EP1881053A2 - Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils - Google Patents
Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils Download PDFInfo
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- EP1881053A2 EP1881053A2 EP07011538A EP07011538A EP1881053A2 EP 1881053 A2 EP1881053 A2 EP 1881053A2 EP 07011538 A EP07011538 A EP 07011538A EP 07011538 A EP07011538 A EP 07011538A EP 1881053 A2 EP1881053 A2 EP 1881053A2
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- Prior art keywords
- ethylenically unsaturated
- propene
- ethylene
- mol
- additive mixture
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/146—Macromolecular compounds according to different macromolecular groups, mixtures thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/165—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aromatic monomers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/1658—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing conjugated dienes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
- C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1981—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
- C10L1/2364—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amide and/or imide groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to additive mixtures comprising ethylene-propene-vinyl ester terpolymers, in addition to a further cold additive, which have improved handling properties and improved performance properties as cold additives for fuel oils.
- crude oils and middle distillates obtained by distillation of crude oils such as gas oil, diesel oil or fuel oil
- crude oils and middle distillates obtained by distillation of crude oils contain different amounts of n-paraffins, which crystallize out as platelet-shaped crystals when the temperature is lowered and partly agglomerate with the inclusion of oil.
- the flow properties of the oils or distillates deteriorate, which can lead to disruptions in the extraction, transport, storage and / or use of the mineral oils and mineral oil distillates.
- the phenomenon of crystallization especially in winter, can lead to deposits on the pipe walls and in individual cases, e.g. at standstill of a pipeline, even lead to their complete blockage.
- a known and widely used for the improvement of the cold properties of mineral oils and middle distillates produced therefrom additive class are copolymers of ethylene and vinyl esters, especially ethylene and vinyl acetate. These are partially crystalline polymers, the mode of action of which is explained by co-crystallization of their poly (ethylene) sequences with the n-paraffins precipitated on cooling from the middle distillates. Through this physical interaction, the shape, size and adhesion properties of the precipitated wax crystals are modified to produce many small crystals that pass through the fuel filter and can be supplied to the combustion chamber.
- the ethylene copolymers used as nucleating agents or nucleating agents must have a low solubility in the oil in order to fulfill their function in order to crystallize out on cooling of the oil with or shortly before the paraffins.
- Ethylene copolymers having a low comonomer content and thus long free poly (ethylene) sequences which are particularly well suited for co-crystallization with the long-chain paraffins which precipitate out of the oil are preferably used as nucleators.
- these ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers require due to their increased intrinsic crystallinity, handled at elevated temperature and dosed or alternatively transported and processed in high dilution with solvents to become. Otherwise, there is a risk that the additives remain undissolved, whereby they can not develop their full effectiveness and can also give rise to filter occupancy and filter blockages.
- injection units and pumps require current engine concepts very clean fuels. Even small amounts of undissolved additive components are highly undesirable in this context. Removal of such minor constituents of polymers by filtration is very expensive, if at all possible.
- short-chain branches are formed by intramolecular chain transfer reactions ("back-biting mechanism") during radical polymerization and consist essentially of butyl and ethyl radicals (see, for example, US Pat Macromolecules 1997, 30, 246-256 ).
- back-biting mechanism intramolecular chain transfer reactions
- U.S. 3,961,916 discloses fuel oils containing two copolymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters which act as nucleators for paraffin crystallization to improve cold flow properties.
- EP-A-0 190 553 discloses terpolymers of ethylene, 20-40 wt .-% of vinyl acetate and propene having a degree of branching 8-25 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups. These polymers, which are to be regarded as growth inhibitors, show hardly any activity as cold flow improvers alone and are used to improve the solubility of conventional EVA copolymers with a comparable vinyl acetate content.
- U.S. 4,178,950 discloses terpolymers of ethylene, 10 to 45% by weight of vinyl acetate, 0.01 to 5.0% by weight of propene or butene and their use as a pour point depressant for residual oils. Polymer blends are not disclosed.
- DE-A-2 037 673 discloses polymer blends of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers of different molecular weight as cold flow improvers, which may also contain propene in addition to ethylene as the olefin.
- EP-A-0 406 684 discloses polymer blends comprising A) copolymers of ethylene, 25-35% by weight of vinyl acetate, optionally 5 to 15% by weight of an olefin and a degree of branching of 3 to 15 CH 3 groups, and B) another ethylene-vinyl acetate Copolymer and optionally C) contain a polyalkyl (meth) acrylate.
- the terpolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and diisobutylene used in the example is used as a cold flow improver together with a low comonomer content EVA copolymer to be considered as a nucleating agent.
- the use of propene as a comonomer for nucleators is shown neither in combination with arrestors nor in combination with comb polymers.
- additive concentrates which contain, as nucleating agents for paraffins, terpolymers of ethylene, propene and unsaturated esters with few short-chain branching properties are very easy to handle and mix at low temperatures, and at the same time a superior one Show effectiveness as a cold additive.
- these additives contain less difficultly soluble portions of the known ethylene copolymers of the prior art.
- Another object of the invention is the use of additive mixtures of A) and B) to improve the low-flowability of fuel oils.
- Another object of the invention is a method for improving the low-temperature flowability of fuel oils by adding an additive mixture of A) and B) to the fuel oil.
- Another object of the invention are fuel oils with improved cold flowability, containing an additive mixture of A) and B).
- Unsaturated esters suitable for component A) according to the invention are in particular vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and also esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid with fatty alcohols having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- suitable vinyl esters are vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl isobutyrate. Especially preferred is vinyl acetate.
