EP1907812B1 - Procede de commutation de debit en decodage audio scalable en debit et largeur de bande - Google Patents

Procede de commutation de debit en decodage audio scalable en debit et largeur de bande Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1907812B1
EP1907812B1 EP06779036A EP06779036A EP1907812B1 EP 1907812 B1 EP1907812 B1 EP 1907812B1 EP 06779036 A EP06779036 A EP 06779036A EP 06779036 A EP06779036 A EP 06779036A EP 1907812 B1 EP1907812 B1 EP 1907812B1
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post
signal
rates
rate
processed
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French (fr)
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EP1907812A2 (fr
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Stéphane RAGOT
David Virette
Balazs Kovesi
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Orange SA
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France Telecom SA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/16—Vocoder architecture
    • G10L19/18—Vocoders using multiple modes
    • G10L19/24—Variable rate codecs, e.g. for generating different qualities using a scalable representation such as hierarchical encoding or layered encoding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/08—Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters
    • G10L19/12—Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters the excitation function being a code excitation, e.g. in code excited linear prediction [CELP] vocoders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/26—Pre-filtering or post-filtering

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rate switching method for decoding an audio signal coded by a multi-rate audio coding system and more particularly a scalable audio scalability and possibly bandwidth encoding system. It also relates to an application of said method to a bit rate and bandwidth scalable audio decoding system and a bandwidth scalable and scalable audio decoder.
  • the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of the transmission of speech and / or audio signals over voice-over-IP packet networks, in order to provide a quality which can be modulated according to the capacity of the transmission channel.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain non-artifact transitions between the different bit rates of a scalable audio encoder / decoder (codec) in bandwidth and bandwidth, especially in the case of transitions between the telephone band and the band.
  • codec scalable audio encoder / decoder
  • the broadband in the context of scalable bit rate and bandwidth audio coding with a telephone band core with rate dependent post-processing and one or more broadband enhancement layers.
  • the term “telephone band” or “narrow band” the frequency band located between 300 and 3400 Hz, while the term “broadband” is reserved for the band spreading from 50 to 7000 Hz.
  • Waveform coding methods, such as MIC or ADPCM (PCM or ADPCM), methods of "parametric analysis by synthesis analysis” such as CELP coding ("Code Excited Linear Prediction"), and methods of "perceptual coding in subbands or by transform".
  • PCM or ADPCM PCM or ADPCM
  • CELP coding Code Excited Linear Prediction
  • perceptual coding in subbands or by transform a post-processing is generally used to improve the quality.
  • This post-processing typically includes adaptive post-filtering and high-pass filtering.
  • the encoder In conventional speech coding, the encoder generates a fixed rate bit stream. This fixed rate constraint simplifies the implementation and use of the encoder and the decoder. Examples of such systems are given by the G.711 coding at 64 kbit / s or the G.729 coding at 8 kbit / s
  • Rate switching is easy to achieve if the coding is based on all the bit rates on the representation by the same coding model of a signal audio in the same bandwidth.
  • the signal is defined in a telephone band (300-3400 Hz) and the coding is based on the ACELP model ("Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction"), except for the generation of noise. comfort, which is nevertheless achieved by a model of the LPC type ("Linear Predictive Coding") compatible with the ACELP model.
  • the AMR-NB coding conventionally uses a post-processing in the form of an adaptive post-filtering and a high-pass filtering, the coefficients of the adaptive post-filtering being dependent on the decoding bit rate.
  • no precautions are taken to deal with potential problems related to the use of variable post-processing parameters depending on the rate.
  • AMR-WB wide band CELP coding does not use post-processing, mainly for reasons of complexity.
  • Flow switching is even more problematic in scalable audio scalability and bandwidth encoding. Indeed, in this case the coding is based on different models and bandwidths depending on the rate.
  • the bit stream comprises a base layer and one or more enhancement layers.
  • the base layer is generated by a fixed low rate codec, termed a "core codec", which guarantees the minimum quality of the coding.
