (e.g., crystalline and microcrystalline celluloses), flours, gelatins, gums, and the like.
  • inert filler(s) and/or diluent(s) such as the pharmaceutically acceptable starches (e.g., corn, potato or tapioca starch), sugars, artificial sweetening agents, powdered celluloses (e.g., crystalline and microcrystalline celluloses), flours, gelatins, gums, and the like.
  • Useful tablet formulations can be made by conventional compression, wet granulation or dry granulation methods and utilize pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, binding agents, lubricants, disintegrants, surface modifying agents (including surfactants), suspending or stabilizing agents, including magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, polyvinylpyrrolidine, alginic acid, acacia gum, xanthan gum, sodium citrate, complex silicates, calcium carbonate, glycine, sucrose, sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, low melting waxes, and ion exchange resins.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable diluents including magnesium stearate,
  • Preferred surface modifying agents include nonionic and anionic surface modifying agents.
  • Representative examples of surface modifying agents include poloxamer 188, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, cetostearl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, colloidal silicon dioxide, phosphates, sodium dodecylsulfate, magnesium aluminum silicate, and triethanolamine.
  • Oral formulations herein can utilize standard delay or time-release formulations to alter the absorption of the active compound(s).
  • the oral formulation can also comprise a compound as described herein in water or fruit juice, containing appropriate solubilizers or emulsifiers as needed.
  • Liquid carriers can be used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, and for inhaled delivery.
  • a compound described herein can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent, or a mixture of both, or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats.
  • the liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators, stabilizers, and osmo-regulators.
  • liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include water (particularly containing additives as described above, e.g., cellulose derivatives such as a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g., glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g., fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil).
  • the carrier can be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate.
  • Sterile liquid carriers are used in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration.
  • the liquid carrier for pressurized compositions can be halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellants.
  • Liquid pharmaceutical compositions which are sterile solutions or suspensions, can be utilized by, for example, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also be administered intravenously.
  • Compositions for oral administration can be in either liquid or solid form.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, for example, as tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, granules, or suppositories.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be sub-divided in unit dose(s) containing appropriate quantities of the active compound.
  • the unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example, packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachets containing liquids.
  • the unit dosage form can be a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form.
  • Such unit dosage form may contain from about 1 mg/kg of active compound to about 500 mg/kg of active compound, and can be given in a single dose or in two or more doses.
  • Such doses can be administered in any manner useful in directing the active compound(s) to the recipient's bloodstream, including orally, via implants, parenterally (including intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections), rectally, vaginally, and transdermally.
  • Such administrations can be carried out using the compounds of the present teachings including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in lotions, creams, foams, patches, suspensions, solutions, and suppositories (rectal and vaginal).
  • an effective dosage can vary depending upon many factors such as the particular compound utilized, the mode of administration, and severity of the condition being treated, as well as the various physical factors related to the individual being treated.
  • a compound of the present teachings can be provided to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially ameliorate the symptoms of the disease and its complications.
  • the dosage to be used in the treatment of a specific individual typically must be subjectively determined by the attending physician.
  • the variables involved include the specific condition and its state as well as the size, age and response pattern of the patient.
  • the lung is the targeted organ
  • it may be desirable to administer a compound directly to the airways of the patient using devices such as metered dose inhalers, breath-operated inhalers, multidose dry-powder inhalers, pumps, squeeze-actuated nebulized spray dispensers, aerosol dispensers, and aerosol nebulizers.
  • devices such as metered dose inhalers, breath-operated inhalers, multidose dry-powder inhalers, pumps, squeeze-actuated nebulized spray dispensers, aerosol dispensers, and aerosol nebulizers.
  • the compounds of the present teachings can be formulated into a liquid composition, a solid composition, or an aerosol composition.
  • the liquid composition can include, by way of illustration, one or more compounds of the present teachings dissolved, partially dissolved, or suspended in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvents and can be administered by, for example, a pump or a squeeze-actuated nebulized spray dispenser.
  • the solvents can be, for example, isotonic saline or bacteriostatic water.
  • the solid composition can be, by way of illustration, a powder preparation including one or more compounds of the present teachings intermixed with lactose or other inert powders that are acceptable for intrabronchial use, and can be administered by, for example, an aerosol dispenser or a device that breaks or punctures a capsule encasing the solid composition and delivers the solid composition for inhalation.
