EP1988330B1 - Optisches Modul für ellipsenförmige Scheinwerfervorrichtung, das an ein gegebenes Volumen für Kraftfahrzeuge angepasst ist - Google Patents

Optisches Modul für ellipsenförmige Scheinwerfervorrichtung, das an ein gegebenes Volumen für Kraftfahrzeuge angepasst ist Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1988330B1
EP1988330B1 EP20080155325 EP08155325A EP1988330B1 EP 1988330 B1 EP1988330 B1 EP 1988330B1 EP 20080155325 EP20080155325 EP 20080155325 EP 08155325 A EP08155325 A EP 08155325A EP 1988330 B1 EP1988330 B1 EP 1988330B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ellipsoid
light
optical module
focal point
reflector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP20080155325
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1988330A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Luc Meyrenaud
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Vision SAS
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Valeo Vision SAS
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1988330A1 publication Critical patent/EP1988330A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1988330B1 publication Critical patent/EP1988330B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
    • F21S41/14—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
    • F21S41/162—Incandescent light sources, e.g. filament or halogen lamps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/20—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
    • F21S41/25—Projection lenses
    • F21S41/255—Lenses with a front view of circular or truncated circular outline
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
    • F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
    • F21S41/321—Optical layout thereof the reflector being a surface of revolution or a planar surface, e.g. truncated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
    • F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
    • F21S41/33—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature
    • F21S41/338—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector having surface portions added to its general concavity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
    • F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
    • F21S41/36—Combinations of two or more separate reflectors
    • F21S41/365—Combinations of two or more separate reflectors successively reflecting the light
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/04—Optical design
    • F21V7/08—Optical design with elliptical curvature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2102/00—Exterior vehicle lighting devices for illuminating purposes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical module for elliptical projector device adapted to a given volume available, and placed within a motor vehicle.
  • the elliptical module according to the invention is intended to be integrated in a projector device for a motor vehicle, in particular of the code type.
  • the object of the invention is essentially to propose a solution making it possible to adapt the shape of a projector device to an environment requiring the realization of an unconventional elliptical module shape.
  • An optical module comprises an optical system comprising at least one light source, for example a halogen lamp or a xenon lamp, arranged in a reflector, and which is preferably autonomous, that is to say which is able to be lit. or extinguish separately from other optical modules of the lighting device in which it is installed if it comprises several optical modules.
  • a light source for example a halogen lamp or a xenon lamp
  • optical modules The two main families of optical modules are:
  • the first family is that of so-called elliptical optical modules.
  • a spot of light concentration is generated by a light source arranged in a mirror, or reflector.
  • the light source is disposed at the first focus, or object focus, of an ellipsoid-shaped mirror, said spot forming at the second focus, or image focus, of the mirror.
  • the spot of light concentration is then projected onto the road by a convergent lens, for example a plano-convex lens.
  • the second family is that of so-called parabolic optical modules.
  • a light beam is generated by a small light source disposed in a reflector, or mirror.
  • the projection on the road of the light rays reflected by a suitable reflector makes it possible to directly obtain a light beam obeying the various constraints imposed by the standards.
  • This family of optical modules includes projectors said free surface, or complex surface, which can directly obtain a light beam having a desired cutoff line.
  • the present invention is more particularly adapted to the projectors devices of the first family.
  • the document FR 2 489 930 shows such a device.
  • a generic elliptical type projector device is typically of the type of those shown in FIG. figure 1 .
  • a sectional and side view of a dipped beam 100 which essentially comprises a reflector 101, of generally ellipsoidal shape, a light source 102, emitting a plurality of light rays 103 and arranged in the vicinity of top of the reflector 101, and an exit surface 104, for example a plastic ice, a light beam 106.
  • the light rays 103 are passed through, either directly or after reflection on the reflector 101, a projection lens 105, characterized by an input face 110 and an output face 111.
