EP1983120B1 - Joint seal element - Google Patents

Joint seal element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1983120B1
EP1983120B1 EP08007618.5A EP08007618A EP1983120B1 EP 1983120 B1 EP1983120 B1 EP 1983120B1 EP 08007618 A EP08007618 A EP 08007618A EP 1983120 B1 EP1983120 B1 EP 1983120B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polymer layer
support member
utilisation
adherent polymer
adhesive
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EP08007618.5A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1983120A3 (en
EP1983120A2 (en
Inventor
Kogel Andreas
Claus Steinbuch
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StekoX GmbH
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StekoX GmbH
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Publication of EP1983120A2 publication Critical patent/EP1983120A2/en
Publication of EP1983120A3 publication Critical patent/EP1983120A3/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/66—Sealings
    • E04B1/68—Sealings of joints, e.g. expansion joints
    • E04B1/6806—Waterstops
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/0007—Base structures; Cellars
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/16—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material
    • E04B1/161—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with vertical and horizontal slabs, both being partially cast in situ

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of a carrier element as a joint sealing element for sealing a formed between two concrete sections Anlagenfuge.
  • construction joints In the manufacture of structures, for example, two successive concreting sections create so-called construction joints. Such construction joints entail the danger that they will not be reliably sealed over the life of a building, so that water can penetrate into a structure along such a construction joint. To seal such construction joints and for the production of waterproof concrete structures, these construction joints are permanently sealed by using joint sealing elements or joint plates become. These form a barrier against penetrating water and moisture, so that a seal is given.
  • a joint plate comprising a strip-shaped coating of water-swellable polymer material.
  • the swelling of the water-swellable polymer material after setting in concrete is to be delayed until the hardening of the concrete has progressed sufficiently.
  • Such joint plates are intended to seal the cracks in the working joint by swelling the polymer material.
  • a joint plate in which a coating is applied to a galvanized carrier sheet having a sealing material.
  • This sealing material consists of cement and / or calcium hydroxide.
  • a plastic dispersion is provided as adhesion promoter.
  • a seal is to be given by the fact that the cement and / or calcium hydroxide formed on the support plate in conjunction with water during concreting in a crystallization process water-insoluble calcium carbonate. This should cause a crystallization of the cracks.
  • the sealing effect depends on the formation of the water-insoluble calcium carbonate, which in turn depends on the incorporation of the sealing material in the adhesion promoter on the support.
  • a sealing tape which comprises a base strip of a cold-formable knit of synthetic or natural fiber and a moisture-permeable coating of unvulcanized and / or partially crosslinked elastomer applied to the base strip.
  • the invention has the object of developing a carrier element to the effect that a joint sealing element is formed, which allows a secure and permanent sealing of construction joints.
  • the carrier element as a joint sealing element, which comprises an adhesive polymer layer and a protective film, wherein the polymer layer is formed as an adhesive film of a UV-crosslinked polymer, allows a very simple structural design. As a result, the production of such a carrier element is inexpensive.
  • the formation of the adhesive polymer layer as the adhesive film also has the advantage that the polymer layer is made exclusively of a sticky material and is formed as an elastic film with a relatively large elongation and very good adhesive properties. Such an adhesive film may also be formed and applied by spraying, laminating, rolling or the like.
  • this adhesive polymer layer has a certain elasticity as an elastic film, so that stress can be released between the support element and the adjoining concrete surface, which additionally increases the sealing effect.
  • this polymer layer produced from a UV-crosslinked polymer forms on the one hand an elastic and, on the other hand, an aging-resistant polymer layer, in particular an adhesive polymer layer.
  • the carrier element as a joint sealing element, which has an adhesive polymer layer which is provided with acidic reactive groups and which are suitable to connect via a chemical compound at least with a contiguous to the polymer layer concrete surface, a complete and lasting sealing effect in achieved the Häfuge. Due to the presence of the acidic reactive groups on the polymer layer, adhesion is achieved during concreting of a concreting section at least between the concrete surface adjacent to the polymer layer and the surface adjacent to the polymer layer. As a result, at least in the boundary region between the polymer layer and the adjoining concrete surface a water-impermeable connection can be achieved. In addition, an at least partially elastic bond may be given by the adhesion between the polymer layer and the adjacent concrete surface.
  • the polymer layer is enriched with reactive carboxyl groups.
  • the adhesive polymer layer is produced on a polyacrylate basis.
  • a particularly suitable embodiment for a polymer layer having an adhesive or tacky surface can be provided on both sides of the polymer layer.
  • the polymer layer has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 2 mm.
  • the thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm is provided.
  • Such thicknesses allow on the one hand a low construction height and on the other hand good adhesion properties on the support element and concrete.
  • the requirements for heat aging are met by such thicknesses.
  • such a polymer layer exhibits heat aging in a period of 7 days at a temperature of 70 ° no restriction in the stickiness.
  • the adhesive polymer layer is insoluble in water and in alkaline medium. As a result, very good and durable seals can be created.
  • the adhesive polymer layer is free of butyl or free of butyl with bitumen. As a result, a simple disposal can be given.
  • the polymer layer has the advantage that no toxic properties are present.
  • the adhesive polymer layer can be processed at a temperature range of less than 5 ° C.
  • the adhesive film can be processed very well at a temperature range of -20 ° C to + 5 ° C. This is necessary in order to connect the individual sections of the joint sealing elements along a concreting section.
  • a tight joint where two adjoining joint sealing elements overlap in a joint area can be formed without preheating by gluing.
  • a heating with a gas flame is required at temperatures below 5 ° C.
  • the polymer layer is made of a foamed adhesive agent. This allows the adhesive itself to have a foamed core and an outer tacky surface.
  • the carrier element used as joint sealing element preferably has a peelable protective film, which is provided on the adhesive polymer layer and formed in two parts.
