EP1983103B1 - Synthetic turf - Google Patents

Synthetic turf Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1983103B1
EP1983103B1 EP07007944.7A EP07007944A EP1983103B1 EP 1983103 B1 EP1983103 B1 EP 1983103B1 EP 07007944 A EP07007944 A EP 07007944A EP 1983103 B1 EP1983103 B1 EP 1983103B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plastic component
artificial turf
core
cross
polyamide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP07007944.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1983103A1 (en
Inventor
Jürgen Dipl.-Ing. Morton-Finger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Reifenhaeuser GmbH and Co KG Maschinenenfabrik
Original Assignee
Reifenhaeuser GmbH and Co KG Maschinenenfabrik
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Reifenhaeuser GmbH and Co KG Maschinenenfabrik filed Critical Reifenhaeuser GmbH and Co KG Maschinenenfabrik
Priority to EP07007944.7A priority Critical patent/EP1983103B1/en
Priority to CA2629005A priority patent/CA2629005C/en
Priority to US12/104,483 priority patent/US20080260975A1/en
Publication of EP1983103A1 publication Critical patent/EP1983103A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1983103B1 publication Critical patent/EP1983103B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/24—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a hollow structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/253—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a non-circular cross section; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/28—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like while mixing different spinning solutions or melts during the spinning operation; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/30—Conjugate filaments; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/34—Core-skin structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F8/00—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F8/04—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers
    • D01F8/06—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers with at least one polyolefin as constituent

