EP1904732A1 - Vorrichtung zur unterdruckerzeugung in einem kraftfahrzeug - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zur unterdruckerzeugung in einem kraftfahrzeugInfo
- Publication number
- EP1904732A1 EP1904732A1 EP06754653A EP06754653A EP1904732A1 EP 1904732 A1 EP1904732 A1 EP 1904732A1 EP 06754653 A EP06754653 A EP 06754653A EP 06754653 A EP06754653 A EP 06754653A EP 1904732 A1 EP1904732 A1 EP 1904732A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- throttle
- negative pressure
- bore
- channel
- control bore
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
- F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
- F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
- F02D9/1035—Details of the valve housing
- F02D9/1055—Details of the valve housing having a fluid by-pass
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
- F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
- F02D9/1005—Details of the flap
- F02D9/101—Special flap shapes, ribs, bores or the like
- F02D9/1015—Details of the edge of the flap, e.g. for lowering flow noise or improving flow sealing in closed flap position
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
- F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
- F02D9/1035—Details of the valve housing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/02—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits concerning induction conduits
- F02D2009/0201—Arrangements; Control features; Details thereof
- F02D2009/024—Increasing intake vacuum
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for generating and / or amplifying a negative pressure in a motor vehicle, in particular for operating a vacuum booster, comprising a throttle unit, which at least one throttle body and in a throttle channel in the throttle body rotatably arranged in an angular range throttle valve for regulating a fluid flow in the throttle channel, wherein the device further comprises means for generating and / or increasing a ünter horrs.
- a generic device for generating negative pressure in a motor vehicle with an internal combustion engine is already versatile application.
- the provision of negative pressure in motor vehicles is particularly for the
- an intake air suction jet pump is sometimes provided in parallel with the throttle body.
- the corresponding part of the intake air flow as a propellant gas can be generated according to the law of Bernoulli as a result of the well-known principle of cross-sectional constriction and the associated increase in speed in a venturi increased negative pressure.
- a device for generating and / or amplifying the negative pressure in a pneumatic brake booster for the brake system of a motor vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine by means of an ejector pump, in which the ejector pump is arranged in the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine and used as driving force. gas the exhaust gas mass flow of the internal combustion engine is used. Disadvantageous in this arrangement is the position of the device in the hot exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine, which severely restricts the possible uses of various thermally unstable materials.
- the exhaust gas mass flow is proportional to the throttle position and engine speed dependent, so that at a closed throttle and thus a low charge air flow and the exhaust gas mass flow does not generate sufficient flow in each operating situation of the motor vehicle to ensure a sufficient negative pressure for the operation of the pneumatic brake booster ,
- DE 19503568 A1 relates to a quantity-controlled internal combustion engine having a suction jet pump arranged in a bypass to the quantity control element or throttle valve for generating a vacuum of a servomotor, in particular one
- Brake booster wherein a provided in the bypass upstream of the suction jet pump locking and / or throttle valve is arranged.
- the arrangement has an external structure which is arranged next to the quantity control element acting as throttle unit and has further individual parts which must be integrated in the engine compartment.
- a blocking and / or throttle valve required, which must be electrically controlled disadvantageously.
- a throttle body for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle is proposed with an adjustable throttle in a channel, in which the region of the channel is bridged by a throttle valve of a bypass channel.
- a throttle valve of a bypass channel In the bypass channel is seen in the flow direction, first an electrically switchable valve and then a Venturi tube arranged.
- a ünterdruck In the entrance area of the Venturi tube a ünterdruck adopted for a brake booster is connected.
- This arrangement also requires an external structure to the throttle body, which must be integrated in the engine compartment.
- a valve is required, which must be controlled via an actuator.
- This object is achieved on the basis of a device for generating negative pressure according to the preamble of claim 1 in conjunction with its characterizing features.
- the invention includes the technical teaching that the means are designed as integrated into the throttle body vacuum booster means which act according to the principle of Bernoulli in the manner of a suction jet pump to produce an increased negative pressure for at least one brake booster.
- This solution has the advantage that the means by integration into the throttle body do not appear as individual parts, and thus need not be separately integrated into the engine compartment. It eliminates the need to provide electrically or via a mechanical coupling to the internal combustion engine driven vacuum generating or amplifying devices.
- the tap of the negative pressure takes place directly on the integrated in the housing of the throttle flow geometry, which uses the principle of operation of a suction jet pump.
- a throttle unit in internal combustion engines which are controlled according to the quantity principle (such as the gasoline engine), already exists.
- the negative pressure within the fluidic laws can be improved for each idling or thrust operating point of the vehicle or the internal combustion engine, in particular to operate a pneumatically operated vacuum brake booster such that at any time an increased brake power assistance is available.
