EP2010876A1 - Spektrales analyseverfahren zur bestimmung der chlorophyllkonzentration - Google Patents
Spektrales analyseverfahren zur bestimmung der chlorophyllkonzentrationInfo
- Publication number
- EP2010876A1 EP2010876A1 EP07722205A EP07722205A EP2010876A1 EP 2010876 A1 EP2010876 A1 EP 2010876A1 EP 07722205 A EP07722205 A EP 07722205A EP 07722205 A EP07722205 A EP 07722205A EP 2010876 A1 EP2010876 A1 EP 2010876A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- spectral
- vegetation
- detector
- measuring
- determined
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 title claims description 21
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 21
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004441 surface measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004783 Serene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010223 real-time analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000985 reflectance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N serine Chemical compound OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/30—Measuring the intensity of spectral lines directly on the spectrum itself
- G01J3/32—Investigating bands of a spectrum in sequence by a single detector
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/30—Measuring the intensity of spectral lines directly on the spectrum itself
- G01J3/36—Investigating two or more bands of a spectrum by separate detectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/314—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
- G01J2003/1213—Filters in general, e.g. dichroic, band
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for analyzing a given spectral range, and to a method and system for characterizing an existing vegetation.
- hy- perspectral sensors line detectors
- the spectral resolution of such devices is generally between 0.5 and 5 nm.
- the reflection phenomenon to be examined must be filtered out of a large number of spectral information, which means a high processing effort and thus likewise a dynamic or real-time analysis with a portable cost / benefit expenditure is not possible.
- this problem exists in the analysis of vegetation characteristics by determining the change in existing chlorophyll concentration in a studied area.
- This change in the chlorophyll concentration is related to a shift in the so-called red edge in the reflection spectrum of green plants, which results from the very strong absorption bands of chlorophyll in the region of 660 nm and the absorption-free spectral region above a wavelength of 700 nm through the transition region.
- the shift of the red edge is only a few nanometers, whereby the associated change in the chlorophyll concentration can be pronounced. Since it is intended to determine with the aid of these spectral data, in particular the vegetation of large-area agricultural areas, which are traversed by vehicles, in particular tractors, a method and a device are required which enable a cost-effective dynamic area measurement.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method and a device for the spectral analysis of a given spectral range, which enable both static and dynamic determinations of the given spectral range.
- This object is achieved by a method for spectral analysis of a given spectral range according to claim 1, a device for spectral analysis of a predetermined spectral range according to claim 11, and a vegetation characterization method according to claim 22 and a vegetation characterization system according to claim 25.
- the present invention is based on the finding that, due to the analysis with at least two mutually overlapping spectral value functions, it is no longer necessary to record many narrowband independent wavelength bands with comparatively long exposure times or integration times, but it is sufficient to use broadband spectral functions.
- the radiation power of a measuring channel can be determined via the integral of the spectral value function in the region of the predetermined spectral range.
- the measurement signals defined by the spectral value functions are recorded statically or dynamically.
- the measurement signals can be determined by means of a point measurement or by area measurement.
- a device in which a measuring head with at least one detector and measuring optics is provided, with which the measuring signals can advantageously be recorded by means of the filters defining the spectral value functions.
- the filters can be alternately introduced into the focal plane of the detector, but it is also possible to use two detectors, each of which is preceded by a filter.
- the filters can be arranged either in front of the measuring optics or directly in front of the detector itself. It is also possible to carry out the filters integrally with the detector or the measuring optics.
- two measuring heads can also be used which record the measuring signals corresponding to the defined spectral value functions.
- the detector (s) may preferably be designed as a photodiode single detector, diode array (line detector) and / or focal plane array.
- the device according to the invention can have a memory unit for storing the measurement signals and a possibility for communication with a GPS device, so that the measurement signals can be determined cartographically for a surface.
- the device according to the invention has a sensor which determines a radiation power of the ambient light. As a result, interference caused by different types of lighting can be eliminated.
- a light source is also provided which actively illuminates the region to be analyzed or the reflection spectrum of the object to be analyzed.
- the spectral region to be examined is preferably placed in the region of the so-called red edge, which defines the transition from strong absorption to absorption-free regions in the chlorophyll spectrum.
- the red edge defines the transition from strong absorption to absorption-free regions in the chlorophyll spectrum.