- Suitable esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n- and iso-propyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures of these comonomers. Methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate are particularly preferred.
- the content of the terpolymer A) of unsaturated ester is preferably between 7.0 and 11.5 mol% and in particular between 8.0 and 11.0 mol%, for example between 8.5 and 10.5 mol%.
- the content is preferably between 12.0 and 29.0% by weight and in particular between 18 and 28% by weight, for example between 20.0 and 27.0% by weight.
- the comonomer content is determined by pyrolysis of the polymer and subsequent titration of the eliminated carboxylic acid.
- the terpolymers A may additionally contain minor amounts of, for example, up to 4 mol%, preferably up to 2.5 mol%, such as 0.1 to 2.0 mol%, of structural units derived from unsaturated esters with longer alkyl chains .
- Suitable unsaturated esters for this purpose are vinyl esters of the formula (1) and / or (meth) acrylic acid esters of the formula (2) in which R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are an alkyl radical having 4 to 20 C atoms. These alkyl radicals can be linear or branched. Preferably, they are branched.
- the content of the terpolymer A) of methyl groups derived from the propene is preferably between 0.7 and 3.5 and in particular between 1.0 and 3.0, for example between 1.1 and 2.5 methyl groups per 100 aliphatic carbon atoms. atoms.
- the number of propene-derived methyl groups per 100 aliphatic carbon atoms in terpolymer A) is determined by 13 C NMR spectroscopy.
- terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl ester and propene show characteristic signals of methyl groups attached to the polymer backbone of between about 19.3 and 20.2 ppm, which have a positive sign in the DEPT experiment.
- the integral of this signal of the propene-derived methyl side groups of the polymer backbone is related to that of all aliphatic carbon atoms of the polymer backbone between about 22 and 44 ppm.
- Optionally derived from the alkyl radicals of the unsaturated ester and superimposed with the signals of the polymer backbone signals are subtracted based on the signal of the carbonyl group of the unsaturated ester adjacent methine group of the total integral of the aliphatic C-atoms. Leave such measurements For example, with NMR spectrometers at a measurement frequency of 125 MHz at 30 ° C in solvents such as CDCl 3 or C 2 D 2 Cl 4 perform.
- the number of chain ends originating from the methyl groups in the terpolymers A) is preferably from 2.0 to 7.0 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups and in particular from 2.5 to 6.5 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups such as 3.0 to 6.0 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups.
- the number of methyl groups derived from chain ends is understood to mean all those methyl groups of the terpolymer A) which do not originate from the unsaturated esters used as comonomers. Consequently, this includes both the methyl groups located at the main chain ends, including the methyl groups derived from structural units of the moderator, and the methyl groups derived from short chain branches.
- the number of methyl groups derived from chain ends is determined by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, in which the integral of the signals usually appearing in the 1 H-NMR spectrum with a chemical shift of between about 0.7 and 0.9 ppm (versus TMS) Methyl protons is compared with the integral of appearing at 0.9 to 1.9 ppm signals of the methylene protons.
- the methyl and methylene groups derived from alkyl radicals of the comonomers, for example the acetyl group of the vinyl acetate, are not included or excluded.
- the signals generated by the structural units of the moderator are assigned according to the methyl or methylene protons.
- the number of propene-derived methyl groups is subtracted to obtain the number of methyl groups derived from chain ends.
- Suitable 1 H NMR spectra for example, at a measurement frequency of 500 MHz at 30 ° C in solvents such as CDCl 3 or C 2 D 2 Cl 4 are recorded.
- the two summands are to be added as dimensionless numbers.
- the weight-average molecular weight M w of the terpolymers A) determined by means of gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrene) standards is preferably between 2,500 and 50,000 g / mol, preferably between 4,000 and 30,000 g / mol, for example between 5,000 and 25,000 g / mol.
- the melt viscosity of the terpolymers A) determined at 140 ° C. is between 100 and 5,000 mPas, preferably between 150 and 2,500 mPas and in particular between 200 and 2,000 mPas.
- the polymer is previously freed for two hours at 140 ° C in vacuo (100 mbar) of residual monomers and any solvent components.
- the ethylene polymers A) and also B1) can be prepared independently of one another by customary copolymerization processes, for example suspension polymerization, solvent polymerization, gas-phase polymerization or high-pressure bulk polymerization.
- the high-pressure mass polymerization is preferably carried out at pressures above 100 MPa, preferably between 100 and 300 MPa, for example between 150 to 275 MPa and temperatures of 100 to 340 ° C., preferably 150 to 310 ° C., for example between 200 and 280 ° C.
- the propene content as well as the extent of short chain branches / chain ends can be adjusted. In particular, low reaction temperatures and / or high pressures lead to low fractions of short chain branches and thus to a low number of chain ends.
- the reaction of the monomers is initiated by free radical initiators (free radical initiators).
- This class of substances includes, for example, oxygen, hydroperoxides, peroxides and azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxide carbonate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, di (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile), 2,2'-azobis ( 2-methylbutyronitrile).
- the initiators are used individually or as a mixture of two or more substances in amounts of 0.01 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 5 wt .-%, based on the monomer mixture.
- the high-pressure mass polymerization is carried out batchwise or continuously in known high-pressure reactors, for example autoclaves or tubular reactors, and continuously operated tubular reactors have proven particularly suitable.
- Solvents such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, benzene or toluene may be present in the reaction mixture. Preferred is the substantially solvent-free operation.
