EP1996511A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour produire du chlore par oxydation en phase gazeuse dans un réacteur à paroi froide - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour produire du chlore par oxydation en phase gazeuse dans un réacteur à paroi froide

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Publication number
EP1996511A1
EP1996511A1 EP07711752A EP07711752A EP1996511A1 EP 1996511 A1 EP1996511 A1 EP 1996511A1 EP 07711752 A EP07711752 A EP 07711752A EP 07711752 A EP07711752 A EP 07711752A EP 1996511 A1 EP1996511 A1 EP 1996511A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reaction
catalyst
channels
cooling medium
chlorine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07711752A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Stephan Schubert
Ralph Schellen
Leslaw Mleczko
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bayer AG
Original Assignee
Bayer Technology Services GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bayer Technology Services GmbH filed Critical Bayer Technology Services GmbH
Publication of EP1996511A1 publication Critical patent/EP1996511A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
    • C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
    • C01B7/03—Preparation from chlorides
    • C01B7/04—Preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00783—Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
    • B01J2219/00822—Metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
    • B01J2219/00835—Comprising catalytically active material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00873—Heat exchange

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing chlorine by gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with a gas stream containing oxygen in the presence of a catalyst applied to the inner wall of a reaction channel cooled from the outside.
  • the catalysts initially used for the Deacon process for example supported catalysts with the active material CuCl 2 , had only limited activity. Although the activity could be increased by increasing the reaction temperature, it was disadvantageous that the volatility of the active components at high temperatures led to rapid deactivation of the catalyst. The oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine is also an equilibrium reaction. The position of the equilibrium shifts with increasing temperature to the detriment of the desired end product. It is therefore advantageous to use catalysts with the highest possible activity, which allow the reaction to proceed at low temperature.
  • Known highly active catalysts are based on ruthenium. DE-A 197 48 299 describes supported catalysts with the active material ruthenium oxide or ruthenium mixed oxide.
  • the content of ruthenium oxide is 0.1 wt .-% to 20 wt .-% and the average particle diameter of ruthenium oxide 1.0 nm to 10.0 nm.
  • the reaction is carried out at a temperature between 90 0 C and 150 0 C.
  • ruthenium chloride catalysts containing at least one compound titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, ruthenium-carbonyl complexes, ruthenium salts of inorganic acids, ruthenium-nitosyl complexes, ruthenium-amine complexes, Ruthenium complexes of organic nurses or ruthenium-acetylacetonate complexes.
  • the reaction is conducted at a temperature between 100 0 C and 500 0 C, preferably from 200 0 C and 38O 0 C.
  • the catalyst is used in a fixed bed or in a fluidized bed.
  • the oxygen source substance used is air or pure oxygen.
  • a known technical problem of gas-phase oxidations of hydrogen chloride to chlorine is the formation of hot spots, that is, local overheating, in the fixed bed catalyst. These lead to an unfavorable shift of the reaction equilibrium to the educts with a corresponding deterioration of the yield. Another consequence is deactivation of the catalyst until destruction of the catalyst and catalyst tube material. As a consequence, consuming changes in the catalyst rate must be carried out regularly. In addition to the actual catalyst costs, considerable costs are incurred due to the production downtime associated with the standstill. To solve these problems, various proposals for the design, cooling and activity of the catalyst bed have been presented.
  • WO-Al-91/06505 (EP-B 500 728) describes a two-step process for the production of chlorine from HCl.
  • the chlorination is carried out at relatively low temperatures of 25 ° C to 250 0 C and Dechlo ⁇ réelle at temperatures of at least 300 0 C. Therefore, a constant heating or cooling of a large amount of solids is required. This requirement further limits the possibilities of designing a corrosion resistant reactor.
  • Regions of the cooled contact tubes each have different activities. As a result, the reaction progress in the area of possible hotspots is slowed down so much that the resulting
  • Reaction heat can be dissipated through the wall of the catalyst tubes.
  • a similar result should be achieved by the targeted dilution of the catalyst bed with inert Mate ⁇ al.
  • a disadvantage of these solutions is that two or more catalyst systems must be developed and used in the catalyst tubes or that by using inert material, the reactor capacity is impaired.