  • the light beam 106 projects the light beam 106 whose orientation and range depend in particular on the arrangement and the optical characteristics of the lens 105, the shape of the reflector 101, the position of the light source 102 within the reflector and the possible presence of a cache and the position of it.
  • a central portion of the light source 102 is disposed in the focal zone of a first focus F1 of the reflector 101, and the object focus of the projection lens 105 is in the focal zone of a second focus F2 of the reflector 101.
  • any light beam 103 emitted by the central portion of the light source 102 passes through the second focus F2 of the reflector 101 and leaves the projection lens 105 horizontally.
  • a cover 108 is interposed between the reflector 101 and the projection lens 105.
  • the cover 108 is disposed in a plane parallel to the projection lens 105, approximately at the object focal plane of the lens, so that that the image of the cache is emitted to infinity. Due to the presence of such a mask 108, the light beam 106 that is actually emitted by the projector device 100 is not emitted above a cutoff line determined by the shape of an upper portion 109 of the cache 108.
  • the object of the invention proposes a solution to the problems that have just been exposed.
  • it is proposed to produce an optical module having a reflector whose reflective surface results from the juxtaposition of particular surfaces so that said reflector can be contained in unusual volumes, in particular lengthened in height and reduced in depth compared to the volumes occupied by the projectors devices of the state of the art.
  • the reflector be constituted by the meeting of at least two portions of ellipsoids, foci of these ellipsoids being merged.
  • the light source is then no longer arranged in the direction of the length of the projector device that it equips.
  • the light source disposed within the reflector can then have an orientation that facilitates its access, for example for lamp replacement operations.
  • the invention therefore essentially relates to an optical module for a motor vehicle elliptical projector device, said optical module comprising in particular a reflector, a light source emitting light rays, and a projection lens, said reflector having a reflecting internal surface to reflect towards the projection lens at least a part of the light rays emitted by the light source, such that the inner face of the reflector consists of the joining of at least a first portion of a first ellipsoid shape, and a second portion a second form of ellipsoid, the first form of ellipsoid having a first main focus and a second main focus, the second form of ellipsoid having a first main focus and a second major focus, the second major focus of the first shape of ellipsoid being confused with the first main focus of the second form of el lipso ⁇ de.
  • the second portion of ellipsoid shape thus allows reflection towards the projection lens of a portion of the light ray
  • two main foci or more generally two points, are confounded if one of the two main foci is located inside a circle centered on the other main focus, and a diameter of the the image of the light source (used in the reflector) at this said other main focus.
  • This interval is a function of the light source used. For example, this distance can be a few millimeters and rarely exceeds two centimeters.
  • the invention relates to a vehicle lighting device of the elliptical module type, where the reflector is composed of one or more pieces, and where light rays coming from the source are reflected. twice and not one before passing through the projection lens, then out of the module through the closing glass to form the light beam (if the reflector is in several parts, the double reflection takes place on the same room).
  • the present invention also relates to a motor vehicle equipped with a projector device comprising the optical module according to the invention, with its main characteristics and possibly one or more additional features which have just been mentioned.
  • the figure 2 shows a first example 200 of optical module according to the invention. It comprises a projection lens 206, a reflector 201, within which is positioned a light source 202, consisting essentially of a lamp 203, a lamp holder 204 and a filament 205.
  • the represented lamps comprise filaments.
  • the object of the invention obviously extends to optical modules involving other types of light sources, in particular light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, or even xenon lamps, in which case the filament is replaced by a electric arc generating light rays.
  • the projection lens 206 is characterized by a central axis 207, passing through the object focus and the image focus of the lens, thus corresponding to the optical axis of the projector device in which the optical module 200 is intended to be positioned.
  • the example shown corresponds to a view from above; thus, in this example, the light source 202 is positioned in a horizontal plane, the filament 205 being contained in this horizontal plane.
  • an ellipsoid here designating an ellipsoid of revolution, is a volume generated by the revolution of an ellipse around one of its axes.
  • any plane section of an ellipsoid is an ellipse.
  • the term "ellipsoid shapes" is used to refer to a considered form whose closest known generic mathematical representation is the ellipsoid.
  • an ellipsoid has three main ellipses, corresponding to the intersections of the main planes of the ellipsoid with the ellipsoid.
  • the main focus of an ellipsoid each of the centers of the main ellipses of the ellipsoid.