  • the joint sealing elements are usually vertically aligned on a reinforcement for a bottom plate for sealing a first concreting section introduced. So that a connection to the joint sealing element adjacent concrete surface of the first concreting section, a first strip of the protective film is peeled off. The further strip of the protective film is removed only before the introduction of the second concreting section, such as a side wall on a base plate. So that a simple and complete, especially fast removal of the strips can be done, the protective film is made of highly tear-resistant material.
  • the protective film is siliconized at least on a side facing the adhesive film or adhesive polymer layer.
  • the support element is preferably for use as joint sealing element of an untreated metallic material, such as steel, a plastic profile, a mineral material, in particular fiber cement.
  • an untreated metallic material such as steel, a plastic profile, a mineral material, in particular fiber cement.
  • galvanized steel sheets or the like can be used.
  • an inventive joint sealing element 11 is arranged in the region of a working joint 12.
  • the joint sealing element 11 is fixed on a reinforcement 14 before concreting.
  • the joint sealing element 11 is preferably arranged between a connection reinforcement 16, which is wired to the reinforcement 14.
  • a bottom plate is concreted as a first concreting section 17.
  • the second concreting section 18 is concreted, for example in the form of a wall.
  • the joint sealing element 11 seals the working joint 12 between the first and second concreting sections 17, 18.
  • This carrier element 19 is for example made of metal, plastic, of a woven or knitted fabric, of a composite material of plastic and / or metal and / or textile material and / or mineral material and / or wood educated.
  • a coating 20 is provided as a strip along the longitudinal direction of the carrier element 19. This coating 20 extends at least partially, preferably completely, over the entire width of the carrier element 19 or over the entire height of the carrier element 19.
  • the coating 20 consists of a polymer layer which, preferably formed on both sides adhesive, so that this polymer layer with a side surface the side surface of the support element 19 adheres.
  • the opposite side surface is provided with a peelable protective film 21.
  • the protective film 21 is preferably made of HDPE and has, for example, a thickness of 50 .mu.m to 400 .mu.m, in particular 100 .mu.m to 150 .mu.m. For easy stripping, at least the side of the protective film 21 facing the polymer layer is siliconized.
  • This protective film 21 is preferably formed in two parts and in particular has two strips of equal width, so that after insertion of the joint sealing element 11 on the reinforcement 14, first the lower half of the protective film 11 is peeled off to introduce the first concreting section 17. During the concreting of the first concreting section 17, a watertight connection takes place due to the inventive design of the adhesive polymer layer.
  • a connection between the polymer layer and the adjacent concrete, at least the adjacent concrete surface, via an ester group is achieved in particular in the case of a polymer layer based on acrylate, in which case water is formed as waste product and is harmless for the setting of the concrete.
  • the acylate-based polymer layer may include reactive carboxyl groups.
  • the polymer layer preferably has a thickness of between 0.1 mm to 2 mm, in particular 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm.
  • the polymer layer is elastic to a certain extent, so that stresses that occur after curing of the concrete between the carrier element 19 and the adjoining concrete surface can be reduced.
  • the adhesive polymer layer is formed as an adhesive film.
  • the adhesive film can absorb strains in the range between 0.1 mm and 0.4 mm, in which area in particular the maximum forces of adhesion are achieved.
  • the adhesive film can be both adhere to the carrier element 19 on the one hand and adhere to the adjacent concrete surface at voltages occurring in this area on the one hand.
  • the adhesive film has, for example, an adhesive tensile strength to the support element 19, which lie in a range of 0.18 N / mm 2 to 0.3 N / mm 2 .
  • the adhesive tensile strength of the coating on the concrete is, for example, in a range of 0.25 N / mm 2 to 0.4 N / mm 2 .
  • These adhesive tensile strength values were obtained for an adhesive film having a polyarcylate-based adhesive polymer layer and a film thickness of, for example, 0.8 mm.
  • the adhesive polymer layer is formed from a foamed adhesive material, so that the entire foamed adhesive is tacky and has an adhesive surface.
  • this adhesive polymer layer can be applied directly to the carrier element 19 as a belt / web material, in which the carrier element 19 and the polymer layer are driven at the same web speed and run between two pressure rollers.
  • the polymer layer may be provided as a belt / web material on a supply roll. The same applies to the carrier element 19.
  • the polymer layer is preferably provided on one side with the protective film, which is siliconized on both sides, so that a simple unrolling and sticking of the adhesive film on the support member 19 is made possible.
  • This polymer layer may be further applied by spraying, laminating, dipping or the like.
  • a granular material such as blast furnace slag, quartz sand, silicon carbide, glass, ceramic, porcelain or metallic particles are scattered and / or partially introduced.
  • this granular material is applied in a central region over the height of a joint sealing element. Towards the edge regions, the proportion of granular material increasingly decreases, so that a respective outer edge strip remains, which is formed exclusively from the adhesive polymer layer in order to achieve a good seal with the concrete surface.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung eines Trägerelements als Fugenabdichtungselement zum Abdichten einer zwischen zwei Betonierabschnitten ausgebildeten Arbeitsfuge.The invention relates to the use of a carrier element as a joint sealing element for sealing a formed between two concrete sections Arbeitsfuge.

Bei der Herstellung von Bauwerken entstehen beispielsweise bei zwei aufeinander folgenden Betonierabschnitten sogenannte Arbeitsfugen. Solche Arbeitsfugen bergen die Gefahr in sich, dass diese über die Lebensdauer eines Bauwerkes nicht zuverlässig dicht sind, so dass entlang einer solchen Arbeitsfuge Wasser in ein Bauwerk eindringen kann. Zur Abdichtung solcher Arbeitsfugen sowie zur Herstellung von wasserundurchlässigen Betonkonstruktionen werden diese Arbeitsfugen dauerhaft abgedichtet, indem Fugenabdichtungselemente oder Fugenbleche eingesetzt werden. Diese bilden eine Barriere gegen eindringendes Wasser und Feuchtigkeit, so dass eine Abdichtung gegeben ist.In the manufacture of structures, for example, two successive concreting sections create so-called construction joints. Such construction joints entail the danger that they will not be reliably sealed over the life of a building, so that water can penetrate into a structure along such a construction joint. To seal such construction joints and for the production of waterproof concrete structures, these construction joints are permanently sealed by using joint sealing elements or joint plates become. These form a barrier against penetrating water and moisture, so that a seal is given.