  • DE-A1-10 311 865 describes a process for the preparation of isocyanates in a plant from building blocks of microtechnology.
  • a process step the production of chlorine by a Deacon process is presented.
  • the proposed implementation of the reaction in a fixed bed reactor also has the already described disadvantage of an insufficient reaction-side heat transfer coefficient in the desired microscale. The avoidance of hot spots can not be guaranteed reliably in this way.
  • said production of up to 10 kg / h of isocyanate corresponds to a production of about 5 kg / h of chlorine, and would be interesting only for the decentralized supply of small manufacturers of secondary products. Economic production in facilities according to the economy of scale takes place in other sizes.
  • the catalyst required for the reaction is applied to the inner wall of one or more externally cooled reaction channels.
  • the object was achieved in that the formation of hot spots could be effectively reduced by the catalyst applied to the inner wall by means of a radial cooling of the reactor wall during the process and that thereby the service life and the selectivity of the catalyst could be improved
  • the cooling medium which is in thermal contact with the reaction channel is also preferably guided into at least two cooling medium channels which are substantially parallel to one another are, and in proportion to the main Strömungs ⁇ chtung in the reaction channel in the DC, countercurrently or cross-current are performed.
  • the cooling medium used is salt melts, steam, organic compounds or molten metals, preferably molten salts, steam or heat transfer oils, particularly preferably a mixture of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, dibenzyltoluene or a mixture of diphenyl oxide and diphenyl.
  • the cooling medium or the cooling media are conducted in the cross-flow for the main flow direction in the reaction channel and divided into at least two substantially parallel cooling medium channels.
  • the cooling medium ducts may have different material properties, flow rates, throughputs or temperatures in order to set at least two zones of different temperature in the reaction channel - temperatures which fall best for the main flow direction in the reaction channel. This allows the avoidance of hot spots at relatively high reaction rate at the beginning of the reaction channel to connect with a high degree of conversion due to the favorable equilibrium at the end of the reaction channel.
  • the catalyst is applied to the inner wall of the reaction channel m a 5 to 1000 .mu.m, preferably 10 to 500 .mu.m, more preferably 20 microns to 200 microns thick layer.
  • the Aufb ⁇ ngung can in principle be carried out by any known technology, it is preferably applied as a washcoat on the inner wall of the reaction channel.
  • the catalyst is a supported catalyst whose catalyst portion is completely or partially composed of copper, copper chloride, copper oxide, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, chromium oxide, cerium, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium chloride, rhodium, rhodium oxide, platinum, elements of Group 8 (Mendeleev, Zeitschrift für Chemie 12, 405-6, 1869) or a mixture or compound of said substances.
  • the catalyst portion is preferably completely or partially composed of ruthenium derivatives and particularly preferably of ruthenium oxide.
  • the carrier fraction consists wholly or partly of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, Sihziumoxid, silica or a mixture or compound of said substances; preferred carrier components are titanium oxide or titanium mixed oxide.
  • the catalyst is a supported catalyst whose catalyst portion is completely or partially composed of copper, copper chloride, copper oxide, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, chromium oxide, cerium, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium chloride, ruthenium oxide chloride, rhodium, rhodium oxide, platinum, elements of Group 8 (Mendeleyev, Zeitschrift Chem. 12, 405-6, 1869) or a mixture or compound of said substances.
  • the catalyst portion is completely or partially from ruthenium derivatives and particularly preferably from ruthenium oxide.
  • the carrier fraction consists wholly or partly of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, Sihziumoxid, tin oxide, silica or a mixture or compound of said substances; Preferred carrier components are tin oxide, titanium oxide or titanium mixed oxide.
  • At least two reaction channels are operated under the same reaction conditions.
  • 0.1 g / h to 10 g / h of chlorine preferably 0.3 g / h to 3 g / h of chlorine, can be produced by the process according to the invention per 1 g of catalyst applied to the inner wall of the reaction tube.
  • the educt for the process according to the invention is hydrogen chloride, which is e.g. is produced and adopted as by-product from the phosgenation of a Diamms to a dnsocyanate or the Gasphasenphosgem réelle of phenol to diphenyl carbonate.
  • the chlorine produced may e.g. used for the production of phosgene
