Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
  • G01R21/06—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by measuring current and voltage
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
  • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
  • G01R15/146—Measuring arrangements for current not covered by other subgroups of G01R15/14, e.g. using current dividers, shunts, or measuring a voltage drop
  • G01R15/148—Measuring arrangements for current not covered by other subgroups of G01R15/14, e.g. using current dividers, shunts, or measuring a voltage drop involving the measuring of a magnetic field or electric field
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
  • G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an apparatus, according to the preamble of Claim 1, for measuring electrical power.
• the invention also relates to a method for measuring electrical power.
• An application of the invention is also a measuring device and method for electrical energy.
• a company producing energy meters will sell its products to a power company, which installs them in enterprises and domestic households. If the business changed so that a component manufacturer were to sell power-measurement units to, for example, a domestic-appliance manufacturer, power measurement would very quickly be integrated in a single circuit.
• Hall sensors have been used for a long time in kilowatt-hour meters, but their great thermal dependence and poor sensitivity have made this method difficult, hi a Hall sensor, multiplication takes place directly in the component, because the Hall voltage is the product of the magnetic field and the current travelling through the Hall component.
• the applicant of the present application developed an electronic kilowatt-hour meter called a watt guard.
• the product was intended to provide domestic households with an economical meter for monitoring power consumption in various devices. Current measurement was based on a resistance shunt while multiplication took place using a pulse width-height converter.
• the applicant of the present application developed a kilowatt-hour meter based on microprocessor technology. This was the world's first microprocessor-based meter and is now used in electricity-quality meters.
• the applicant of the present application developed a kilowatt-hour meter based on gradiometric induction coils.
• an integrated circuit was also developed, in which the multiplication of the current and voltage took place using sigma-delta converters and digital multipliers.
• the invention is intended to eliminate the defects of the prior art disclosed above and for this purpose create an entirely new type of apparatus and method for measuring electrical power.
• the invention is based on implementing the sensor component as a silicon micro- mechanical structure, in such a way that the mutual multiplication of the current and voltage takes place directly in the measuring component.
• a time integral of the power is created, in order to determine the energy consumption.
• sensitivity can be varied using both a spring factor and with the aid of the current travelling in the coil.
• the current is measured without galvanic contact.
• the component measures the active power directly using a single component.
• the method does not require an expensive IC circuit, instead a cheap CMOS circuit is sufficient.
• the dynamic range of the meter is wide. Power meters for different orders of accuracy can be developed from the component.
• the sensor is not sensitive to direct current and, if we use gradiometric reading, it is also not sensitive to an external alternating field.
• the invention permits not only active power, but also idle power to be measured. If the current travelling in the MEMS component is made from direct current, the component will become a magnetometer and can be used to measure the current.
• the device according to the invention is advantageously mass-produced.
• Figure Ia shows a schematic top view of one power meter according to the invention.
• Figure Ib shows a side cross-section of the power meter according to Figure Ia.
• Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a second energy meter according to the invention.
• Figure 3 shows a schematic view of a third measuring arrangement according to the invention.
• Figure 4a shows a schematic top view of the measuring arrangement according to the invention.
• Figure 4b shows a cross-section on the plane A-A of the solution of Figure 4a.
• the present invention discloses a new way to make a kilowatt-hour meter, which is not sensitive to direct current and in which the current and voltage are multiplied directly in the measuring component.
• Figures Ia and Ib show a schematic view of the micro-mechanical power meter.
• the solution according to Figure Ia is intended to measure the power travelling in a phase conductor 3.
• the voltage being measured i.e. the potential between the phase conductor 3 and the neutral conductor 7, is taken from the voltage divider 50 between the terminals 8 and 9 of the coil, and thus converted into current in the coil 2.
• the switch 51 and phase reverser 52 can be used to mechanically stabilize the sensor component, allowing the direction of the current travelling in the coil 2 to be changed periodically.
• a rocker-type moving plate 1 is drawn, on both sides of which the coils 2 required to create a magnetic field are integrated. The rocker is thus supported on its base on a beam 5.
• the current conductor 3 that is the object of the measurement runs close to the coils, creating a gradient in the magnetic field at the sensor component 4.
• the position of the plate 1 relative to the conductors 3 and 7 is measured capacitively with the aid of the electrodes 6 shown in Figure Ib, and once the spring factor of the rocker 1, 5 is known, the force acting, which is in turn directly proportional to the power travelling in the current conductor 3, can be determined directly from the location of the change.
• the electrodes 6 can alternatively be used for force feedback, in which case the force acting is obtained through the feedback magnitude (current or voltage).
• a second alternative is to coat the plate 21 with a metal layer 27 and induce in it an eddy current using an immobile coil 22 in the component, which is located on the base 26 at a distance from the plate 21.
• the coil 22 is connected in the same way as the coil 2 of Figure 1.