  • the aerosol composition can include, by way of illustration, one or more compounds of the present teachings, propellants, surfactants, and co-solvents, and can be administered by, for example, a metered device.
  • the propellants can be a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), a hydrofluoroalkane (HFA), or other propellants that are physiologically and environmentally acceptable.
  • CFC chlorofluorocarbon
  • HFA hydrofluoroalkane
  • Compounds described herein can be administered parenterally or intraperitoneal Iy. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or esters thereof can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxyl-propylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations typically contain a preservative to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injection can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the form is sterile and its viscosity permits it to flow through a syringe.
  • the form preferably is stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and can be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • Compounds described herein can be administered transdermally, i.e., administered across the surface of the body and the inner linings of bodily passages including epithelial and mucosal tissues. Such administration can be carried out using the compounds of the present teachings including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and esters thereof, in lotions, creams, foams, patches, suspensions, solutions, and suppositories (rectal and vaginal). Topical formulations that deliver active compound(s) through the epidermis can be useful for localized treatment of inflammation and arthritis.
  • Transdermal administration can be accomplished through the use of a transdermal patch containing an active compound and a carrier that can be inert to the active compound, can be non-toxic to the skin, and can allow delivery of the active compound for systemic absorption into the blood stream via the skin.
  • the carrier can take any number of forms such as creams and ointments, pastes, gels, and occlusive devices.
  • the creams and ointments can be viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions of either the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. Pastes comprised of absorptive powders dispersed in petroleum or hydrophilic petroleum containing the active compound can also be suitable.
  • occlusive devices can be used to release the active compound into the blood stream, such as a semi-permeable membrane covering a reservoir containing the active compound with or without a carrier, or a matrix containing the active compound.
  • Other occlusive devices are known in the literature.
  • Compounds described herein can be administered rectally or vaginally in the form of a conventional suppository.
  • Suppository formulations can be made from traditional materials, including cocoa butter, with or without the addition of waxes to alter the suppository's melting point, and glycerin.
  • Water-soluble suppository bases such as polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, can also be used.
  • Lipid formulations or nanocapsules can be used to introduce compounds of the present teachings into host cells either in vitro or in vivo. Lipid formulations and nanocapsules can be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • a compound can be desirable to combine a compound with other agents effective in the treatment of the target disease.
  • other active compounds i.e., other active ingredients or agents
  • active compounds of the present teachings can be administered with active compounds of the present teachings.
  • the other agents can be administered at the same time or at different times than the compounds disclosed herein.
  • compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of. or consist of, the recited processing steps.
  • a "compound” refers to the compound itself and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and esters, unless otherwise understood from the context of the description or expressly limited to one particular form of the compound, i.e., the compound itself, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or ester thereof.
  • halo or halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromp, and iodo.
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group.
  • an alkyl group can have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
  • alkyl groups examples include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl), pentyl groups (e.g., n- pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like.
  • alkyl groups can be substituted with up to four independently selected -Y-R 4 , — Y— R 8 or R 12 groups, where Y, R 4 , R 8 and R 12 are as described herein.
  • a lower alkyl group typically has up to 6 carbon atoms, i.e., one to six carbon atoms.
  • Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl).
  • alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • an alkenyl group can have from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 2 to 6 carbon atoms).
  • alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl groups, and the like.
  • the one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butene) or terminal (such as in 1-butene).
  • alkenyl groups can be substituted with up to four independently selected -Y-R 8 or R 12 groups, where Y, R 8 , and R 12 are as described herein.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • an alkynyl group can have from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 2 to 6 carbon atoms).
  • alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and the like.
  • the one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butyne) or terminal (such as in 1-butyne).
  • alkynyl groups can be substituted with up to four independently selected -Y-R 8 or R 12 groups, where Y, R 8 , and R 12 are as described herein.
  • alkoxy refers to an -O-alkyl group.
  • an alkoxy group can have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
  • alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy groups, and the like.
  • alkylthio refers to an -S-alkyl group.
  • alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio (e.g., n-propylthio and isopropylthio), t-butylthio groups, and the like.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents. In some embodiments, a haloalkyl group can have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
  • haloalkyl groups include CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CCl 3 , CHCl 2 , CH 2 Cl, C 2 Cl 5 , and the like.