- the comonomers as well as the moderators can be metered into the reactor both together with ethylene and separately via side streams.
- the monomer streams can be composed differently ( EP-A-0 271 738 and EP-A-0 922 716 ).
- Preferred moderators are, for example, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as propane, hexane, heptane and cyclohexane and alcohols such as butanol and in particular aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde and ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, Methyl butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone. Hydrogen is also suitable as a moderator.
- the polymers according to the invention contain, in addition to vinyl esters and propene, 0.3 to 5.0% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 3.5% by weight, of structural units derived from at least one carbonyl-containing moderator ,
- concentration of these structural elements derived from the moderator in the polymer can also be determined by means of 1 H NMR spectroscopy. This can be done, for example, by correlating the intensity of the vinyl ester-derived signals, the proportion of which in the polymer is known, with the signals appearing at about 2.4 to 2.5 ppm of the methylene or methine group adjacent to the carbonyl group of the moderators.
- Suitable as component B1) are one or more copolymers of ethylene and olefinically unsaturated compounds whose total comonomer content is at least 2, preferably 3 mol% higher than that of component A.
- Suitable ethylene copolymers are, in particular, those which have ethylene 9 to 21 mol%, in particular 10 to 18 mol% comonomers.
- Comonomers may be other olefinically unsaturated compounds in addition to olefinically unsaturated esters.
- total comonomer content is meant the content of monomers other than ethylene.
- the olefinically unsaturated compounds are preferably vinyl esters, acrylic esters, methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or alkenes, it being possible for the abovementioned compounds to be substituted by hydroxyl groups.
- One or more comonomers may be included in the polymer.
- said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
- these ethylene copolymers contain vinyl acetate and at least one further vinyl ester of the formula 1 in which R 4 is C 4 to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl ,
- R 4 is a branched alkyl radical or a neoalkyl radical having 7 to 11 carbon atoms, in particular having 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
- Particularly preferred vinyl esters are derived from secondary and especially tertiary carboxylic acids whose branching is in the alpha position to the carbonyl group.
- Suitable vinyl esters include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl heptanoate, vinyl octanoate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate and versatic acid esters such as vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl neoundecanoate.
- Suitable acrylic esters include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, n- and isobutyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl , Hexadecyl, octadecyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures of these comonomers.
- said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
- An example of such an acrylic ester is hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
- the alkenes are preferably simple unsaturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, especially 4 to 16 carbon atoms and especially 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
- Suitable alkenes include propene, butene, isobutylene, pentene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and norbornene and its derivatives such as methylnorbornene and vinylnorbornene.
- said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
- Particularly preferred terpolymers of 2-ethylhexanoic acid vinyl ester, vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate contain, in addition to ethylene, preferably 3.5 to 20 mol%, in particular 8 to 15 mol% vinyl acetate and 0.1 to 12 mol%, in particular 0.2 to 5 mol% of the respective long-chain vinyl ester, wherein the total comonomer content is between 9 and 21 mol%, preferably between 12 and 18 mol%.
- copolymers contain, in addition to ethylene and 8 to 18 mol% of vinyl esters, 0.5 to 10 mol% of olefins such as propene, butene, isobutylene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and / or norbornene.
- ethylene copolymers and terpolymers preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C. of from 20 to 10,000 mPas, in particular from 30 to 5,000 mPas, especially from 50 to 2,000 mPas.
- the means of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, certain degrees of branching are preferably between 1 and 9 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, especially between 2 and 6 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, which do not stem from the comonomers.
- the mixing ratio between the terpolymers A) and ethylene copolymers B1) can vary within wide limits, the terpolymers A) often being the smaller fraction as crystal nucleating agents.
- such additive mixtures contain 2 to 70 wt .-%, preferably 3 to 50 wt .-% and especially 5 to 20 wt .-% of component A and 30 to 98 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 97 wt .-% and especially 70 to 95 wt .-% of component B1.
- Comb polymers as component B2) are generally characterized as containing a polymer backbone to which are attached at regular intervals long chain branches, such as hydrocarbon chains of about 8 to 50 carbon atoms. These side chains can be bonded directly to the polymer backbone via a C-C bond or via an ether, ester, amide or imide bond.
- R ' preferably represents a hydrocarbon radical having 10 to 24 C atoms and in particular a hydrocarbon radical having 12 to 18 C atoms.
- R ' is linear or predominantly linear, that is, R' contains at most one methyl or ethyl branch.
- Suitable comb polymers are, for example, esterified copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic or fumaric acid or their reactive Derivatives with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as olefins or vinyl esters.
- Particularly suitable olefins are ⁇ -olefins having 10 to 24 carbon atoms such as 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and mixtures thereof.
- olefins based on oligomerized C 2 -C 6 -olefins such as poly (isobutylene) with a high proportion of terminal double bonds are suitable as comonomers.
- Copolymers of maleic acid or maleic anhydride and / or fumaric acid with hexadecene, octadecene and mixtures of these olefins are particularly preferred.
- the copolymers contain up to 15 mol%, such as, for example, 1 to 10 mol% of poly (isobutylene) having a molecular weight Mw between 300 and 5,000 g / mol.
- Vinyl esters which are particularly suitable as comonomers are derived from fatty acids having 1 to 12 C atoms and in particular 2 to 8 C atoms such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, 2-ethylhexanoic acid vinyl, neononanoic vinyl ester, vinyl neodecanoate and vinyl neoundecanoate. Also mixtures of different vinyl esters are suitable. Particularly preferred are copolymers of fumaric acid with vinyl acetate.
