EP2016210B1 - Dispositif de filage à chaud d'une rangée de filaments - Google Patents

Dispositif de filage à chaud d'une rangée de filaments Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2016210B1
EP2016210B1 EP07725101A EP07725101A EP2016210B1 EP 2016210 B1 EP2016210 B1 EP 2016210B1 EP 07725101 A EP07725101 A EP 07725101A EP 07725101 A EP07725101 A EP 07725101A EP 2016210 B1 EP2016210 B1 EP 2016210B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plate
nozzle
inlet
distribution
spinning
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Active
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EP07725101A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2016210A2 (fr
Inventor
Volker Birkholz
Henning Rave
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Oerlikon Textile GmbH and Co KG
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Oerlikon Textile GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP2016210A2 publication Critical patent/EP2016210A2/fr
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D4/00—Spinnerette packs; Cleaning thereof
    • D01D4/06—Distributing spinning solution or melt to spinning nozzles
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods

Definitions

  • nonwovens For the production of nonwovens, it is known that a plurality of fine filament strands or finite fibers are extruded in a row-like arrangement. For this elongated spinnerets are used, which are held in a heated spinning beam. The spinnerets have on their underside a nozzle plate in which a plurality of nozzle bores for extruding the filament strands are contained. In order to supply the melt fed from a melt polymer melt to the nozzle bores, different solutions are known in the art.
  • the invention has the particular advantage that the melt within the nozzle package must travel through relatively short distances in order to be distributed to the nozzle bores. In that regard, a constant residence time of the melt within the spinneret can be achieved even with very large production widths with correspondingly diverse filament shares. Depending on the size and the number of distribution chambers, a transverse distribution of the melt within the spinneret package is limited to a permissible level.
  • a perforated plate with a plurality of bores between the inlet plate and the nozzle plate is arranged according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, wherein the holes are arranged in the perforated plate to a plurality of hole groups each of the hole groups are assigned to the distribution chambers opposite to the inlet channels.
  • the collecting space is formed between the perforated plate and the nozzle plate, so that the holes of the hole groups can open together into the collecting space.
  • the embodiment of the device according to the invention in which the holes in the region of the separating webs penetrate the perforated plate in such an oblique manner, so that there is a uniform distribution of holes over the surface of the perforated plate on the opposite underside of the perforated plate, has the particular advantage that, despite separation of the distribution chamber, an overflow the entire production width uniform distribution of the melt is achieved in particular in the adjacent collecting space.
  • the filter elements are preferably assigned to the top of the perforated plate in the hole groups, so that a simple handling is possible.
  • a plurality of spin pumps which are supplied via a melt source, are assigned to the inlet channels in the inlet plate.
  • an inlet channel or a group of inlet channels can each be assigned to a spinning pump.
  • the groups of inlet channels in the inlet plate are connected to at least two melt sources, the inlet channels each being fed by a spin pump.
  • the distribution chambers are preferably formed according to the embodiment of the invention, so that they have within the Spinndüsenwovenes a maximum length of ⁇ 700mm, preferably ⁇ 500mm.
  • the extended in the longitudinal direction of the spinneret melt distribution are limited in the supply of the melt.
  • a first embodiment of a device according to the invention is shown schematically in a view.
  • the exemplary embodiment shows an elongate spinning beam 1 for receiving an elongated spinneret pack 5, which is arranged on the underside of the spinneret 1.
  • the spinneret 5 is plate-shaped and has an upper inlet plate 8, a central perforated plate 11 and a lower nozzle plate 18.
  • the design of the spinneret 5 and the design of the plates 8, 11 and 18 will be shown in more detail below and further explained.
  • the spinneret 5 is connected via several melt lines 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, etc. to 7.20 with several spinning pumps 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4.
  • the spinning pumps 6.1 to 6.4 are assigned a plurality of melt lines, which are assigned directly to the inlet plate 8. In this embodiment, each spinning pump 6.1 to 6.4 are assigned a total of five melt lines.
  • a pipe distribution system 3 is arranged to connect the spinning pumps 6.1 to 6.4 with a melt source, not shown here.
  • the polymer melt provided by a melt source for example an extruder, is fed via a melt feed 2 to the pipe distribution system 3.
  • the pipe distribution system 3 has a plurality of branch points 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 in order to connect the melt feed 2 with the spinning pumps 6.1 to 6.4.
  • a polymer melt is fed to the spinning beam 1 via the melt inlet 2 via a melt source.
  • the polymer melt is fed via the pipeline system 3, the branching points 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 to the individual spinning pumps 6.1 to 6.2.
  • the spinning pumps 6.1 to 6.4 are each driven at the same operating speed, so that the connected melt lines 7.1 to 7.20 each partial melt streams generated under the same pressure and the spinneret 5 is supplied.