  • This layer must be received by the decoder to maintain an acceptable level of quality. Improvement layers are used to improve quality. If they are all sent by the coder, it may happen that they are not all received by the decoder.
  • the main advantage of hierarchical coding is that it allows an adaptation of the bit rate by simple truncation of the bit stream.
  • the number of layers namely the number of possible truncations of the bit stream, defines the granularity of the coding.
  • Hierarchical coding techniques that are scalable in rate and bandwidth with a CELP heart-type coder in a telephone band and one or more broadband enhancement layer (s). Examples of such systems are given in H. Taddei et al., Scalable Three Bitrate (8, 14.2 and 24 kbit / s) Audio Coder; 107th AES Convention, 1999 with a high granularity of 8, 14.2 and 24 kbit / s, and in B. Kovesi, D. Massaloux, A. Sollaud, A scalable speech and audio coding scheme with continuous bitrate flexibility, ICASSP 2004 with fine granularity from 6.4 to 32 kbit / s, or the MPEG-4 CELP coding.
  • international demand WO 02/060075 discloses an optimized decimation system for converting the enlarged band to the telephone band.
  • the process proposed in the international application WO 01/48931 is in fact a band extension technique which consists in generating a pseudo-wide band signal from a telephone band signal, in particular by extracting a "spectral profile".
  • Similar techniques known from the prior art mainly address the problems related to the switching of the broadband to the telephone band seeking to avoid band reduction by the use of a band extension technique without transmission of information for generating an expanded band signal from the received bandband signal. It should be noted that these methods do not seek to really control the transition between bandwidths and that they also have the disadvantage of to rely on band extension techniques whose quality is very variable and which can not therefore ensure stable output quality.
  • a post-processing is performed on the decoding during transitions to simulate a continuous variation of the bandwidth.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to propose a method of switching the rate at the decoding of an audio signal coded by a multi-rate audio coding system, said decoding comprising at least one step of rate-dependent post-processing, which would make it possible to process the transitions between different rates for which post-processing is used according to the decoding rate, so as to eliminate the particularly sensitive artefacts during rapid rate variations at decoding.
  • a post-processing introduces a phase shift on the signal, and the use of two different post-treatments involves phase continuity problems during transitions.
  • the invention also relates to a computer program comprising code instructions for implementing the method according to the invention when said program is executed by a computer.
  • the invention further relates to an application of the method according to the invention to an audio scalable scalable audio decoding system.
  • the invention further relates to an application of the method according to the invention to a bit rate and bandwidth scalable audio decoding system in which the initial bit rate is obtained by at least a first decoding layer in a first frequency band, and the final rate is obtained by at least one second decoding layer, called the extension layer of said first frequency band in a second frequency band, the post-processing step being applied to the decoding performed at the initial rate.
  • the invention further relates to an application of the method according to the invention to a bit rate and bandwidth scalable audio decoding system in which the final bit rate is obtained by at least a first decoding layer in a first frequency band, and the initial rate is obtained by at least one second decoding layer, called the extension layer of said first frequency band in a second frequency band, the post-processing step being applied to the decoding performed at the final rate.
  • extended band is that of the "enlarged band” defined above, said first band being in this case the telephone band.
  • the invention also relates to a multi-rate audio decoder as claimed in claim 10.
  • the invention is now described in the context of a scalable audio codec in bit rate and bandwidth.
  • the scalable bandwidth and bandwidth coding structure considered herein has a CELP coder in the form of a telephone band, a particular case of which uses the G.729A coder as described in ITU-T G729 Recommendation, Coding of Speech at 8 kbps using Conjugate Structure Algebraic Excited Linear Prediction Code (CS-ACELP), March 1996 and in R. Salami et al., Description of ITU-T Recommendation G.729 Annex A: 8 kbit / s Reduced Complexity CS-ACELP codec, ICASSP 1997 .
  • CELP core coding In the CELP core coding, three enhancement stages are added, namely an improvement in CELP coding in a telephone band, a band extension and a transform predictive coding.