- these copolymers are at least 50% esterified with alcohols having 10 to 24 carbon atoms such as with 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
- Suitable alcohols include n-decan-1-ol, n-dodecan-1-ol, n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol, n-octadecan-1-ol, n-eicosan-1-ol and their mixtures. Particular preference is given to n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol and mixtures thereof.
- comb polymers B2 are polymers and copolymers of ⁇ -olefins, and also esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride, and esterified copolymers of stryol and fumaric acid.
- the above-mentioned alcohols having 10 to 24 carbon atoms are preferred for esterification.
- copolymers based on the abovementioned alkyl acrylates, methacrylates, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or vinyl esters for example copolymers of alkyl acrylates and vinyl esters.
- mixtures of two or more comb polymers are suitable according to the invention.
- the comb polymers of components B2) preferably have molecular weights Mw between about 2,000 and about 50,000 g / mol, preferably between 3,000 and 20,000 g / mol.
- the mixing ratio between component A) and comb polymer B2) is usually in the range from 10: 1 to 1: 3, preferably between 6: 1 and 1: 2, for example between 5: 1 and 1: 1.
- the mixing ratio between component B1) and comb polymer B2) is usually between 10: 1 to 1: 3, preferably between 6: 1 and 1: 2, for example between 5: 1 and 1: 1
- the additive mixtures according to the invention are usually used for the purpose of better handling as concentrates in organic solvents.
- Suitable solvents or dispersants are, for example, higher-boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers and mixtures thereof.
- solutions or dispersions of the additive mixtures according to the invention contain from 10 to 90% by weight, in particular from 20 to 80% by weight and especially from 40 to 75% by weight, of solvent.
- the solutions of the additive mixtures according to the invention have a lower ownstock point than corresponding mixtures based on terpolymers of ethylene, unsaturated esters and higher olefins according to the prior art.
- they show improved efficacy in terms of the cold flow improvement of fuel oils, and in particular, improved solubility in fuel oils even at low temperatures.
- these additives can also be used at low temperatures without prior heating of oil and / or additive, without filtration problems in the additized oil resulting from undissolved or recrystallized portions of the polymer A).
- the additives according to the invention can be transported at the same temperature with a lower solvent content and processed as corresponding additives of the prior art, whereby transport and storage costs are reduced.
- the additive mixtures according to the invention can also be added to middle distillates for improving the cold flowability in combination with other additives such as, for example, oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds, alkylphenol resins, polyoxyalkylene compounds and / or olefin copolymers.
- Suitable oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds are preferably reaction products of fatty amines with compounds containing an acyl group.
- the alkyl and alkenyl radicals can be linear or branched and contain up to two double bonds. They are preferably linear and substantially saturated, ie they have iodine numbers of less than 75 gl 2 / g, preferably less than 60 gl 2 / g and in particular between 1 and 10 gl 2 / g. Particular preference is given to secondary fatty amines in which two of the groups R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 -C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 alkyl, C 12 -C 24 alkenyl or cyclohexyl.
- Suitable fatty amines are, for example, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, eicosylamine, behenylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, ditetradecylamine, dihexadecylamine, dioctadecylamine, dieicosylamine, dibehenylamine and mixtures thereof.
- the amines contain chain cuts based on natural raw materials such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine, hydrogenated tallow fatty amine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and di (hydrogenated tallow fatty amine).
- Particularly preferred amine derivatives are amine salts, imides and / or amides such as, for example, amide ammonium salts of secondary fatty amines, in particular dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and distearylamine.
- Suitable carbonyl compounds for the reaction with amines are both monomeric and polymeric compounds having one or more carboxyl groups. In the case of the monomeric carbonyl compounds, preference is given to those having 2, 3 or 4 carbonyl groups. They can also contain heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
- carboxylic acids examples include maleic, fumaric, crotonic, itaconic, succinic, C 1 -C 40 -alkenylsuccinic, adipic, glutaric, sebacic, and malonic acids and benzoic, phthalic, trimellitic and pyromellitic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid , Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and their reactive derivatives such as esters, anhydrides and acid halides.
- Copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated acids such as, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid, have proven particularly suitable as polymeric carbonyl compounds, particular preference is given to copolymers of maleic anhydride.
- Suitable comonomers are those which impart oil solubility to the copolymer. Oil-soluble means here that the copolymer dissolves without residue in the middle distillate to be additive after reaction with the fatty amine in practice-relevant metering rates.
- Suitable comonomers are, for example, olefins, alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, alkyl vinyl esters and alkyl vinyl ethers having 2 to 75, preferably 4 to 40 and in particular 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical.
- the carbon number refers to the alkyl radical attached to the double bond.
- the molecular weights of the polymeric carbonyl compounds are preferably between 400 and 20,000, particularly preferably between 500 and 10,000, for example between 1,000 and 5,000 g / mol.
- Oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds which have been obtained by reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or their anhydrides have proved particularly suitable (cf. US 4 211 534 ).
- amides and ammonium salts of aminoalkylene polycarboxylic acids such as nitrilotriacetic acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with secondary amines are suitable as oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds (cf. EP 0 398 101 ).
- oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds are copolymers of maleic anhydride with ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds which can be reacted, if appropriate, with primary monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols (cf. EP-A-0 154 177 . EP 0 777 712 ), the reaction products of Alkenylspirobislactonen with amines (see. EP-A-0 413 279 B1) and after EP-A-0 606 055 A2 reaction products of terpolymers based on ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols.