Zur Erhöhung der Abdichtwirkung wird beispielsweise gemäß der DE 297 10 007 U1 ein Fugenblech vorschlagen, welches eine streifenförmige Beschichtung aus wasserquellfähigem Polymermaterial umfasst. Das Aufquellen des wasserquellfähigen Polymermaterials nach dem Einbetonieren soll dabei so lange verzögert werden, bis die Aushärtung des Betons genügend fortgeschritten ist. Solche Fugenbleche sollen durch Quellen des Polymermaterials die Risse in der Arbeitsfuge abdichten.To increase the sealing effect, for example, according to the DE 297 10 007 U1 propose a joint plate comprising a strip-shaped coating of water-swellable polymer material. The swelling of the water-swellable polymer material after setting in concrete is to be delayed until the hardening of the concrete has progressed sufficiently. Such joint plates are intended to seal the cracks in the working joint by swelling the polymer material.

Durch die DE 20 2004 003 189 U1 ist des Weiteren ein Fugenblech bekannt geworden, bei welchem eine Beschichtung auf einem verzinkten Trägerblech aufgebracht ist, die ein Abdichtmaterial aufweist. Dieses Abdichtmaterial besteht aus Zement und/oder Calciumhydroxid. Zur Aufnahme von Zement und/oder Calciumhydroxid ist als Haftvermittler eine Kunststoffdispersion vorgesehen. Eine Abdichtung soll dadurch gegeben sein, dass der Zement und/oder das Calciumhydroxid auf dem Trägerblech in Verbindung mit Wasser während dem Betonieren in einem Kristallisationsprozess wasserunlösliches Calciumcarbonat ausbildet. Dadurch soll eine Auskristallisation der Risse erfolgen. Die Abdichtwirkung ist hierbei von der Ausbildung des wasserunlöstichen Calciumcarbonats abhängig, das wiederum in Abhängigkeit von der Einbindung des Abdichtmaterials in dem Haftvermittler auf dem Träger steht.By the DE 20 2004 003 189 U1 Furthermore, a joint plate has become known, in which a coating is applied to a galvanized carrier sheet having a sealing material. This sealing material consists of cement and / or calcium hydroxide. For receiving cement and / or calcium hydroxide, a plastic dispersion is provided as adhesion promoter. A seal is to be given by the fact that the cement and / or calcium hydroxide formed on the support plate in conjunction with water during concreting in a crystallization process water-insoluble calcium carbonate. This should cause a crystallization of the cracks. The sealing effect depends on the formation of the water-insoluble calcium carbonate, which in turn depends on the incorporation of the sealing material in the adhesion promoter on the support.

Aus der DE 22 39 665 A1 , die eine Verwendung eines Trägerelements gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 offenbart, geht eine Dichtungsmasse hervor, welche auf einer bahn- oder blattförmigen Unterlage aufgebracht ist. Diese Klebstoffmasse enthält ein thermoplastisches, synthetisches Grundpolymer, ein verträgliches, klebrig machendes Harz und einen Füllstoff. Auf einer Seite der Klebstoffmasse ist eine abziehbare Schutzschicht aufgebracht.From the DE 22 39 665 A1 , which discloses a use of a support member according to the preamble of claim 1, discloses a sealant which is applied to a sheet or sheet-like pad. This adhesive composition contains a thermoplastic synthetic base polymer, a compatible tackifying resin, and a filler. On one side of the adhesive composition a peelable protective layer is applied.

Aus der DE 203 11 693 U1 geht ein Dichtungsband hervor, welches einen Grundstreifen aus einem kalt verformbaren Gewirke aus Kunst- oder Naturfaser und einer auf dem Grundstreifen aufgebrachten feuchtigkeitsunterdurchlässigen Beschichtung aus unvulkanisiertem und/oder teilweise vernetztem Elastomer umfasst.From the DE 203 11 693 U1 discloses a sealing tape which comprises a base strip of a cold-formable knit of synthetic or natural fiber and a moisture-permeable coating of unvulcanized and / or partially crosslinked elastomer applied to the base strip.