- the vacuum connection is made on the housing of the Dros- selody, wherein the vacuum supply of the brake booster only a hose or pipe connection with a check valve is necessary, which is easily connected to the vacuum port.
- This connection can be present either in addition to the existing vacuum supply, or the conventional vacuum supply to the intake manifold can be omitted entirely, if sufficiently large flow cross sections can be displayed. In this case, no additional component is necessary.
- an electrical control of the negative pressure generating or amplifying means is eliminated.
- the overall system of negative pressure generation can thus be characterized in that the generation of the negative pressure takes place exclusively via the control bore in the throttle body and other negative pressure supplies omitted.
- the means for generating and / or amplifying a negative pressure are designed as throttling angle range-dependent negative pressure boosting means in order to increase in a certain range of the throttle opening
- the means for generating negative pressure are such that the negative pressure tap takes place in this throttle angle range in the zone of the highest flow velocity.
- the means are designed as at least one control bore extending through the throttle body, wherein the control bore in the throttle passage opens into an orifice to generate a negative pressure in the control bore.
- the arrangement of the control bore is suitably inclined at an angle relative to the flow direction.
- the angle ⁇ must have a value greater than 0 ° in order to avoid a jamming effect.
- Brake booster can be replaced by the connection to the control bore.
- it can be examined at which point on the damper perimeter line (directly adjacent to the damper axis or farther from the axis, in an extreme case offset 90 °), the orifice is to be positioned to extend the brake vacuum boost over a larger angular range of throttle opening.
- the design criteria are firstly the maximum possible flow velocity (corresponds to the maximum increase in negative pressure) and secondly the throttle valve angle range, via which the negative pressure increase can be utilized. As near-idle operation of the engine speeds of about 800U / min to 1000U / min can be assumed.
- the control bore preferably opens into the throttle passage in an area at least partially swept by the throttle flap.
- the throttle valve has a thickening on the control bore side in order to achieve an increase in the negative pressure over an enlarged valve opening angle range.
- the throttle has a disc shape in a known manner, wherein the disc on the side of the control bore has a half-sided thickening, which in turn can cause a narrowing of the flow and thus a reduction of the static pressure according to the Bernoulli principle in the area concerned.
- the means for generating and / or amplifying a negative pressure are designed as at least one throttle bore arranged as a bypass to the throttle channel and in the throttle body, in order to generate an accelerated fluid flow in the throttle bore.
- the flow of the intake air used as propellant gas is passed through a separate throttle bore, wherein the throttle channel and the throttle bore run parallel to at least a partial length of the throttle body.
- the throttle bore has a flow restriction in the manner of a venturi tube in order to accelerate the fluid flow in the throttle bore.
- the control bore can open in the region of the flow constriction in the throttle bore, to thereby produce a further increase in ünterdrucks.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a Vorrich- device for generating and / or amplifying a negative pressure with a throttle unit;
- Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the throttle unit, which has a throttle bore and the control bore opens into the throttle bore.
- the device 1 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a throttle unit 2, which has a throttle body 3, through which a throttle channel 4 extends.
- the throttle unit 2 is arranged in the intake air tract of the internal combustion engine (not shown), wherein the throttle duct 4 forms a connection between the hose or pipe connection of the air filter and the air collector of the internal combustion engine.
- a throttle valve 5 is rotatably arranged, through which with a rotation of the air mass flow of the intake air can be changed.
- the throttle valve 5 is shown in the illustrated embodiment in a substantially closed position, so that the air mass flow of the intake air assumes a low value.
- the throttle body 3 is made in one piece, in this case fittings, mounting areas, mounting holes and the like are formed on the throttle body 3 in addition to other components.
- a control bore 6 extends, which opens on the one hand in the throttle channel 4 and on the other hand merges into a pipe section to which a vacuum hose is connectable.
- This - not shown vacuum hose - forms a connection between the arranged in the throttle body means for generating negative pressure and a pneumatic Brake booster or other functional units, which represent a ünterdruckmixer.
- On the rear part of the throttle body an electromechanical control 7 is arranged, via which in particular the control of the throttle valve 5 takes place.
- the electrical connection of the controller 7 via a contact means 8, which allows an electrical connection to the central control electrics of the motor vehicle.
- Figure 2 shows a sectional view of a first embodiment of the device 1, comprising a throttle unit 2, wherein the control bore 6 opens into the throttle channel 4.
- the orifice 9 is arranged directly in the region in which the throttle flap 5 adjoins the throttle passage wall 11 when idling.