  • the flow switching considered here will involve switching between the telephone band and the enlarged band and vice versa.
  • the figure 1 gives a diagram of the encoder used.
  • a 50-7000 Hz bandwidth audio signal sampled at 16 kHz is cut into frames of 320 samples, or 20 ms.
  • a high-pass filtering 101 of 50 Hz cut-off frequency is applied to the input signal.
  • the resulting signal, called S WB is reused in several branches of the encoder.
  • a low pass filtering and a two subsampling, 102, of 16 to 8 kHz are applied to the signal S WB .
  • This operation makes it possible to obtain a sampled telephone band signal at 8 kHz.
  • This signal is processed by the heart encoder 103, according to a CELP coding.
  • This coding corresponds here to the G.729A coder, which generates the core of the bit stream with a bit rate of 8 kbit / s.
  • a first enhancement layer introduces a second CELP coding stage 103.
  • This second stage consists of an innovative dictionary that enriches the CELP excitation and offers a quality improvement, especially on unvoiced sounds.
  • the rate of this second coding stage is 4 kbit / s and the associated parameters are the positions and the signs of the pulses as well as the gain of the associated innovative dictionary for each subframe of 40 samples (5 ms at 8 kHz).
  • the decoding of the core coder and the first enhancement layer are performed to obtain the synthesis signal 104 in a 12 kbit / s telephone band.
  • Over-sampling by two from 8 to 16 kHz and low-pass filtering 105 make it possible to obtain the sampled version at 16 kHz of the first two stages of the encoder.
  • the third enhancement layer makes it possible to switch to an enlarged band 106.
  • the input signal S WB can be pre-processed by a pre-emphasis filter. This filter makes it possible to better represent the high frequencies from the broadband linear prediction filter. To compensate for the effect of the pre-emphasis filter, a de-emphasis inverse filter is then used in the synthesis. An alternative to this coding and decoding structure will not use any pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters.
  • the next step is to calculate and quantify the wideband linear prediction filters.
  • the order of the linear prediction filter is 18, but in a variant, a lower prediction order will be chosen, for example 16.
  • the linear prediction filter can be calculated by the autocorrelation method and the algorithm of Levinson-Durbin.
  • This broadband linear prediction filter A WB (z) is quantized using a prediction of these coefficients from the NB (z) filter from the telephone band core encoder.
  • the coefficients can then be quantized using, for example, a multistage vector quantization and using the LSF (Line Spectrum Frequency) parameters dequantized from the telephone band core encoder as described in FIG. H. Ehara, T. Morii, M. Oshikiri and K. Yoshida, Predictive VQ for scalable bandwidth LSP quantization, ICASSP 2005 .
  • the excitation in broadband is obtained from the parameters of the telephone band excitation of the core encoder: the fundamental period delay or "pitch", the associated gain as well as the algebraic excitations of the core coder and the first layer of enrichment of CELP excitation and associated gains.
  • This excitation is generated by using an oversampled version of the parameters of the excitation of the telephone band stages.
  • This excitation in broadband is then shaped by the synthesis filter ⁇ WB (Z) calculated previously.
  • the de-emphasis filter is applied to the output signal of the synthesis filter.
  • the signal obtained is an expanded band signal which is not adjusted in energy.
  • high-pass filtering is applied to the broadband synthesis signal.
  • the same high-pass filter is applied to the error signal corresponding to the difference between the original delayed signal and the synthesis signal of the two previous stages.
  • This gain is calculated by a ratio of energy between the two signals.
  • the quantized gain g WB is then applied to the signal S 14 WB per subframe of 80 samples (5 ms at 16 kHz), the signal thus obtained is added to the synthesis signal of the preceding stage to create the signal in an enlarged band. corresponding to the bit rate of 14 kbit / s.
  • the further coding is performed in the frequency domain using a transform predictive coding scheme.
