EP2021826A1 - Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique - Google Patents
Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2021826A1 EP2021826A1 EP07766049A EP07766049A EP2021826A1 EP 2021826 A1 EP2021826 A1 EP 2021826A1 EP 07766049 A EP07766049 A EP 07766049A EP 07766049 A EP07766049 A EP 07766049A EP 2021826 A1 EP2021826 A1 EP 2021826A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- micronavigation
- sonar
- antenna
- carrier
- instantaneous
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/52004—Means for monitoring or calibrating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8902—Side-looking sonar
- G01S15/8904—Side-looking sonar using synthetic aperture techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/521—Constructional features
Definitions
- the invention relates to synthetic antenna sonar systems and their operation.
- the resolution of a conventional sonar depends, at a given range, on the length of the antenna. Thus, at first the linear dimension of the antenna has been increased to improve sonar resolution.
- a sonar is for example used as lateral sonar.
- the composite antenna is then located on one of the flanks of the fish or carrier that is immersed in order to make an image of the seabed.
- the carrier can be autonomous, but preferably it is towed by a surface vessel.
- the carrier is moved along a longitudinal direction Y substantially parallel to the linear direction of the antenna.
- the lateral sonar therefore has an observation direction perpendicular to the Y direction.
- the principle of the synthetic antenna consists in using the signals received by the different transducers of the physical antenna operating as a receiver at K instants, and thus at K successive locations. As this is schematically represented on the
- a suitable signal processing allows to reconstruct, step by step, an antenna whose linear dimension can be important.
- the resolution obtained by means of a synthetic antenna corresponds to that of a conventional antenna whose length would be similar to the length traveled during the K different successive recurrences necessary for the acquisition of data.
- the K x N signals delivered by the N transducers are linearly combined during K successive recurrences.
- Recurrence corresponds to a time interval starting with the emission of a sound signal during a short transmission time, followed by the reception of the corresponding echo.
- the linear coefficients of this combination correspond to delays or phase shifts due on the one hand, to the different locations of the sensors along the antenna and, on the other hand, to the modification of the relative position of the antenna with respect to the object to be detected, ie the source of the echo.
- the document FR-2769372 is based on the observation that the precision required on the measurement of the position of the antenna is out of reach of an inertial unit (INS) because the error on the measurement of the spatial position of the building it team is too important.
- INS inertial unit
- the document FR-2769372 indicates that self-focusing methods have been developed which make it possible, among other things, to obtain the position of the antenna from the processing of the different measurement signals. It is found that, in the particular self-focusing method described in US Pat. No. 4,244,036, the accuracy of the angle of rotation of the antenna between two recurrences constitutes the factor limiting the precision of the method.
- document FR-2769372 proposes to correct the effects due to angular variations of the antenna by using a gyrometer and by measuring the elevation angle of the signal of the antenna. receiving by means of an auxiliary antenna perpendicular to the main composite antenna.
- the object of the invention is therefore to propose another synthetic antenna sonar system making it possible to obtain an improved resolution by using a synthetic antenna.
- the subject of the invention is a synthetic antenna sonar system comprising: a sonar provided with transmission means and receiving means, the receiving means comprising a composite physical antenna having N transducers, the sonar being located on a carrier fit to be moved; an inertial unit disposed on the carrier adapted to measure instantaneous information of position and orientation of the wearer; and, a clock.
- the sonar system according to the invention is characterized in that the clock is a common clock delivering a time signal allowing the synchronization of both the inertial unit and the sonar, and in that the sonar system also comprises: a means of determination of the instantaneous speed of the carrier, the determined speed supplying the inertial unit to correct the drift of the latter; and, micronavigation means making it possible to obtain an image of the seabed by forming the channels of the synthetic antenna from K operating recurrences of the sonar by considering that the movement of the physical antenna during the movement of the carrier is fully known from the information measured by the inertial unit.
- the micronavigation means also make it possible to obtain bathymetry information from the seabed.
- the micronavigation means being first micronavigation means
- the sonar system further comprises second micronavigation means for calculating instantaneous information of movement and orientation of the physical antenna.
- the second micronavigation means use an autofocusing method for calculating the instantaneous position and orientation information of the physical antenna.