  • the spinneret pack 5, the partial flows of the polymer melt are brought together and pressed through nozzle holes in the nozzle plate 18. This results in a row-shaped filament bundle 25.
  • the filament share 25 is produced on a production width which, in Fig. 1 marked with the letter F L.
  • the filament bundle produced within the production width F L is deposited by additional not shown processing assemblies into a nonwoven fabric on a tray.
  • the spinnerets 6.1 to 6.4 and the melt lines 7.1 to 7.20 are guided and distributed within the spinneret pack 5 according to a specific distribution pattern.
  • Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is an embodiment of such Spinneret package 5 shown.
  • Fig. 2 is the spinneret package 5 in a longitudinal sectional view and in Fig. 3 shown schematically in a cross-sectional view. Unless an explicit reference is made to one of the figures, the following description applies to both figures.
  • the spinneret package 5 consists of an upper inlet plate 8, a central perforated plate 11 and a lower nozzle plate 18, which are connected to each other, for example via a screw connection.
  • the inlet plate 8 a plurality of spaced apart inlet channels are introduced, which are connected directly to one of the melt lines 7.1 to 7.20.
  • Fig. 2 only the first three inlet channels 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 are shown as the structure repeats.
  • Each of the inlet channels 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 opens into a distribution chamber 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
  • the distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3 are formed by a respective recess in the bottom of the inlet plate 8.
  • the distribution chambers 10.1 and 10.2 are arranged at a small distance next to each other in the longitudinal direction of the spinneret 5.
  • a perforated plate 11 which per distribution chamber 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3 each have a hole group 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3.
  • Each of the hole groups 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3 contains a plurality of holes 12, which penetrate the perforated plate 11 to the bottom.
  • Fig. 4 a plan view of the perforated plate 11 is shown.
  • the following description of the perforated plate 11 also applies to the in Fig. 4 illustrated arrangement.
  • the hole groups 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3 are separated from each other by separating webs 14.1 and 14.2.
  • the dividers 14.1 and 14.2 together with the bottom of the inlet plate 8 is a separation between the individual distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
  • the filter element 16.1 is designed such that the free surface formed by the distribution chamber 10.1 is covered on the underside of the inlet plate 8, so that the filter element 16.1 forms the outlet of the distribution chamber 10.1. Accordingly, the filter element 16.2 of the distribution chamber 10.2 adapted, etc.
  • the nozzle plate 18 connects.
  • the nozzle plate 18 has at the top a collecting space 17, which extends over the entire production width, so that the individual partial melt streams of the distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, etc. via the hole groups 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, etc. enter the collecting space 17 together ,
  • the collection chamber 17 are associated with a plurality of nozzle bores 19 in the nozzle plate 18.
  • the nozzle bores 19 are formed in one or more rows and extend over the entire production width F L.
  • the length expansion of the distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, etc. should not exceed certain ranges, as shown in the illustration of the distribution of the melt as constant as possible.
  • the length of extension of the distribution chamber 10.1 is characterized in this embodiment by reference numeral V L.
  • V L the length extension of the distribution chamber in the range of max. 700 mm preferably max. 500 mm proven to be particularly favorable. In principle, however, it is also possible to realize greater or smaller length expansion in the Verteilkarnrnern.
  • the spinneret pack 5 via the in Fig. 1 shown melt line 7.1 to 7.20 each supplied to a polymer melt.
  • the polymer melt enters the respective connected distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, etc. to exit via the associated filter element 16.1, 16.2 and 16.3.
  • the partial melt streams are guided over the hole groups 13.1 13.2 and 13.3 of the perforated plate 11 into the collecting space 17 and combined.
  • a homogenization of the supplied partial melt streams so that the polymer melt contained in the collecting space 17 is continuously taken up via the connected nozzle holes 19 within the nozzle plate 18 and extruded into the individual filaments.
  • the device according to the invention is both suitable for extruding a row-shaped filament bundle from a polymer melt.
  • a plurality of melt types in so-called bico fibers by, for example, two separate melt sources and to extrude multicomponent fibers.
  • an embodiment of a spinneret package in Fig. 5 schematically illustrated how it could be used, for example, to produce a core-sheath fiber.
  • the components with the same function were provided with identical reference numerals, the structural design can show by the difference from the aforementioned embodiment.
  • the spinneret pack 5 is formed of a plurality of plates having in detail an inlet plate 8, a perforated plate 11, a metering plate 21, a second perforated plate 23, a distributor plate 24 and a nozzle plate 18.