- the mixing ratio between the additive mixtures according to the invention and oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds may vary depending on the application.
- Such mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, based on the active ingredients, of at least one oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound per part by weight of the additive mixture according to the invention.
- Suitable alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are in particular those alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which are derived from alkylphenols having one or two alkyl radicals in ortho and / or para position to the OH group.
- Particularly preferred as starting materials are alkylphenols which carry at least two hydrogen atoms capable of condensation with aldehydes on the aromatic and in particular monoalkylated phenols.
- the alkyl radical is in the para position to the phenolic OH group.
- the alkyl radicals (which are generally understood as hydrocarbon radicals as defined below for the alkylphenol resins) may be identical or different in the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which can be used with the additive mixtures according to the invention.
- the alkyl radicals can be saturated or unsaturated. They can be linear or branched, preferably they are linear. They have 1 to 200, preferably 1 to 24, especially 4 to 16 such as 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- mixtures of alkylphenols having different alkyl radicals are used for the preparation of the alkylphenol resins.
- resins based on Butylphenol on the one hand and octyl, nonyl and / or dodecylphenol in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 on the other hand particularly proven.
- Suitable alkylphenol resins may also contain or consist of structural units of other phenol analogs such as salicylic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and derivatives thereof such as esters, amides and salts.
- Suitable aldehydes for the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are those having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and preferably those having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 2-ethylhexanal, benzaldehyde, glyoxalic acid and their reactive equivalents such as paraformaldehyde and trioxane.
- Particularly preferred is formaldehyde in the form of paraformaldehyde, and especially formalin.
- the molecular weight of the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins measured by gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrene) standards in THF is preferably 500-25,000 g / mol, more preferably 800-10,000 g / mol, and especially 1,000-5,000 g / mol such as 1,500-3,000 g / mol.
- the prerequisite here is that the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins, at least in application-relevant concentrations of 0.001 to 1 wt .-% are oil-soluble.
- these are alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins, the oligo- or polymers having a repetitive structural unit of the formula wherein R 10 is C 1 -C 200 alkyl or alkenyl, OR 11 or OC (O) -R 11 , R 11 is C 1 -C 200 alkyl or alkenyl and n is a number from 2 to 100 stand.
- R 11 stands preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl or -alkenyl and in particular C 4 -C 16 -alkyl or -alkenyl, for example C 6 -C 12 -alkyl or -alkenyl.
- R 10 particularly preferably represents C 1 -C 20 -alkyl or -alkenyl and in particular C 4 -C 16 -alkyl or -alkenyl, for example C 6 -C 12 -alkyl or -alkenyl.
- n is a number from 2 to 50 and especially a number from 3 to 25, such as a number from 5 to 15.
- alkylphenol-aldehyde resins having C 2 -C 40 -alkyl radicals of the alkylphenol, preferably having C 4 -C 20 -alkyl radicals such as C 6 -C 12 -alkyl radicals.
- the alkyl radicals can be linear or branched, preferably they are linear.
- Particularly suitable alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are derived from linear alkyl radicals having 8 and 9 C atoms.
- alkylphenol-aldehyde resins whose alkyl radicals carry 4 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 10 to 30 carbon atoms.
- the degree of polymerization (n) here is preferably between 2 and 20, preferably between 3 and 10 alkylphenol units.
- alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are, for example, by condensation of the corresponding alkylphenols with formaldehyde, ie with 0.5 to 1.5 moles, preferably 0.8 to 1.2 moles of formaldehyde per mole of alkylphenol.
- the condensation can be carried out solvent-free, but preferably it is carried out in the presence of a non or only partially water-miscible inert organic solvent such as mineral oils, alcohols, ethers, and the like.
- Particularly preferred are solvents which can form azeotropes with water.
- solvents in particular aromatics such as toluene, xylene diethylbenzene and higher-boiling commercial solvent mixtures such as ® Shellsol AB, and solvent naphtha are used.
- fatty acids and their derivatives such as esters with lower alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethanol and especially methanol are suitable as solvents.
- the condensation is preferably carried out between 70 and 200 ° C such as between 90 and 160 ° C. It is usually catalysed by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% bases or preferably by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% acids.
- sour Catalysts are in addition to carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and oxalic acid in particular strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid and sulfonic acids common catalysts.
- Particularly suitable catalysts are sulfonic acids which contain at least one sulfonic acid group and at least one saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched and / or cyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40 C atoms and preferably having 3 to 24 C atoms.
- aromatic sulfonic acids especially alkylaromatic monosulfonic acids having one or more C 1 -C 25 -alkyl radicals and, in particular, those having C 3 -C 22 -alkyl radicals.
- Suitable examples are methanesulfonic acid, butanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, xylenesulfonic acid, 2-mesitylenesulfonic acid, 4-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid, isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-butylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-octylbenzenesulfonic acid; Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, didodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid.
- polyoxyalkylene compounds are, for example, esters, ethers and ethers / esters of polyols which carry at least one alkyl radical having 12 to 30 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl groups are derived from an acid, the remainder is derived from a polyhydric alcohol; If the alkyl radicals come from a fatty alcohol, the remainder of the compound derives from a polyacid.
- Suitable polyols are polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols and their copolymers having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 5000, preferably 200 to 2000 g / mol.
- alkoxylates of polyols for example of glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, and the oligomers having from 2 to 10 monomer units obtainable therefrom by condensation, such as, for example, polyglycerol.