- the second micronavigation means are used as means for determining the instantaneous speed of the carrier, the determined speed supplying the inertial unit being deduced from the information calculated by the second micronavigation means.
- the means for determining the speed consist of a log, for example Doppler, capable of delivering an instantaneous speed measured as a determined speed.
- the micronavigation means operate in real time.
- the physical antenna having a length of 2m and consisting of N transducers operating in reception, the transmission means generating a sound signal having a frequency around 10OkHz, the sonar makes it possible to obtain an image having a resolution of about 15cm at a range of 300m.
- the subject of the invention is also a carrier intended to be displaced in its longitudinal direction and comprising, on each of its flanks, a sonar system according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a method of forming a synthetic antenna by using a sonar system comprising a composite physical antenna having N transducers, the sonar being located on a carrier capable of being displaced in a direction of displacement; an inertial unit disposed on said carrier; and, a clock.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that it consists in: determining an instantaneous speed of the wearer; correct a drift of the power station by feeding it with the instantaneous speed determined; synchronizing the central unit and the sonar by means of a clock signal delivered by the clock which is used as the master clock; a step of K insonifications of an area to be imaged; a step of K receiving the N electrical signals produced by each of the transducers of the physical antenna; a step of measuring the instantaneous information of position and orientation of the wearer by means of the central unit; a micronavigation step consisting of forming the synthetic antenna channels by correlation between the KxNs signals considering that the movement of the physical antenna is known from the information measured by the inertial unit.
- the method comprises a step of forming an image from an image with shadows and echoes and a bathymetric image, using the data obtained after formation of the synthetic antenna during the micronavigation step.
- the method further comprises a second micronavigation step consisting of forming the synthetic antenna channels by correlation between the KxN signals without knowing a priori the movement the physical antenna, the second micronavigation step allowing, among other things, to calculate instantaneous information of position and orientation of the physical antenna.
- the second micronavigation step implements a self-focusing method.
- an instantaneous speed of the carrier is determined from the information determined during the second micronavigation step, the speed thus determined feeding the central unit to correct the drift. More preferably, at least one of the steps of first micronavigation, second micronavigation and image formation is carried out in real time.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically, on the left, a composite physical antenna and, on the right, the general principle of a synthetic antenna obtained by the displacement of the physical antenna;
- Figure 2 shows the hardware architecture of the sonar system according to the invention;
- Figure 3 shows schematically the position of the composite physical antenna with two successive recurrences k and k + 1;
- Figure 4 shows in block diagram form the operation of the sonar system of Figure 2;
- Figure 5 is a graph showing the correction of TINS drift versus time according to the present invention;
- - Figure 6 is an image obtained by the sonar system according to the invention.
- the sonar system according to the invention is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2.
- the sonar system 100 comprises a part which is intended to be immersed 100a and which is situated on the carrier, and a part 100b intended to be on board the surface vessel .
- the portions 100a and 100b of the sonar system 100 communicate with each other via suitable electrical cables.
- the submerged portion 100a comprises a sonar 110 equipped with an antenna 120 composed of N transducers operating in reception and N 'transducers operating in transmission.
- the sonar 110 comprises the electronics 115 adapted to periodically transmit the desired sound signal and receive the time signals of each of the transducers operating as a receiver. If the electronics allow to quickly switch from the transmission function to the reception function, the same transducer could be used for these two functions.
- the electronics 115 also allows communication with the portion 100b of the sonar system 100.
- Part 100a also includes an inertial unit (INS) 160.
- INS inertial unit
- the inertial unit 160 may be the central type
- the operation of an inertial unit is well known and does not have to be detailed here.
- the central unit 160 equipped with suitable sensors measures the movement of the wearer and outputs instantaneous information measured on the position and orientation of the wearer at each moment.
- the precision on the angles is of the order of 0.01 °.
- the sonar system 100 also includes a common clock 150.
- a common clock 150 For example, the clock of the company CMAX referenced
- CFPT37 can be used. It delivers a 40 MHz clock signal to the various components of the sonar system 100 so that the whole architecture has a common temporal reference.
- the clock signal is applied to the sonar 110 and to the central unit 160.
- the sonar 110 and INS 160 are synchronized to better than 25 nanoseconds, which allows, as will be described hereinafter, the synchronized processing imaging and positioning signals.
