EP1891420A1 - Prüfung von bauteilen oder halbzeugen mit einer aufgeschäumten metallischen lage - Google Patents
Prüfung von bauteilen oder halbzeugen mit einer aufgeschäumten metallischen lageInfo
- Publication number
- EP1891420A1 EP1891420A1 EP06722763A EP06722763A EP1891420A1 EP 1891420 A1 EP1891420 A1 EP 1891420A1 EP 06722763 A EP06722763 A EP 06722763A EP 06722763 A EP06722763 A EP 06722763A EP 1891420 A1 EP1891420 A1 EP 1891420A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- evaluation unit
- component
- semifinished product
- image
- extent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 33
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000519995 Stachys sylvatica Species 0.000 description 1
- CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynesilicon Chemical compound [Al].[Si] CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012550 audit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010339 dilation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 titanium hydride Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 229910000048 titanium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/59—Transmissivity
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/8422—Investigating thin films, e.g. matrix isolation method
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/419—Imaging computed tomograph
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/60—Specific applications or type of materials
- G01N2223/615—Specific applications or type of materials composite materials, multilayer laminates
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for testing one or more semifinished product (s) or component (s), each comprising at least one foamed layer, which is formed with one or more types of blowing agent and with one or more types of metal powder, and at least one Solid metal layer include, according to the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus according to the preamble of claim 15th
- Such components are particularly light and at the same time very stiff due to the foam content, so that they are very useful in mobile units, such as motor vehicles, very advantageous as body parts, also for the reduction of energy introduced in an accident.
- a forming and various processing can be carried out partly before and partly after foaming, so that even after foaming not necessarily a finished component is present, but the foamed part can also represent a semi-finished product.
- the foamed part can also represent a semi-finished product.
- the invention is based on the problem to achieve an improvement in quality control for components and / or semi-finished products of the type mentioned.
- the invention solves this problem by a method having the features of claim 1 and by an apparatus having the features of claim 15. With regard to advantageous embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the further claims 2 to 14 and 16. With the invention, a quick and comprehensive examination of the actually used parts is possible. Since the test is nondestructive, it does not have to be limited to sampling but can cover the entire batch of a production series. For example, one square meter of material can be tested and evaluated in less than a minute.
- the foamed layer has a thickness of less than sixteen millimeters, so that the information from the radiation penetrating all layers can still sufficiently recognize individual structures. Likewise, it is favorable for this if the foamed layer shows no more than four pore layers one above the other over at least a substantial part of its area.
- Sandwich components can be examined in which the foamed layer is installed between an upper and a lower solid metallic cover layer and therefore have smooth, dimensionally stable surfaces from the outside.
- Particularly favorable may be provided for the test, a device which makes not only the radiation of the component or semifinished product, but also comprises an evaluation unit, with the errors in the foamed position can be seen and enlarged.
- the evaluation unit provides for a sorting out for those parts in which individual errors of a exceed the threshold for the expansion or in which the ratio of fault expansion in relation to the total extent of the examined surface of the component is exceeded.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a device according to the invention when testing a plane semifinished product with a foamed layer
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of two sectional images of sandwich composites with within the foamed layer at least in the first sectional image of quite uniform pore size and distribution and larger errors in the second sectional image
- FIG. 3 shows a fluoroscopic image of a sample irradiated according to FIG. 1, detected by a line detector, FIG.
- FIG. 4 shows a view similar to FIG. 3 of an image of a radiating underbody protection in an inverse view
- FIG. 6 shows the detail of FIG. 5 after averaging has been carried out
- FIG. FIG. 7 shows the detail according to FIG. 6 after determining a limit gray value and transferring the gray levels into a black and white image
- FIG. 8 shows the detail according to FIG. 7 after reduction of the white protruding errors for sorting out small errors
- FIG. 9 shows the detail of FIG. 8 after enlargement of the remaining white areas
- Fig. 10 is a view similar to Fig. 9, after the evaluation unit surveying the error and labeling made with maximum extensions.
- a powder mixture of one or more metallic powders for example an aluminum-silicon alloy, such as AlSi7 or AlSiI, on the one hand, and one or more gas-releasing blowing agents on the other hand, for example titanium hydride, prepared.
- one or more metallic powders for example an aluminum-silicon alloy, such as AlSi7 or AlSiI
- gas-releasing blowing agents for example titanium hydride
- the powder thus formed may be about an extrusion between two rolls or a pulse compression or other one-dimensional densification perpendicular to the extension of the case to be formed powder layer, in particular with one or especially two solid metallic cover layers 2, 3, for example, AlMnI, and possibly also further powder layers are compacted to a foamable semi-finished product.
- solid-metallic cover layers 2, 3 thereby metallic bonds between the or the cover layer (s) 2, 3 and Often, when using sheets that form visible surfaces from both sides, for example, in outer panels of cars, ships or aircraft, a sandwich-like structure with double-sided massive metallic cover layers 2, 3 is essential.
- Such a semifinished product can be cut to size and then optionally subjected to a first deformation, for example, provided with characteristics, as described in DE 196 12 781 C1.
- This forming can be done by known conventional one-sided or two-sided forming processes, such as by a deep-drawing process wherein one side already has its final contour.
- the semifinished product can remain in its generally planar shape until the foaming of the one or more powder layers.
- This semi-finished product is placed in an oven, so that an expansion takes place during subsequent foaming.
- the foaming takes place at a temperature above the decomposition temperature of the propellant at which this gas splits off, and may be limited or free.