  • TDAC Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation
  • a Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (or MDCT) is applied, on the one hand, 110, on blocks of 640 samples of the weighted input signal with an overlap of 50% (refresh of the MDCT analysis every 20 ms), and, on the other hand, 112, on the weighted synthesis signal from the previous 14 kbit / s bandwidth stage (same block length and same overlay rate).
  • the MDCT spectrum to be encoded, 113 corresponds to the difference between the weighted input signal and the 14 kbit / s synthesis signal for the 0 to 3400 Hz band, and the 3400 Hz to 7000 weighted input signal. Hz.
  • the spectrum is limited to 7000 Hz by setting the last 40 coefficients to zero (only the first 280 coefficients are coded).
  • the spectrum is divided into 18 bands: a band of 8 coefficients and 17 bands of 16 coefficients.
  • the energy of the MDCT coefficients is calculated (scale factors).
  • the 18 scale factors constitute the spectral envelope of the weighted signal which is then quantized, coded and transmitted in the frame.
  • the figure 3 shows the format of the binary train.
  • the dynamic bit allocation is based on the energy of the spectrum bands from the dequantized version of the spectral envelope. This makes it possible to have compatibility between the bit allocation of the encoder and the decoder.
  • the normalized MDCT coefficients (fine structure) in each band are then quantized by vector quantizers using size and dimension nested dictionaries, the dictionaries being composed of a permutation code union as described in C. Lamblin et al. , Vector quantization in variable size and resolution, patent PCT FR 04 00219 , 2004 .
  • the information on the core coder, the CELP enrichment stage in the telephone band, the broadband CELP stage and finally the spectral envelope and the standardized coded coefficients are multiplexed and transmitted in a frame.
  • the figure 2 represents a block diagram of the decoder associated with the encoder of the figure 1 .
  • An inverse MDCT is then applied to the decoded MDCT coefficients 220, and filtering by the weighted synthesis filter 221 provides the output signal.
  • Block 205 represents a "cross-fade” module
  • the post-processing 203, 204 in the broad sense which is part of the G.729A decoder is applied in telephone band, before over-sampling.
  • this post-processing is not activated because, at the encoder, the encoding of the higher floors has been calculated from the version without post-processing of the telephone band.
  • Post-processing, 203 and 204 introduces a phase shift of the signal.
  • a smooth transition must be ensured.
  • the figure 4 describes the realization of block 205 which provides this slow transition between the post-processed and non-post-processed telephone band signal by applying cross-fades.
  • Step 401 examines whether the current frame is a voice band frame or not, that is, whether the current frame rate is 8 or 12 kbit / s.
  • a step 402 is called to check whether the previous frame was post-processed or not in the telephone band (which amounts to checking whether the bit rate of the previous frame was 8-12 kbit / s or not) .
  • the non-post-processed signal S 1 is copied into the signal S 3 .
  • the signal S 3 will contain the result of a cross-fade, where the weight of the non-post-processed component S 1 increases while the weight of the post-filtered component S 2 decreases.
  • Step 404 is followed by step 405 which updates the prevPF flag with the value 0.
  • step 406 it is checked whether in the previous frame the post-processing was active or not in the telephone band.
  • step 408 the post-processed signal S 2 is copied into the signal S 3 .
  • the signal S 3 is calculated, in step 407, as the result of a cross-fade, where this time the weight of the non-post-processed component S 1 decreases while the weight of the post-treated component S 2 increases.
  • step 409 is called to update the prevPF flag with the value 1.
  • the effective bandwidth of the final output of the decoder is the telephone band (signal S 1 ).
  • a post-processing is applied in telephone band, before over-sampling.
  • the post-processing used for rates of 8 or 12 kbit / s and the post-processing used for rates greater than or equal to 14 kbit / s introduce signal phase differences different from each other.
  • This slow transition between the telephone band signals with the different post-treatments is carried out by applying cross-fades (which give the signal S 3 ).
  • the post-processed signal S2 is copied into the signal S3.