- the master clock could be the internal clock of the sonar or the clock of another component of the system. But it is preferable, as shown in Figure 2, to add a clock with high accuracy to clock the entire system.
- Part 100b of the sonar system comprises a computer 210.
- This computer may be a computer of the PC type comprising a computing unit or processor 215, storage means 216, such as RAMs and ROMs, as well as computer interfaces. input and output allowing communication, on the one hand, with the lower part 100a, more particularly with the sonar 110 and TINS 160, and, on the other hand, with peripherals such as a monitor 220 or a printer so as to visualize as images the information collected and processed.
- the carrier navigates at an average altitude relative to the seabed measured along a vertical axis Z.
- the longitudinal direction Y corresponds to the mean direction of movement of the carrier and the direction X is located in a plane perpendicular to the direction Y containing the direction Z.
- the immersed carrier carries, on each of its flanks, a composite physical antenna 120 consisting of N transducers 121 operating as receivers forming a linear array.
- the axis of the antenna 120 merges with the longitudinal axis of the carrier.
- two transducers 122 disposed at each end of the antenna 120 are used as transmitters.
- a single transducer operating as an emitter may be disposed in the middle of the network.
- three transducers two of which are arranged at each end of the antenna and operate as emitters.
- the physical antenna 120 has been represented firstly at recurrence k and then at the next recurrence k + 1.
- the physical antenna moves. It is therefore sought to know a deviation, or micronavigation movement, with respect to the desired navigation, that is to say with respect to a rectilinear and uniform trajectory. Indeed, the effects of inertia, current or the equivalent generate fluctuations in the position of the carrier with respect to this desired trajectory.
- the movement of the antenna, which is a solid, between two successive instants is thus determined by the variation of the position of the geometrical center of the antenna (three position parameters) and the orientation of the antenna around this antenna. geometric center (three angular parameters).
- phase shifts to be introduced come from two different contributions: a delay to correlate two transducers, the antenna having undergone a micromotion; a delay due to the fact that the source M is observed at another angle between the recurrences k and k + 1.
- the first method implemented which will be called in the following first method of micronavigation 310, is to use the instantaneous position and orientation information measured by the inertial unit 160 to fully determine the movement of the antenna 120 between a recurrence k and the next recurrence k + 1.
- the synthesis of the antenna can take place on the K last recurrences.
- the additional delays introduced during the formation of the channels to find the maximum coherence between the different signals are interpreted as integrally due to the observation of the source M from different angles. This mainly makes it possible to determine the vertical position of the source M, which corresponds to a bathymetric or topographic information of the seabed.
- the second micronavigation method 320 signal processing methods are implemented to separate the contributions due to the source and those due to the movement of the antenna.
- the autofocusing method described in US-4244036 can be used.
- the operation of the sonar system 100 is represented in the form of a block diagram.
- the clock 150 delivers a clock signal to the sonar 110 and to the central unit 160, so that these two subsystems are fully synchronized.
- the sonar delivers N time signals S n , k- Simultaneously the central unit 160 delivers measurements of the instantaneous position xyz (t) and the instantaneous orientation ⁇ (t).
- a first micronavigation algorithm 310 implemented in the form of software whose instructions are stored in the storage means 216 of the computer 206 is then executed by the processor 215. This algorithm, using the measured position data and the signals S n , k on a depth of K recurrences synthesizes, in real time, the antenna of the sonar.
- a shadows and echoes image forming algorithm 330 uses the information obtained during the synthesis of the antenna during the first micronavigation 310 to generate, in real time, an image of the echo shadow type on the 220 screen.
- a bathymetric image forming algorithm 340 uses the information obtained during the synthesis of the antenna during the first micronavigation 310 to generate, in real time, a bathymetric image of the seabed. If the synthesis of the antenna in real time does not present any particular problem in the sense that the number of calculation operations is reduced taking into account the working frequency of the processors of the current private computers and the time available between two recurrences of operation Sonar, the ability to form images in real time is more delicate. For that, the known method of "fast factorised back projection" (reference is for example made to the work entitled “studies of sonars with high resolution synthetic antenna -" Studies in High Resolution Synthetic Aperture Sonar "- by S.