  • the amount of chlorine produced by the process according to the invention is between 20 kg / h and 20 t / h, preferably between 100 kg / h and 10 t / h, more preferably between 1 l / h and 5 t / h
  • the reactor for the production of chlorine by the process according to the invention consists of one or more externally cooled reaction channels, on the inner walls of which the catalyst required for the reaction is applied.
  • the proportion of the catalyst volume in the total volume of the device is usually 1% to 50%, preferably from 5% to 35%, particularly preferably from 10% to 25%.
  • the proportion of catalyst volume in the total volume of the device is usually from 0.2 to 50%, preferably from 0.2% to 35%, most preferably from 0.2% to 25%.
  • the temperature in the reaction channels is kept at as constant a temperature as possible by the cooling medium channels through which the cooling medium flows.
  • a tempera- turzone harbors this temperature between 200 0 C and 450 0 C, preferably between 250 0 C and 370 0 C, particularly preferably between 320 0 C and 330 0 C.
  • the temperature variation in the reaction channel is 5 K to 200 K, preferably 20 K to 150 K, more preferably 50 K to 100 K.
  • the temperature of the reaction channel can be monitored by means of sensors during the process and the flow rate or the temperature of the cooling medium in the cooling medium channels can be adjusted as required.
  • the sensors can be arranged either in the region of the cooling medium or in the region of the reaction channel, preferably in the inlet and outlet of the cooling medium.
  • the process can be carried out continuously or in batch, preferably continuously.
  • Hydrogen chloride gas flows together with oxygen at an absolute pressure of 1 bar to 50 bar, preferably 1 bar to 5 bar, more preferably 2 bar to 3 bar in the reaction channel, the specific volume flows amount to 1 to 1000 nL-HCl / min / kg Catalyst or 0.2 to 500 nL oxygen / min / kg catalyst, preferably 10 to 100 nL HCl / mm / kg catalyst and 2 to 50 nL oxygen / mm / kg catalyst.
  • the conversion at the reaction channel exit of hydrogen chloride to chlorine is 30% to 99%.
  • reaction channels are preferably arranged in parallel.
  • the reaction channels are arranged in one or more plates for reaction channels so that this plate is in thermal contact with at least one set of cooling medium channels arranged parallel, preferably also in one or more plates.
  • at least two, more preferably 200 to 20,000 reaction channels per plate are preferably arranged in parallel (FIG. 1).
  • at least two, more preferably 100 to 10,000 plates of reaction channels are arranged alternately in parallel with a comparable number of plates of cooling medium channels (FIGS. 2 and 3).
  • the superimposed plates of reaction channels and the cooling medium channels are subdivided into individual exchangeable modules (FIGS. 4 and 5).
  • at least two modules of superimposed planes of reaction channels and cooling medium channels are operated in parallel under identical reaction conditions so that a single module can be removed from the process, added to the method or replaced without the operation of the other modules to interrupt.
  • the reaction channel is designed as a reaction tube, so that the reaction is carried out in a tube bundle reactor, wherein the cooling of the reaction tubes is ensured by suitable Strombowung a cooling medium on the shell side of the reactor.
  • a material for the inventive reactor is preferably a stainless steel, for
  • the use of a modular reactor concept in which the cooled reactor consists of several modules operated in parallel, is advantageous.
  • This design makes it possible to replace the modules individually when changing the catalyst and thus to significantly reduce production losses.
  • the production loss can possibly also be partially or completely avoided.
  • the modular design of a microreactor is a particularly suitable and therefore preferred Va ⁇ ante.
  • the immobilized catalyst material in the process according to the invention is not carried out as a fixed bed but is applied as a thin layer to the inner wall of the cooled reaction channel.
  • the formation of hot spots in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride can be effectively prevented.
  • due to the small thickness of the catalyst layer applied to the inner wall and the good heat transfer between the applied catalyst and cooled by an outer cooling medium channel wall such a high heat dissipation is ensured that the reaction heat liberated by the reaction immediately almost completely from the Reaction channel can be removed and almost isothermal reaction conditions can be achieved.
  • the volume-specific heat exchange surface is increased by the use of a microreactor, so that a further increased heat dissipation is achieved. Examples
  • EP 1170 250 A1 a catalyst suitable for the production of chlorine by gas-phase oxidation of chlorine-hydrogen is introduced into a nickel cooled over a double jacket with molten salt.
  • the reactor tube has an inner diameter of 18 mm, in the middle of the
  • Tube is a tube sleeve for temperature measurement with an outer diameter of