  • the inlet plate 8 contains a first group of distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2, etc., which are connected to melt lines via a first group of inlet channels 9.1, 9.2, etc.
  • the inlet plate 8 is assigned to the underside of the plate 11, wherein for each distribution chamber 10.1, 10.2, etc., the perforated plate 11 each have a hole group 13.1, 13.2, etc. For each hole group 13.1, 13.2, etc., a filter element 16.1, 16.2, etc. is held at the top of the perforated plate 11, through which the holes of the hole group 13.1, 13.2, etc. are each covered.
  • a second perforated plate 23 which also has a plurality of hole groups 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3 in order to distribute the polymer melt discharged from the distribution chamber 22.1, 22.2 etc.
  • the hole groups of the second perforated plate 23 open into a second distributor space 26. 2, which is formed above the distributor plate 24.
  • the perforated plate 23 has passage openings in order to guide the first melt component guided out of the distributor space 26.1 to the distribution plate 24 arranged below the second perforated plate 23.
  • the distribution plate 24 has a distribution system, in particular through bores and openings as well as through grooves, in order to guide both melt components in each case to the nozzle bores 19 of the nozzle plate 18.
  • the fiber extruded through a nozzle bore is withdrawn by means of a blowing stream during extrusion.
  • a blow nozzle 27 is arranged at the bottom of the nozzle plate 18 with opening to both sides of the nozzle bore blast nozzle openings 28.1 and 28.2.
  • the blast nozzle openings 28.1 and 28.2 are connected to a compressed air source, for example, to supply a preferably tempered blast air on the outlet side of the nozzle bore 19.
  • the nozzle plate 18 has a series of nozzle bores 19 which extend parallel to the slot-shaped blowing nozzle openings 28.1 and 28.2.
  • the melt guide according to the aforementioned embodiments, so that in the collecting chamber 17 supplied polymer melt is uniformly extruded through the nozzle bore 19.
  • Fig. 7 is a further embodiment of a device according to the invention shown schematically in a view.
  • the device has a spinning beam 1, which holds on its underside 2 in the longitudinal direction juxtaposed spinnerets 5.1 and 5.2.
  • Each of the spinneret sets 5.1 and 5.2 is identical and could, for example, by a spinneret after Fig. 2 or Fig. 5 or Fig. 6 be executed.
  • the two groups of spinning pumps 6.1 to 6.4 and 6.5 to 6.8 a pipe distribution system 3 is assigned to connect all spinning pumps with a melt source. At this point, however, it is expressly stated that each of the groups of spinning pumps can be independently connected by separate pipe distribution systems with a melt source or with multiple melt sources.
  • FIG. 7 illustrated embodiment of the invention.
  • Device is particularly suitable for achieving large production widths in the production of row-shaped filament shares. Production widths in the range of> 10m can be realized by such systems.
  • inlet plate 8 a plurality of spaced apart inlet channels 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 are introduced, which are connected directly via a respective melt line 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 with one of several spinning pumps 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3.
  • Each of the inlet channels 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 opens into a distribution chamber 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
  • the distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3 are formed by a respective recess in the bottom of the inlet plate 8.
  • a perforated plate 11 connects, which has a plurality of holes 12 which connect the top of the perforated plate with the bottom of the perforated plate 11.
  • a filter element 16 is held, which is directly the lower boundary of the distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
  • the distribution chambers 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3 each extend over an oriented in the longitudinal direction of the spinning beam length expansions V L.
  • the number of inlet channels and the distribution chambers and the elongated extent of the distribution chambers are chosen such that that a uniform melt flow from the inlet to the extrusion of the filaments within the spinneret package prevails. It is irrelevant whether the inlet plate 8 is replaceable formed as part of the spinneret pack or stationary as part of the spinneret.
  • the in the Fig. 1 to 8 illustrated embodiments of the device according to the invention are exemplary in their structure and their arrangement of the individual components.
  • the number of inlet channels and the distribution chambers and the elongated extension of the distribution chambers are exemplary.
  • the distribution chambers are to be selected with regard to the maximum production width such that the polymer melt can be guided within short distances and short residence times within the spinner, so as to be able to produce a uniform nonwoven production from extruded fibers with the same consistency over the entire production range.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Dispositif de filage à chaud d'une portée de filaments en alignement (25) avec une barre de filage (1) pour recevoir un paquet oblong de filières (5) qui sur une face inférieure présente une plaque à buses (18) avec une multiplicité de trous de buse (19) et sur une face supérieure une plaque d'entrée (8) avec au moins un canal d'entrée (9.1), une chambre de distribution (10.1) étant réalisée entre la plaque d'entrée (8) et la plaque à buses (18), qui est reliée au canal d'entrée (9.1) dans la plaque d'entrée (8) et aux trous de buse (19) dans la plaque à buses (18), la plaque d'entrée (8) ayant dans le sens longitudinal de la barre de filage (1) une pluralité de canaux d'entrée (9.1, 9.2, 9.3) réalisés de manière adjacente les uns aux autres et en ce que dans le sens longitudinal de la barre de filage (81) une pluralité de chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3) agencées côte à côte, est réalisée, les canaux d'entrée (9.1, 9.2, 9.3) débouchant respectivement dans une des chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3), caractérisé en ce qu'un espace accumulateur (17) est agencé en amont des trous de buse (19) dans la plaque à buse (18), lequel espace accumulateur (17) est en connexion avec les chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3).