Aus der DE 203 01 471 U1 geht ein Fugenblech mit einer Dichtbeschichtung hervor, welches mit einer Schutzabdeckung versehen ist. Nach dem Einbau des Fugenbleches löst sich die Schutzabdeckung zumindest teilweise auf, so dass die dann zur Dichtbeschichtung gelangende Feuchtigkeit zum Aufquellen der aus Bentonit bestehenden Beschichtung führt.From the DE 203 01 471 U1 goes out a joint plate with a sealing coating, which is provided with a protective cover. After installation of the joint plate, the protective cover dissolves at least partially, so that then reaching the sealing coating moisture leads to swelling of the existing bentonite coating.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Trägerelement dahingehend weiterzubilden, dass ein Fugenabdichtungselement gebildet wird, welches eine sichere und dauerhafte Abdichtung von Arbeitsfugen ermöglicht.The invention has the object of developing a carrier element to the effect that a joint sealing element is formed, which allows a secure and permanent sealing of construction joints.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung des Trägerelementes als Fugenabdichtungselement, welches eine haftende Polymerschicht und einer Schutzfolie umfasst, wobei die Polymerschicht als Klebstofffilm aus einem UV-vernetzten Polymer ausgebildet ist, ermöglicht einen sehr einfachen konstruktiven Aufbau. Dadurch ist die Herstellung eines solchen Trägerelementes kostengünstig. Die Ausbildung der haftenden Polymerschicht als Klebstofffilm weist darüber hinaus den Vorteil auf, dass die Polymerschicht ausschließlich aus einem klebrigen Material hergestellt und als elastischer Film mit relativ großem Dehnungsvermögen und sehr guten Hafteigenschaften ausgebildet ist. Ein solcher Klebstofffilm kann auch durch Aufsprühen, Laminieren, Aufwalzen oder dergleichen ausgebildet und aufgebracht werden. Dadurch ist eine einfache Aufbringung auf dem Trägerelement gegeben und andererseits wird eine sehr gute, vollständige und dauerhafte Abdichtwirkung zur daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche gebildet. Darüber hinaus weist diese haftende Polymerschicht als elastischer Film eine gewisse Elastizität auf, so dass ein Spannungsabbau zwischen dem Trägerelement und der daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche erfolgen kann, wodurch zusätzlich die Dichtwirkung erhöht wird. Zusätzlich wird durch diese aus einem UV-vernetzten Polymer hergestellte Polymerschicht zum einen eine elastische und zum anderen eine alterungsbeständige Polymerschicht, insbesondere haftende Polymerschicht, gebildet.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. The inventive use of the carrier element as a joint sealing element, which comprises an adhesive polymer layer and a protective film, wherein the polymer layer is formed as an adhesive film of a UV-crosslinked polymer, allows a very simple structural design. As a result, the production of such a carrier element is inexpensive. The formation of the adhesive polymer layer as the adhesive film also has the advantage that the polymer layer is made exclusively of a sticky material and is formed as an elastic film with a relatively large elongation and very good adhesive properties. Such an adhesive film may also be formed and applied by spraying, laminating, rolling or the like. As a result, a simple application is given on the carrier element and on the other hand, a very good, complete and permanent sealing effect is formed to the adjoining concrete surface. In addition, this adhesive polymer layer has a certain elasticity as an elastic film, so that stress can be released between the support element and the adjoining concrete surface, which additionally increases the sealing effect. In addition, this polymer layer produced from a UV-crosslinked polymer forms on the one hand an elastic and, on the other hand, an aging-resistant polymer layer, in particular an adhesive polymer layer.

Durch die bevorzugte Ausgestaltung des Trägerelementes als Fugenabdichtungselement, welches eine haftende Polymerschicht aufweist, die mit aciden reaktiven Gruppen versehen ist und die geeignet sind, sich über eine chemische Verbindung zumindest mit einer an die Polymerschicht angrenzenden Betonoberfläche zu verbinden, wird eine vollständige und dauerhafte Abdichtwirkung in der Arbeitsfuge erzielt. Durch das Vorhandensein der aciden reaktiven Gruppen auf der Polymerschicht wird während dem Betonieren eines Betonierabschnittes zumindest zwischen der an die Polymerschicht angrenzende Betonoberfläche und der an die Polymerschicht angrenzenden Oberfläche eine Adhäsion erzielt. Dadurch kann zumindest im Grenzbereich zwischen der Polymerschicht und der daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche eine wasserundurchlässige Verbindung erzielt werden. Zusätzlich kann eine, zumindest teilweise elastische Verbindung durch die Adhäsion zwischen der Polymerschicht und der angrenzenden Betonoberfläche gegeben sein.Due to the preferred embodiment of the carrier element as a joint sealing element, which has an adhesive polymer layer which is provided with acidic reactive groups and which are suitable to connect via a chemical compound at least with a contiguous to the polymer layer concrete surface, a complete and lasting sealing effect in achieved the Arbeitsfuge. Due to the presence of the acidic reactive groups on the polymer layer, adhesion is achieved during concreting of a concreting section at least between the concrete surface adjacent to the polymer layer and the surface adjacent to the polymer layer. As a result, at least in the boundary region between the polymer layer and the adjoining concrete surface a water-impermeable connection can be achieved. In addition, an at least partially elastic bond may be given by the adhesion between the polymer layer and the adjacent concrete surface.

Nach einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass die Polymerschicht mit reaktiven Carboxylgruppen angereichert ist. Dadurch wird während dem Aushärten des Betons eine Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Beton beziehungsweise der Oberfläche des Betons und der Polymerschicht erzielt, wobei unter Bildung von Estergruppen eine Verbindung zwischen der Polymerschicht und der daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche erzielt wird.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the polymer layer is enriched with reactive carboxyl groups. As a result, an interaction between the concrete or the surface of the concrete and the polymer layer is achieved during the curing of the concrete, with the formation of ester groups, a connection between the polymer layer and the adjoining concrete surface is achieved.

Des Weiteren ist bevorzugt vorgesehen, dass die haftende Polymerschicht auf einer Polyacrylatbasis hergestellt ist. Dadurch kann eine besonders geeignete Ausgestaltung für eine Polymerschicht mit einer haftenden oder klebrigen Oberfläche auf beiden Seiten der Polymerschicht geschaffen sein.Furthermore, it is preferably provided that the adhesive polymer layer is produced on a polyacrylate basis. As a result, a particularly suitable embodiment for a polymer layer having an adhesive or tacky surface can be provided on both sides of the polymer layer.