  • Two distinct ellipsoids with a main focus in common are called conjugates.
  • the term "ellipsoid-shaped main focus" refers to a point in the immediate vicinity of a main focus of the ellipsoid closest to the ellipsoid shape considered.
  • the reflecting surface therefore results from the combination of three portions of ellipsoid shapes.
  • the ellipsoid-shaped portions are in fact made up of portions of planes which are juxtaposed to form a surface approximating that of an ellipsoid; thus, the terms "ellipsoid-shaped portions" must encompass, in the sense of the invention, this type of embodiments.
  • the Figures 3 and 4 shows a second embodiment of the invention, shown in side view, in a first variant and a second variant, respectively referenced 300 and 400.
  • the light source 202 is positioned in a vertical plane, the filament 205 being contained in this vertical plane.
  • the difference between figure 3 and the figure 4 results in a variation of the inclination of the light source 202: at the figure 3 the main axis - corresponding to the axis of the filament 205, passing through the main foci F11 and F12 of the first ellipsoid shape 207 - forms an angle of 86 degrees with the optical axis 207, whereas at the figure 4 this angle is 40 degrees.
  • the orientation of the light source is generally opposite to the final emission direction of the light beam emerging from the lens.
  • a generally opposite direction is meant the fact that a half-line which would extend the filament in the direction opposite to that of the light source support, or, in the case of a discharge lamp, which would comprise the axis joining both electrodes and would extend in the opposite direction to that of the light source support, or, in the case of a LED, which would correspond to the average direction of light emission of the LED, would never cross a defined plane as the plane comprising the entrance face of the projection lens.
  • the mean direction of light emission from the LED is half perpendicular to the plane of the semiconductor and which extends in the opposite direction to the illuminating surface of the semiconductor.
  • the second part 208 is completed by a complementary portion 401 of reflective surface able to reflect towards the projection lens 206 some of the light rays emitted by the source 202.
  • a third radius S3 passing through the focus F31 is reflected by the third portion 209 before passing through the focus F32; the radius S3 then passes through the lens 206 to emerge from said lens in a generally horizontal direction.
  • the first portion 207 of ellipsoid shape has the main function of recovering a maximum of luminous flux, possibly in cooperation with the complementary portion 401; the second function 208 of ellipsoid shape has the main function of ensuring a satisfactory range to the light beam produced, the third portion 209 of ellipsoid shape has the main function of ensuring a spread of the light beam produced.
  • the figure 5 is a schematic representation illustrating the fact that, by respecting the essential features of the invention, namely the combination of conjugated ellipsoid shapes to realize a reflecting reflector surface, it is possible to adapt the shape of the optical module according to constraints related to the available space.
  • a first disposition of the first ellipsoid 211 and the second ellipsoid 212 adapted for cooperate optimally with a first position of the projection lens 206.
  • a second arrangement of the first ellipsoid 211 and the second ellipsoid 212 adapted to cooperate optimally with a second position of the projection lens 206 is shown in dashed lines.
  • the change from the first disposition to the second disposition is made by a rotation, about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the figure passing through the first main focus F11 of the first ellipsoid 211.
  • Such rotation causes the displacement of the first main focus F21 of the second ellipsoid 212.
  • the second main focus F22 of the second ellipsoid is then also displaced, its position then being defined, in this example, so that the first main focus F11 of the first ellipsoid and the second main focus of the second ellipsoid constitute the two main foci of the third ellipsoid 213 not shown.
  • FIG. 1 Another example, not shown, illustrating the adaptability of the optical module according to the invention as a function of an available volume consists in rotating the first ellipsoid 211 and the second ellipsoid 212, no longer around the first focus F11, but around the second focus F12 of the first ellipsoid, confused according to the invention with the first focus F21 of the second ellipsoid 212.
  • a cover is provided at the object focus of the projection lens to intercept a portion of the light rays emitted by the light source, possibly after reflection by the reflector, so as to create a corresponding cut line. regulations so that the light beam produced is of type code.
  • the cache is removable, the corresponding projector device then being of type code / route bifunctions.
  • the reflector consists of a one-piece piece, which alone gathers the various portions of ellipsoid shape, or results from the juxtaposition of different parts, these different parts then do not constitute a single piece, but are separate pieces that are joined after their manufacture to form the inner face of the reflector; advantageously, each of the parts then corresponds to one of the ellipsoid-shaped portions that have been described.