- the flow restriction increases the flow rate of the air mass flow of the intake air, which according to the Bernoulli's theorem, the static pressure decreases, so that a negative pressure arises, which continues in the control bore 6. So that the air mass flow moving in the flow direction 12 does not press into the control bore 6, this is in
- FIG. 3 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the device 1, which in a sectional view through the
- Throttle unit 2 which has a control bore 6, which opens into a throttle bore 10.
- the throttle bore 10 is arranged in the throttle channel 4 and extends in the flow direction 12, so that a portion of the intake air is diverted from the throttle channel 4 and the throttle bore 10 flows through.
- the throttle bore 10 has a flow constriction 13 in the manner of a Venturi tube, whereby at a subcritical pressure ratio across the throttle acceleration the intake air flow in the flow constriction 13 can be reached.
- the control bore 6 opens in the region of the flow constriction 13 in the throttle bore 10, so that here too a stronger suction effect can be exploited.
- the throttle valve 5 With the throttle valve 5 closed or almost closed, the air mass flow through the throttle passage is minimized, and the throttle bore 10 acts as a bypass, in which an increased flow velocity prevails, and increased negative pressure can be tapped via the control bore 6 in comparison to the intake manifold vacuum.
- the invention is not limited in its execution to the above-mentioned embodiments. There are a plurality of variants conceivable, which makes use of the illustrated solution even with fundamentally different types.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
- Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
- Steering Devices For Bicycles And Motorcycles (AREA)
- Automatic Cycles, And Cycles In General (AREA)
- Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102005031744A DE102005031744A1 (de) | 2005-07-07 | 2005-07-07 | Vorrichtung zur Unterdruckerzeugung in einem Kraftfahrzeug |
| PCT/EP2006/006427 WO2007006441A1 (de) | 2005-07-07 | 2006-07-01 | Vorrichtung zur unterdruckerzeugung in einem kraftfahrzeug |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1904732A1 true EP1904732A1 (de) | 2008-04-02 |
| EP1904732B1 EP1904732B1 (de) | 2010-06-02 |
Family
ID=36930386
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06754653A Not-in-force EP1904732B1 (de) | 2005-07-07 | 2006-07-01 | Vorrichtung zur unterdruckerzeugung in einem kraftfahrzeug |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8261716B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1904732B1 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20080027934A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN101258310B (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE470060T1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE102005031744A1 (de) |
| IT (1) | ITRM20060351A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2007006441A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008031317A1 (de) | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-07 | Knorr-Bremse Systeme für Nutzfahrzeuge GmbH | Kompressorsystem mit beschränktem Ansaugladedruck |
| DE102010003005A1 (de) * | 2010-03-18 | 2011-09-22 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Drosseleinrichtung |
| DE102012002759A1 (de) | 2012-02-11 | 2013-08-14 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Hybridantrieb und Pumpe mit einem solchen Hybridantrieb |
| US10082092B2 (en) | 2014-04-03 | 2018-09-25 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for vacuum generation using a throttle |
| DE102014215004B4 (de) | 2014-07-30 | 2022-01-27 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Brennkraftmaschine mit Bypasskanal zur Verstärkung des Unterdrucks in einem Bremskraftverstärker |
| US9651004B2 (en) | 2015-05-08 | 2017-05-16 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for vacuum generation using a throttle comprising a hollow passage |
| US9885296B2 (en) | 2015-11-18 | 2018-02-06 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for vacuum generation using a throttle body comprising a slidable throttle valve |
| US10060365B2 (en) | 2015-11-18 | 2018-08-28 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for vacuum generation using a throttle body comprising a slidable throttle valve |
| RU2017106023A (ru) | 2016-03-08 | 2018-08-22 | Форд Глобал Текнолоджиз, Ллк | Способ и система для создания разрежения с помощью корпуса дросселя, содержащего скользящую дроссельную заслонку |
| US10119503B2 (en) | 2016-03-25 | 2018-11-06 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for vacuum generation in an intake |
| US9964080B2 (en) | 2016-08-25 | 2018-05-08 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for vacuum generation using a throttle |
| US9890715B1 (en) * | 2016-09-16 | 2018-02-13 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vacuum for a vacuum consumption device |
