Definitions

• the invention relates to a genus of nitrogen heterocycle biaryls having a carboxylate terminus.
• the nitrogen heterocycle biaryls are useful for treating endometriosis, osteoporosis, restenosis following angioplasty, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, macular degeneration and obesity.
• Integrins are a superfamily of heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that function in cellular adhesion, migration and signal transduction. These glycoproteins consist of an ⁇ and a ⁇ -subunit, which associate non-covalently in defined combinations. To date, 17 ⁇ -subunits and eight ⁇ -subunits have been identified, which associate selectively to form at least 23 integrins, all of which appear to function as receptors.
• the integrin ⁇ 3 also referred to as the vitronectin receptor, is expressed on a variety of cell types, including osteoclasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and various tumor cells. In general, the level of expression of ct ⁇ 3 integrin is low on most cell types but it is greatly increased in remodeling or growing tissues. Consistent with its expression profile, ⁇ y ⁇ 3 integrin mediates several biologically relevant processes, such as adhesion of osteoclasts to bone, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and angiogenesis.
• vitronectin receptor antagonists are useful for the treatment of endometriosis, osteoporosis, restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and ocular diseases [see, e.g., Miller et al., Identification and in vivo efficacy of small-molecule antagonists of integrin a ⁇ s (the vitronectin receptor), Drug Discovery Today, VoI, 5, No. 9, 397-408 (2000)].
• PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
• Osteoporosis is a debilitating bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass (osteopenia) leading to an increased risk of fracture.
• the osteopenia associated with osteoporosis arises from an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, such that resorption exceeds formation.
• the bone-resorbing osteoclasts must first adhere to the bone matrix and this key adhesive event is mediated by ⁇ v ⁇ integrin.
• Disruption of osteoclast adhesion inhibits bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo and provides a therapeutic approach to the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis [see, Miller et al. (2000)].
• vitronectin- selective antibodies and peptides have been shown to be effective inhibitors of angiogenesis [see, Miller et al. (2000)].
• US patent 6,306,819 describes the use of angiogenesis inhibitors in vivo for obesity, intestinal polyps, cardiac hypertrophy, and endometriosis.
• Initial studies conducted in genetically obese mice showed that inhibition of angiogenesis led to reduction in adipose tissue mass. Weight gain in animals receiving angiogenesis inhibitors was significantly reduced, in spite of increases in appetite sufficient to cause weight gain in paired-fed mice. Discontinuation of the inhibitor resulted in rapid expansion of the adipose tissue. The effect was dose-dependent, repeatedly reversible, and occurred in response to all of the inhibitors tested. Significant inhibition was also observed in both the intestinal polyp and cardiac hypertrophy animal models. Results in vivo in an endometriosis model also showed decreased development of endometriosis in animals treated with angiogenesis inhibitors.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating, systemic autoimmune disease in which there is massive bone and cartilage destruction within articulating joints. Integrin ⁇ v ⁇ 3 is expressed on the vessels within the invasive pannus and appears to play a role in angiogenic vessel formation within the highly invasive hypertrophic synovium. In addition, vitronectin mediates the bone resorption process. Because rheumatoid arthritis involves both angiogenic vessel formation and bone resorption, vitronectin antagonists provide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
• a cyclic ⁇ 3 integrin inhibitor (an Arg-Gly-Asp peptide) has been shown to be effective in vivo in a rabbit model of inflammatory arthritis [see, Miller et al. (2000)].
• Restenosis refers to a significant, delayed loss of blood vessel lumen that generally occurs after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
• PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
• vascular smooth muscle cell migration into the neointima is a necessary step in restenosis and ⁇ 3 integrin, which is expressed on smooth muscle cells, has been shown to mediate this migration.
• vascular injury induced by PTCA causes a rapid, persistent and coordinated upregulation of ot ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 5 and osteopontin during the period of neointimal development.
• vitronectin antagonists would be useful for the treatment of restenosis following PTCA.