  • the catalyst bed consists of two reaction zones, with the activity of the first
  • the length of the first reaction zone is 0.280 m, that of the second reaction zone 0.235 m.
  • Salt melt is 326 ° C.
  • Hydrogen chloride gas (hydrogen chloride content is at least 99% by volume) is passed together with oxygen (oxygen content is at least 99% by volume) with a volume flow of 6.1 nL / mm or 3.05 nL / min from the top of the reactor, from which mathematically a Lehrrohrgeschwm- dotti of 0.65 m / s results.
  • the inlet temperature is 332 ° C, the Aust ⁇ ttemperatur 335 ° C and the temperature of the Hort spot 347 ° C.
  • the Eintnttstemperatur is 335 ° C, Aust ⁇ ttemperatur 338 ° C and the temperature of the hot spot 344 ° C.
  • the conversion at the reactor outlet of hydrogen chloride to chlorine 30.6%.
  • reaction channel is depicted in which, according to the invention, the catalyst suitable for the production of chlorine by gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride is applied to the inner wall of the reaction channel.
  • the reaction of hydrogen chloride with chlorine is described by the following kinetic approach:
  • the reaction channel has a height of 500 microns, a width of 500 microns and a length of 0.25 m.
  • the thickness of the catalyst layer on the inner wall of the cooled from the outside with heat transfer oil (326 ° C) reaction channel is 50 microns.
  • Hydrogen chloride flows together with oxygen at a pressure of 2.2 bar in the reaction channel, the specific volume flows are thereby 52.5 nL-HCl / min / kg catalyst and 26.3 nL-oxygen / mm / kg catalyst.
  • the inlet temperature is 326.1 ° C, the Aust ⁇ ttemperatur 326.1 ° C and the maximum temperature 326.6 0 C.
  • the conversion at the reaction channel exit of hydrogen chloride to chlorine is 45.5%.
  • the production of chlorine by gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a ruthenium-containing catalyst was carried out on a laboratory scale in a test reactor with 93 parallel arranged in a plane reaction channels.
  • the channels have a square cross-section with an edge length of 0.5 mm and a length of 130 mm.
  • a gas distributor at the reactant inlet of the reactor ensures a uniform distribution of the reactants onto the reaction channels.
  • the individual reaction channels are designed as two half channels with a rectangular cross section of 0.25 mm x 0.5 mm.
  • Each 93 half-channels are arranged on a reactor plate made of steel 1 4571.
  • Two stacked and sealed reactor plates form the 93 reaction channels.
  • the reactor plates are tempered at the rear with a countercurrent heat transfer oil to the desired reaction temperature.
  • the half-channels of one of the two reactor plates were coated with about 2.8 g of tin oxide as a catalyst support. On this a Rutheniumchlo ⁇ d solution was mechanically applied several layers and dried. After application of all layers, the catalyst system was calcined at 250 0 C. Overall, the inner walls of the 93 half-channels were coated in this way with a catalyst portion (ie, a catalytic portion) of about 0.1 g Rutheniumchlo ⁇ d. The layer thickness was between 15 ⁇ m and 55 ⁇ m. The proportion of the catalyst volume in the total volume of the device is about 0.3%.
  • reaction channels were charged with hydrogen chloride and oxygen.
  • a reactant mixture of hydrogen chloride and oxygen in nL / min / kg catalyst) of 17:17, 34:17 and 34:34 were set for each temperature.
  • FIGS. 1 to 5 Exemplary embodiments of the subject invention are shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 without being limited thereto.
  • Fig. 1 structured plate with parallel reaction channels (1).
  • Fig. 2 Cross-section of a module of alternately superimposed, structured plates for reaction channels (1) and cooling medium channels (2) in cocurrent or countercurrent.
  • Fig. 3 Module of alternately aufpulge added, structured plates for reaction channels (1) and cooling medium channels (2) in the cross flow.
  • Fig. 4 Arrangement of parallel operated, replaceable modules.
  • Fig. 5 Connections of the reaction channels and the cooling medium channels of two parallel operated modules that can be replaced without interrupting the operation of the other module.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif pour produire du chlore par oxydation en phase gazeuse de chlorure d'hydrogène au moyen d'un flux gazeux contenant de l'oxygène. L'invention se caractérise en ce que le catalyseur nécessaire à la réaction est appliqué sur la paroi intérieure d'un ou de plusieurs canaux de réaction refroidis de l'extérieur.
EP07711752A 2006-03-14 2007-03-02 Procédé et dispositif pour produire du chlore par oxydation en phase gazeuse dans un réacteur à paroi froide Withdrawn EP1996511A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006011496A DE102006011496A1 (de) 2006-03-14 2006-03-14 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Chlor durch Gasphasenoxidation in einem gekühlten Wandreaktor
PCT/EP2007/001789 WO2007104436A1 (fr) 2006-03-14 2007-03-02 Procédé et dispositif pour produire du chlore par oxydation en phase gazeuse dans un réacteur à paroi froide