Des Weiteren ist bevorzugt vorgesehen, dass die Polymerschicht eine Dicke von 0,1 mm bis 2 mm aufweist. Bevorzugt ist die Dicke von 0,5 mm bis 1,2 mm vorgesehen. Solche Dicken ermöglichen einerseits eine geringe Aufbauhöhe und andererseits gute Hafteigenschaften am Trägerelement und Beton. Gleichzeitig werden durch solche Dicken die Anforderungen an eine Wärmealterung erfüllt. Beispielsweise weist eine solche Polymerschicht bei einer Wärmealterung in einem Zeitraum von sieben Tagen bei einer Temperatur von 70° keine Einschränkung in der Klebrigkeit auf.Furthermore, it is preferably provided that the polymer layer has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 2 mm. Preferably, the thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm is provided. Such thicknesses allow on the one hand a low construction height and on the other hand good adhesion properties on the support element and concrete. At the same time, the requirements for heat aging are met by such thicknesses. For example, such a polymer layer exhibits heat aging in a period of 7 days at a temperature of 70 ° no restriction in the stickiness.

Nach einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass die haftende Polymerschicht in Wasser und in alkalischem Medium unlöslich ist. Dadurch können sehr gute und dauerhafte Abdichtungen geschaffen werden.According to another preferred embodiment, it is provided that the adhesive polymer layer is insoluble in water and in alkaline medium. As a result, very good and durable seals can be created.

Des Weiteren ist bevorzugt vorgesehen, dass die haftende Polymerschicht frei von Butyl oder frei von Butyl mit Bitumen ist. Dadurch kann eine einfache Entsorgung gegeben sein. Darüber hinaus weist die Polymerschicht den Vorteil auf, dass keine toxischen Eigenschaften vorliegen.Furthermore, it is preferably provided that the adhesive polymer layer is free of butyl or free of butyl with bitumen. As a result, a simple disposal can be given. In addition, the polymer layer has the advantage that no toxic properties are present.

Nach einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass die haftende Polymerschicht bei einem Temperaturbereich von weniger als 5 °C verarbeitbar ist. Insbesondere lässt sich der Klebstofffilm bei einem Temperaturbereich von minus 20 °C bis plus 5 °C sehr gut verarbeiten. Dies ist erforderlich, um die einzelnen Abschnitte der Fugenabdichtungselemente entlang eines Betonierabschnittes miteinander zu verbinden. Somit kann eine dichte Stoßstelle, bei der zwei aneinandergrenzende Fugenabdichtungselemente in einem Stoßbereich sich überlappen, ohne Vorwärmung durch Verklebung gebildet werden. Bei Fugenabdichtungselementen mit einer Beschichtung aus Butyl oder Butyl mit Bitumen ist bei Temperaturen unter 5 °C eine Anwärmung mit einer Gasflamme erforderlich.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the adhesive polymer layer can be processed at a temperature range of less than 5 ° C. In particular, the adhesive film can be processed very well at a temperature range of -20 ° C to + 5 ° C. This is necessary in order to connect the individual sections of the joint sealing elements along a concreting section. Thus, a tight joint where two adjoining joint sealing elements overlap in a joint area can be formed without preheating by gluing. For joint sealing elements with a coating of butyl or butyl with bitumen, a heating with a gas flame is required at temperatures below 5 ° C.

Nach einer weiteren alternativen Ausgestaltung der haftenden Polymerschicht ist vorgesehen, dass die Polymerschicht aus einem geschäumten Klebstoffmittel hergestellt ist. Dadurch kann der Klebstoff selbst einen geschäumten Kern und eine äußere klebrige Oberfläche aufweisen.According to a further alternative embodiment of the adhesive polymer layer is provided that the polymer layer is made of a foamed adhesive agent. This allows the adhesive itself to have a foamed core and an outer tacky surface.

Das als Fugenabdichtungselement verwendete Trägerelement weist bevorzugt eine abziehbare Schutzfolie auf, die auf der haftenden Polymerschicht vorgesehen und zweiteilig ausgebildet ist. Die Fugenabdichtungselemente werden zumeist vertikal ausgerichtet auf einer Bewehrung für eine Bodenplatte zur Abdichtung eines ersten Betonierabschnittes eingebracht. Damit eine Verbindung der an das Fugenabdichtungselement angrenzenden Betonoberfläche des ersten Betonierabschnittes erfolgen kann, wird ein erster Streifen der Schutzfolie abgezogen. Der weitere Streifen der Schutzfolie wird erst vor der Einbringung des zweiten Betonierabschnitts, wie beispielsweise einer Seitenwand auf einer Bodenplatte, abgezogen. Damit ein einfaches und vollständiges, vor allem schnelles Abziehen der Streifen erfolgen kann, ist die Schutzfolie aus hochreißfestem Material ausgebildet.The carrier element used as joint sealing element preferably has a peelable protective film, which is provided on the adhesive polymer layer and formed in two parts. The joint sealing elements are usually vertically aligned on a reinforcement for a bottom plate for sealing a first concreting section introduced. So that a connection to the joint sealing element adjacent concrete surface of the first concreting section, a first strip of the protective film is peeled off. The further strip of the protective film is removed only before the introduction of the second concreting section, such as a side wall on a base plate. So that a simple and complete, especially fast removal of the strips can be done, the protective film is made of highly tear-resistant material.

Nach einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass die Schutzfolie zumindest auf einer zum Klebstofffilm beziehungsweise haftenden Polymerschicht weisenden Seite silikoniert ist. Dadurch kann zum einen die Oberfläche des Klebstofffilmes, die nach dem Betonieren des Betonierabschnittes mit der Betonoberfläche in Berührung kommt, geschützt werden. Zum anderen ist ein leichtes Abziehen vom Fugenabdichtungselement ohne Beschädigung des Klebstofffilmes oder der haftenden Polymerschicht ermöglicht.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the protective film is siliconized at least on a side facing the adhesive film or adhesive polymer layer. As a result, on the one hand, the surface of the adhesive film, which comes into contact after concreting the concreting section with the concrete surface, is protected. On the other hand, easy removal from the joint sealing element is possible without damaging the adhesive film or the adhering polymer layer.