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'une plaque à perforations (11) ayant une multiplicité de trous (12) est agencée entre la plaque d'entrée (8) et la plaque à buses (18) et en ce que les trous (12) dans la plaque à perforations (11) sont agencés en une pluralité de groupes de trous (13.1, 13.2, 13.3), respectivement un des groupes de trous (13.1, 13.2, 13.3), étant associé en vis-à-vis aux chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3).
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'espace accumulateur (17) est réalisé entre la plaque à perforations (11) et la plaque à buses (18) qui est réalisée avec les trous de buse (19), les trous (12) des groupes de trous (13.1, 13.2, 13.3) débouchant communément dans l'espace accumulateur (17).
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que la plaque à perforations (11) a sur une face supérieure, orientée vers la plaque d'entrée (8), respectivement entre les groupes de perforations (13.1, 13.2, 13.3.), une traverse de séparation (14.1, 14.2) et en ce que les chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3) sont formées dans la face inférieure de la plaque d'entrée (8) entre les traverses de séparation (14.1, 14.2).
  5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les trous (15) dans la région des traverses de séparation (14.1, 14.2) s'étendent obliquement de manière telle à travers la plaque à perforations (11), que sur la face inférieure de la plaque à perforations (11) en vis-à-vis il y a une distribution constante des perforations.
  6. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'en vis-à vis des canaux d'entrée (9.1, 9.2, 9.3) respectivement un élément de filtre parmi une pluralité d'éléments de filtre (16.1, 16.2, 16.3) est associé aux chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3,) les éléments de filtre (16.1, 16.2, 16.3) formant respectivement une sortie de la chambre de distribution (10.1, 10.2, 10.3).
  7. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les canaux d'entrée (9.1, 9.2, 9.3) dans la plaque d'entrée (8) sont connectés à une source de fonte, une pompe de filature parmi une pluralité de pompes de filature étant associée à chacun des canaux d'entrée (9.1, 9.2, 9.3) ou une ou plusieurs pompes de filature (6.1 - 6.4) étant associées à un groupe de canaux d'entrée (20.1).
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce qu'un système de distribution tubulaire (3) avec une pluralité de points de ramification est agencé entre la source de fonte (2) et les pompes de filature (6.1 - 6.4).
  9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que les canaux d'entrée sont divisés en deux groupes (20.1, 20.2), en ce que deux groupes de chambres de distribution (10.1, 22.1) sont associés aux canaux d'entrée (20.1, 20.2), un premier groupe de chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2) étant réalisé entre la plaque d'entrée (8) et une première plaque à perforations (11) avec une pluralité de groupes de trous et le deuxième groupe de chambres de distribution (22.1, 22.2) entre une plaque de dosage (21) et une deuxième plaque à perforations (23).
  10. Dispositif selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'une plaque de distribution (24) avec un système de distribution est agencée en amont de la plaque à buses (18) par lesquelles les groupes de trous des deux plaques de trous (11, 23) sont connectés aux trous de buses (19) de la plaque à buses (18).
  11. Dispositif selon la revendication 9 ou 10, caractérisé en ce que dans la plaque d'entrée (8) les groupes de canaux d'entrée (20.1, 20.2) sont reliés à deux sources de fonte, une pompe de filature parmi une pluralité de pompes de filature (6.1 - 6.4) étant agencée à chaque canal d'entrée parmi les canaux d'entrée (20.1, 20.2).
  12. Dispositif selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce qu'à l'intérieur de la barre de filage (1) le paquet de filières (5) a une longueur telle que la portée de filaments (25) peut être fabriquée de façon égale sur une largeur de production (FL) > 5 m pour la formation d'un non-tissé.
  13. Dispositif selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce qu'à l'intérieur du paquet de filières (5) les chambres de distribution (10.1, 10.2) ont une extension oblongue maximale (VL) de < 700 mm, de préférence plus petite que 500 mm.
  14. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce qu'à l'intérieur de la barre de filage (1) une pluralité de paquets de filières (5.1, 5.2) est assemblée de manière telle en ligne en une longueur de filage, que les portées de filaments (25) peuvent être réunies sur une largeur de production (FL) > 5 mètres pour former un non-tissé.
  15. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les chambres de distribution adjacentes (10.1, 10.2, 10.3) sont reliées entre elles par au moins une ouverture de distribution (29.1, 29.2).
EP07725101A 2006-05-11 2007-05-11 Dispositif de filage à chaud d'une rangée de filaments Active EP2016210B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006021909 2006-05-11
PCT/EP2007/004181 WO2007131714A2 (fr) 2006-05-11 2007-05-11 Dispositif de filage à chaud d'une rangée de filaments