• Y is chosen from the group consisting of -O-, -S-, -SO 2 -, -CH 2 - and
• L is a linker.
• the linker comprises from one to eight carbons and from zero to three nitrogens, sulfurs and oxygens. At least two atoms are interposed between ring B and carbon ⁇ .
• the linker may be straight chain, branched or cyclic and, when cyclic, is either attached at carbons a and b of ring B or, when R 1 is methylene, it may be attached at R 1 to form a four, five or six membered ring;
• E is hydroxy, or E is a biolabile residue such that E and the carboxyl to which it is attached together form an ester or amide cleavable in vivo to provide a compound in which E is hydroxy;
• R 1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, (C 1 to C 6 )hydrocarbon, substituted aryl, Ci to C 3 alkylaryl, -NHCOOR 10 , -NHSO 2 R 10 and -NHCOR 10 ; when R 1 is methylene (i.e. a divalent C 1 hydrocarbon) it provides the point of attachment for a cyclic linker L;
• R 2 is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1 to C 6 hydrocarbon, substituted aryl, C 1 to C 3 alkylaryl, -NHCOOR 10 , -NHSO 2 R 10 and -NHCOR 10 , and R 2a is hydrogen; or taken together R 2 and R 2a form a carbonyl;
• R 3 and R 4 are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 to C 4 hydrocarbon, loweralkoxy, halogen and fluoro(loweralkyl);
• R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and fluoro(loweralkyl);
• R 8 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl; and R 9 is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl and C 1 to C 3 alkylaryl; or taken together R 8 and R 9 represent a two to four carbon chain forming a five to seven membered cyclic structure, which may contain one degree of unsaturation; and
• R 10 is chosen from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl and
• the invention relates to a method of treating a condition that is associated with excessive vitronectin receptor activity by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the foregoing formula.
• Conditions associated with excessive vitronectin receptor activity include: endometriosis, osteoporosis, restenosis following angioplasty, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, macular degeneration and obesity.
• One embodiment includes subgenera in which L forms a fused ring with ring B, such as the subgenus of formula:
• L is a cyclic linker forming a five-, six or seven-membered ring.
• the ring formed by L may be substituted with one or two substituents, preferably lower alkyl and/or oxo.
• Particularly preferred compounds having cyclic L may be described by the subgeneric formula:
• R 11 is hydrogen or methyl
• cyclic L examples are:
• Another embodiment includes subgenera in which L, by attaching through R 1 , forms a ring incorporating the ⁇ carbon. These subgenera are represented by the formula:
• n is zero, one or two.
• L may be an acyclic residue of one to four carbons and from zero to three nitrogens, sulfurs and oxygens, in a straight or branched chain, para to Y:
• Preferred subgenera of "Q" include compounds of formula:
• Particularly preferred ring systems are:
• R 9 is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, and fluoro(loweralkyl);
• m is one or two.
• a particularly preferred subgenus is the subgenus in which a cyclic linker is combined with a cyclic structure formed from R 8 and R 9 :
• R a wherein m is one or two.
• An example of such a particularly preferred subgenus is:
• m is one or two.
• E may be hydroxy or a biolabile residue.
• the active drug substance appears to be the carboxylic acid, i.e. E is hydroxy.
• the invention also encompasses prodrugs of the active carboxylic acids.
• the concept of a prodrug is well established in the art (see for example US patents 6,166,089; 5,681,964 and 4,235,887, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference).
• E and the carboxyl to which it is attached together form an ester or amide cleavable in vivo to provide a compound in which E is hydroxy.
• R 2 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 hydrocarbon, aryl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl
• R 2a is hydrogen and R 1 is hydrogen, NHCOOR 10 , -NHCOR 10 or -NHSO 2 R 10 .
• R 1 is other than hydrogen
• the preferred stereochemistry of the carbon to which R 1 is attached is of the configuration shown:
• R 1 is hydrogen
• R 2a is hydrogen
• R 2 is other than hydrogen
• the preferred stereochemistry of the carbon to which R 2 is attached is of the configuration shown:
• R 1 and R 2 be other than hydrogen.