Das Trägerelement besteht bevorzugt zur Verwendung als Fugenabdichtungselement aus einem unbehandelten metallischen Material, wie beispielsweise Stahlblech, ein Kunststoffprofil, ein mineralisches Material, insbesondere Faserzement. Alternativ können auch verzinkte Stahlbleche oder dergleichen eingesetzt werden.The support element is preferably for use as joint sealing element of an untreated metallic material, such as steel, a plastic profile, a mineral material, in particular fiber cement. Alternatively, galvanized steel sheets or the like can be used.

Die Erfindung sowie weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen und Weiterbildungen derselben werden im Folgenden anhand der in den Zeichnungen dargestellten Beispiele näher beschrieben und erläutert. Die der Beschreibung und den Zeichnungen zu entnehmenden Merkmale können einzeln für sich oder zu mehreren in beliebiger Kombination erfindungsgemäß angewandt werden. Es zeigen:

Figur 1
eine schematische Schnittdarstellung eines in einer Arbeitsfuge angeordneten Fugenabdichtungselementes und
Figur 2
eine schematische Seitenansicht des Fugenabdichtungselementes.
The invention and further advantageous embodiments and developments thereof are described in more detail below with reference to the examples shown in the drawings and explained. The features to be taken from the description and the drawings can be applied individually according to the invention individually or in combination in any combination. Show it:
FIG. 1
a schematic sectional view of a arranged in a working joint joint sealing element and
FIG. 2
a schematic side view of the joint sealing element.

In Figur 1 ist ein erfindungsgemäßes Fugenabdichtungselement 11 im Bereich einer Arbeitsfuge 12 angeordnet. Das Fugenabdichtungselement 11 wird vor dem Betonieren auf einer Bewehrung 14 fixiert. Das Fugenabdichtungselement 11 ist bevorzugt zwischen einer Anschlussbewehrung 16 anbeordnet, die mit der Bewehrung 14 verdrahtet ist. Nach dem Positionieren des Fugenabdichtungselementes 11 wird beispielsweise eine Bodenplatte als erster Betonierabschnitt 17 betoniert. Nachdem der Beton des ersten Betonierabschnitts 17 zumindest teilweise abgebunden hat, wird der zweiten Betonierabschnitt 18 beispielsweise in Form einer Wand betoniert. Das Fugenabdichtungselement 11 dichtet die Arbeitsfuge 12 zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Betonierabschnitt 17, 18 ab.In FIG. 1 an inventive joint sealing element 11 is arranged in the region of a working joint 12. The joint sealing element 11 is fixed on a reinforcement 14 before concreting. The joint sealing element 11 is preferably arranged between a connection reinforcement 16, which is wired to the reinforcement 14. After positioning the joint sealing element 11, for example, a bottom plate is concreted as a first concreting section 17. After the concrete of the first concreting section 17 has at least partially set, the second concreting section 18 is concreted, for example in the form of a wall. The joint sealing element 11 seals the working joint 12 between the first and second concreting sections 17, 18.

Das Fugenabdichtungselement 11, dessen Aufbau in Figur 2 dargestellt ist, umfasst ein band- oder streifenförmiges Trägerelement 19. Dieses Trägerelement 19 ist beispielsweise aus Metall, Kunststoff, aus einem Gewebe oder Gewirke, aus einem Verbundmaterial aus Kunststoff und/oder Metall und/oder Textilmaterial und/oder mineralischem Material und/oder Holz ausgebildet. Auf zumindest einer Seitenfläche des Trägerelementes 19 ist eine Beschichtung 20 als Streifen entlang der Längsrichtung des Trägerelementes 19 vorgesehen. Diese Beschichtung 20 erstreckt sich zumindest teilweise, vorzugsweise vollständig, über die gesamte Breite des Trägerelementes 19 beziehungsweise über die gesamte Höhe des Trägerelementes 19. Die Beschichtung 20 besteht aus einer Polymerschicht, die, bevorzugt beidseitig haftend ausgebildet, so dass diese Polymerschicht mit einer Seitenfläche an der Seitenfläche des Trägerelementes 19 haftet. Die gegenüberliegende Seitenfläche ist mit einer abziehbaren Schutzfolie 21 versehen. Die Schutzfolie 21 ist bevorzugt aus HDPE ausgebildet und weist beispielsweise eine Dicke von 50 µm bis 400 µm, insbesondere 100 µm bis 150 µm, auf. Zum leichten Abziehen ist zumindest die zur Polymerschicht weisende Seite der Schutzfolie 21 silikoniert. Diese Schutzfolie 21 ist bevorzugt zweiteilig ausgebildet und weist insbesondere zwei gleich breite Streifen auf, so dass nach dem Einsetzen des Fugenabdichtungselementes 11 auf die Bewehrung 14 zunächst die untere Hälfte der Schutzfolie 11 abgezogen wird, um den ersten Betonierabschnitt 17 einzubringen. Während dem Betonieren des ersten Betonierabschnittes 17 erfolgt aufgrund der erfindungsgemäßen Ausgestaltung der haftenden Polymerschicht eine wasserdichte Verbindung. Insbesondere wird bei einer Polymerschicht mit aciden reaktiven Gruppen beziehungsweise aciden reaktiven Resten eine Wechselwirkung über die Wasserstoffbrücken erzielt, so dass eine Verbindung zwischen der Polymerschicht und dem angrenzenden Beton, zumindest der angrenzenden Betonoberfläche, über eine Estergruppe erfolgt. Diese Verbindung wird insbesondere bei einer Polymerschicht auf Acrylatbasis erzielt, wobei bei dieser Verbindung als Abfallprodukt Wasser entsteht und für das Abbinden des Betons unschädlich ist. Die Polymerschicht auf Acylatbasis kann reaktive Carboxlgruppen umfassen. Durch zumindest diese chemische dauerhafte Verbindung zwischen der Polymerschicht und der daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche kann eine dauerhafte und wasserdichte Verbindung geschaffen werden. Eine Quellung der Polymerschicht findet bei dem wasserundurchlässigen Verbinden zwischen der Polymerschicht und der daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche nicht statt.The joint sealing element 11, whose structure in FIG. 2 This carrier element 19 is for example made of metal, plastic, of a woven or knitted fabric, of a composite material of plastic and / or metal and / or textile material and / or mineral material and / or wood educated. On at least one side surface of the carrier element 19, a coating 20 is provided as a strip along the longitudinal direction of the carrier element 19. This coating 20 extends at least partially, preferably completely, over the entire width of the carrier element 19 or over the entire height of the carrier element 19. The coating 20 consists of a polymer layer which, preferably formed on both sides adhesive, so that this polymer layer with a side surface the side surface of the support element 19 adheres. The opposite side surface is provided with a peelable protective film 21. The protective film 21 is preferably made of HDPE and has, for example, a thickness of 50 .mu.m to 400 .mu.m, in particular 100 .mu.m to 150 .mu.m. For easy stripping, at least the side of the protective film 21 facing the polymer layer is siliconized. This protective film 21 is preferably formed in two parts and in particular has two strips of equal width, so that after insertion of the joint sealing element 11 on the reinforcement 14, first the lower half of the protective film 11 is peeled off to introduce the first concreting section 17. During the concreting of the first concreting section 17, a watertight connection takes place due to the inventive design of the adhesive polymer layer. In particular, in a polymer layer with acid reactive groups or acidic reactive radicals achieved an interaction via the hydrogen bonds, so that a connection between the polymer layer and the adjacent concrete, at least the adjacent concrete surface, via an ester group. This compound is achieved in particular in the case of a polymer layer based on acrylate, in which case water is formed as waste product and is harmless for the setting of the concrete. The acylate-based polymer layer may include reactive carboxyl groups. By at least this chemical permanent connection between the polymer layer and the adjoining concrete surface, a durable and waterproof connection can be created. Swelling of the polymer layer does not take place in the water-impermeable bonding between the polymer layer and the adjoining concrete surface.

