Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N51/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds having the sequences of atoms O—N—S, X—O—S, N—N—S, O—N—N or O-halogen, regardless of the number of bonds each atom has and with no atom of these sequences forming part of a heterocyclic ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for increasing the pathogen defense in plants.
• defense molecules directed against the stress factor may be, for example, (a) low molecular weight substances, e.g. Phytoalexinc, (b) non-eggicytic
• Proteins e.g. (P) enzymatic proteins, such as chitinases, glucanases, or (d) specific inhibitors of essential proteins, such as protease inhibitors, xylanase inhibitors, which are the pathogen attack directly or impede its proliferation (Dangl and Jones, 2001, Nature 411: 826-833; Kessler and Baldwin, 2003, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53: 299-328).
• HR hypersensitive response
• a known synthetic product which assumes one of the salicylic acid similar function and can provide a protective effect against phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, benzothiadiazole (trade name Bion ®) [Achuo et al, 2004 Plant Pathology 53 (1):. 65-72 ].
• plants have several endogenous reaction mechanisms that can effectively prevent various harmful organisms (biotic stress) and / or "natural abiotic stress.
• chloronicotinyl insecticides can be used for controlling animal pests, in particular insects. It is also known that the treatment of plants with insecticides from the chloronicotinyl series leads to an increased resistance of the plant to abiotic stress. This is especially true of the imidacloprid (Brown et al., 2004, Beltwide Cotton Conference Proceedings: 2231-2237), which protect the physiological and biochemical properties of plant cells, such as improving membrane stability, increasing carbohydrate concentration, increasing the concentration of polyol, and antioxidant activity (Gonias et al, 2004 Beltwide Cotton Conference Proceedings. from 2225 to 2229) ⁇ ".
• Chlornicotinyls can be described by the following general formula (I)
• Het is in each case optionally mono- or polysubstituted by fluorine, chlorine, methyl or ethyl substituted heterocycle selected from the following group of heterocycles: Pyrid-3-yl, pyrid-5-yl, 3-pyridinio, 1-oxido-5-pyridinio, 1-oxido-5-pyridinio, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, thiazol-5-yl,
• A is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, -N (R ') (R 2 ) or S (R 2 ),
• R 1 is hydrogen, C r C 6 alkyl, phenyl-C, -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 -
• X is N-NO 2 , N-CN or CH-NO 2 .
• Het particularly preferably represents a heterocycle selected from the following group of heterocycles:
• R 1 particularly preferably represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
• R particularly preferably represents hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or -C (OO) -CH 3 or particularly preferably together with R 2 represents one of the following groups:
• cDNA complementary DNA
• RNA complementary DNA
• the cDNA may correspond to either the total RNA length, or but represent only a partial sequence of serving as a matrix RNA.
• DNA chip and "DNA microarray”, which are used interchangeably herein, refers to a carrier whose base material consists, for example, of glass or nylon, on whose base material DNA fragments are fixed, the application of the DNA, for example by (a) a photolithographic method (DNA is synthesized directly on the array support), (b) a microspotting method (externally synthesized oligonucleotides or PCR products are applied to the support and covalently bound), or (c) microsprayed Method (externally synthesized oligonucleotides or PCR products are spray-coated with an inkjet printer without contact) can be carried out (R.
• a photolithographic method DNA is synthesized directly on the array support
• a microspotting method externally synthesized oligonucleotides or PCR products are applied to the support and covalently bound
• microsprayed Method externally synthesized oligonucleotides or PCR products are spray-coated with an inkjet printer
• a DNA chip representing genomic sequences of an organism is referred to as a "genomic DNA chip.”
• the evaluation of the measurements obtained using these DNA chips is referred to as "DNA chip analysis.”
• DNA-chip hybridization means the mating of two single-stranded, complementary nucleic acid molecules, one of the base-pairing
• Molecular partners as DNA is located on the DNA chip in preferably covalently bound form, while the other in the form of RNA (ribonucleic acid) or - o - the corresponding cDNA (complementary DNA) is present in solution.