• R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, halogen or trifluoromethyl; for R 5 and R 7 , hydrogen; for R 8 , hydrogen or methyl; and for Y, oxygen.
• E is hydroxy;
• R 1 is hydrogen, -NHCOOR 10 or -NHCOR 10 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl or substituted aryl;
• R 3 and R 4 are chosen from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;
• R 5 and R 7 are hydrogen; and
• R 8 is chosen from hydrogen and methyl.
• the present invention includes compounds of formula (I) in the form of salts.
• Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids.
• Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable, although salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases. When the compounds of the present invention are basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for the compounds of the present invention include acetic, benzenesulfonic (besylate), benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric acid, p- toluenesulfonic, and the like.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts for the compounds of the present invention include metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine, N 5 N'- dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
• the carrier(s) must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarticular), rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration.
• the most suitable route may depend upon the condition and disorder of the recipient.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of formula (T) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof ("active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. Ih general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
• Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating, surface active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide sustained, delayed or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
• Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and nonaqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient.
• Formulations for parenteral administration also include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose of multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze- dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, for example saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or the like, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
• Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with the usual carriers, such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol.
• Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
• Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
• compositions will usually include a "pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier” and this expression is intended to include one or more inert excipients, which include starches, polyols, granulating agents, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like. If desired, tablet dosages of the disclosed compositions maybe coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. "Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” also encompasses controlled release means. Compositions of the present invention may also optionally include other therapeutic ingredients, anti-cakitig agents, preservatives, sweetening agents, colorants, flavors, desiccants, plasticizers, dyes, and the like.
• the compounds of formula (T) are preferably administered orally or by injection (intravenous or subcutaneous).
• the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. However, the dose employed will depend on a number of factors, including the age and sex of the patient, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. Also, the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
• Alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof.
• Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s-and t-butyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are those of C 20 or below.
• Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c- butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl and the like.
• (C 1 to C n )Hydrocarbon includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and combinations thereof containing only hydrogen and one to n carbons. Examples include vinyl, allyl, cyclopropyl, propargyl, phenethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, camphoryl and naphthylethyl.
• Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
• Oxaalkyl refers to alkyl residues in which one or more carbons (and their associated hydrogens) have been replaced by oxygen. Examples include methoxypropoxy, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl and the like.
• the term oxaalkyl is intended as it is understood in the art [see Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, 1fl96, but without the restriction of
• Acyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic and combinations thereof, attached to the parent structure through an carbonyl functionality.
• One or more carbons in the acyl residue may be replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur as long as the point of attachment to the parent remains at the carbonyl. Examples include acetyl, benzoyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, t- butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and the like.
• Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
• Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S.
• the aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, e.g., benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene and the 5- to 10-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoHne, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
• Alkylaryl means an alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring.
• Examples of C 1 -C 3 alkylaryl are benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl and naphthylethyl.
• Alkylheteroaryl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like.
• Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which from one to three carbons is replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S.
• the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
• heterocycles examples include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.
• heteroaryl is a subset of heterocycle in which the heterocycle is aromatic.
• heterocyclyl residues additionally include piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxo-pyrrolidinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, 4-piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, quinuclidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, benzimidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, tbiamorphoUnyl, thia
• Substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl etc. refer to alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein up to three H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy including alkylene dioxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy (also referred to as alkoxycarbonyl), carboxamido (also referred to as alkylaminocarbonyl), cyano, carbonyl, ⁇ itro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, acylamino, amidino, phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, or heteroaryloxy.
• halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• oxo when referring to a substituent, means an oxygen double bonded to a carbon, e.g. a ketone or amide carbonyl.
• treatment or “treating” a patient are intended to include prophylaxis.
• the terms include amelioration, prevention and relief from the symptoms and/or effects associated with these disorders.
