EP1939441A2 - Fuel injector - Google Patents
Fuel injector Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1939441A2 EP1939441A2 EP07119031A EP07119031A EP1939441A2 EP 1939441 A2 EP1939441 A2 EP 1939441A2 EP 07119031 A EP07119031 A EP 07119031A EP 07119031 A EP07119031 A EP 07119031A EP 1939441 A2 EP1939441 A2 EP 1939441A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- control sleeve
- valve
- fuel injector
- control
- injector according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M47/00—Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure
- F02M47/02—Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure of accumulator-injector type, i.e. having fuel pressure of accumulator tending to open, and fuel pressure in other chamber tending to close, injection valves and having means for periodically releasing that closing pressure
- F02M47/027—Electrically actuated valves draining the chamber to release the closing pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0014—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means
- F02M63/0015—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means electrical, e.g. using solenoid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0014—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means
- F02M63/0015—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means electrical, e.g. using solenoid
- F02M63/0026—Valves characterised by the valve actuating means electrical, e.g. using solenoid using piezoelectric or magnetostrictive actuators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0031—Valves characterized by the type of valves, e.g. special valve member details, valve seat details, valve housing details
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0031—Valves characterized by the type of valves, e.g. special valve member details, valve seat details, valve housing details
- F02M63/004—Sliding valves, e.g. spool valves, i.e. whereby the closing member has a sliding movement along a seat for opening and closing
- F02M63/0042—Sliding valves, e.g. spool valves, i.e. whereby the closing member has a sliding movement along a seat for opening and closing combined with valve seats of the lift valve type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/0031—Valves characterized by the type of valves, e.g. special valve member details, valve seat details, valve housing details
- F02M63/0043—Two-way valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
- F02M63/0012—Valves
- F02M63/007—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of the groups F02M63/0014 - F02M63/0059
- F02M63/0078—Valve member details, e.g. special shape, hollow or fuel passages in the valve member
- F02M63/008—Hollow valve members, e.g. members internally guided
Definitions
- the invention relates to a fuel injector according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
- the in Fig. 1 shown fuel injector 1 is commonly used in an internal combustion engine having a plurality of cylinders, wherein each of these cylinders associated with such an injector (fuel injection valve).
- the injector has a known manner in a cylinder combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine projecting, not shown here injector and the injector depending on the pressure in a control chamber 2 opening and closing, here indicated only to a small extent nozzle needle 3 .
- the control chamber 2 is connected via an inlet throttle (Z-throttle) 4 permanently to a high-pressure inlet line (high pressure side) 5 of the fuel.
- a control valve 6 in the form of a 2/2-way valve is provided, which opens or blocks the connection of the control chamber 2 with a low-pressure chamber (low-pressure side) 7 .
- the high-pressure supply line 5 is connected to a not shown high-pressure accumulator (common rail) and the low pressure chamber 7 is connected to a leakage oil drain 7a.
- the nozzle needle 3 is guided to form the control chamber 2 in a valve piece 8 , in which the Z-throttle 4 is provided.
- the control valve 6 has a guide piece 9 with a through-hole 9a and a control sleeve 10 displaceably guided therein between two valve positions.
- the valve and guide pieces 8, 9 and above a valve plate 11 are braced in a bore of an injector 12 by means of a valve clamping screw 13 .
- an outgoing from the control chamber 2 communicating passage 14 which opens via an annular pressure chamber 15 in the through hole 9a of the guide piece 9 and an outlet throttle (A choke) 16 which extends.
- the annular pressure chamber 15 is bounded above by the valve plate 11 and radially inwardly by the control sleeve 10.
- the control sleeve 10 has at its upper end a conical sealing surface which cooperates with a flat valve seat 17 on the valve plate. 11
- the control sleeve 10 is connected to an armature 18 above the valve plate 11 via a rod 19 which engages through an opening 20 of the valve plate 11. Via the opening 20, the interior of the control sleeve 10 is connected to the low pressure chamber 7, in which the armature 18 is arranged.
- the control sleeve 10 is supported by a housing-side supported closing spring 21 in their in Fig. 1 shown biased closed valve position and by means of a magnetic coil 22 whose magnetic field acts on the armature 18, slidable in its open valve position.
- the magnetic coil 22 with its magnetic core 23 is disposed between the valve plate 11 and armature 18.