- Preferred alkoxylates are those having from 1 to 100, in particular from 5 to 50, mol of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per mole of polyol. Esters are especially preferred.
- Fatty acids containing 12 to 26 carbon atoms are preferred for reaction with the polyols to form the ester additives, more preferably C 18 to C 24 fatty acids, especially stearic and behenic acid.
- the esters can also be prepared by esterification of polyoxyalkylated alcohols. Preference is given to completely esterified polyoxyalkylated polyols having molecular weights of from 150 to 2,000, preferably from 200 to 600. Particularly suitable are PEG-600 dibehenate and glycerol-ethylene glycol tribehenate.
- Olefincopolymers which are suitable as further constituent of the additive according to the invention can be derived directly from monoethylenically unsaturated monomers or can be prepared indirectly by hydrogenation of polymers derived from polyunsaturated monomers such as isoprene or butadiene.
- preferred copolymers contain structural units which are derived from ⁇ -olefins having 3 to 24 carbon atoms and have molecular weights of up to 120,000 g / mol.
- Preferred ⁇ -olefins are propene, butene, isobutene, n-hexene, isohexene, n-octene, isooctene, n-decene, isodecene.
- the comonomer content of ⁇ -olefins having 3 to 24 C atoms is preferably between 15 and 50 mol%, more preferably between 20 and 35 mol% and especially between 30 and 45 mol%. These copolymers may also contain minor amounts, eg up to 10 mol% of other comonomers, such as non-terminal olefins or non-conjugated olefins.
- Preferred are ethylene-propene copolymers.
- the olefin copolymers can be prepared by known methods, for example by Ziegler or metallocene catalysts.
- olefin copolymers are block copolymers containing blocks of olefinically unsaturated aromatic monomers A and blocks of hydrogenated polyolefins B.
- Particularly suitable are block copolymers of the structure (AB) n A and (AB) m , where n is a number between 1 and 10 and m is a number between 2 and 10.
- the mixing ratio between the additive mixtures according to the invention and alkylphenol resins, polyoxyalkylene compounds or olefin copolymers can vary depending on the application.
- Such mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, based on the active compounds at least one alkylphenol resin, a polyoxyalkylene compound and / or an olefin copolymer per part by weight of the additive mixture according to the invention.
- the additive mixtures according to the invention can be used alone or together with other additives, e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with antioxidants, cetane number improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, detergents, dispersants, defoamers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity additives, sludge inhibitors, odorants and / or cloud point depressants.
- other additives e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with antioxidants, cetane number improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, detergents, dispersants, defoamers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity additives, sludge inhibitors, odorants and / or cloud point depressants.
- the additive mixtures according to the invention are suitable for improving the cold flow properties of animal, vegetable mineral and / or synthetic fuel oils.
- these additive blends and their concentrated formulations in mineral oil based solvents have low levels of inherent stickiness. This allows a problem-free use of these additive mixtures at lower temperatures or in higher concentrations than is possible with additives of the prior art.
- the additive mixtures can be dosed due to their good solubility in cold oils, without causing filter blockages by undissolved or recrystallized portions of the additive mixtures.
- Additive mixtures containing components A and B1 are particularly suitable for middle distillates with cloud points below + 5 ° C such as between -15 ° C and + 3 ° C. They are particularly suitable for those oils which have a high content of particularly cold-critical paraffins with a carbon chain length of 20 or more carbon atoms of more than 3.0 area% and in particular more than 4.0 area%.
- Additive mixtures containing components A and B2 are particularly suitable for middle distillates with cloud points above -4 ° C such as above -2 ° C.
- oils which have a high content of particularly cold-critical paraffins with a carbon chain length of 20 or more carbon atoms of more than 3.5 area% and in particular more than 4.5 area%.
- the paraffin content is determined by gas chromatographic separation of the oil under detection by a FID detector and calculation of the integral of n-paraffins with a chain length of at least 20 C atoms in relation to the total integral of the oil.
- they have often been subjected to hydrogenation refining and preferably contain less than 350 ppm sulfur, and more preferably less than 100 ppm sulfur, such as less than 50 ppm or 10 ppm sulfur.
- the fuel oils according to the invention preferably contain 5 to 5,000 ppm, particularly preferably 10 to 2,000 ppm and especially 50 to 1,000 ppm of the additive mixtures according to the invention.
- the middle distillate is in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and boil in the range of 120 to 450 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil.
- the additive mixtures according to the invention are particularly advantageous in those middle distillates which have 90% distillation points according to ASTM D86 above 340 ° C., in particular above 360 ° C. and in special cases above 370 ° C.
- Middle distillates also include synthetic fuel oils boiling in the temperature range of about 120 to 450 ° C and mixtures of these synthetic and mineral middle distillates.
- Examples of synthetic middle distillates are, in particular, fuels produced from coal, natural gas or even biomass by the Fischer-Tropsch process. Synthesis gas is first produced and this is converted into normal paraffins via the Fischer-Tropsch process. The normal paraffins thus prepared can then be modified, for example, by catalytic cracking, isomerization, hydrocracking or hydrosiomerization.
- the additive mixtures according to the invention are also particularly effective in middle distillates which contain minor amounts, for example up to 30% by volume, of oils of animal and / or vegetable origin.
- oils of animal and / or plant origin are both triglycerides and esters derived therefrom with lower alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethyl and in particular methyl esters, for example, from cotton, palm kernels, rapeseed, soy, sunflower, tallow and the like are accessible.
- a terpolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and propene according to EP 0 190 553 a terpolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and 4-methylpentene-1 according to EP 0 807 642 and a terpolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and isobutylene.