  • Perhaloalkyl groups i.e., alkyl groups wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms (e.g., CF 3 and C 2 F 5 ), are included within the definition of "haloalkyl.”
  • cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic group including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups.
  • a cycloalkyl group can be monocyclic (e.g., cyclohexyl) or polycyclic (e.g., containing fused, bridged, and/or spiro ring systems), wherein the carbon atoms are located inside or outside of the ring system.
  • a cycloalkyl group, as a whole, can have from 3 to 14 ring atoms (e.g., from 3 to 8 carbon atoms for a monocyclic cycloalkyl group and from 7 to 14 carbon atoms for a polycyclic cycloalkyl group). Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure.
  • cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl ethyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcaryl, adamantyl, and spiro[4.5]decanyl groups, as well as their homologs, isomers, and the like.
  • cycloalkyl groups can be substituted with up to four independently selected -Y-R 4 , — Y— R 8 or R 12 groups, where Y, R 4 , R 8 , and R 12 are as described herein.
  • cycloalkyl groups can include substitution of one or more oxo groups.
  • heteroatom refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen and includes, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium.
  • cycloheteroalkyl refers to a non-aromatic cycloalkyl group that contains at least one ring heteroatom selected from O, N and S, which may be the same or different, and optionally contains one or more double or triple bonds.
  • a cycloheteroalkyl group can have, for example, from 3 to 14 ring atoms and contains from 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms (e.g., from 3-7 ring atoms for a monocyclic cycloheteroalkyl group and from 7 to 14 ring atoms for a polycyclic cycloheteroalkyl group).
  • One or more N or S atoms in a cycloheteroalkyl ring may be oxidized (e.g., morpholine N-oxide, thiomorpholine S-oxide, thiomorpholine S 3 S- dioxide).
  • nitrogen atoms of cycloheteroalkyl groups can bear a substituent, for example, a -Y-R 8 group or an R 12 group, where Y, R 8 , and R 12 as described herein.
  • Cycloheteroalkyl groups can also contain one or more oxo groups, such as piperidone, oxazolidinone, pyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione, pyridin-2(lH)- one, and the like.
  • cycloheteroalkyl groups include, among others, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, imidazolidine, imidazoline, oxazolidine, pyrazolidine, pyrazoline, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, piperazine, and the like.
  • cycloheteroalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with up to four independently selected
  • aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system or a polycyclic ring system in which two or more aromatic hydrocarbon rings are fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) together or at least one aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and/or cycloheteroalkyl rings.
  • An aryl group can have from 6 to 14 carbon atoms in its ring system, which can include multiple fused rings.
  • a polycyclic aryl group can have from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. Any suitable ring position of the aryl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure.
  • aryl groups having only aromatic carbocyclic ring(s) include phenyl, 1-naphthyl (bicyclic), 2-naphthyl (bicyclic), anthracenyl (tricyclic), phenanthrenyl (tricyclic) and like groups.
  • polycyclic ring systems in which at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and/or cycloheteroalkyl rings include, among others, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane (i.e., an indanyl group, which is a 5,6-bicyclic cycloalkyl/aromatic ring system), cyclohexane (i.e., a tetrahydronaphthyl group, which is a 6,6-b ⁇ cyclic cycloalkyl/aromatic ring system), imidazoline (i.e., a benzimidazolinyl group, which is a 5,6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl/aromatic ring system), and pyran (i.e., a chromenyl group, which is a 6,6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl/aromatic ring system).
  • aryl groups include benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, chromanyl, indolinyl groups, and the like.
  • aryl groups optionally contain up to four independently selected R 4 , -Y-R 4 , -0-Y-R 4 , -Y-R 8 , or R 12 groups, where Y, R 4 , R 8 , and R 12 are as described herein.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing at least 1 ring heteroatom selected from oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) or a polycyclic ring system where at least one of the rings present in the ring system is aromatic and contains at least 1 ring heteroatom. When more than one ring heteroatoms are present they may be the same or different.
  • Polycyclic heteroaryl groups include two or more heteroaryl rings fused together and monocyclic heteroaryl rings fused to one or more aromatic carbocyclic rings, non- aromatic carbocyclic rings, and/or non-aromatic cycloheteroalkyl rings.