  • the signal S3 is calculated as the result of a crossfade, where this time the weight of the post-processed component S1 decreases while the weight of the post-treated component S2 increases.
  • Block 209 calculates the broadband linear prediction filters required for the band extension and transform prediction decoding stages. This calculation is necessary in the case where only the telephone band portion of the bitstream of a frame is received after having received an expanded band frame and it is desired to carry out a band extension in order to maintain the band. band effect.
  • a set of LSF is extrapolated from the LSF of the telephone band core decoder. One can for example evenly distribute 8 LSF on the band between the last LSF from the telephone band and the Nyquist frequency. This allows the linear prediction filter to be stretched to a flat amplitude response filter for high frequencies.
  • Block 213 realizes the gain adaptation used for the band extension according to the present invention.
  • the organizational charts corresponding to this block are described in figures 5 and 7 .
  • the principle of adaptive attenuation of gain applied to the high band is described in figure 5 .
  • the calculation of the gain of the first broadband decoding layer is done, 501, according to two possibilities.
  • the gain is obtained by decoding 503.
  • a extrapolation of the gain associated with this decoding layer is carried out, 502. For example, it is possible to calculate the gain by aligning the energy of the low band of the broadband decoding stage with the actual decoding of the telephone band. previously realized.
  • a counter of the number of previously received wideband frames is updated, 504, according to the principle described in FIG. figure 7 .
  • this counter is used to parameterize the attenuation applied to the gain of the first wide band decoding stage, 505.
  • the figure 7 represents the flowchart of the count management of the number of received wideband frames.
  • the update of the counter is done as follows. If the current frame is an expanded band frame, then if the gain associated with the first wideband decode stage has been received (block 501 of the figure 5 ) and that the previous frame was also an expanded band frame, then the counter is incremented by 1 and saturated with the value MAX_COUNT_RCV. This value corresponds to the number of frames during which the broadband decoded signal will be attenuated when switching between a telephone bandwidth to an enlarged bandwidth.
  • the counter is set to 0. Otherwise, if the previous frame was an expanded band frame and the counter has a value less than MAX_COUNT_RCV, the counter is also set to 0. In all other cases, the counter remains at the value previous.
  • Block 219 performs the adaptive attenuation of the transform prediction coding enhancement layers according to the present invention as described in FIG. figure 6 .
  • This figure gives the flowchart of the adaptive attenuation procedure of the transform predictive decoding layer. Firstly, it is checked whether the spectral envelope of this layer has been totally received, 601. If this is the case, then an attenuation of the MDCT coefficients of correction of the low band 0-3500 Hz is carried out, 602, in using the received broadband frame counter and the attenuation table defined in the figure 9 .
  • the number of received broadband frames is monitored. If this number is less than MAX_COUNT_RCV, the MDCT coefficients corresponding to the first bandwidth broadband decoding stage with information transmission are used for the transform prediction decoding stage. On the other hand, if the counter has the maximum value, the procedure of upgrading the energy of the bands of the predictive decoding by transforming with the decoded spectral envelope is carried out.

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EP06779036A 2005-07-22 2006-07-10 Procede de commutation de debit en decodage audio scalable en debit et largeur de bande Not-in-force EP1907812B1 (fr)

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JP (1) JP5009910B2 (ru)
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CN (1) CN101263554B (ru)
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US8630864B2 (en) 2014-01-14
RU2008106750A (ru) 2009-08-27
KR101295729B1 (ko) 2013-08-12
RU2419171C2 (ru) 2011-05-20
EP1907812A2 (fr) 2008-04-09
US20090306992A1 (en) 2009-12-10
DE602006018618D1 (de) 2011-01-13
WO2007010158A2 (fr) 2007-01-25
JP2009503559A (ja) 2009-01-29
CN101263554B (zh) 2011-12-28
ATE490454T1 (de) 2010-12-15
ES2356492T3 (es) 2011-04-08
KR20080033997A (ko) 2008-04-17
CN101263554A (zh) 2008-09-10

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