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1996511A1 true EP1996511A1 (fr) 2008-12-03

Family

ID=38229341

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07711752A Withdrawn EP1996511A1 (fr) 2006-03-14 2007-03-02 Procédé et dispositif pour produire du chlore par oxydation en phase gazeuse dans un réacteur à paroi froide

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20090028780A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1996511A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2009529485A (fr)
DE (1) DE102006011496A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007104436A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102101650B (zh) * 2011-01-25 2013-07-17 宁波万华聚氨酯有限公司 一种采用微反应器进行氯化氢氧化制备氯气的方法
FR3023494B1 (fr) * 2014-07-09 2020-06-05 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Echangeur et/ou echangeur-reacteur fabrique par methode additive

Family Cites Families (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2204733A (en) * 1938-06-03 1940-06-18 Air Reduction Production of chlorine
US2577808A (en) * 1947-02-12 1951-12-11 Dow Chemical Co Production of chlorine
US4052491A (en) * 1976-06-25 1977-10-04 Research-Cottrell, Inc. Modular gas and liquid contact means
JPS5839572B2 (ja) * 1979-04-03 1983-08-31 東洋エンジニアリング株式会社 反応器およびその使用法
KR101516812B1 (ko) * 1998-02-16 2015-04-30 스미또모 가가꾸 가부시끼가이샤 염소의 제조방법
BR0007634A (pt) * 1999-01-22 2001-12-18 Sumitomo Chemical Co Processo para produção de cloro
DE19959249A1 (de) * 1999-12-08 2001-07-19 Inst Mikrotechnik Mainz Gmbh Modulares Mikroreaktionssystem
DE10311865A1 (de) * 2003-03-17 2004-09-30 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Isocyanaten
KR100542201B1 (ko) * 2004-03-03 2006-01-10 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 연료 전지 시스템의 개질기 및 이를 채용한 연료 전지시스템

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO2007104436A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2007104436A1 (fr) 2007-09-20
JP2009529485A (ja) 2009-08-20
US20090028780A1 (en) 2009-01-29
DE102006011496A1 (de) 2007-09-20

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