• the hybridization of the bound and unbound nucleic acids is carried out on the DNA chip in aqueous buffer solution, optionally under additional denaturing conditions, such as in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, at temperatures of 30-60 0 C, preferably 40- 50 0 C, more preferably at 45 ° C for 10-20 hours, preferably for 14-18 hours, more preferably for 16 hours with constant movement.
• the hybridization conditions can be realized constantly, for example in a hybridization oven. By default, movements of 60 rpm (rounds per minute, revolutions per minute) are realized in such a hybridization oven.
• expression pattern As used herein, the synonym terms "expression pattern,” “induction pattern,” and “expression profile” describe the time-differentiated and / or tissue-specific expression of the plant mRNA, which pattern is directly determined by the generated intensity of the hybridization signal of the RNA grown from the plant or their corresponding cDNA is obtained by means of the DNA-chip technology The measured "expression values” are obtained by directly offsetting the corresponding signals obtained by using a synonymous chip hybridized with an untreated control plant.
• expression state obtained by the "gene expression profiling” as used herein describes the total detected transcriptional activity of cellular genes measured by means of a DNA chip.
• total RNA describes the possible representation of various plant endogenous RNA groups that may be present in a plant cell, such as cytoplasmic rRNA (ribosomal RNA), cytoplasmic tRNA (transfer RNA), due to the digestion procedure used, cytoplasmic mRNA (messenger RNA), as well as their respective nuclear precursors, ctRNA (chloroplastidäre RNA) and mtRNA (mitochondrial RNA), but it also includes RNA molecules that may be derived from exogenous organisms, such as viruses, or parasitic bacteria and fungi ,
• crops refers to crops used as plants for the production of food, feed or for technical purposes.
• the active compounds can be converted into the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, water- and oil-based suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, soluble granules, scattering granules, suspension-emulsion concentrates, active substance - - impregnated natural products, active substance-impregnated synthetic substances, fertilizers and microencapsulation in polymeric substances.
• formulations are prepared in a known manner, e.g. by mixing the active compounds with extenders, ie liquid solvents and / or solid carriers, if appropriate using surface-active agents, ie emulsifiers and / or dispersants and / or foam-forming agents.
• extenders ie liquid solvents and / or solid carriers
• surface-active agents ie emulsifiers and / or dispersants and / or foam-forming agents.
• auxiliaries are: extenders, solvents and carriers.
• polar and non-polar organic chemical liquids e.g. from the classes of aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), alcohols and polyols (which may also be substituted, etherified and / or esterified), ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), Esters (also fats and oils) and (poly) ethers, the simple and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulfones and sulfoxides (such as dimethyl sulfoxide).
• aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes
• alcohols and polyols which may also be substituted, etherified and / or esterified
• Aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, e.g. Petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar
• Solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as water.
• Suitable solid carriers are: for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates, as solid carriers for granules: eg broken and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite and synthetic granules of inorganic and organic flours and granules of organic material such as paper, sawdust, coconut shells, corncobs - and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and / or foam formers are: for example nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, arylsul
• oligo- or polymers for example starting from vinylic monomers, from acrylic acid, from EO and / or PO alone or in combination with, for example, (poly) alcohols or (poly) amines.
• lignin and its sulfonic acid derivatives simple and modified celluloses, aromatic and / or aliphatic sulfonic acids and their adducts with formaldehyde.
• Adhesives such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic powdery, granular or latex-type polymers such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins and synthetic phospholipids may be used in the formulations.
• Dyes such as inorganic pigments, e.g. Iron oxide, titanium oxide, ferrocyan blue and organic dyes such as alizarin, azo and metal phthalocyanine dyes and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• inorganic pigments e.g. Iron oxide, titanium oxide, ferrocyan blue and organic dyes such as alizarin, azo and metal phthalocyanine dyes and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• additives may be fragrances, mineral or vegetable optionally modified oils, waxes and nutrients (also micronutrients), such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• Stabilizers such as cold stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other chemical and / or physical stability-improving agents may also be present.
• the formulations generally contain between 0.01 and 98% by weight of active ingredient, preferably between 0.5 and 90%.
• the active substance according to the invention can be used in its commercial formulations as well as in the formulations prepared from these formulations in admixture with other active ingredients such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, - - growth-regulating substances, herbicides, safeners, fertilizers or semiochemicals.