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an artificial turf, in particular for sports fields and gardens with a plurality of blades made of plastic, wherein the blades are formed of a plurality of components and wherein said plurality of components have a core-shell structure.
  • Artificial turf surfaces of the aforementioned type are known from practice in various embodiments.
  • the culms of the known embodiments are usually made of plastic, wherein in particular plastic mixtures are used.
  • the artificial turf should fulfill as many requirements as possible.
  • the artificial turf should not cause any injuries to the skin or produce any unpleasant sensation on the skin in the event of intensive contact with the human skin, for example when athletes fall.
  • the artificial grass should also ensure sufficient damping.
  • the previously known types of artificial turf have the disadvantage that they can not normally meet all the above requirements equally or equally satisfactorily.
  • a known artificial turf is designed so that as long as possible a trouble-free re-erecting of the stalks after mechanical action takes place, this is usually at the expense of the skin compatibility of the artificial turf. In other words, intense friction of the human skin on this artificial turf may result in injury or burns to the skin.
  • the synthetic turf is designed to be well tolerated by the skin, this is usually at the expense of long-term, beneficial rebuilding of the stalks.
  • the achieved attenuation leaves much to be desired in the known artificial turf types. As a result, the known artificial turf types do not normally meet all requirements and are therefore in need of improvement.
  • WO 2006/068476 A is an artificial turf known whose stems consist of two different layers of plastic. These plastic layers may be arranged in a core-shell configuration. To protect against delamination, a compatibilizer or an adhesion promoter is added to the components for the two layers. This is intended to improve the adhesion of the layers within the stalks. Before the production of straws here thus a complex mixing of the mechanical properties of determining components with the bonding agent is required. Even this artificial turf is thus able to be improved.
  • the invention is based on the technical problem to provide an artificial turf of the type mentioned above, which in particular has optimal skin compatibility, in the nonetheless a long-term reservible re-erecting of the stalks after mechanical loading is possible, and in which the disadvantages described above can be avoided.
  • the invention teaches an artificial turf, in particular for sports fields and gardens with a plurality of blades made of thermoplastic material, wherein the blades are formed from multi-component filaments, which are multi-component filaments spun from a gland, wherein a first plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and at least substantially over the length of the straw wherein a second plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and extends at least substantially over the length of the straw, and wherein a third plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and extends at least substantially over the length of the straw, wherein the multi-component filaments have a core-shell structure, wherein the first plastic component forms the shell and the second plastic component forms the core of the multi-component filament and wherein the third plastic component is disposed between the core and the shell.
  • multi-component filaments which are multi-component filaments spun from a gland
  • a first plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and at least substantially over the length of the straw
  • the first plastic component and the second plastic component are different from each other.
  • the first plastic component extends and / or the second plastic component extends over the entire length of the straw.
  • a third plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and extends at least substantially over the length of the straw .
  • the third Kuns fuel component is disposed in the multi-component filament between the first plastic component and the second plastic component.
  • the third plastic component extends over the entire length of a straw.
  • the third plastic component in the multi-component filament at least partially and preferably completely separates the first plastic component from the second plastic component.
  • the multicomponent filaments for the blades are tricomponent filaments of the first, the second and the third plastic component.
  • the third plastic component expediently acts as a bonding agent between the first plastic component and the second plastic component.
  • the multicomponent filaments have a core / sheath structure (core / sheet), wherein the first plastic component forms the sheath of the multicomponent filament and wherein the second plastic component forms the core of the multicomponent filament.
  • the third plastic component is disposed between the shell (first plastic component) and the core (second plastic component) and it is recommended that the core at least partially surrounds and preferably completely surrounds the core. This means that due to the interposed third plastic component, there is preferably essentially no direct contact or no direct contact between the core and the jacket.
  • the third plastic component expediently acts as a bonding agent between shell (first plastic component) and core (second plastic component).
  • the multicomponent filaments are spun from a spinneret.
  • the spinneret is expediently supplied with the individual plastic components from extruders.
  • the Mehrkomponentenfilrait be cut in suitable lengths for the stalks according to the invention.
  • cooling takes place, preferably in a water bath.
  • stretching in particular mechanical stretching of the filaments and then expediently fixation of the filaments.
  • the filaments are cut to the neck lengths or straws.
  • the filaments or monofilaments are first attached by tufts to the base layer and then cut.
  • the first plastic component is a polyolefin, preferably a polyethylene.
  • the polyolefin, preferably polyethylene forms according to highly recommended embodiment of the invention, the sheath component of the multi-component filament core-sheath structure.
  • the polyethylene used is LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene). This polyethylene has proven particularly useful in the invention.
  • the polyolefin, preferably polyethylene, particularly preferably LLDPE may in particular contain additives with UV-reflecting action and / or additives with antibacterial effect and / or additives in the form of fungicides.
  • the second plastic component is a polyamide or a polyester.
  • the polyester polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) may preferably be used.
  • the second plastic component is a polyamide.
  • the polyamide forms the core of the multicomponent filaments in core-shell structure.
  • a recommended embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the second plastic component is a polyamide from the group "polyamide 6, polyamide 6.6, polyamide 6.12, polyamide 6.10". Particularly preferred is the use of polyamide 6 as a second plastic component, preferably as a core component of the multi-component filament in core-shell structure.
  • the third plastic component is a plastic which acts as a bonding agent between the first plastic component (shell component) and the second plastic component (core component).
  • the skilled person is generally aware of plastics which can act as adhesion promoters, in particular between a polyolefin and a polyamide.
  • the third plastic component is a copolymer polyamide / polyolefin, preferably a copolymer polyamide / polyethylene.
  • the third plastic component used is a polyolefin modified with a maleic acid derivative, advantageously with maleic anhydride.
  • the modified polyolefin is preferably modified polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • the multicomponent filaments have 5 to 50%, preferably 10 to 45% and preferably 10 to 40% of the first plastic component, based on their cross-section or on their cross-sectional area.
  • the above information is the percentage area fraction occupied by the first plastic component with respect to the cross-sectional area of a multi-component filament.
  • the abovementioned first plastic component is the sheath component of the multicomponent filament in the core-sheath structure, which is preferably composed of polyolefin, very preferably polyethylene and particularly preferably LLDPE.
  • the multi-component filaments based on their cross-section (cross-sectional area) from 3 to 20%, preferably 5 to 20% and preferably 5 to 15% of the third plastic component.
  • the third plastic component is disposed between the sheath component (first plastic component) and the core component (second plastic component) of a multi-component filament in a core-sheath structure.
  • the third plastic component in this core-shell structure forms as it were the inner shell between the outer shell (first plastic component) and the core (second plastic component).
  • the multi-component filaments based on their cross-section (cross-sectional area) 30 to 93%, preferably 30 to 85% and preferably 35 to 80% of the second plastic component on.
  • the second plastic component is expediently the main constituent of the multicomponent filaments, which preferably occupies more than 40%, preferably more than 45%, of the cross-sectional area with respect to the cross-sectional area.
  • the abovementioned second plastic component is preferably the core component of the multicomponent filament in the core-shell structure, which is preferably composed of polyamide and very preferably of polyamide 6.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the core of the multi-component filaments in the core-shell structure has hollow chambers.
  • the hollow chambers may expediently be designed as hollow channels passing through the core.
  • the use of multi-component filaments with such hollow chambers in the core has proven particularly useful.
  • the hollow chambers advantageously make it possible to absorb water in the multi-component filaments or in the blades of the synthetic turf.
  • the Fig. 1 shows a portion of an artificial turf according to the invention of a plurality of stalks 1, which are fixed to a base layer 2.
  • the multi-component filaments according to the invention are used as monofilaments, which then form the blades 1.
  • a straw 1 corresponds to a multi-component filament or a portion of a multi-component filament according to the invention.
  • several of the multicomponent filaments according to the invention can be combined or joined to form a straw.
  • the Fig. 2 shows the attachment of the multi-component filaments or the blades 1 to the base layer 2.
  • the base layer 2 may be in particular a suitable tissue.
  • This fabric is suitably made of a polyolefin, preferably polypropylene or polyethylene.
  • the blades 1 or multi-component filaments are preferably attached to the base layer 2 by tufts.
  • Fig. 2 is the dash-dotted line, the filling of the spaces between the stalks 1 with a damping material 3 has been indicated.
  • Fig. 3 shows a cross section through a straw 1 according to the invention or by a multi-component filament according to the invention.
  • the blades 1 or Mehrkomponentenfilêt are executed here and according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in core-shell structure.
  • the jacket 4 is in the embodiment of polyethylene, preferably made of LLDPE (first plastic component).
  • the core 5 is preferably and in the embodiment of polyamide, very preferably polyamide 6.
  • a layer of a third plastic component which preferably consists of a copolymer of polyamide and polyethylene. From this, an inner shell 6 is formed, which completely surrounds the core 5 and acts as a bonding agent between shell 4 and core 5.
  • the second plastic component or core component forms the main constituent of the multicomponent filament and preferably occupies at least 35%, preferably at least 40% area fraction in relation to the cross-sectional area.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Kunstrasen, insbesondere für Sportplätze und Gärten mit einer Vielzahl von Halmen aus Kunststoff, wobei die Halme aus mehreren Komponenten gebildet sind und wobei diese mehreren Komponenten eine Kern-Mantel-Struktur aufweisen.The invention relates to an artificial turf, in particular for sports fields and gardens with a plurality of blades made of plastic, wherein the blades are formed of a plurality of components and wherein said plurality of components have a core-shell structure.