- a further semifinished product or already finished component 4 with at least one then foamed layer 1 is formed.
- a flat semifinished product or component 4 is present, the inner layer has grown in the oven from a non-foamed state of a thickness of one millimeter to a foamed layer 1 with a thickness of typically about ten millimeters.
- the cover layers 2, 3 each have a thickness of about one millimeter.
- the foamed layers 1 have a multiplicity of pores or bubbles 5 in approximately three to four layers on top of one another with cell walls 6 surrounding them.
- FIG. 4 shows an image of an underbody protection 8 made of the sandwich material and produced by X-ray transmission in the structure according to FIG. 1, which, as shown in enlarged detail in FIG. 5, includes such defects 7 in addition to regular pore structures. These appear there in inverted representation as enlarged bright areas.
- the informative value of such images is the better the thinner the foamed layer 1 is. It is acceptable if the foamed layer in a regular range not more than three to four layers of pores 5 above one another or about up to about twelve to sixteen millimeters thick (at 3-4 millimeters pore diameter).
- the cover layers 2, 3 can each be one to 1.5 millimeters thick, up to a maximum of about 2.0 millimeters, without weakening the radiation too much during the passage or subsequently reducing the image information too much.
- the image according to FIG. 4 has been created with the device 9 according to FIG. 1.
- This comprises an X-ray source 10, 'an opposite line detector 11 and a feed for the intermediately or cyclically vorzube Anlagende semifinished product or component 4.
- the test time for the component 4 can be significantly reduced, because this does not completely detected at once must be, but can be advanced during the irradiation. As a result, test times of well under one minute per square meter are possible.
- the device 9 can therefore also be used in series production.
- the device 9 comprises an evaluation unit 12, in which the images according to FIG. 5 can be evaluated as follows:
- the evaluation unit 12 forms averages of the detected brightnesses in a first step.
- a plurality of pixels for example squares with an edge length of seven pixels
- the mean gray level being formed here and transmitted as gray scale value to the entire field.
- the smoothed representation according to FIG. 6 results, in which individual pores 5 are no longer recognizable. This serves the purpose of evaluating only relevant - ie larger - errors 7.
- the mean gray levels of the individual fields are converted into black or white colorations, wherein first of all a threshold value for the color intensity is defined above which the color is black and below the color white. ben will.
- the relevant errors 7 then appear as white areas that are regular in the context of a tolerance as black areas.
- the maximum extent of each individual error 7 can be measured and provided with a dimensional number (FIG. 10), whereby a threshold value can be predetermined or adjustable, above which an error 7 is no longer acceptable, so that the tested component or semifinished product 4 then sorted out.
- a threshold value can be predetermined or adjustable, above which an error 7 is no longer acceptable, so that the tested component or semifinished product 4 then sorted out.
- an error 7 with an extension of 185 is significant, which is above a threshold value of, for example, 50 millimeters.
- the corresponding Part 4 would be sorted out of the series automatically.
- the evaluation unit 12 can add up the entire relevant defect area (the white area in FIG. 9) and set it in relation to the total area detected. Again, after exceeding a threshold (for example, 10%), an automatic segregation can be made. The entire evaluation of an image only takes a few seconds.
- a threshold for example, 10%
- the defect areas 7 can be left transparent in the evaluated image, so that this image can be overlaid on the original obtained X-ray image of FIG. 5 and compared with this.
- the evaluation unit 12 does not have to perform all the mentioned steps. In any case, an estimate of the accumulated error area and an estimate of the magnitudes of the largest detected error should be possible, at least by visual inspection on the screen. If in the described manner a semi-finished product 4 has been tested, this can be further processed after its examination in various ways, for example, total curved or otherwise formed or pressed at the edges to form flanges, drilled and polished on the surfaces and painted. A welding of several semi-finished products 4 with each other is possible.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE200510025062 DE102005025062A1 (de) | 2005-06-01 | 2005-06-01 | Prüfung von Bauteilen oder Halbzeugen mit einer aufgeschäumten metallischen Lage |
| PCT/DE2006/000619 WO2006128412A1 (de) | 2005-06-01 | 2006-04-08 | Prüfung von bauteilen oder halbzeugen mit einer aufgeschäumten metallischen lage |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1891420A1 true EP1891420A1 (de) | 2008-02-27 |
Family
ID=36636406
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06722763A Ceased EP1891420A1 (de) | 2005-06-01 | 2006-04-08 | Prüfung von bauteilen oder halbzeugen mit einer aufgeschäumten metallischen lage |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1891420A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102005025062A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2006128412A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009010638A1 (de) * | 2008-04-09 | 2009-11-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur Prüfung der Dichte und/oder Homogenität von Bauteilen |
| DE102008042645A1 (de) | 2008-10-07 | 2010-04-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Brennraumdrucksensor |
| JP6399018B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-03 | 2018-10-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関 |
| DE102024210302A1 (de) * | 2024-10-25 | 2026-04-30 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Qualitätssicherung bei Serienproduktion von Rotoren, Verfahren zur Serienproduktion von Rotoren und Rotor für eine elektrische Maschine |
-
2005
- 2005-06-01 DE DE200510025062 patent/DE102005025062A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-04-08 WO PCT/DE2006/000619 patent/WO2006128412A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2006-04-08 EP EP06722763A patent/EP1891420A1/de not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2006128412A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102005025062A1 (de) | 2006-12-07 |
| WO2006128412A1 (de) | 2006-12-07 |
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