- a second micronavigation algorithm 320 is also implemented in the form of software. Either this second micronavigation algorithm is executed on the same computer 210 as the first micronavigation algorithm 310, or this second algorithm is implemented on another computer or the equivalent.
- the second micronavigation method 320 takes as input the signals S n , k over a depth of K recurrences to determine both the contributions from the movement of the antenna and the contributions from the observation of a point of the seabed at a different angle over time.
- the second micronavigation method 320 makes it possible to generate instantaneous information of movement and orientation of the physical antenna.
- the positions calculated by the second micronavigation 320 are stored in a Logbook 350 which is used to correct the drift of the inertial unit 160.
- the inertial unit 160 has no fixed reference point, the drift, which corresponds to the difference between the position measured by the inertial unit and the actual position, varies depending on the movement of the plant itself. It is therefore necessary to feed the plant with speed information.
- this speed is determined from the information obtained at the output of the second micronavigation method 320.
- the instantaneous value of the determined speed makes it possible to correct the drift represented in full lines on the Figure 5 With this correction, the drift is reduced to a linear profile, shown in broken lines in FIG. 5.
- This linear behavior of the drift of the central unit 160 does not affect the implementation of the method of first navigation, since the The influence of this linear drift is negligible on the quality of the image and very small on the georeferencing of this image.
- FIG. 6 represents an image obtained by means of the sonar system according to the invention.
- These are sonar images represented in a classical way in grayscale. They were obtained using a physical antenna of length L equal to 2 m, composed of 24 receiving transducers and three transmitting transducers.
- the working frequency f is of the order of about 100 kHz, a wavelength ⁇ of 1.5cm.
- the accuracy of the images obtained using the sonar system according to the invention is of the order of 15 cm for a range R of 300m.
- the clock of one of these two elements can be used to deliver a clock signal to the clock. other of these two elements.
- the system comprises a speed sensor 170 (in phantom in Figure 3) feeding the plant to correct the drift.
- a speed sensor may be a Doppler sensor, an electromagnetic sensor or the equivalent.
- such a speed sensor can equip the sonar system according to the preferred embodiment described above to have redundant information on the speed of the carrier.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0651762A FR2901364B1 (fr) | 2006-05-16 | 2006-05-16 | Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique |
PCT/FR2007/051275 WO2007132126A1 (fr) | 2006-05-16 | 2007-05-15 | Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2021826A1 true EP2021826A1 (fr) | 2009-02-11 |
Family
ID=37564316
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07766049A Ceased EP2021826A1 (fr) | 2006-05-16 | 2007-05-15 | Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7933167B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2021826A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2009537810A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2652566C (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2901364B1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO344766B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2007132126A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2901364B1 (fr) * | 2006-05-16 | 2008-08-22 | Ixsea Soc Par Actions Simplifi | Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique |
FR2905766B1 (fr) * | 2006-09-08 | 2011-09-30 | Ixsea | Sonar a antenne deformable et procede associe de traitement du signal pour former une antenne synthetique |
FR2974422B1 (fr) * | 2011-04-21 | 2014-04-18 | Ixsea Sas | Procede de positionnement acoustique global d'une cible marine ou sous-marine |
EP3211448B1 (fr) | 2011-05-06 | 2020-10-14 | Hadal, Inc. | Systèmes et procédés pour un sonar à synthèse d'ouverture |
US9529082B1 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2016-12-27 | Hadal, Inc. | Systems and methods for bi-static or multi-static holographic navigation |