- the position of the red edge varies in relation to the size of the chlorophyll concentration. This is due to the fact that healthy vegetation reflects relatively little radiation in the visible spectral range and relatively much radiation in the following near infrared range. Other surface materials, such as soil, rock or even dead or non-chlorophyll-containing vegetation, show no such distinctive difference in the reflectance of both areas. This circumstance may therefore serve to distinguish vegetation covered from uncovered areas.
- the overlapping spectral value functions cover the range between 600 nm and 800 nm, with their cutting range advantageously being in the range between 650 and 700 nm.
- an embodiment in which the device according to the invention can be fastened to a vehicle, in particular a tractor, in order to be able to determine large-scale vegetation stands, such as arable land, is particularly advantageous.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically the reflection spectrum of chlorophyll with a red edge arranged therein;
- FIG. 2 shows a first exemplary embodiment for the overlapping of two spectral value functions in the region of the red edge
- FIG. 3 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention for recording two spectral functions
- FIG. 4 shows a second exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention for recording two spectral functions
- Figure 5 a third embodiment of the device according to the invention for receiving two spectral functions.
- Figure 1 shows the reflectance spectrum of green plants, i. the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. Over the visible range of 400 to about 700 nm of the human eye, chlorophyll shows pronounced absorption except for a region, indicated here by reference numeral 2, at 550 nm, which is why plants appear green. Also shown is the end of absorption at approximately 700 nm - the so-called red edge above this wavelength-wise chlorophyll has no absorption. The red edge is identified by the reference numeral 4.
- FIG. 2 shows a section of the reflection spectrum around the region of the red edge 4 from 650 to 750 nm.
- FIG. 2 shows which exemplary spectral regions could cover two spectral value functions 6 and 8 in order to examine the region of the red edge. It can clearly be seen that the red edge is preferably in the intersection region with the overlapping spectral value functions 6 and 8.
- Noise contamination of the signal can be minimized by forming the integral over the spectral value function.
- the integration limits are chosen so that they cover the possible area in which the red edge comes to rest. Mathematically, this is determined by the following formalization:
- I o ( ⁇ ) spectral (solar) irradiation power P (X) - spectral reflection coefficient (see Figure 1)
- x / y (X) spectral value function in channel "x" or "y” (see Figure 2)
- the signal powers in the channels "x" and “y” result from the "determined" integration of X 1 to X 2 , where X 1 , ⁇ 2 are selected so that the red edge in the of X 1 and X 2 spanned spectral range is:
- Defining the relevant spectral range X 1 to X 2 for the integral also reduces interference influences, such as ambient light fluctuations, to the spectral range around the red edge. In particular, the influence of "serene clouds” or “blue sky” is minimized or completely hidden.
- the spectral value function For the recording of the measured signals defined by the spectral value function several devices are conceivable. Basically, however, two measuring signals must be recorded, this being done by two measuring heads with one each Detector can be realized. However, it is also possible to use a single measuring head with a single detector, in which successively, for example via different filters introduced in succession, the two measuring signals can be realized. In addition, it is possible to use a measuring head with two detectors or to arrange the filters on a detector such that two measuring signals corresponding to the specified spectral value functions can be recorded.
- the devices can be used for both a point and a surface measurement. Basically, however, observing a measurement point in two channels at the same time of measurement is only possible monostatically and biaxially, with each other method resulting in a temporal offset of the measurement points.
- FIG. 3 shows a first preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in which the measurements of the spectral value functions are carried out by means of two measuring heads 12, 14.
- the measuring heads 12, 14 each have a detector 16, 18 and an optical system - shown here as lenses 20, 22.
- the detector 16 arranged in the first measuring head 12 receives a first measuring signal defined by a first spectral value function
- the detector 18 arranged in the second measuring head 14 records a second measuring signal defined by a second spectral value function.
- filters 24, 26, which define the range of the spectral value functions
- Both measuring heads 12, 14 focus on the same point of an object 28.
- active lighting units not shown here, which bring about a defined reflection.
- at the measuring heads 12, 14 further sensors may be present, which analyze the ambient light.
- FIG. 4 shows a basic representation of a device according to the invention for time-shifted measuring of measurement signals defined by the spectral value functions.
- only one measuring head 12 is used with only one detector 16, wherein again two the spectral value functions defining filter 24, 26 are provided, the can be alternately introduced into the beam path between object to be examined 28 and detector 16, so that at a first time t1 the measurement signal, which is defined by the first spectral value function or the first filter 24, is recorded, while at a second time t2 the Measuring signal, which is defined by the second spectral value function or the second filter 26 is recorded.