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2016210A2 EP2016210A2 (fr) 2009-01-21
EP2016210B1 true EP2016210B1 (fr) 2010-07-07

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US (1) US20090104301A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2016210B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2009536693A (fr)
KR (1) KR101401875B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN101443489B (fr)
DE (1) DE502007004330D1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007131714A2 (fr)

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CN103504677A (zh) * 2012-06-21 2014-01-15 保利源(南通)实业有限公司 一种人工毛发用原丝压曲工艺
CN105316777B (zh) * 2014-07-24 2017-09-19 江苏天地化纤有限公司 一种纺丝生产用喷丝组合装置
CN106757408A (zh) * 2015-11-19 2017-05-31 张家港市宏盛贸易有限公司 纺丝箱
CN108481602A (zh) * 2018-04-04 2018-09-04 上海塑尔热流道电气有限公司 一种铸带头热流道系统
US11530494B2 (en) 2018-04-11 2022-12-20 Toray Industries, Inc. Spinneret and method for manufacturing fiber web
EP3663440A1 (fr) * 2018-12-05 2020-06-10 CAT S.r.l. Dispositif de fabrication de fibre de polymère pour un système du type filé-lié et/ou fusion-soufflage
DE102020001132A1 (de) * 2020-02-20 2021-08-26 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Schmelzblasdüsenvorrichtung
CN112345223A (zh) * 2020-11-03 2021-02-09 中山市恒滨实业有限公司 一种喷熔布挤出模的装配检测方法
CN114108113B (zh) * 2021-12-27 2022-10-18 浙江昊能科技有限公司 一种超细旦易染型涤锦复合长丝纤维的制造方法
CN115537946A (zh) * 2022-11-07 2022-12-30 仙桃永利医疗用品有限公司 一种非织造布熔喷装置

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EP1486591B1 (fr) * 2003-06-13 2005-11-16 Reifenhäuser GmbH & Co. KG Maschinenfabrik Appareil pour la production de filaments
US20050087900A1 (en) * 2003-10-23 2005-04-28 Nordson Corporation Spundbonding spin pack characterized by uniform polymer distribution and method of use
DE102005053248B4 (de) * 2005-11-08 2016-12-01 Axel Nickel Schmelzblaskopf mit veränderbarer Spinnbreite

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US20090104301A1 (en) 2009-04-23
DE502007004330D1 (de) 2010-08-19
CN101443489A (zh) 2009-05-27
WO2007131714A2 (fr) 2007-11-22
KR101401875B1 (ko) 2014-05-29
KR20090021348A (ko) 2009-03-03
CN101443489B (zh) 2011-03-30
WO2007131714A3 (fr) 2008-01-17
EP2016210A2 (fr) 2009-01-21
WO2007131714A8 (fr) 2008-11-27
JP2009536693A (ja) 2009-10-15

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