Kunstrasenflächen der vorstehend genannten Art sind aus der Praxis in verschiedenen Ausführungsvarianten bekannt. Die Halme der bekannten Ausführungsformen bestehen dabei in der Regel aus Kunststoff, wobei insbesondere auch Kunststoffmischungen eingesetzt werden. Der Kunstrasen soll möglichst mehrere Anforderungen erfüllen. Zunächst sollte der Kunstrasen bei einem intensiven Kontakt mit der menschlichen Haut, beispielsweise bei Stürzen von Sportlern keine Verletzungen der Haut hervorrufen bzw. kein unangenehmes Gefühl an der Haut erzeugen. Fernerhin ist es wünschenswert, dass sich die Halme nach mechanischen Beaufschlagungen, insbesondere nach einem mehrfachen Begehen des Kunstrasens möglichst vollständig wieder in ihre ursprüngliche Stellung aufrichten. Weiterhin sollte der Kunstrasen auch eine ausreichende Dämpfung gewährleisten. Die bislang bekannten Kunstrasenarten weisen den Nachteil auf, dass sie normalerweise nicht alle vorgenannten Anforderungen gleichermaßen bzw. gleich zufriedenstellend erfüllen können. Wenn bislang ein bekannter Kunstrasen so ausgelegt wird, dass möglichst langfristig ein problemloses Wiederaufrichten der Halme nach mechanischen Beaufschlagungen erfolgt, geht das in der Regel zu Lasten der Hautverträglichkeit des Kunstrasens. Mit anderen Worten können bei intensiver Reibung der menschlichen Haut an diesem Kunstrasen Verletzungen bzw. Verbrennungen der Haut resultieren. Wenn der Kunstrasen andererseits auf eine gute Hautverträglichkeit hin ausgerichtet ist, geht das normalerweise zu Lasten des langfristigen reserviblen Wiederaufrichtens der Halme. Auch die erreichte Dämpfung lässt bei den bekannten Kunstrasenarten häufig zu wünschen übrig. Im Ergebnis genügen die bekannten Kunstrasenarten normalerweise nicht allen Anforderungen und sind daher verbesserungsbedürftig.Artificial turf surfaces of the aforementioned type are known from practice in various embodiments. The culms of the known embodiments are usually made of plastic, wherein in particular plastic mixtures are used. The artificial turf should fulfill as many requirements as possible. First of all, the artificial turf should not cause any injuries to the skin or produce any unpleasant sensation on the skin in the event of intensive contact with the human skin, for example when athletes fall. Furthermore, it is desirable that the stalks erect as completely as possible after mechanical loading, in particular after a multiple commit the artificial turf back to its original position. Furthermore, the artificial grass should also ensure sufficient damping. The previously known types of artificial turf have the disadvantage that they can not normally meet all the above requirements equally or equally satisfactorily. If so far a known artificial turf is designed so that as long as possible a trouble-free re-erecting of the stalks after mechanical action takes place, this is usually at the expense of the skin compatibility of the artificial turf. In other words, intense friction of the human skin on this artificial turf may result in injury or burns to the skin. On the other hand, if the synthetic turf is designed to be well tolerated by the skin, this is usually at the expense of long-term, beneficial rebuilding of the stalks. Also the achieved attenuation leaves much to be desired in the known artificial turf types. As a result, the known artificial turf types do not normally meet all requirements and are therefore in need of improvement.

Aus WO 2006/068476 A ist ein Kunstrasen bekannt, dessen Halme aus zwei unterschiedlichen Kunststoffschichten bestehen. Diese Kunststoffschichten können in einer Kern-Mantel-Konfiguration angeordnet sein. Zum Schutz vor Delamination wird den Komponenten für die beiden Schichten ein Kompatibilitätsvermittler bzw. ein Haftvermittler beigemischt. Dadurch soll die Haftung der Schichten innerhalb der Halme verbessert werden. Vor der Erzeugung der Halme ist hier somit eine aufwendige Vermischung der die mechanischen Eigenschaften bestimmenden Komponenten mit dem Haftvermittler erforderlich. Auch dieser Kunstrasen ist somit verbesserungsfähig.Out WO 2006/068476 A is an artificial turf known whose stems consist of two different layers of plastic. These plastic layers may be arranged in a core-shell configuration. To protect against delamination, a compatibilizer or an adhesion promoter is added to the components for the two layers. This is intended to improve the adhesion of the layers within the stalks. Before the production of straws here thus a complex mixing of the mechanical properties of determining components with the bonding agent is required. Even this artificial turf is thus able to be improved.

Der Erfindung liegt das technische Problem zugrunde, einen Kunstrasen der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, der insbesondere eine optimale Hautverträglichkeit aufweist, bei dem nichtsdestoweniger langfristig ein reservibles Wiederaufrichten der Halme nach mechanischen Beaufschlagungen möglich ist, und bei dem die vorstehend beschriebenen Nachteile vermieden werden können.The invention is based on the technical problem to provide an artificial turf of the type mentioned above, which in particular has optimal skin compatibility, in the nonetheless a long-term reservible re-erecting of the stalks after mechanical loading is possible, and in which the disadvantages described above can be avoided.