• the selection of the type of component used is based on the accuracy requirement, the dynamic range, and the manner of manufacturing the component. If we place a current conductor 23 close to the component, the current will induce a magnetic field in the plate 21.
• the current travelling in the plate 21 induces a magnetic dipole in the current being measured.
• Force is measured, for example, by making the structure a rocker, in which there is a coil 2 creating a magnetic dipole on both sides of the rocker, for example according to Figure 1.
• the power being measured induces a force in the rocker, but the feedback voltage is adjusted in such a way that the rocker 4 remains on average at the point of equilibrium.
• the mean effective value of the compensating voltage will be the same as the active power being measured.
• the position of the rocker is measured capacitively.
• the feedback voltage can be scaled. This means that, if the power being measured is low, the feedback is routed to the rocker through an electrode with a low capacitance. The small electrode means that a high voltage will be required to achieve equilibrium. In the case of high power, the feedback is routed to a large electrode. Feedback electrodes of different sizes are shown in, for example Figure 2, with the reference number 25 while the measurement electrodes are shown with the reference number 24. This permits an extension to the dynamic range. In other words, by using, for example, pulses with a constant voltage and a duration made constant for compensation, we obtain the power directly from the frequency of the pulse queue. In addition, the idle power forces us to run the pulses to the opposite side of the rocker.
• the measurement and feedback are made against the earth plane 28.
• the difference in the end result depicts the active power while the number of 'negative' pulses depicts the share of the idle power. This means that the same component can be used to measure both active and idle power.
• pulse of differing during, or different electrodes we can extend the dynamic range of the meter.
• Figure 3 shows an arrangement, in which the current conductor is formed in such a way that at the sensor the gradient of the magnetic field is small. Thanks to the symmetry of the current conductor, the field of the second magnetometer is the same but with the opposite sign. This arrangement means that the sum of these two power meters is independent of the external homogeneous 50-Hz magnetic field.
• the shaping of the current conductor also means that the power reading in the first order will not change, even if the component moves relative to the current conductor, for example, due to thermal expansion.
• Kilowatt-hour meters should withstand an extremely powerful 50-Hz (or 60-Hz) external magnetic field, without the meter showing a wrong reading.
• One way to eliminate the external field is to use a rocker-type MEMS component 4 according to Figure 1, but place the current coils 2 (as in the figure) on both sides of the rocker, in such a way that only the gradient of the field induced by the current conductor 3 leads to a force turning the rocker but the external homogeneous field is cancelled.
• the component should be reasonably large.
• Figures 4a and 4b show a fourth solution according to the invention, in which the micro- mechanical component 41 is located inside the current conductor 43.
• the current conductor is preferably thinned in the vicinity of the line A-A, in order to increase the strength of the magnetic field.
• the coil 45 at precisely as possible at the centre of the current conductor 43, when the sum flux of the magnetic field running through the coil 45 will be zero and the coil 45 can be used as a reference coil to eliminate external interference.
• the coil 46 for its part, is intended to be located at the maximum point of the magnetic field.
• the element 41 is typically like the rocker component 4 shown in Figures Ia and Ib and is possibly also electrically connected in the same way.
• the measuring and controlling IC circuit 44 is preferably manufactured on the same substrate with the micro-mechanical circuit 41 using, for example, the SOI (Silicon On Insulator) technique.
• SOI Silicon On Insulator
• the component is used in a 1 -phase kilowatt-hour meter, it is preferable to place the entire measurement of power in an IC circuit inside the component, but in a 3-phase meter it is preferable to place only the electronics essential in terms of power measurement in a single IC circuit and connect a processor, which collects data from three components and controls the operations of the components, to the kilowatt-hour meter.
• the production costs are a single gradiometric power meter could be € 0.3 - 0.5 and the sales price correspondingly in the order of € 1.5 - 2.
• the present invention discloses a method for using micro-mechanical components in power and kilowatt-hour meters.
• the input of current and voltage is converted into a force, which is measured capacitively.
• the force is compensated preferably by a pulse queue using feedback electrodes of different sizes.
• the method compensates for possible non-linearity while the dynamic range is made extremely wide.
• the drift that may relate to the MEMS component is compensated by changing the phase of the alternating current proportional to the voltage travelling in the rocker.
• the effect of an external magnetic field on the operation of the meter can be eliminated, for example, by placing two components in the same case, in such a way that the homogeneous field will effectively induce a single large force in both sensors.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Measuring Instrument Details And Bridges, And Automatic Balancing Devices (AREA)
• Micromachines (AREA)
• Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)

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• 2006
  • 2006-03-09 FI FI20060233A patent/FI118931B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2007
  • 2007-03-08 RU RU2008139456/28A patent/RU2407022C2/ru active
  • 2007-03-08 WO PCT/FI2007/050126 patent/WO2007101916A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2007-03-08 CN CN200780008351.5A patent/CN101410717B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2007-03-08 EP EP07712616.7A patent/EP1991879A4/de not_active Withdrawn

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