  • a heteroaryl group as a whole, can have, for example, from 5 to 14 ring atoms and contain 1-5 ring heteroatoms.
  • the heteroaryl group can be attached to the defined chemical structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure.
  • heteroaryl rings do not contain O-O, S-S, or S-O bonds.
  • one or more N or S atoms in a heteroaryl group can be oxidized (e.g., pyridine N-oxide, thiophene S-oxide, thiophene S,S-dioxide).
  • heteroaryl groups include, for example, the 5-membered monocyclic and 5-6 bicyclic ring systems shown below:
  • heteroaryl rings include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, quinolyl, 2-methylquinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzo
  • heteroaryl groups include 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, benzothienopyridinyl, benzofuropyridinyl groups, and the like.
  • heteroaryl groups can be substituted with up to four substituents independently selected from R 4 , -Y-R 4 , -O-Y-R 4 , -Y-R 8 , or R 12 groups, where Y, R 4 , R 8 , and R 12 are as described herein.
  • the compounds of the present teachings can include a "divalent group" defined herein as a linking group capable of forming a covalent bond with two other moieties.
  • compounds described herein can include a divalent C M O alkyl group, such as, for example, a methylene group.
  • C M O alkyl is specifically intended to individually disclose C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C) 0 , C 1 -Ci 0 , Ci-C 9 , C 1 -C 8 , Ci-C 7 .
  • the term "5-14 membered heteroaryl group” is specifically intended to individually disclose a heteroaryl group having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 5-14, 5-13, 5-12, 5-1 1 5 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-14, 6-13, 6-12, 6-11, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-14, 7-13, 7-12, 7-11, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-14, 8-13, 8-12, 8-1 1, 8-10, 8- 9, 9-14, 9-13, 9-12, 9-1 1, 9-10, 10-14, 10-13, 10-12, 10-1 1, 1 1 14, 1 1-13, 11-12, 12- 14, 12-13, and 13-14 ring atoms; and the phrase "optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents" is specifically intended to individually disclose a chemical group that can include 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, and 3-4 substituents.
  • Compounds described herein can contain an asymmetric atom (also referred as a chiral center), and some of the compounds can contain one or more asymmetric atoms or centers, which can thus give rise to optical isomers (enantiomers) and diastereomers.
  • the present teachings and compounds disclosed herein include such optical isomers (enantiomers) and diastereomers (geometric isomers), as well as the racemic and resolved, enantiomerically pure and stereoisomers, as well as other mixtures of the R and S stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Optical isomers can be obtained in pure form by standard procedures known to those skilled in the art, which include diastereomeric salt formation, kinetic resolution, and asymmetric synthesis.
  • the present teachings also encompass cis and trans isomers of compounds containing alkenyl moieties (e.g., alkenes and imines). It is also understood that the present teachings encompass all possible regioisomers, and mixtures thereof, which can be obtained in pure form by standard separation procedures known to those skilled in the art, and include column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and high- performance liquid chromatography.
  • product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1 H or 13 C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, and/or by chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.
  • spectroscopic means such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1 H or 13 C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry
  • chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.
  • Preparation of compounds can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups.
  • the need for protection and deprotection and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed., Wiley & Sons, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • Suitable solvents typically are substantially nonreactive with the reactants, intermediates, and/or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, i.e., temperatures that can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature.
  • a given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent.
  • suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected.
  • Scheme 1 below depicts an exemplary synthetic route for the preparation of an intermediate of compounds of formula I.
  • Acetic acid ester i is converted to 3-oxo-butyronitrile ii by reaction with the anion of acetonitrile prepared by reaction of acetonitrile (CH3CN) with a strong base such as n-butyl lithium (n-BuLi) in a solvent such as THF.
  • acetonitrile CH3CN
  • n-BuLi n-butyl lithium
  • Reaction of the hydroxypyridine with refluxing phosphorous oxychloride (POCl 3 ) with or without catalytic DMF for 2 to 6 hours results in conversion to 4-chloro-nicotinonitrile v.
  • Scheme 2 shows an alternative procedure for the preparation of 3- oxo-butyronitrile ii.