Zur Lösung dieses technischen Problems lehrt die Erfindung einen Kunstrasen, insbesondere für Sportplätze und Gärten mit einer Vielzahl von Halmen aus thermoplastischem Kunststoff, wobei die Halme aus Mehrkomponentenfilamenten gebildet sind, wobei es sich um aus einer Spinndrüse ersponnene Mehrkomponentenfilamente handelt,
wobei eine erste Kunststoffkomponente einen Teil des Querschnittes eines Halmes bildet und sich zumindest im Wesentlichen über die Länge des Halmes erstreckt, wobei eine zweite Kunststoffkomponente einen Teil des Querschnittes eines Halmes bildet und sich zumindest im Wesentlichen über die Länge des Halmes erstreckt, und wobei eine dritte Kunststoffkomponente einen Teil des Querschnittes eines Halmes bildet und sich zumindest im Wesentlichen über die Länge des Halmes erstreckt,
wobei die Mehrkomponentenfilamente eine Kern-Mantel-Struktur aufweisen, wobei die erste Kunststoffkomponente den Mantel und die zweite Kunststoffkomponente den Kern des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes bildet und wobei die dritte Kunststoffkomponente zwischen dem Kern und dem Mantel angeordnet ist.To solve this technical problem, the invention teaches an artificial turf, in particular for sports fields and gardens with a plurality of blades made of thermoplastic material, wherein the blades are formed from multi-component filaments, which are multi-component filaments spun from a gland,
wherein a first plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and at least substantially over the length of the straw wherein a second plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and extends at least substantially over the length of the straw, and wherein a third plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and extends at least substantially over the length of the straw,
wherein the multi-component filaments have a core-shell structure, wherein the first plastic component forms the shell and the second plastic component forms the core of the multi-component filament and wherein the third plastic component is disposed between the core and the shell.

Es liegt im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass die erste Kunststoffkomponente und die zweite Kunststoffkomponente voneinander verschieden sind. Zweckmäßigerweise erstreckt sich die erste Kunststoffkomponente und/oder erstreckt sich die zweite Kunststoffkomponente über die gesamte Länge des Halmes. Erfindungsgemäß bildet eine dritte Kunststoffkomponente einen Teil des Querschnittes eines Halmes und erstreckt sich zumindest im Wesentlichen über die Länge des Halmes. Die dritte Kunststoffkomponente ist im Mehrkomponentenfilament zwischen der ersten Kunststoffkomponente und der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente angeordnet. Zweckmäßigerweise erstreckt sich auch die dritte Kunststoffkomponente über die gesamte Länge eines Halmes. Vorzugsweise trennt die dritte Kunststoffkomponente im Mehrkomponentenfilament die erste Kunststoffkomponente zumindest teilweise und bevorzugt vollständig von der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente. Nach besonders bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei den Mehrkomponentenfilamenten für die Halme um Trikomponentenfilamente aus der ersten, der zweiten und der dritten Kunststoffkomponente. Die dritte Kunststoffkomponente wirkt zweckmäßigerweise als Haftvermittler zwischen der ersten Kunststoffkomponente und der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente. Erfindungsgemäß weisen die Mehrkomponentenfilamente eine Kern-Mantel-Struktur (core/sheet) auf, wobei die erste Kunststoffkomponente den Mantel des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes bildet und wobei die zweite Kunststoffkomponente den Kern des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes bildet. Die dritte Kunststoffkomponente ist zwischen Mantel (erste Kunststoffkomponente) und Kern (zweite Kunststoffkomponente) angeordnet und sie umgibt empfohlenermaßen den Kern zumindest teilweise und bevorzugt vollständig. Das heißt, dass aufgrund der zwischengeschalteten dritten Kunststoffkomponente bevorzugt im Wesentlichen kein direkter Kontakt bzw. kein direkter Kontakt zwischen Kern und Mantel stattfindet. Die dritte Kunststoffkomponente fungiert hier zweckmäßigerweise als Haftvermittler zwischen Mantel (erste Kunststoffkomponente) und Kern (zweite Kunststoffkomponente).It is within the scope of the invention that the first plastic component and the second plastic component are different from each other. Expediently, the first plastic component extends and / or the second plastic component extends over the entire length of the straw. According to the invention, a third plastic component forms part of the cross section of a straw and extends at least substantially over the length of the straw . The third Kuns fuel component is disposed in the multi-component filament between the first plastic component and the second plastic component. Conveniently, the third plastic component extends over the entire length of a straw. Preferably, the third plastic component in the multi-component filament at least partially and preferably completely separates the first plastic component from the second plastic component. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the multicomponent filaments for the blades are tricomponent filaments of the first, the second and the third plastic component. The third plastic component expediently acts as a bonding agent between the first plastic component and the second plastic component. According to the invention, the multicomponent filaments have a core / sheath structure (core / sheet), wherein the first plastic component forms the sheath of the multicomponent filament and wherein the second plastic component forms the core of the multicomponent filament. The third plastic component is disposed between the shell (first plastic component) and the core (second plastic component) and it is recommended that the core at least partially surrounds and preferably completely surrounds the core. This means that due to the interposed third plastic component, there is preferably essentially no direct contact or no direct contact between the core and the jacket. The third plastic component expediently acts as a bonding agent between shell (first plastic component) and core (second plastic component).