- the diameter d of the flat valve seat 17 is equal to the guide diameter D of the guide piece 9, whereby the control sleeve 10 in its in Fig. 1 shown closed valve position with respect to the pressure prevailing in the pressure chamber 15 high pressure balanced. In this closed valve position, the connection of the control chamber 2 to the low pressure side 7 is blocked by the control sleeve 10 and therefore the nozzle needle 3 is closed by the pressure prevailing in the control chamber 2 high pressure. If the solenoid 22 is energized, the control sleeve 10 is pulled from the valve plate 11, ie the valve seat 17, in the direction of the nozzle needle 3, ie down, in its open valve position, whereby the pressure in the control chamber 2 is reduced and the nozzle needle 3 opens.
- the pressure surge occurring during opening of the control sleeve 10 (Abêt technically) is discharged via the opening 20 in the low-pressure chamber 7.
- the path of the reduced fuel quantity from the valve seat 17 to the drain 7a is marked with flow arrow 24 . Since the control sleeve 10 is force balanced, only small forces are needed to open the control sleeve 10.
- the control sleeve 10 makes only a very small opening stroke of about 18-25 microns.
- the A-restrictor 16 limits the flow. If the energization of the solenoid 22 is released, the control sleeve 10 is moved back into its closed valve position via the closing spring 21 and the control chamber 2 is filled again via the Z-throttle 4.
- the force-balanced control sleeve 10 allows a highly dynamic control valve. 6
- the hydraulic booster 30 comprises two pistons 33, 34, which are coupled in a motion-coupled manner by a fuel-filled booster chamber 32 with each other.
- the piezoactuator 31 acts on the upper piston 33, and the lower piston 34 is formed integrally with the Steuerhülse10. In the closed valve position shown, the piezoelectric actuator 31 is not energized and thus shortened, whereby the upper piston 33 is displaced upwards and thus the lower piston 34 and the control sleeve 10 are displaced upwards into the closed valve position.
- the piezoelectric actuator 31 If the piezoelectric actuator 31 is energized, it extends against the action of a tubular spring 35, whereby the upper piston 33 is pushed down and thus the inner piston 34 and the Steuerhülse10 are moved down into the open valve position. If the piezoelectric actuator 31 is no longer energized, the control sleeve 10 is moved back to its closed valve position via the closing spring 21 supported on the lower piston 34 and the control chamber 2 is refilled via the Z-throttle 4. Since hardly force is demanded from the piezoelectric actuator 31, it can be made very small in diameter.
- Fig. 1 is different in the Fig. 3 shown fuel injector 1 in that here the force-balanced control sleeve 10 is guided on the upper end of a valve pin 40 of the valve member 8 and the pressure chamber 15 is formed within the control sleeve 10 between the valve plate 11 and a piston 41 of the rod 19.
- the piston 41 is guided displaceably in the control sleeve 10 and is coupled in the opening direction of the control sleeve 10, ie downwardly, via an annular shoulder 42 of the control sleeve 10.
- the connecting channel 14 is formed by a longitudinal bore in the valve pin 40 and opens between the valve pin 40 and piston 41 in a sleeve space 43, which in turn is connected via a channel 44 in the piston 41 to the pressure chamber 15.
- the diameter d of the valve seat 17 is equal to the sleeve diameter D, whereby the control sleeve 10 is force-balanced.
- the piezoelectric actuator 31 In the closed valve position shown, the piezoelectric actuator 31 is not energized and thus shortened, whereby the control sleeve 10 is displaced by the closing spring 21 upwards in the closed valve position. If the piezoelectric actuator 31 energized, it extends and pushes the control sleeve 10 by means of the rod 19 against the action of the closing spring 21 down into the open valve position.