- the vinyl acetate content is determined by means of pyrolysis of the polymer freed from residual monomers at 150 ° C./100 mbar.
- 100 mg of the polymer are thermally split with 200 mg of pure polyethylene in a pyrolysis flask for 5 minutes at 450 ° C in a closed system under vacuum and collected the fission gases in a 250 ml round bottom flask.
- the cleavage product acetic acid is reacted with a NaJ / KJO 3 solution and titrated with Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution, the liberated iodine.
- the determination of the content of methyl groups derived from propene is carried out by means of 13 C-NMR spectroscopy at a measurement frequency of 125 MHz at also 10 to 15% solutions in C 2 D 2 Cl 4 at 300 K.
- the integral of the Propene-derived methyl groups between 19.3 and 20.2 ppm are proportioned to that of the aliphatic carbon atoms of the polymer backbone between 22 and 44 ppm.
- 1 H and 13 C NMR measurements are carried out on the same sample.
- the number of chain ends is determined by subtracting the number of methyl groups derived from propene by 13 C-NMR from the total number of methyl groups determined by 1 H-NMR. Both values are to be treated as dimensionless numbers.
- Table 1 Characterization of the ethylene copolymers A used polymer Polymerization process / moderator Vinyl acetate in the polymer [mol%] Propene-CH 3 per 100 aliph.
- the polymers described in Table 1 were dissolved in a predominantly aliphatic solvent mixture having a boiling range of 175-260 ° C. and a flash point of 66 ° C., 35% strength by weight.
- the polymer and solvent were heated with stirring to 80 ° C and cooled after homogenization to room temperature.
- the Filterverstopfungstendenz a treated with additives of the invention test oil was determined according to IP 387/97.
- 300 ml of an additive diesel fuel at a defined temperature and a pump capacity of 20 ml / min are filtered through a 1.6 micron glass fiber filter.
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Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Additivmischungen, enthaltend Ethylen-Propen-Vinylester-Terpolymere neben einem weiteren Kälteadditiv, die eine verbesserte Handhabbarkeit und verbesserte anwendungstechnische Eigenschaften als Kälteadditive für Brennstofföle aufweisen.The present invention relates to additive mixtures comprising ethylene-propene-vinyl ester terpolymers, in addition to a further cold additive, which have improved handling properties and improved performance properties as cold additives for fuel oils.
Rohöle und durch Destillation von Rohölen gewonnene Mitteldestillate wie Gasöl, Dieselöl oder Heizöl enthalten je nach Herkunft der Rohöle unterschiedliche Mengen an n-Paraffinen, die bei Erniedrigung der Temperatur als plättchenförmige Kristalle auskristallisieren und teilweise unter Einschluss von Öl agglomerieren. Durch diese Kristallisation und Agglomeration kommt es zu einer Verschlechterung der Fließeigenschaften der Öle bzw. Destillate, wodurch bei Gewinnung, Transport, Lagerung und/oder Einsatz der Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate Störungen auftreten können. Beim Transport von Mineralölen durch Rohrleitungen kann das Kristallisationsphänomen vor allem im Winter zu Ablagerungen an den Rohrwänden und in Einzelfällen, z.B. bei Stillstand einer Pipeline, sogar zu deren völliger Verstopfung führen. Bei der Lagerung und Weiterverarbeitung der Mineralöle kann es ferner im Winter erforderlich sein, die Mineralöle in beheizten Tanks zu lagern um ihre Fließfähigkeit zu gewährleisten. Bei Mineralöldestillaten kommt es als Folge der Kristallisation gegebenenfalls zu Verstopfungen der Filter in Dieselmotoren und Feuerungsanlagen, wodurch eine sichere Dosierung der Brennstoffe verhindert wird und unter Umständen eine völlige Unterbrechung der Kraftstoff- bzw. Heizmittelzufuhr eintritt.Depending on the origin of the crude oils, crude oils and middle distillates obtained by distillation of crude oils, such as gas oil, diesel oil or fuel oil, contain different amounts of n-paraffins, which crystallize out as platelet-shaped crystals when the temperature is lowered and partly agglomerate with the inclusion of oil. As a result of this crystallization and agglomeration, the flow properties of the oils or distillates deteriorate, which can lead to disruptions in the extraction, transport, storage and / or use of the mineral oils and mineral oil distillates. When transporting mineral oils through pipelines, the phenomenon of crystallization, especially in winter, can lead to deposits on the pipe walls and in individual cases, e.g. at standstill of a pipeline, even lead to their complete blockage. During storage and further processing of the mineral oils, it may also be necessary in winter to store the mineral oils in heated tanks to ensure their flowability. In the case of mineral oil distillates, as a result of the crystallization, blockages of the filters in diesel engines and firing systems may occur, as a result of which reliable metering of the fuels is prevented and, under certain circumstances, a complete interruption of the fuel or heating agent supply occurs.