Erfindungsgemäß werden die Mehrkomponentenfilamente aus einer Spinndüse ersponnen. Zweckmäßigerweise werden der Spinndüse die einzelnen Kunststoffkomponenten aus Extrudern zugeführt. Nach dem Erspinnen der Mehrkomponentenfilamente, nach der Abkühlung der Filamente und ggf. nach weiterer Behandlung werden die Mehrkomponentenfilamente in geeigneten Längen für die erfindungsgemäßen Halme geschnitten. Vorzugsweise erfolgt nach dem Erspinnen der Mehrkomponentenfilamente aus der Spinndüse zunächst eine Abkühlung, bevorzugt in einem Wasserbad. Gemäß empfohlener Ausführungsvariante erfolgt anschließend ein Verstrecken, insbesondere mechanisches Verstrecken der Filamente und daraufhin zweckmäßigerweise eine Fixierung der Filamente. Es liegt dann im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass die Filamente zu den Halmlängen bzw. Halmen geschnitten werden. Gemäß einer empfohlenen Ausführungsvariante werden die Filamente bzw. Monofilamente zunächst durch Tuften an der Basisschicht befestigt und anschließend geschnitten.According to the invention, the multicomponent filaments are spun from a spinneret. The spinneret is expediently supplied with the individual plastic components from extruders. After spinning the Mehrkomponentenfilamente, after cooling of the filaments and optionally after further treatment, the Mehrkomponentenfilamente be cut in suitable lengths for the stalks according to the invention. Preferably, after the spinning of the multicomponent filaments from the spinneret, cooling takes place, preferably in a water bath. According to the recommended embodiment, then stretching, in particular mechanical stretching of the filaments and then expediently fixation of the filaments. It is then within the scope of the invention that the filaments are cut to the neck lengths or straws. According to a recommended embodiment, the filaments or monofilaments are first attached by tufts to the base layer and then cut.

Nach besonders bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die erste Kunststoffkomponente ein Polyolefin, vorzugsweise ein Polyethylen. Das Polyolefin, vorzugsweise Polyethylen bildet nach sehr empfohlener Ausführungsform der Erfindung die Mantelkomponente des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes in Kern-Mantel-Struktur. Gemäß bevorzugter Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung wird als Polyethylen LLDPE (lineares Polyethylen niederer Dichte) eingesetzt. Dieses Polyethylen hat sich im Rahmen der Erfindung besonders bewährt. Das Polyolefin, vorzugsweise Polyethylen, besonders bevorzugt LLDPE kann insbesondere Additive mit UV-reflektierender Wirkung und/oder Additive mit antibaktieller Wirkung und/oder Additive in Form von Fungiziden enthalten.According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the first plastic component is a polyolefin, preferably a polyethylene. The polyolefin, preferably polyethylene forms according to highly recommended embodiment of the invention, the sheath component of the multi-component filament core-sheath structure. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polyethylene used is LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene). This polyethylene has proven particularly useful in the invention. The polyolefin, preferably polyethylene, particularly preferably LLDPE may in particular contain additives with UV-reflecting action and / or additives with antibacterial effect and / or additives in the form of fungicides.

Nach bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente um ein Polyamid oder einen Polyester. Als Polyester kann vorzugsweise Polybutylenterephthalat (PBT) eingesetzt werden. Gemäß besonders bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente aber um ein Polyamid. Zweckmäßigerweise bildet das Polyamid den Kern der Mehrkomponentenfilamente in Kern-Mantel-Struktur. Eine empfohlene Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Kunststoffkomponente ein Polyamid aus der Gruppe "Polyamid 6, Polyamid 6.6, Polyamid 6.12, Polyamid 6.10" ist. Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei der Einsatz von Polyamid 6 als zweite Kunststoffkomponente, vorzugsweise als Kernkomponente der Mehrkomponentenfilamante in Kern-Mantel-Struktur.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the second plastic component is a polyamide or a polyester. As the polyester, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) may preferably be used. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, however, the second plastic component is a polyamide. Conveniently, the polyamide forms the core of the multicomponent filaments in core-shell structure. A recommended embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the second plastic component is a polyamide from the group "polyamide 6, polyamide 6.6, polyamide 6.12, polyamide 6.10". Particularly preferred is the use of polyamide 6 as a second plastic component, preferably as a core component of the multi-component filament in core-shell structure.

Es liegt im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass es sich bei der dritten Kunststoffkomponente um einen Kunststoff handelt, der als Haftvermittler zwischen der ersten Kunststoffkomponente (Mantelkomponente) und der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente (Kernkomponente) wirkt. Dem Fachmann sind grundsätzlich Kunststoffe bekannt, die als Haftvermittler, insbesondere zwischen einem Polyolefin und einem Polyamid wirken können. Nach einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei der dritten Kunststoffkomponente um ein Copolymer Polyamid/Polyolefin, vorzugsweise um ein Copolymer Polyamid/Polyethylen. Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsvariante wird als dritte Kunststoffkomponente ein mit einem Maleinsäurederivat, zweckmäßigerweise mit Maleinsäureanhydrid modifiziertes Polyolefin eingesetzt. Bei dem modifizierten Polyolefin handelt es sich bevorzugt um modifiziertes Polyethylen oder Polypropylen.It is within the scope of the invention that the third plastic component is a plastic which acts as a bonding agent between the first plastic component (shell component) and the second plastic component (core component). The skilled person is generally aware of plastics which can act as adhesion promoters, in particular between a polyolefin and a polyamide. After a In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the third plastic component is a copolymer polyamide / polyolefin, preferably a copolymer polyamide / polyethylene. According to a further preferred embodiment, the third plastic component used is a polyolefin modified with a maleic acid derivative, advantageously with maleic anhydride. The modified polyolefin is preferably modified polyethylene or polypropylene.