Claims (11)

  1. Optikmodul (200, 300, 400) für einen Kraftfahrzeug-Ellipsoidscheinwerfer, wobei das Optikmodul insbesondere einen Reflektor (201), eine Lichtstrahlen (S1; S2; S3) aussendende Lichtquelle (202) und eine Projektionslinse (206) umfasst, wobei der Reflektor eine reflektierende Innenseite aufweist, um wenigstens einen Teil der von der Lichtquelle ausgesandten Lichtstrahlen zu der Projektionslinse zu reflektieren,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die reflektierende Innenseite aus der Verbindung wenigstens eines ersten Bereichs (207) einer ersten Ellipsoidform (211) mit einem zweiten Bereich (208) einer zweiten Ellipsoidform (212) gebildet ist, wobei die erste Ellipsoidform einen ersten Hauptbrennpunkt (F11) und einen zweiten Hauptbrennpunkt (F12) aufweist, die zweite Ellipsoidform einen ersten Hauptbrennpunkt (F21) und einen zweiten Hauptbrennpunkt (F22) aufweist, der zweite Hauptbrennpunkt der ersten Ellipsoidform mit dem ersten Hauptbrennpunkt der zweiten Ellipsoidform zusammenfällt, und wobei der zweite Ellipsoidformbereich (208) die Reflexion eines Teils der von der Lichtquelle (202) ausgesandten und von dem ersten Ellipsoidformbereich (208) reflektierten Lichtstrahlen zu der Projektionslinse (206) ermöglicht, und dass der zweite Hauptbrennpunkt der zweiten Ellipsoidform und der erste Hauptbrennpunkt der ersten Ellipsoidform die Hauptbrennpunkte einer dritten Ellipsoidform (213) bilden, von der ein Bereich (209) an der Bildung der Innenseite des Reflektors mitwirkt, wobei dieser Bereich (209) der dritten Ellipsoidform zwischen dem ersten Bereich (207) und dem zweiten ellipsoidförmigen Bereich (208) angeordnet ist.
  2. Optikmodul nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - die Hauptaufgabe des ersten Ellipsoidformbereichs (207) darin besteht, ein Maximum des von der Lichtquelle (202) ausgesandten Lichtstroms aufzunehmen;
    - die Hauptaufgabe des zweiten Ellipsoidformbereichs (208) darin besteht, eine zufriedenstellende Reichweite des durch das Optikmodul erzeugten Lichtbündels zu gewährleisten; und
    - die Hauptaufgabe des dritten Ellipsoidformbereichs (209) darin besteht, eine Auffächerung des durch das Optikmodul erzeugten Lichtbündels zu gewährleisten.
  3. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der zweite Ellipsoidformbereich durch einen ergänzenden Bereich (401) der reflektierenden Oberfläche verlängert ist, der einige der von der Lichtquelle ausgesandten Lichtstrahlen zu der Projektionslinse zu reflektieren vermag.
  4. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der zweite Hauptbrennpunkt der zweiten Ellipsoidform mit dem objektseitigen Brennpunkt der Projektionslinse zusammenfällt.
  5. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Lichtquelle in der Nähe des ersten Hauptbrennpunkts der ersten Ellipsoidform angeordnet ist.
  6. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Lichtquelle in einer waagerechten Ebene angeordnet ist.
  7. Optikmodul nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Glühwendel der Lichtquelle in einer anderen Richtung als der Richtung der optischen Achse des Ellipsoidscheinwerfers angeordnet ist.
  8. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Lichtquelle in einer vertikalen Ebene angeordnet ist.
  9. Optikmodul nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Glühwendel der Lichtquelle in einer Richtung ausgerichtet ist, die einer Emissionsrichtung des Ellipsoidscheinwerfers allgemein entgegengensetzt ist, wobei mit der optischen Achse ein Winkel zwischen 30 und 90 Grad, insbesondere von 86 Grad gebildet wird.
  10. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine Blende zum Abschirmen eines Teils der durch den Reflektor reflektierten Lichtstrahlen umfasst, wobei die Blende in der Nähe des objektseitigen Brennpunkts der Projektionslinse angeordnet ist.
  11. Optikmodul nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens zwei der die Innenseite des Reflektors bildenden Ellipsoidformbereiche voneinander getrennte Teile sind.
EP20080155325 2007-05-04 2008-04-29 Optisches Modul für ellipsenförmige Scheinwerfervorrichtung, das an ein gegebenes Volumen für Kraftfahrzeuge angepasst ist Not-in-force EP1988330B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0703267A FR2915789B1 (fr) 2007-05-04 2007-05-04 Module optique pour dispositif projecteur elliptique adapte a un volume donne pour vehicule automobile