Die Polymerschicht weist bevorzugt eine Dicke zwischen 0,1 mm bis 2 mm, insbesondere 0,5 mm bis 1,2 mm, auf. Gleichzeitig ist die Polymerschicht in einem gewissen Maße elastisch ausgebildet, so dass nach dem Aushärten des Betons auftretende Spannungen zwischen dem Trägerelement 19 und der daran angrenzenden Betonoberfläche abgebaut werden können. Nach einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die haftende Polymerschicht als Klebstofffilm ausgebildet. Beispielsweise kann der Klebstofffilm Dehnungen im Bereich zwischen 0,1 mm und 0,4 mm aufnehmen, wobei in diesem Bereich insbesondere die Maximalkräfte der Haftung erzielt werden. Somit kann der Klebstofffilm bei auftretenden Spannungen in diesem Bereich sowohl einerseits am Trägerelement 19 haften bleiben und andererseits an der angrenzenden Betonoberfläche anhaften. Der Klebestofffilm weist beispielsweise eine Haftzugfestigkeit zum Trägerelement 19 auf, welche in einem Bereich von 0,18 N/mm2 bis 0,3 N/mm2 liegen. Die Haftzugfestigkeit der Beschichtung am Beton liegt beispielsweise in einem Bereich von 0,25 N/mm2 bis 0,4 N/mm2. Diese Haftzugfestigkeitswerte wurden für einen Klebstofffilm mit einer haftenden Polymerschicht auf Polyarcylatbasis und einer Filmdicke von beispielsweise 0,8 mm erzielt. Des Weiteren kann alternativ vorgesehen sein, dass die haftende Polymerschicht aus einem geschäumten Klebstoffmaterial ausgebildet ist, so dass der gesamte geschäumte Klebstoff klebrig ist und eine haftende Oberfläche aufweist.The polymer layer preferably has a thickness of between 0.1 mm to 2 mm, in particular 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm. At the same time, the polymer layer is elastic to a certain extent, so that stresses that occur after curing of the concrete between the carrier element 19 and the adjoining concrete surface can be reduced. According to a preferred embodiment, the adhesive polymer layer is formed as an adhesive film. For example, the adhesive film can absorb strains in the range between 0.1 mm and 0.4 mm, in which area in particular the maximum forces of adhesion are achieved. Thus, the adhesive film can be both adhere to the carrier element 19 on the one hand and adhere to the adjacent concrete surface at voltages occurring in this area on the one hand. The adhesive film has, for example, an adhesive tensile strength to the support element 19, which lie in a range of 0.18 N / mm 2 to 0.3 N / mm 2 . The adhesive tensile strength of the coating on the concrete is, for example, in a range of 0.25 N / mm 2 to 0.4 N / mm 2 . These adhesive tensile strength values were obtained for an adhesive film having a polyarcylate-based adhesive polymer layer and a film thickness of, for example, 0.8 mm. Furthermore, it may alternatively be provided that the adhesive polymer layer is formed from a foamed adhesive material, so that the entire foamed adhesive is tacky and has an adhesive surface.