• the terms “preventing” or “prevention” refer to administering a medicament beforehand to forestall or obtund an attack. Persons of ordinary skill in the medical art (to which the present method claims are directed) recognize that the term “prevent” is not an absolute term. In the medical art it is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to diminish the likelihood or seriousness of a condition, and this is the sense intended.
• Boc t-butyloxy carbonyl
• DIEA N,N-diisopropylethyl amine
• DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethyl amine
• EEDQ 2-ethoxy- 1 -ethoxycarbonyl- 1 ,2-dihydroquinoline
• FCC flash column chromography
• HATU O-(7- Azabenzotriazol- 1 -yl)- 1,1,3,3 -tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole
• m-CPBA m-chloroperbenzoic acid
• NMO N-methylmorpholine oxide
• NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• PPTS pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
• TBAB tetrabutylammonium bromide
• the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by the methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as, for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readily available starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesis procedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants that are in themselves known, but are not mentioned here.
• step 1 in example 1 4- hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (1.0 g, 5.55 mmol) was reacted with 2,6-difluronitrobenzene giving 1.70 g (96%) of crude 2-1 which was used in the next step without purification.
• step 4 in example 1 compound 2- 3 was reacted with cyanogen bromide to yield, after purification by FCC (silica gel, eluted with 5% methanol/DCM), 1.38 g (99%) of aminobenzimidazole 2-4.
• [0075] 6-4 (0.3g, 0.8mmol) was treated with 10ml 50% TFA/DCM for 45 minutes. The solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in DCM and basified with excess DIEA. To this solution was added N- methylmorpholine (290 ⁇ l, 2.6mmol) and isobuytylchlorofortnate (115 ⁇ l, 0.9mmol). After 10 minutes ⁇ -alanine t-butyl ester (0.18g, 0.96mmol) was added. The solution was stirred for 18 hours. The solution was then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in DCM and washed with 0.5N HCl and 0.5N NaOH. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. The resulting oil 6-5 was used without purification.
• step 2 in example 8 Following the general procedure described for step 2 in example 8, the product from above, 9-2, was reacted with BBr 3 giving phenol 9-3 which was used in the next step crude without further purification.
• step 4 in example 8 compound 9- 4 from above was reacted with methylarnine to afford 58 mg (84%) of 9-5 after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 4:1 hexanes :EtO Ac).
• step 4 in example 8 compound 10-3 from above was reacted with methylamine to afford 16 mg (62%) of 10-4 after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 4: 1 hexanes:EtOAc).
• step 5 in example 8 compound 10-4 from above was reduced and then reacted with cyanogen bromide to afford, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 10% MeOH/DCM), 4 mg (25% for 2 steps) of aminobenzimidazole 10-5.
• step 5 12-9 was reacted with 2,6-difluoronitrobenzene affording after purification on a silica gel column, eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexanes 10 mg of 12-10 (10%).
• step 6 12-10 was treated with methylamine to afford 12-11. The crude product was used without purification.
• step 7, 12-11 was treated with Zn and acetic acid in THF to afford 12-12.
• the crude product was used without purification.
• step 8 12-12 was treated with cyanogen bromide to afford 12-13 which was chromatagraphed on a silica gel column, elution with 5% MeOH/DCM, to afford 2.5mg (25% for 3 steps).
• step 9 12-13 was treated with IN NaOH to afford 12 which was purified by preparative HPLC giving 0.8mg (36%).
• step 2 in example 8 Following the general procedure described for step 2 in example 8, the product from above, 13-3 (35 mg; .0991 mmol), was reacted with BBr 3 giving phenol 13-4 which was used in the next step crude without further purification.
• step 4 in example 8 compound 13-5 from above was reacted with methylamine to afford 34 mg (89%) of 13-6 after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 2:1 hexanes. ⁇ tOAc).
• step 5 in example 8 compound 13-6 from above was reduced and then reacted with cyanogen bromide to afford, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 5% MeOH/DCM then 10% MeOH/DCM ), 20 mg (59% for 2 steps) of aminobenziniidazole 13-7.