  • This alternative procedure involves conversion of acetic acid vi to the corresponding acid chloride by reaction with a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) followed by reaction of the anion of /ert-butylcyanoacetate prepared by reaction of f er*-butylcyanoacetate with a base such as sodium hydride (NaH) in a solvent such as THF to give 2-cyanp-3-oxo-butanoic acid tert-butyl ester vii, which undergoes deprotection of the ester and decarboxylation to give 3-oxo- butyronitrile ii by reaction with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
  • a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 )
  • SOCl 2 thionyl chloride
  • a base such as sodium
  • a C-5 substituted 4-chloro-3-cyanopyridine v can be reacted with R 1 XH under one of the following reaction conditions: 1) in a solvent such as ethanol (EtOH), propanol, butanol, 2-ethoxyethanol (EtEtOH), 2- methoxyethanol, or 2-butoxyethanol at elevated temperature of 60-180 0 C 5 optionally in the presence of pyridine hydrochloride (Pyr.HCl); 2) using an alkali base such as sodium hydride (NaH) in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF) at elevated temperatures of 60-120 0 C; 3) using a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylidene)ace
  • compounds of formula I can be prepared by a coupling reaction of C-5 substituted 4-chloro-3-cyanopyridine v with a boronic acid of formula R 1 B(OH) 2 , or boronic ester of formula R 1 B(OR) 2 , where R is an alkyl group (e.g., a lower alkyl group), mediated by a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium (0) [(Ph 3 P) 4 Pd] or palladium (II) acetate (Pd(OAc) 2 ) in a solvent such as a mixture of dimethoxy ethane (DME) and aqueous sodium bicarbonate (aq.
  • a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium (0) [(Ph 3 P) 4 Pd] or palladium (II) acetate (Pd(OAc) 2 ) in a
  • compounds of formula Ib where R 4 is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group can be prepared by treatment of compounds of formula Ia with a boronic acid (R 4 B(OH) 2 ), a boronic ester (R 4 B(OR) 2 , where R is a lower alkyl group) or with an organic stannane reagent (e.g., R 4 SnBu 3 ) mediated by a palladium catalyst (e.g., (Ph 3 P) 4 Pd or Pd(OAc) 2 ) in a solvent such as a mixture of DME and aq. NaHCO 3 or aq. Na 2 CO 3 , optionally in the presence of a phosphine ligand such as Ph 3 P.
  • a boronic acid R 4 B(OH) 2
  • R 4 B(OR) 2 where R is a lower alkyl group
  • an organic stannane reagent e.g., R 4 SnBu 3
  • compounds of formula Ib where R 4 is an alkenyl group or an alkynyl group can be prepared by treating compounds of formula Ia with an alkene or alkyne of formula R 4 -H or with a boronic acid or ester or an organic stannane reagent in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g., (Ph 3 P) 4 Pd, dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II), or Pd(OAc) 2 ) in a solvent such as DMF, NMP, dioxane, or DME, in the presence of a ligand such as Ph 3 P or tri-o- tolylphosphine and a base (e.g., potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) or Na 2 CO 3 ), optionally with the addition of an organic base such as TEA.
  • a catalytic amount of copper(I) iodide can be optionally used for this coupling reaction.
  • Scheme 6 depicts a synthetic route for preparing additional compounds of formula I where both R 2 and R 4 are aryl or heteroaryl groups and R 4 is further substituted with an amide (formula Id).
  • Additional compounds of formula I where R 2 is substituted with -O-Y- NR R can be prepared as depicted in Scheme 7 below, by treating compounds of formula I where R 2 is substituted with -O-Y-LG (formula Ie), where LG is Cl, Br, methanesulfonyl (mesyl, OMs), or p-toluenesulfonyl (tosyl, OTs), with an amine of formula NHR 6 R 7 in a solvent such as EtOH, DME or DMF optionally in the presence of NaI or a base such as K 2 CO 3 .
  • a solvent such as EtOH, DME or DMF
  • -CH 2 -NR 6 YR 7 (formula Ih) can be prepared by treating compounds of formula I where R 2 contains an aldehyde functionality (formula Ig) with an amine of formula HNR 6 YR 7 in the presence of a reducing agent (e.g., sodium triacetoxyborohydride (Na(OAc) 3 BH) or sodium cyanoborohydride) in a solvent such as dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) or THF with the optional addition of DMF or NMP and preferably in the presence of acetic acid.