Diese haftende Polymerschicht kann gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform als Band-/Bahnmaterial unmittelbar auf das Trägerelement 19 aufgebracht werden, in dem das Trägerelement 19 und die Polymerschicht mit der gleichen Bahngeschwindigkeit angesteuert werden und zwischen zwei Andruckwalzen hindurchlaufen. Die Polymerschicht kann als Band-/Bahnmaterial auf einer Vorratsrolle bereitgestellt werden. Analoges gilt für das Trägerelement 19. Die Polymerschicht ist dabei bevorzugt einseitig mit der Schutzfolie versehen, die beidseitig silikoniert ist, so dass ein einfaches Abrollen und Aufkleben des Klebstofffilmes auf das Trägerelement 19 ermöglicht ist. Diese Polymerschicht kann des Weiteren durch Aufsprühen, Auflaminieren, Tauchen oder dergleichen aufgebracht werden.According to a preferred embodiment, this adhesive polymer layer can be applied directly to the carrier element 19 as a belt / web material, in which the carrier element 19 and the polymer layer are driven at the same web speed and run between two pressure rollers. The polymer layer may be provided as a belt / web material on a supply roll. The same applies to the carrier element 19. The polymer layer is preferably provided on one side with the protective film, which is siliconized on both sides, so that a simple unrolling and sticking of the adhesive film on the support member 19 is made possible. This polymer layer may be further applied by spraying, laminating, dipping or the like.

Nach einer weiteren alternativen Ausführungsform der Erfindung kann vorgesehen sein, dass auf der Polymerschicht zusätzlich ein körniges Material, wie beispielsweise Hochofenschlacke, Quarzsand, Siliziumcarbid, Glas-, Keramik-, Porzellan- oder metallische Teilchen aufgestreut und/oder teilweise eingebracht sind. Dadurch kann eine Erhöhung des Verkrallungseffektes zwischen der Betonoberfläche und dem Fugenabdichtungselement 11 erzielt werden. Bevorzugt ist beim Aufbringen von zusätzlichem körnigen Material vorgesehen, dass dieses körnige Material in einem mittleren Bereich über die Höhe eines Fugenabdichtungselementes gesehen aufgebracht ist. Zu den Randbereichen hin nimmt der Anteil des körnigen Materials zunehmend ab, so dass ein jeweils äußerer Randstreifen verbleibt, der ausschließlich aus der haftenden Polymerschicht ausgebildet ist, um eine gute Abdichtung zur Betonoberfläche zu erzielen.According to a further alternative embodiment of the invention it can be provided that on the polymer layer additionally a granular material, such as blast furnace slag, quartz sand, silicon carbide, glass, ceramic, porcelain or metallic particles are scattered and / or partially introduced. Thereby, an increase of the Verkrallungseffektes between the concrete surface and the joint sealing element 11 can be achieved. When applying additional granular material, it is preferably provided that this granular material is applied in a central region over the height of a joint sealing element. Towards the edge regions, the proportion of granular material increasingly decreases, so that a respective outer edge strip remains, which is formed exclusively from the adhesive polymer layer in order to achieve a good seal with the concrete surface.

Claims (12)

  1. A utilisation of a support member (19) that is shaped in the form of a thin-walled strip and has a coating (20) applied at least section-wise thereon and formed at least along one lateral surface of the support member (19) and in the width of the support member (19), said coating consisting of an adherent polymer layer which is provided on the support member (19) and the opposite surface of which is covered by a protective film (21), characterised in that the adherent polymer layer is realised as an adhesive film and consists of a UV cross-linked polymer and in that the support member (19) is realised as a joint sealing element (11) which serves for sealing a construction joint (12) formed between two concreting sections (17, 18) and which is embedded into the concreting sections (17, 18).
  2. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer has acid reactive groups which are suitable for being connected with an adjacent concrete surface of the concreting sections (17, 18) via at least one chemical compound.
  3. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer is enriched with reactive carboxyle groups.
  4. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer is fabricated on a polyacrylate basis.
  5. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer has a thickness of between 0,1 mm and 2 mm.
  6. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer is insoluble in water and in an alkaline medium.
  7. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer is free of butyl or free of butyl containing bitumen.
  8. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer is workable at temperatures of less than 5 °C.
  9. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer has an expanded core that is fabricated from an adhesive material.
  10. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the adherent polymer layer has a protective film (21) provided thereon which is peelable in two parts and which has a high degree of tear resistance.
  11. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the protective film (21) has a siliconised surface provided at least on the side facing the adhesive layer.
  12. The utilisation of a support member as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the support member (19) consists of an untreated metallic material, in particular sheet steel, or of a plastic material or of a mineral support material.
EP08007618.5A 2007-04-20 2008-04-18 Joint seal element Active EP1983120B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007019177 2007-04-20

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EP1983120A2 EP1983120A2 (en) 2008-10-22
EP1983120A3 EP1983120A3 (en) 2012-07-04
EP1983120B1 true EP1983120B1 (en) 2016-07-06

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DK (1) DK1983120T3 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009044266A1 (en) * 2009-10-16 2011-05-05 Roland Wolf Sealing element for use in waterproof concrete building, has carrier, which is provided with sealing material on sealing surface, that forms creep-waterproof boundary surface with hardening fresh concrete
CH706668B1 (en) * 2012-06-19 2016-03-31 Fischer Rista Ag Connecting reinforcement with sealing tape.

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1402424A (en) * 1971-08-12 1975-08-06 Evode Ltd Sealing compositions
US4994328A (en) * 1989-08-10 1991-02-19 W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. Waterproofing membrane
DE29710007U1 (en) 1997-06-03 1997-08-07 Technische Produkte Handelsgesellschaft mbH, 22335 Hamburg Sheet for sealing construction joints in concrete construction
DE20301471U1 (en) * 2003-01-30 2003-04-10 Contec Bausysteme GmbH, 32457 Porta Westfalica Sealing plate for joints, has seal coating protected from moisture by cover which is degraded by surrounding concrete
DE20311693U1 (en) * 2003-07-29 2003-10-02 Dichtec GmbH, 23617 Stockelsdorf Sealing tape comprises natural or synthetic fabric base which can be cold-deformed and upper liquid-impermeable coating of unvulcanized or partially crosslinked elastomer
DE202004003189U1 (en) 2004-03-02 2004-04-29 Bpa-Gmbh Sealing device for sealing construction joints

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EP1983120A3 (en) 2012-07-04
EP1983120A2 (en) 2008-10-22

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