• step 3 in example 8 4-hydroxy- 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid methyl ester (708 mg; 3.93 mmol) was reacted with 2,6- difluoronitrobenzene giving, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 1 : 1 hexanes:EtOac), 1.3 g (100%) of 14-1.
• step 5 in example 8 compound 14-2 from above was reduced and then reacted with cyanogen bromide to afford, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 10% MeOH/DCM), 159 mg (71% for 2 steps) of aminobenzimidazole 14-3.
• step 14-5 was coupled with ⁇ -alanine t-Bu ester hydrochloride giving, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 10% MeOH/DCM), 7 mg (32%) of 14-6.
• step 2 in example 8 Following the general procedure described for step 2 in example 8, the product from above, 15-1 (50 mg; 0.180 mmol), was reacted with BBr 3 giving phenol 15-2 which was used in the next step crude without further purification.
• step 3 in example 8 Following the procedure described for step 3 in example 8, the crude product from above, 15-2, was reacted with 2,6-difluoronitrobenzene giving, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 1 :2 hexanes:EtOac), 72 mg (100% for 2 steps) of 15-3.
• FCC sica gel; elution with 1 :2 hexanes:EtOac
• step 5 in example 8 compound 15-4 from above was reduced and then reacted with cyanogen bromide to afford, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 10% MeOH/DCM), 6 mg (21% for 2 steps) of aminobenzimidazole 15-5.
• step 5 in example 8 compound 16-1 from above was reduced and then reacted with cyanogen bromide to afford, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 5% MeOH/DCM then 10% MeOH/DCM), 144 mg (62% for 2 steps) of aminobenzimidazole 16-2.
• 16-2 (100 mg; 0.19 mmol) was treated with thionyl chloride (2 mL) and the resultant mixture was heated to 80 °C for 1 h. The mixture was then cooled and concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in DMSO (4 mL). To this was added K 2 CO 3 (131 mg; 0.95 mmol) and a small scoop of tetrabutylammonium iodide and the reaction mixture was heated to 135-140 0 C for 5 h. The heat was then reduced to 120 0 C and stirring was continued for 16 h at this temperature.
• 17-2 (187 mg; 0.407 mmol) was debenzylated by hydrogenation in MeOH in the presence of a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (1 small scoop) under 1 atm ofH 2 (g) (balloon) for 3 d.
• the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude phenol was taken up in DMF (4 mL) and 2,6 difluoronitrobenzene (43 ⁇ L; 0.407 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (133 mg; 0.407 mmol) were added. The mixture was heated to 80 °C for 16 h.
• step 5 in example 8 compound 17-4 from above was reduced and then reacted with cyanogen bromide to afford, after purification by FCC (silica gel; elution with 5% MeOH/DCM then 10% MeOH/DCM), 63 mg (65% for 2 steps) of aminobenzimidazole 17-5.
• 18-7 (4mg, 0.009mol) was treated with 4ml 6N HCl for 18 hours. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to yield 18 (4mg, 0.009mmol, 100%) as a white solid.
• a 384 well plate was coated by incubating each well with 25 ⁇ L of a 3 ⁇ g per mm solution of ⁇ 3 (75 ng per well) in buffer A.
• Buffer A is an aqueous solution containing 50 rnmol tris- hydrochloride, 100 mmol sodium chloride, 1 rnmol magnesium chloride, 1 rnmol magnesium chloride, 1 mmol calcium chloride, 1 mmol manganese chloride adjusted to pH7.4. The plate was incubated overnight at 4° C.
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• the plate was incubated for one hour at room temperature and washed three times with 70 ⁇ L each of Buffer A. Twenty- five ⁇ L of a standard fluorescence enhancement solution was added and the fluorescence measured and compared to control.
• the IC 50 of a test compound represents the concentration of that compound required to suppress fluorescence by 50%.

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