• active ingredients such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, - - growth-regulating substances, herbicides, safeners, fertilizers or semiochemicals.
• the invention relates to the use of chloronicotinyls to protect plants against fungi, bacteria, viruses. Chlornikotinyle lead regardless of insect control to a good protection of the plant from damage by fungal, bacterial or viral pathogens.
• the plants can be treated with single agents or with "combinations of chloronicotinyls.
• Chlornikotinyle on the plant's own defenses can be supported by an additional treatment with fungicidal or bactericidal agents.
• this protection is provided by the induction of PR proteins as a result of treatment with chloronicotinylene.
• chloronicotinyls are imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram.
• Particularly preferred chloronicotinyls are imidacloprid, " thiacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam.” Most preferred is imidacloprid.
• Plant varieties are understood to be plants with new traits which have been bred either by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. Crop plants can therefore be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant varieties protectable or non-protectable plant varieties.
• Preferred plants are barley, tobacco, tomato, wheat, corn, rice, soya, cotton, rape, potato, cabbage, pepper, eggplant, cucumber, lettuce, melon, turf, citrus, vines, coffee, tea, hops, pome fruit, stone fruit and berry fruits. Particular preference is barley.
• chloronicotinyls for this application are imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. Most preferred for this application is imidacloprid.
• Preferred pathogens are Phytophthora nicotianae, Peronospora tabacinae, Phytophthora infestans, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Ramularia gossypii, Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia spec, Pyrenophora spec, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, Erysiphe graminis, Colletotrichum graminicola.
• Chlornikotinylen for pathogen defense are - seed, soil, Nähratess-, stem and / or leaf treatments with the approved warming-up.
• the amounts of a chloronicotinyl to achieve the properties of the invention can be varied within a substantial range.
• concentrations of from 0.00001% to 0.05% are used to achieve the inventive effect, more preferably from 0.000025% to 0.025% and most preferably from 0.000025% to 0.005%.
• concentration of the active ingredient combinations is preferably between 0.000025% and 0.005%, more preferably between 0.00005% and 0.001%.
• Barley seeds (variety Baronesse) were sown in pots with soil about 2 cm deep (1250 g sandy clay soil / pot, soil moisture adjusted to 70% of the maximum water holding capacity) and in a climatic chamber under defined light, humidity and temperature conditions (15 h White light, 70% humidity, 23-19 0 C day / night).
• Control pots were administered the same volume of water without drug. After soil treatment, the plants were no longer cast. At different times after
• RNA probes for the DNA-chip hybridization were carried out according to the protocols (Expression Analysis, Technical Manual) of the company Affymetrix (Affymetrix Inc., 3380 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA, USA). From 500 mg of the harvested leaves, total RNA was first isolated. 10 ⁇ g total RNA were used for first and second strand cDNA synthesis. The cDNA was amplified with T7 polymerase and simultaneously labeled with biotin-UTP. 20 ⁇ g of this biotinylated cDNA were used for the hybridization of the barley genome array (Gene Chip Barleyl, Order No .: 511012) by Affymetrix.
• This DNA microarray contains DNA sequences from 22840 genes composed of a total of 400000 Express Sequence Tag Sequences (EST) sequences. Subsequently, the. DNA microarrays were washed in the Affymetrix Fluidics Station, stained with StreptaVidiriTPhycoerythrin (Molecular Probes, P / N S-866) and scanned with the Affymetrix Gene Chip Scanner 3000. The fluorescence data obtained were analyzed with the Microarray Suite 5 software from Affymetrix and the Expressionist Pro software from GeneData. After quality control, all DNA chip analyzes were stored in a database.
• EST Express Sequence Tag Sequences
• the Affymetrix gene chip system is based on the measurement of the absolute expression values of the genes contained, the expression values of the biological replicates of treated and untreated plants were averaged after normalization (median calculation). The ANOVA statistical method was used to identify the genes whose expression increased in the imidacloprid-treated plants but remained relatively constant in the untreated controls. The compilation of gene groups from certain metabolic pathways, signal transduction chains or functions was done by Key - -
• Induction factor expression (treated) / expression (untreated) as a function of time in days (d).

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
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