- the filter set 24 and 26 can be introduced alternately in front of the measuring optics 20 or alternatively directly in front of the detector 16 or rotate.
- FIG. 1 Another possibility of recording measurement signals corresponding to two spectral value functions is shown in FIG.
- a detector two detectors 16, 18 are arranged in the focal plane of a single measuring head 12 instead of, as shown in Figure 4, a detector two detectors 16, 18 are arranged.
- FIG. 5 shows a variant without an additional mirror, in which two filters 24, 26 are arranged in the focal plane of the measuring optics 20, the radiation of which is in turn received by two detectors 16, 18.
- a first measurement signal with the filter 24 is received by an object point 30 and a second measurement signal with the filter 26 by an object point 32 at a first time t1.
- the object points must 30 or 32 are recorded again exactly with the other filter. That is, at a second time t2, a measurement signal with the filter 28 has to be received by the object point 32 and a measurement signal with the filter 26 has to be received by the object point 32.
- either the measuring head 12 or the detectors 16, 18 can be tilted by an angle ⁇ . However, it is also possible not to tilt the measuring head, but to shift the offset between object point 30 and 32 in total.
- the device described in FIG. 5 is particularly suitable for dynamic measurements since only the exposure times and durations of the two channels need to be synchronized with the dynamic image offset by the object movement. This means that the direction of movement of the object must have the same orientation as the detector arrangement in the focal plane. As a result, the same object point 30 is imaged on the detector 16 at the time t1 and on the detector 18 at the time t2.
- a diode arrays or focal plane arrays can be used instead of the individual detectors shown here, a diode arrays or focal plane arrays.
- the two detectors arranged in the focal plane can preferably be replaced by two diode arrays which have an orientation transverse to the direction of movement. Continuous movement in one direction results in a continuous image structure that analyzes the spectral range over the measured area.
- the second case of the vegetation characteristic is the open stock. This can be determined by mixed signal formation from plant reflection and soil reflection, the so-called normalized difference vegetation index, over which the plant degree of coverage of the soil can be determined.
- the index is based on the fact that vegetation in the visible spectral range (wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm) reflects relatively little radiation and in the following near infrared range (wavelength of about 700 to 1300 nm) relatively much radiation.
- the devices also have a signal detection unit which is correlated with the recording of GPS data, whereby a mapping of the measured spectral value functions over the surface is possible.
- the irradiation power of the ambient light is monitored by a sensor attached to the device, whereby a normalization of the signals is possible.
- the device can also have an active light source for measuring the Spektralwertfunktionen, whereby measurements in low light conditions are possible.
- Miniveg-N data can also be used to standardize soil conditions, whereby data can also be obtained from large-scale agricultural areas.
- Disclosed is a method and an apparatus for determining a predetermined spectral range, in particular the spectral range around the red edge, in which the analysis of the spectral range is carried out by means of two overlapping spectral value functions, as well as a method and a system for characterizing an existing vegetation. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102006017809 | 2006-04-13 | ||
PCT/DE2007/000647 WO2007118458A1 (de) | 2006-04-13 | 2007-04-13 | Spektrales analyseverfahren zur bestimmung der chlorophyllkonzentration |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2010876A1 true EP2010876A1 (de) | 2009-01-07 |
Family
ID=38293318
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07722205A Withdrawn EP2010876A1 (de) | 2006-04-13 | 2007-04-13 | Spektrales analyseverfahren zur bestimmung der chlorophyllkonzentration |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100290031A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2010876A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007118458A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5540971A (en) * | 1978-09-18 | 1980-03-22 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Measuring method of amount of chlorophyl and chlorophyl meter |
US6350988B1 (en) * | 1999-02-08 | 2002-02-26 | General Electric Company | Optical spectrometer and method for combustion flame temperature determination |
US6646265B2 (en) * | 1999-02-08 | 2003-11-11 | General Electric Company | Optical spectrometer and method for combustion flame temperature determination |
DE10325534B4 (de) * | 2003-06-04 | 2005-06-23 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Verfahren zum Bestimmen des Düngebedarfs in Gärten, Gärtnereien oder Parkanlagen |
-
2007
- 2007-04-13 EP EP07722205A patent/EP2010876A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-04-13 WO PCT/DE2007/000647 patent/WO2007118458A1/de active Application Filing
- 2007-04-13 US US12/297,014 patent/US20100290031A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2007118458A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2007118458B1 (de) | 2007-12-13 |
WO2007118458A1 (de) | 2007-10-25 |
US20100290031A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
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