- Fig. 4 is different in the Fig. 5 shown fuel injector 1 in that here the armature 18 is provided directly (ie without rod) at the upper end of the sleeve control sleeve 10 and the magnetic drive (solenoid 22 with magnetic core 23) between the valve member 8 and valve plate 11 is arranged. If the solenoid 22 is energized, the control sleeve 10 is pulled from the valve plate 11, ie the valve seat 17, in the direction of the nozzle needle 3, ie down, in its open valve position, whereby the pressure in the control chamber 2 is reduced and the nozzle needle 3 opens. Since the control sleeve 10 is force balanced, only small forces are needed to open the control sleeve 10.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung geht aus von einem Kraftstoffinjektor nach der Gattung des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a fuel injector according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
Der erfindungsgemäße Kraftstoffinjektor mit seiner kraftausgeglichenen Steuerhülse hat je nach Bauart einen oder mehrere der folgenden Vorteile:
- Durch Verwendung einer kraftausgeglichenen Steuerhülse kann ein hochdynamisches Steuerventil gebaut werden.
- Durch Verwendung eines kraftausgeglichenen Ventils kann weiterhin ein sehr schmaler Piezoaktor verwendet werden, der speziell auf Hub gezüchtet ist. Da vom Piezoaktor kaum Kraft abverlangt wird, kann er im Durchmesser sehr klein sein.
- Durch Verwendung eines kompakten kraftausgeglichenen Ventils, bei dem die Leckage nicht über den Anker geführt wird, kann ein fast schwingungsfreies hoch dynamisches Ventil gebaut werden.
- Ein als Flachsitz ausgebildeter Ventilsitz ermöglicht eine kompakte Ventilbauform, die über den Flachsitz mit extrem steilem Durchflussverhalten sehr kleine Ventilhübe zulässt, wodurch die Dynamik des Ventils beträchtlich gesteigert werden kann.
- By using a force-balanced control sleeve, a highly dynamic control valve can be built.
- By using a force balanced valve, it is further possible to use a very narrow piezoactuator that has been specially grown for stroke. Since hardly any force is required from the piezoactuator, it can be very small in diameter.
- By using a compact balanced valve that does not carry the leak across the armature, an almost vibration-free high dynamic valve can be built.
- A valve seat designed as a flat seat enables a compact valve design that allows very small valve strokes via the flat seat with extremely steep flow behavior, which can considerably increase the dynamics of the valve.
Weitere Vorteile und vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen des Gegenstands der Erfindung sind der Beschreibung, der Zeichnung und den Ansprüchen entnehmbar.Further advantages and advantageous embodiments of the subject invention are the description, the drawings and claims removed.
Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Kraftstoffinjektors sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Die Figuren sind teilweise abgebrochen, schematisch und nicht maßstäblich. Es zeigen:
- Fign. 1 bis 5
- fünf verschiedene Ausführungsformen des erfindungsgemäßen Kraftstoffinjektors.
- FIGS. 1 to 5
- five different embodiments of the fuel injector according to the invention.
Der in
Das Steuerventil 6 weist ein Führungsstück 9 mit einer Durchgangsbohrung 9a und eine darin zwischen zwei Ventilstellungen verschiebbar geführte Steuerhülse 10 auf. Die Ventil- und Führungsstücke 8, 9 sowie oben eine Ventilplatte 11 sind in einer Bohrung eines Injektorkörpers 12 mittels einer Ventilspannschraube 13 verspannt. In den Ventil- und Führungsstücken 8, 9 verläuft ein vom Steuerraum 2 abgehender Verbindungskanal 14, der über einen ringförmigen Druckraum 15 in die Durchgangsbohrung 9a des Führungsstücks 9 mündet und eine Ablaufdrossel (A-Drossel) 16 aufweist.The
Der ringförmige Druckraum 15 ist nach oben durch die Ventilplatte 11 und radial nach innen durch die Steuerhülse 10 begrenzt. Die Steuerhülse 10 hat an ihrem oberen Ende eine konische Dichtfläche, die mit einem flachen Ventilsitz 17 an der Ventilplatte 11 zusammenwirkt. Die Steuerhülse 10 ist mit einem Anker 18 oberhalb der Ventilplatte 11 über eine Stange 19 verbunden, die durch eine Öffnung 20 der Ventilplatte 11 hindurchgreift. Über die Öffnung 20 ist der Innenraum der Steuerhülse 10 mit dem Niederdruckraum 7 verbunden, in dem auch der Anker 18 angeordnet ist. Die Steuerhülse 10 ist durch eine gehäuseseitig abgestützte Schließfeder 21 in ihre in
Der Durchmesser d des flachen Ventilsitzes 17 ist gleich dem Führungsdurchmesser D des Führungsstücks 9, wodurch die Steuerhülse 10 in ihrer in
Bei den nachfolgend beschriebenen weiteren Ausführungsformen von Kraftstoffinjektoren sind all diejenigen Elemente, die mit der in
Vom Injektor der
Vom Injektor der
Vom Injektor der
wobei d1 der Durchmesser der Stange 19 ist.From the injector
where d 1 is the diameter of the
Vom Injektor der