  • a reducing agent e.g., sodium triacetoxyborohydride (Na(OAc) 3 BH) or sodium cyanoborohydride
  • CH 2 Cl 2 dichloromethane
  • THF a solvent
  • Compounds of formula I wherein R 2 is substituted by — CH 2 -OH (formula Ii) can be formed as a by-product of this reductive amination reaction.
  • a mixture of 3-aminobut-2-enenitrile ix is heated in acid (e.g., aqueous HCl) to yield acetoacetonitrile x.
  • Acetoacetonitrile x is treated with t- butoxybis(dimethyl amino)methane and DMF-DMA at an elevated temperature to yield 5-(dimethylamino)-2-[(dimethylamino)methylene]-3-oxopent-4-enitrile xi, which is then treated with ammonium acetate in EtOH at reflux to produce 4- hydroxynicotinonitrile xii.
  • Intermediate xiv can then be treated with R 1 XH, wherein X is not a bond (e.g., R 1 NH 2 , R 1 OH, R 1 SH, etc.) to yield the 4- substituted 5-iodo-nicotinonitrile xv.
  • R 2 B(OH) 2 boronic acid ester R 2 B(OR) 2 or stannane R 2 SnR 3 (where R, in each case, is a lower alkyl group) yields compounds of formula I.
  • intermediate xiv can be treated with a boronic acid R 2 B(OH) 2 , a boronic acid ester R 2 B(OR) 2 or a stannane R 2 SnR 3 (where R, in each case, is a lower alkyl group), followed by a reaction with R 1 XH to provide compounds of formula ⁇ .
  • a boronic acid R 2 B(OH) 2 a boronic acid ester R 2 B(OR) 2 or a stannane R 2 SnR 3 (where R, in each case, is a lower alkyl group)
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature (room temperature) for 1 hour then the solids were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH (cold) to give 5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxynicotinonitrile (4.1 g, 69%) as a brown solid.
  • the filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator and the residue purified on silica gel with 0-25% MeOH in methylene chloride (CH 2 Cl 2 ) to give an additional amount of 5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxynicotinonitrile.
  • Example 11 Preparation of 5-[3-(2-chIorocthoxy)phenyl]-4-[(2,4-dichloro-5- methoxyphenyl)amino]nicotinonitrile 150 and 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5- methoxyphenyl)amino]-5-[3-(2-pyrroIidin-l-ylethoxy)phenyl]nicotinonitrile 151
  • Compound 152 was analyzed by HPLC under the following conditions: Column YMC Cl 8, 4.6 x 500 mm, 5 microns; Mobile Phase A: 90% water + 10% MeOH + 0.02% H3PO4; Mobile Phase B: 90% MeOH + 10% water + 0.02% H 3 PO4; 1-100% B in 2 min., up to 10 min. 100% B, then 100-1% B in 1 min. HPLC retention time (c) : 3.4 min.; MS: 357.8 m/e (M-H).
  • This compound was prepared by heating 4-chloro-5-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl) nicotinonitrile with 3-aminophenol in ethanol in a sealed vial at 9O 0 C.
  • HPLC retention time (c) 6.4 min.; MS: 348.1 m/e (M-H).
  • triphenylphosphine (91 mg, 0.35 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added diethylazodicarboxylate (61 mg, 0.35 mmol) at room temperature The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Additional triphenylphosphine (91 mg, 0.35 mmol) and diethylazodicarboxylate (61 mg, 0.35 mmol) were added.
  • Compound 164 in Table 6 was prepared following procedures analogous to those described for the preparation of compound 160 in Example 14.
  • Compounds 165 and 166 were prepared by coupling intermediate 66 with the appropriate anilines then treating with 2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l.,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)benzo[b]thiophene-5-carbaldehyde following procedures analogous to those described for the preparation of compound 162 described in Example 16, followed by reductive amination following the procedures of compound 163, Example 17.
  • a radioactive kinase assay for inhibition of the active kinase domain (KD) of PKC ⁇ [0165] This assay is based on the phosphorylation of a biotinylated substrate by a kinase utilizing radiolabeled ATP (ATP ⁇ P33).