| US10393031B2 (en) | 2017-06-26 | 2019-08-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Methods and system for a throttle |
| US10590892B2 (en) | 2017-12-14 | 2020-03-17 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Methods and systems for vacuum generation using a throttle |
Family Cites Families (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR834168A (fr) * | 1937-02-24 | 1938-11-15 | Perfectionnements aux systèmes d'admission, à commande par papillon modérateur, pour moteurs à combustion interne du type à allumage par compression | |
| GB1462354A (en) | 1973-02-09 | 1977-01-26 | British Leyland Uk Ltd | Vacuum servo arrangements |
| DE2717685C3 (de) * | 1977-04-21 | 1981-04-02 | Audi Nsu Auto Union Ag, 7107 Neckarsulm | Brennkraftmaschine für Kraftfahrzeuge |
| DE3238882A1 (de) * | 1982-10-21 | 1984-04-26 | Alfred Dipl.-Ing.(FH) 7257 Ditzingen Wieland | Unterdruck-erzeugung bei einem verbrennungsmotor |
| DE3739913A1 (de) * | 1987-11-25 | 1989-06-08 | Teves Gmbh Alfred | Einrichtung zur erzeugung eines vakuums |
| DE4202393A1 (de) * | 1992-01-29 | 1993-08-05 | Teves Gmbh Alfred | Unterdruckversorgungsanlage fuer kraftfahrzeuge |
| DE19503568A1 (de) * | 1995-02-03 | 1996-08-08 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Brennkraftmaschine mit einer Saugstrahlpumpe zur Unterdruckversorgung insbesondere eines Bremskraftverstärkers |
| DE19612230A1 (de) * | 1996-03-27 | 1997-10-02 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | In einem Ansaugkanal angeordnete Klappe mit Tragflügelprofil, insbesondere bei Brennkraftmaschinen |
| DE19622378A1 (de) * | 1996-06-04 | 1997-12-11 | Mannesmann Vdo Ag | Drosselklappenstutzen für eine Brennkraftmaschine eines Kraftfahrzeuges |
| DE19808548A1 (de) * | 1998-02-28 | 1999-09-02 | Itt Mfg Enterprises Inc | Vorrichtung zur Unterdruck-Erzeugung |
| JP3546301B2 (ja) * | 1999-07-02 | 2004-07-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 車載内燃機関の負圧制御装置 |
| DE19961611A1 (de) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-07-05 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Unterdruck |
| DE10038989A1 (de) * | 2000-08-10 | 2002-02-21 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren, Computerprogramm und Steuergerät zum Betreiben eines in einer Brennkraftmaschine vorgesehenen Unterdruckspeichers |
| JP3935075B2 (ja) * | 2000-11-30 | 2007-06-20 | 株式会社ケーヒン | エンジンの吸気装置 |
| US6971632B2 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2005-12-06 | Borgwarner Inc. | Throttle plate wedge |
| DE10144670C1 (de) * | 2001-09-11 | 2003-05-08 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Steuerung des Drucks in einer Unterdruckkammer eines Unterdruck-Bremskraftverstärkers |
| JP3867654B2 (ja) * | 2002-10-23 | 2007-01-10 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 内燃機関の吸気制御装置,ガソリンエンジンの吸気制御装置 |
| JP2004285838A (ja) * | 2003-03-19 | 2004-10-14 | Advics:Kk | 負圧発生装置 |
| DE10320857A1 (de) * | 2003-05-09 | 2004-11-25 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Brennkraftmaschine mit Kraftstoffdirekteinspritzung |
| DE10321090A1 (de) | 2003-05-09 | 2004-12-16 | Alfmeier Präzision AG | Unterdrucksystem eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
| CN1587667A (zh) * | 2004-09-20 | 2005-03-02 | 汪峰 | 电子节气门体 |
| JP2006118495A (ja) * | 2004-09-22 | 2006-05-11 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の吸気負圧増力装置 |
| JP4238882B2 (ja) * | 2006-06-09 | 2009-03-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 車両用エゼクタシステム |
| US7353812B1 (en) * | 2007-03-14 | 2008-04-08 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle engine with integral vacuum generator |
-
2005
- 2005-07-07 DE DE102005031744A patent/DE102005031744A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2006
- 2006-07-01 CN CN2006800323783A patent/CN101258310B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-07-01 DE DE502006007111T patent/DE502006007111D1/de active Active
- 2006-07-01 EP EP06754653A patent/EP1904732B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-07-01 WO PCT/EP2006/006427 patent/WO2007006441A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2006-07-01 US US12/091,553 patent/US8261716B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-07-01 KR KR1020087003259A patent/KR20080027934A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-07-01 AT AT06754653T patent/ATE470060T1/de active
- 2006-07-05 IT IT000351A patent/ITRM20060351A1/it unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2007006441A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE470060T1 (de) | 2010-06-15 |
| US8261716B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
| KR20080027934A (ko) | 2008-03-28 |
| DE102005031744A1 (de) | 2007-01-11 |
| US20090095253A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
| CN101258310B (zh) | 2012-02-01 |
| ITRM20060351A1 (it) | 2007-01-08 |
| DE502006007111D1 (de) | 2010-07-15 |
| WO2007006441A1 (de) | 2007-01-18 |
| CN101258310A (zh) | 2008-09-03 |
| EP1904732B1 (de) | 2010-06-02 |
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Legal Events
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