US9663200B2 (en) * | 2012-10-19 | 2017-05-30 | Ixblue | System and method for the navigation of a movable vehicle, suitable for determining and displaying a safe navigation zone |
US9630686B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-04-25 | Hadal, Inc. | Systems and methods for pressure tolerant energy systems |
RU2540937C1 (ru) * | 2013-09-12 | 2015-02-10 | Федеральный научно-производственный центр Открытое акционерное общество "Научно-производственное объединение "Марс" | Гидролокационный способ обнаружения подвижных подводных объектов с движущейся подводной платформы |
FR3018611B1 (fr) * | 2014-03-14 | 2016-02-26 | Thales Sa | Sonar a antenne synthetique et procede de formation de voies d'antenne synthetique |
US10856758B2 (en) | 2014-12-30 | 2020-12-08 | General Electric Company | Intracardiac localization and guidance system and method |
CN112505710B (zh) * | 2020-11-19 | 2023-09-19 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种多波束合成孔径声呐三维成像算法 |
CN113697054A (zh) * | 2021-10-27 | 2021-11-26 | 北京星天科技有限公司 | 数据处理方法、装置与电子设备 |
FR3129217B1 (fr) * | 2021-11-18 | 2024-03-01 | Thales Sa | Détection d'objets améliorée par une antenne synthétique |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2851340A1 (fr) * | 2003-02-19 | 2004-08-20 | Ixsea Oceano Sas | Dispositif et systeme de positionnement acoustique global |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2772647B2 (ja) * | 1988-10-25 | 1998-07-02 | 三井造船株式会社 | 超音波映像装置 |
JP2609551B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-16 | 1997-05-14 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 物体の位置探知方法および装置 |
FR2769372B1 (fr) * | 1997-10-07 | 1999-12-03 | Thomson Marconi Sonar Sas | Procede de correction des effets des mouvements parasites de l'antenne dans un sonar a antenne synthetique |
JPH11344565A (ja) * | 1998-06-01 | 1999-12-14 | Hitachi Ltd | 合成開口ソーナー |
JP2001074834A (ja) * | 1999-09-03 | 2001-03-23 | Toyo Constr Co Ltd | 水中構築物の計測方法 |
JP3515751B2 (ja) * | 2000-11-29 | 2004-04-05 | 東京商船大学長 | 海底三次元構造の再構成方法 |
JP3584883B2 (ja) * | 2001-01-17 | 2004-11-04 | 日本電気株式会社 | 合成開口ソーナー及び合成開口処理方法 |
JP3949932B2 (ja) * | 2001-10-30 | 2007-07-25 | 三井造船株式会社 | 自律型水中航走体の航走制御装置 |
JP4120334B2 (ja) * | 2002-09-26 | 2008-07-16 | 日本電気株式会社 | 合成開口ソーナー及びそれに用いる動揺補正方法並びにそのプログラム |
JP4281617B2 (ja) * | 2004-05-14 | 2009-06-17 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 合成開口ソーナーの信号処理装置 |
FR2901364B1 (fr) * | 2006-05-16 | 2008-08-22 | Ixsea Soc Par Actions Simplifi | Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique |
-
2006
- 2006-05-16 FR FR0651762A patent/FR2901364B1/fr active Active
-
2007
- 2007-05-15 CA CA2652566A patent/CA2652566C/fr active Active
- 2007-05-15 US US12/300,864 patent/US7933167B2/en active Active
- 2007-05-15 JP JP2009510514A patent/JP2009537810A/ja not_active Ceased
- 2007-05-15 WO PCT/FR2007/051275 patent/WO2007132126A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-05-15 EP EP07766049A patent/EP2021826A1/fr not_active Ceased
-
2008
- 2008-12-02 NO NO20085011A patent/NO344766B1/no unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2851340A1 (fr) * | 2003-02-19 | 2004-08-20 | Ixsea Oceano Sas | Dispositif et systeme de positionnement acoustique global |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
COOK D A ET AL: "Motion compensation of AUV-based synthetic aperture sonar", OCEANS 2003. MTS/IEEE PROCEEDINGS. CELEBRATING THE PAST, TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE. SAN DIEGO, CA, SEPT. 22 - 26, 2003; [OCEANS MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS], COLUMBIA, MD : MARINE TECHN. SOC, US, 22 September 2003 (2003-09-22), pages 2143 - 2148Vol.4, XP031871087, ISBN: 978-0-933957-30-5, DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178234 * |
See also references of WO2007132126A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2009537810A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
US7933167B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 |
FR2901364A1 (fr) | 2007-11-23 |
NO344766B1 (no) | 2020-04-20 |
FR2901364B1 (fr) | 2008-08-22 |
US20090175128A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
NO20085011L (no) | 2009-02-11 |
WO2007132126A1 (fr) | 2007-11-22 |
CA2652566A1 (fr) | 2007-11-22 |
CA2652566C (fr) | 2016-02-23 |
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