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1988330A1 EP1988330A1 (de) 2008-11-05
EP1988330B1 true EP1988330B1 (de) 2011-11-30

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EP20080155325 Not-in-force EP1988330B1 (de) 2007-05-04 2008-04-29 Optisches Modul für ellipsenförmige Scheinwerfervorrichtung, das an ein gegebenes Volumen für Kraftfahrzeuge angepasst ist

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US (1) US7753574B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1988330B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2008305790A (de)
AT (1) ATE535756T1 (de)
FR (1) FR2915789B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8449159B2 (en) 2011-10-18 2013-05-28 Lawrence M. Rice Combination optics light emitting diode landing light
CN105927864B (zh) 2015-02-27 2020-02-21 日亚化学工业株式会社 发光装置
JP7084929B2 (ja) 2016-12-21 2022-06-15 ルミレッズ ホールディング ベーフェー プロジェクタ型車両ヘッドランプ
CN116897260A (zh) * 2021-08-20 2023-10-17 华域视觉科技(上海)有限公司 车灯照明模组及车灯

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1734834A (en) * 1927-06-28 1929-11-05 Willard M Steward Light projector
FR2489930A1 (fr) * 1980-09-05 1982-03-12 Promoptic Ste Civile Projecteur catoptrique
US4858090A (en) * 1987-06-26 1989-08-15 Downs James W Ellipsoidal reflector concentration of energy system
JP3488960B2 (ja) * 2000-02-18 2004-01-19 スタンレー電気株式会社 車両用前照灯
JP2005251478A (ja) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-15 Ichikoh Ind Ltd ヘッドランプ
JP4444792B2 (ja) * 2004-11-05 2010-03-31 スタンレー電気株式会社 車両用照明灯具
JP2006164858A (ja) * 2004-12-09 2006-06-22 Koito Mfg Co Ltd 車両用照明灯具

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US20080273347A1 (en) 2008-11-06
US7753574B2 (en) 2010-07-13
FR2915789A1 (fr) 2008-11-07
ATE535756T1 (de) 2011-12-15
JP2008305790A (ja) 2008-12-18
FR2915789B1 (fr) 2010-09-03
EP1988330A1 (de) 2008-11-05

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