Nach einer empfohlenen Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen die Mehrkomponentenfilamente bezogen auf ihren Querschnitt bzw. auf ihre Querschnittsfläche 5 bis 50 %, vorzugsweise 10 bis 45 % und bevorzugt 10 bis 40 % der ersten Kunststoffkomponente auf. Es handelt sich bei den vorstehenden Angaben also um den prozentualen Flächenanteil, den die erste Kunststoffkomponente bezüglich der Querschnittsfläche eines Mehrkomponentenfilamentes einnimmt. Bei der vorgenannten ersten Kunststoffkomponente handelt es sich um die Mantelkomponente des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes in Kern-Mantel-Struktur, die bevorzugt aus Polyolefin, sehr bevorzugt aus Polyethylen und besonders bevorzugt aus LLDPE besteht. - Nach empfohlener Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen die Mehrkomponentenfilamente bezogen auf ihren Querschnitt (Querschnittsfläche) 3 bis 20 %, vorzugsweise 5 bis 20 % und bevorzugt 5 bis 15 % der dritten Kunststoffkomponente auf. Die dritte Kunststoffkomponente ist zwischen der Mantelkomponente (erste Kunststoffkomponente) und der Kernkomponente (zweite Kunststoffkomponente) eines Mehrkomponentenfilamentes in Kern-Mantel-Struktur angeordnet. Zweckmäßigerweise bildet die dritte Kunststoffkomponente in dieser Kern-Mantel-Struktur gleichsam den inneren Mantel zwischen dem äußeren Mantel (erste Kunststoffkomponente) und dem Kern (zweite Kunststoffkomponente). - Nach sehr bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen die Mehrkomponentenfilamente bezogen auf ihren Querschnitt (Querschnittsfläche) 30 bis 93 %, vorzugsweise 30 bis 85 % und bevorzugt 35 bis 80 % der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente auf. Bei der zweiten Kunststoffkomponente handelt es sich zweckmäßigerweise um den Hauptbestandteil der Mehrkomponentenfilamente, der in Bezug auf die Querschnittsfläche vorzugsweise mehr als 40 %, bevorzugt mehr als 45 % der Querschnittsfläche einnimmt. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei der vorgenannten zweiten Kunststoffkomponente um die Kernkomponente des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes in Kern-Mantel-Struktur, die bevorzugt aus Polyamid und sehr bevorzugt aus Polyamid 6 besteht.According to a recommended embodiment of the invention, the multicomponent filaments have 5 to 50%, preferably 10 to 45% and preferably 10 to 40% of the first plastic component, based on their cross-section or on their cross-sectional area. Thus, the above information is the percentage area fraction occupied by the first plastic component with respect to the cross-sectional area of a multi-component filament. The abovementioned first plastic component is the sheath component of the multicomponent filament in the core-sheath structure, which is preferably composed of polyolefin, very preferably polyethylene and particularly preferably LLDPE. - According to the recommended embodiment of the invention, the multi-component filaments based on their cross-section (cross-sectional area) from 3 to 20%, preferably 5 to 20% and preferably 5 to 15% of the third plastic component. The third plastic component is disposed between the sheath component (first plastic component) and the core component (second plastic component) of a multi-component filament in a core-sheath structure. Conveniently, the third plastic component in this core-shell structure forms as it were the inner shell between the outer shell (first plastic component) and the core (second plastic component). - According to a very preferred embodiment of the invention, the multi-component filaments based on their cross-section (cross-sectional area) 30 to 93%, preferably 30 to 85% and preferably 35 to 80% of the second plastic component on. The second plastic component is expediently the main constituent of the multicomponent filaments, which preferably occupies more than 40%, preferably more than 45%, of the cross-sectional area with respect to the cross-sectional area. The abovementioned second plastic component is preferably the core component of the multicomponent filament in the core-shell structure, which is preferably composed of polyamide and very preferably of polyamide 6.

Eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kern der Mehrkomponentenfilamente in Kern-Mantel-Struktur Hohlkammern aufweist. Die Hohlkammern können zweckmäßigerweise als den Kern durchziehende Hohlkanäle ausgebildet sein. Der Einsatz von Mehrkomponentenfilamenten mit solchen Hohlkammern im Kern hat sich besonders bewährt. Die Hohlkammern ermöglichen in vorteilhafter Weise eine Wasseraufnahme in den Mehrkomponentenfilamenten bzw. in den Halmen des Kunstrasens.A preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the core of the multi-component filaments in the core-shell structure has hollow chambers. The hollow chambers may expediently be designed as hollow channels passing through the core. The use of multi-component filaments with such hollow chambers in the core has proven particularly useful. The hollow chambers advantageously make it possible to absorb water in the multi-component filaments or in the blades of the synthetic turf.

Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, dass der erfindungsgemäße Kunstrasen in überraschender Weise allen gewünschten Anforderungen genügt. Zunächst zeichnet sich der erfindungsgemäße Kunstrasen durch eine hervorragende Hautverträglichkeit aus. Wenn beispielsweise Sportler auf diesem Kunstrasen stürzen oder über diesen Kunstrasen rutschen, resultieren daraus keine nennenswerten Verletzungen bzw. Verbrennungen der Haut. Weiterhin zeichnet sich der erfindungsgemäße Kunstrasen durch ein langfristig reservibles Wiederaufrichten der Halme aus. Auch bei häufiger mechanischer Beanspruchung bzw. Beaufschlagung der Halme richten sich diese also problemlos stets wieder in ihre ursprüngliche Stellung auf. Fernerhin zeichnet sich der erfindungsgemäße Kunstrasen zusätzlich auch noch durch eine gute Dämpfung aus. Hervorzuheben ist, dass der erfindungsgemäße Kunstrasen verhältnismäßig einfach und kostengünstig herstellbar ist. Der erfindungsgemäße Kunstrasen eignet sich auch hervorragend zur Gartengestaltung. Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand einer lediglich ein Ausführungsbeispiel darstellenden Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen in schematischer Darstellung:

Fig. 1
eine perspektivische Ansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Kunstrasens,
Fig. 2
eine Seitenansicht des Gegenstandes nach Fig. 1 im Schnitt und
Fig. 3
einen Schnitt durch ein erfindungsgemäßes Mehrkomponentenfilament.
The invention is based on the finding that the artificial turf according to the invention surprisingly satisfies all desired requirements. First, the artificial turf invention is characterized by excellent skin compatibility. For example, if athletes fall on this artificial turf or slip over this artificial turf, there will be no significant injury or burns to the skin. Furthermore, the artificial turf according to the invention is characterized by a long-term reservible re-erecting of the stalks. Even with frequent mechanical stress or impingement of the stalks, these are therefore always easy to return to their original position. Furthermore, the artificial turf according to the invention is also characterized by good damping. It should be emphasized that the synthetic turf according to the invention is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce. The artificial grass according to the invention is also ideal for landscaping. The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a drawing showing only one exemplary embodiment. In a schematic representation:
Fig. 1
a perspective view of an artificial turf according to the invention,
Fig. 2
a side view of the object Fig. 1 on average and
Fig. 3
a section through an inventive multi-component filament.

Die Fig. 1 zeigt einen Abschnitt eines erfindungsgemäßen Kunstrasens aus einer Vielzahl von Halmen 1, die an einer Basisschicht 2 fixiert sind. Zweckmäßigerweise werden die erfindungsgemäßen Mehrkomponentenfilamente als Monofilamente eingesetzt, die dann die Halme 1 bilden. Mit anderen Worten entspricht ein Halm 1 einem Mehrkomponentenfilament bzw. einem Abschnitt eines erfindungsgemäßen Mehrkomponentenfilamentes. Grundsätzlich liegt es aber auch im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass mehrere der erfindungsgemäßen Mehrkomponentenfilamente zu einem Halm kombiniert bzw. verbunden werden können.The Fig. 1 shows a portion of an artificial turf according to the invention of a plurality of stalks 1, which are fixed to a base layer 2. Advantageously, the multi-component filaments according to the invention are used as monofilaments, which then form the blades 1. In other words, a straw 1 corresponds to a multi-component filament or a portion of a multi-component filament according to the invention. In principle, however, it is also within the scope of the invention that several of the multicomponent filaments according to the invention can be combined or joined to form a straw.

Die Fig. 2 zeigt die Befestigung der Mehrkomponentenfilamente bzw. der Halme 1 an der Basisschicht 2. Bei der Basisschicht 2 kann es sich insbesondere um ein geeignetes Gewebe handeln. Dieses Gewebe besteht zweckmäßigerweise aus einem Polyolefin, vorzugsweise aus Polypropylen oder Polyethylen. Die Halme 1 bzw. Mehrkomponentenfilamente werden vorzugsweise durch Tuften an der Basisschicht 2 befestigt. In Fig. 2 ist mit der strichpunktierten Linie die Füllung der Zwischenräume zwischen den Halmen 1 mit einem Dämpfungsmaterial 3 angedeutet worden.The Fig. 2 shows the attachment of the multi-component filaments or the blades 1 to the base layer 2. The base layer 2 may be in particular a suitable tissue. This fabric is suitably made of a polyolefin, preferably polypropylene or polyethylene. The blades 1 or multi-component filaments are preferably attached to the base layer 2 by tufts. In Fig. 2 is the dash-dotted line, the filling of the spaces between the stalks 1 with a damping material 3 has been indicated.

Fig. 3 zeigt einen Querschnitt durch einen erfindungsgemäßen Halm 1 bzw. durch ein erfindungsgemäßes Mehrkomponentenfilament. Die Halme 1 bzw. Mehrkomponentenfilamente sind hier und nach bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung in Kern-Mantel-Struktur ausgeführt. Der Mantel 4 besteht im Ausführungsbeispiel aus Polyethylen, vorzugsweise aus LLDPE (erste Kunststoffkomponente). Der Kern 5 besteht vorzugsweise und im Ausführungsbeispiel aus Polyamid, sehr bevorzugt aus Polyamid 6. Zwischen Mantel 4 und Kern 5 befindet sich eine Schicht aus einer dritten Kunststoffkomponente, die vorzugsweise aus einem Copolymer aus Polyamid und Polyethylen besteht. Daraus wird ein innerer Mantel 6 gebildet, der den Kern 5 vollständig umgibt und als Haftvermittler zwischen Mantel 4 und Kern 5 fungiert. In der Fig. 3 ist erkennbar, dass sich in dem Kern 5 vorzugsweise und im Ausführungsbeispiel Hohlkammern 7 befinden, die in vorteilhafter Weise eine Wasseraufnahme in den Halmen 1 ermöglichen. In der Fig. 3 ist weiterhin erkennbar, dass die zweite Kunststoffkomponente bzw. Kernkomponente (im Ausführungsbeispiel Polyamid bzw. Polyamid 6) den Hauptbestandteil des Mehrkomponentenfilamentes bildet und in Bezug auf die Querschnittsfläche vorzugsweise mindestens 35 %, bevorzugt zumindest 40 % Flächenanteil einnimmt. Fig. 3 shows a cross section through a straw 1 according to the invention or by a multi-component filament according to the invention. The blades 1 or Mehrkomponentenfilamente are executed here and according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in core-shell structure. The jacket 4 is in the embodiment of polyethylene, preferably made of LLDPE (first plastic component). The core 5 is preferably and in the embodiment of polyamide, very preferably polyamide 6. Between shell 4 and core 5 is a layer of a third plastic component, which preferably consists of a copolymer of polyamide and polyethylene. From this, an inner shell 6 is formed, which completely surrounds the core 5 and acts as a bonding agent between shell 4 and core 5. In the Fig. 3 It can be seen that in the core 5 preferably and in the embodiment, hollow chambers 7 are located, which allow advantageously a water absorption in the stems 1. In the Fig. 3 Furthermore, it can be seen that the second plastic component or core component (polyamide or polyamide 6 in the exemplary embodiment) forms the main constituent of the multicomponent filament and preferably occupies at least 35%, preferably at least 40% area fraction in relation to the cross-sectional area.