Claims (11)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das Steuerventil (6) eine zwischen zwei Ventilstellungen verschiebbar geführte kraftausgeglichene Steuerhülse (10) aufweist, die die Verbindung eines vom Steuerraum (2) kommenden und in einen Druckraum (15) mündenden Verbindungskanals (14) zur Niederdruckseite (7) in ihrer geschlossenen Ventilstellung sperrt und in ihrer in Richtung Düsennadel (3) verschobenen geöffneten Ventilstellung freigibt, wobei die Steuerhülse (10) in ihrer geschlossenen Ventilstellung an einem Ventilsitz (17) einer Ventilplatte (11) anliegt und wobei der Druckraum (15) durch die Steuerhülse (10), die Ventilplatte (11) und ein weiteres Teil (9; 19; 34, 41) begrenzt ist.Fuel injector (1) for internal combustion engines, with a control chamber (2) connected to a high-pressure side (5), the pressure of which controls the movement of a nozzle needle (3), and a control valve (6) connecting the control chamber (2) to a low pressure side (7) either locks or opens,
characterized,
in that the control valve (6) has a force-balanced control sleeve (10) displaceably guided between two valve positions, which connects a connecting channel (14) leading from the control chamber (2) into a pressure chamber (15) to the low-pressure side (7) in its closed valve position locks and releases in its direction in the direction of the nozzle needle (3) open valve position, wherein the control sleeve (10) in its closed valve position against a valve seat (17) of a valve plate (11) and wherein the pressure chamber (15) through the control sleeve (10) , the valve plate (11) and a further part (9, 19, 34, 41) is limited.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200610060593 DE102006060593A1 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2006-12-21 | Fuel injector for internal combustion engines has control space (CS) linked to high-pressure side with injector needle movement controlled by its pressure and a control valve to block/open a link between the CS and lower-pressure side |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1939441A2 true EP1939441A2 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
EP1939441A3 EP1939441A3 (en) | 2009-02-04 |
Family
ID=39299828
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07119031A Withdrawn EP1939441A3 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2007-10-23 | Fuel injector |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1939441A3 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102006060593A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009037095A1 (en) * | 2007-09-17 | 2009-03-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Control valve for a fuel injector |
EP2813698A1 (en) * | 2013-06-10 | 2014-12-17 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fuel injector valve |
CN114790957A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-07-26 | 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) | Slide valve type common rail oil sprayer |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009000300A1 (en) | 2009-01-19 | 2010-07-22 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fuel injector |
CN113944580B (en) * | 2021-11-10 | 2022-07-19 | 一汽解放汽车有限公司 | Ejector and engine |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1612403A1 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-04 | C.R.F. Societa' Consortile per Azioni | Servo valve for controlling an internal combustion engine fuel injector |
EP1612405A1 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-04 | C.R.F. Societa' Consortile per Azioni | An injection system for an internal-combustion engine |
EP1927748A2 (en) * | 2006-12-01 | 2008-06-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fuel injector |
-
2006
- 2006-12-21 DE DE200610060593 patent/DE102006060593A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-10-23 EP EP07119031A patent/EP1939441A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1612403A1 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-04 | C.R.F. Societa' Consortile per Azioni | Servo valve for controlling an internal combustion engine fuel injector |
EP1612405A1 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-04 | C.R.F. Societa' Consortile per Azioni | An injection system for an internal-combustion engine |
EP1927748A2 (en) * | 2006-12-01 | 2008-06-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fuel injector |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009037095A1 (en) * | 2007-09-17 | 2009-03-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Control valve for a fuel injector |
EP2813698A1 (en) * | 2013-06-10 | 2014-12-17 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fuel injector valve |
CN114790957A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-07-26 | 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) | Slide valve type common rail oil sprayer |
CN114790957B (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2023-11-21 | 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) | Slide valve type common rail fuel injector |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102006060593A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
EP1939441A3 (en) | 2009-02-04 |
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