  • the substrate was a biotinylated peptide with a sequence of biotin-F ARKGSLRQ-C(O)NH 2 .
  • the enzyme was purified recombinant active kinase domain of full length PKC theta (amino acids 362-706).
  • the assay buffer was composed of 10OmM Hepes, pH7.5, 2mM MgCl 2 , 2OmM ⁇ — glycerophosphate and 0.008% TritonX 100.
  • a reaction mixture of ATP, ATP ⁇ P33 (PerkinElmer), DTT, and the enzyme was prepared in the assay buffer and added to a 96-well polypropylene plate.
  • the compound (diluted in DMSO in a separate 96-well polypropylene plate) was added to the reaction mixture and incubated at room temperature. Following the incubation, the peptide substrate was added to the reaction mixture to initiate the enzymatic reaction.
  • the reaction was terminated with the addition of a stop solution (10OmM EDTA, 0.2% TritonX 100, and 2OmM NaHPO 4 ) and transferred from the assay plate to a washed streptavidin- coated 96-well scintiplate (PerkinElmer).
  • the scintiplate was incubated at room temperature, washed in PBS with 0.1% TritonX 100, and counted in the 1450 Microbeta Trilux (Wallac, Version 2.60). Counts were recorded for each well as corrected counts per minute (CCPM). The counts were considered corrected because they were adjusted according to a P33 normalization protocol, which corrects for efficiency and background differences between the instrument detectors (software version 4.40.01).
  • This assay differs from what was described above in that the enzyme used was purified recombinant full length PKC theta (Panvera, P2996). PKC ⁇ IMAP Assay
  • the materials used include the following: human PKC ⁇ full length enzyme (Panvera Cat# P2996); substrate peptide: 5F AM-RF ARKGS LRQKNV-OH (Molecular Devices, RP7032); ATP (Sigma Cat # A2383); DTT (Pierce, 20291); 5x kinase reaction buffer (Molecular Devices, R7209); 5x binding buffer A (Molecular Devices, R7282), 5x binding buffer B (Molecular Devices, R7209); IMAP Beads (Molecular Devices, R7284); and 384-well plates (Corning Costar, 3710).
  • the reaction buffer was prepared by diluting the 5x stock reaction buffer and adding DTT to obtain a concentration of 3.0 mM.
  • the binding buffer was prepared by diluting the 5x binding buffer A.
  • a master mix solution was prepared using a 90% dilution of the reaction buffer containing 2x ATP (12 uM) and 2x peptide (200 nm).
  • Compounds were diluted in DMSO to 2Ox of the maximum concentration for the IC50 measurement. 27 ⁇ l of the master mix solution for each IC50 curve was added to the first column in a 384-well plate and 3 ⁇ l of 2Ox compound in DMSO was added to each well. The final concentration of compound was 2x and 10% DMSO.
  • DMSO was added to the rest of the master mix to increase the concentration to 10%.
  • 10 ⁇ l of the master mix containing 10% DMSO was added to the rest of the wells on the plate except the 2nd column. 20 ⁇ l was transferred from the first column to the 2nd column.
  • the compounds were serially diluted in 2: 1 ratio starting from the 2nd column.
  • a 2x (2 nM) PKC ⁇ solution was made in the reaction buffer. 10 ⁇ l of the PKC ⁇ solution was added to every well to achieve these final concentrations: PKC ⁇ - 1 nM; ATP - 6 uM; peptide - 100 nM; DMSO - 5%. Samples were incubated for 25 minutes at room temperature.
  • the binding reagent was prepared by diluting the beads in Ix binding buffer to 800:1. 50 ⁇ l of the binding reagent was added to every well and incubated for 20 minutes. FP was measured using Envision2100 (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Wells with no ATPs and wells with no enzymes were used as controls.

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Abstract

La présente invention a pour objet des composés de formule I XR R2 XN et leurs sels, hydrates et esters de qualité pharmaceutique, R1, R2 et X étant tels que définis dans la présente invention. La présente invention a également pour objet des méthodes de fabrication des composés de formule I, ainsi que des méthodes de traitement de maladies auto-immunes et inflammatoires par administration d'une quantité thérapeutiquement active d'un ou de plusieurs composés de formule I à un mammifère, y compris à un humain.
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