Claims (9)

  1. An artificial turf, particularly for sports fields and gardens, with a plurality of blades (1) of plastic, wherein the blades (1) are formed of multicomponent filaments that consist of multicomponent filaments spun from a spinneret,
    wherein a first plastic component forms part of the cross section of a blade (1) and extends at least essentially over the length of the blade (1), wherein a second plastic component forms part of the cross section of a blade (1) and extends at least essentially over the length of the blade (1), and wherein a third plastic component forms part of the cross section of a blade (1) and extends at least essentially over the length of the blade (1),
    wherein the multicomponent filaments have a sheat-core structure, wherein the first plastic component forms the sheath and the second plastic component forms the core of the multicomponent filaments, and wherein the third plastic component is arranged between the core and the sheath.
  2. The artificial turf according to Claim 1, wherein the first plastic component consists of polyolefin, preferably polyethylene, particularly LLDPE.
  3. The artificial turf according to one of Claims 1 or 2, wherein the second plastic component consists of polyamide or polyester.
  4. The artificial turf according to Claim 3, wherein the second plastic component consists of a polyamide of the group "polyamide 6, polyamide 6.6, polyamide 6.12, polyamide 6.10."
  5. The artificial turf according to one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the third plastic component consists of a plastic of the group "copolymer polyamide/polyolefin, polyolefin modified with maleic acid derivative."
  6. The artificial turf according to one of Claims 1 to 5, wherein the multicomponent filaments contain 5 to 50%, preferably 10 to 45%, particularly 10 to 40%, of the first plastic component referred to their cross section or cross-sectional area, respectively.
  7. The artificial turf according to one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the multicomponent filaments contain 3 to 20%, preferably 5 to 20%, particularly 5 to 15%, of the third plastic component referred to their cross section or cross-sectional area, respectively.
  8. The artificial turf according to one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein the multicomponent filaments contain 30 to 93%, preferably 30 to 85%, particularly 35 to 80%, of the second plastic component referred to their cross section or cross-sectional area, respectively.
  9. The artificial turf according to one of Claims 1 to 8, wherein the core (5) of the sheat-core structure of the multicomponent filaments contains cavities.
EP07007944.7A 2007-04-19 2007-04-19 Synthetic turf Not-in-force EP1983103B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07007944.7A EP1983103B1 (en) 2007-04-19 2007-04-19 Synthetic turf
CA2629005A CA2629005C (en) 2007-04-19 2008-04-09 Artificial turf
US12/104,483 US20080260975A1 (en) 2007-04-19 2008-04-17 Artificial turf

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07007944.7A EP1983103B1 (en) 2007-04-19 2007-04-19 Synthetic turf

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EP1983103A1 EP1983103A1 (en) 2008-10-22
EP1983103B1 true EP1983103B1 (en) 2014-02-19

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1983104B1 (en) * 2007-04-19 2010-02-24 Motech GmbH Technology & Systems Synthetic turf
WO2010075098A1 (en) 2008-12-15 2010-07-01 Textile Management Associates, Inc. Method of recycling synthetic turf and infill product
US9896809B2 (en) 2010-10-29 2018-02-20 Reyad I. Sawafta Artificial turf systems and applications thereof
CA2832986C (en) 2011-06-01 2014-12-09 Textile Rubber & Chemical Company, Inc. Method for recycling synthetic turf and product
US9855682B2 (en) 2011-06-10 2018-01-02 Columbia Insurance Company Methods of recycling synthetic turf, methods of using reclaimed synthetic turf, and products comprising same
USD874331S1 (en) * 2018-03-26 2020-02-04 Michael C Schlichting Inflatable block covering
CN108951360A (en) * 2018-09-18 2018-12-07 张家港翔盛塑业科技有限公司 The hollow artificial grass filaments of heat radiating type
IT202000018643A1 (en) * 2020-07-30 2022-01-30 Italgreen S P A FILAMENT FOR THE CREATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL GRASS CURTAIN

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3940522A (en) * 1971-05-27 1976-02-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Synthetic fibers and pile fabrics made therefrom
US5904982A (en) * 1997-01-10 1999-05-18 Basf Corporation Hollow bicomponent filaments and methods of making same
DE19822542C1 (en) * 1998-05-20 1999-12-02 Claus G Matthias Artificial grass with hollow stalks
NZ543861A (en) * 2003-05-28 2008-09-26 Lankhorst Indutech Bv Yarn for an artificial turf ground cover, artificial turf ground cover and playing field including such a yarn and method for producing such a yarn
WO2005003462A1 (en) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-13 Inventress B.V. Artifical grass capillary tubes
AU2003250972A1 (en) * 2003-07-14 2005-01-28 Mattex Leisure Industries Artificial turf filament and artificial turf system
NL1026239C2 (en) * 2004-05-19 2005-11-22 Ten Cate Thiolon Bv Method for manufacturing a plastic fiber for use in an artificial grass sports field as well as such a plastic fiber.
NL1027878C2 (en) * 2004-12-24 2006-06-27 Desseaux H Tapijtfab Artificial grass constructed from fibers consisting of a core and a mantle, as well as an artificial grass field built from it.

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CA2629005C (en) 2013-03-26
CA2629005A1 (en) 2008-10-19
US20080260975A1 (en) 2008-10-23

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