Neben den klassischen Methoden zur Beseitigung der auskristallisierten Paraffine (thermisch, mechanisch oder mit Lösungsmitteln), die sich lediglich auf die Entfernung der bereits gebildeten Ausfällungen beziehen, werden zunehmend chemische Additive, so genannte Fließverbesserer eingesetzt. Diese Additive enthalten oftmals zwei Komponenten: zum einen als zusätzliche Kristallkeime wirkende und mit den Paraffinen auskristallisierende Bestandteile, die eine größere Anzahl kleinerer Paraffinkristalle mit veränderter Kristallform bewirken (Nucleatoren) und zum anderen das Wachstum der einmal gebildeten Kristalle begrenzende Bestandteile (Arrestoren). Die modifizierten Paraffinkristalle neigen weniger zur Agglomeration, so dass sich die mit diesen Additiven versetzten Öle noch bei Temperaturen pumpen bzw. verarbeiten lassen, die oft mehr als 20°C tiefer liegen als bei nicht additivierten Ölen.In addition to the classical methods for removing the crystallized paraffins (thermal, mechanical or with solvents), which relate only to the removal of already formed precipitates, increasingly chemical additives, so-called flow improvers are used. These additives often contain two components: on the one hand as additional crystal nuclei acting and with the paraffins crystallizing ingredients that cause a larger number of smaller paraffin crystals with altered crystal form (nucleators) and on the other hand, the growth of crystals once formed limiting components (arrestors). The modified paraffin crystals are less prone to agglomeration, so that the oils added with these additives can still be pumped or processed at temperatures which are often more than 20 ° C. lower than for non-additized oils.
Im Zuge abnehmender Welterdölreserven werden immer schwerere und damit paraffinreichere Rohöle gefördert und verarbeitet, die folglich auch zu paraffinreicheren Brennstoffölen führen. Zudem bedingt die aus Umweltschutzgründen zunehmende hydrierende Entschwefelung von Brennstoffölen eine geänderte Verarbeitung der Rohöle, die teilweise zu einem erhöhten Anteil an kältekritischen Paraffinen im Brennstofföl führt. In derartigen Ölen sind Löslichkeit und Wirksamkeit der bekannten Additive des Standes der Technik oftmals unbefriedigend. Weiterhin erfordern die geringen Toleranzen moderner Motorentechnologie, die für die Einhaltung von Emissionswerten erforderlich sind, sehr reine Brennstofföle. Die bekannten Additive des Standes der Technik, insbesondere die als Kristallkeimbildner eingesetzten Additivkomponenten enthalten jedoch oftmals geringe Anteile an schwerer löslichen und teilweise rekristallisierenden Bestandteilen, die zu Problemen in den Einspritzanlagen bzw. zu Belegungen in den vorgeschalteten Kraftstofffiltern führen können.In the course of decreasing world oil reserves, increasingly heavier and thus paraffin-rich crude oils are extracted and processed, which consequently also lead to paraffin-rich fuel oils. In addition, due to environmental reasons, increasing hydrodesulfurization of fuel oils causes a change in the processing of crude oils, which in part leads to an increased proportion of cold-critical paraffins in the fuel oil. In such oils, the solubility and effectiveness of the known additives of the prior art are often unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the low tolerances of modern engine technology required for compliance with emission levels require very pure fuel oils. The known additives of the prior art, in particular the additive components used as nucleating agents, however, often contain small amounts of sparingly soluble and partially recrystallizing constituents, which can lead to problems in the injection systems or to allocations in the upstream fuel filters.
Eine bekannte und vielfach für die Verbesserung der Kälteeigenschaften von Mineralölen und daraus hergestellten Mitteldestillaten eingesetzte Additivklasse sind Copolymere aus Ethylen und Vinylestern, insbesondere Ethylen und Vinylacetat. Dabei handelt es sich um teilkristalline Polymere, deren Wirkungsweise über eine Cokristallisation ihrer Poly(ethylen)-Sequenzen mit den bei Abkühlung aus den Mitteldestillaten ausfallenden n-Paraffinen erklärt wird. Durch dieses physikalische Zusammenwirken werden Form, Größe und Adhäsionseigenschaften der ausfallenden Paraffinkristalle dahingehend modifiziert, dass viele kleine Kristalle entstehen, die den Kraftstofffilter passieren und dem Brennraum zugeführt werden können.A known and widely used for the improvement of the cold properties of mineral oils and middle distillates produced therefrom additive class are copolymers of ethylene and vinyl esters, especially ethylene and vinyl acetate. These are partially crystalline polymers, the mode of action of which is explained by co-crystallization of their poly (ethylene) sequences with the n-paraffins precipitated on cooling from the middle distillates. Through this physical interaction, the shape, size and adhesion properties of the precipitated wax crystals are modified to produce many small crystals that pass through the fuel filter and can be supplied to the combustion chamber.
Insbesondere die als Kristallkeimbildner bzw. Nukleierungsmittel eingesetzten Ethylen-Copolymere müssen zur Erfüllung ihrer Funktion eine geringe Löslichkeit im Öl aufweisen, um bei Abkühlung des Öls mit bzw. kurz vor den Paraffinen auskristallisieren. Als Kristallkeimbildner werden bevorzugt Ethylen-Copolymere mit niedrigem Comonomergehalt und damit langen freien Poly(ethylen)-Sequenzen eingesetzt, die besonders gut zur Cokristallisation mit den zuerst aus dem Öl ausfallenden langkettigen Paraffinen befähigt sind. Um aber oberhalb des Cloud Points des Öls vollständig gelöst und nicht selbst Anlass für Filterverstopfungen zu sein, erfordern diese Ethylen-Vinylester-Copolymere auf Grund ihrer erhöhten Eigenkristallinität, bei erhöhter Temperatur gehandhabt und dosiert zu werden oder alternativ in hoher Verdünnung mit Lösemitteln transportiert und verarbeitet zu werden. Andernfalls besteht die Gefahr, dass die Additive ungelöst bleiben, wodurch sie ihre volle Wirksamkeit nicht entfalten können und zudem selbst Anlass für Filterbelegungen und Filterverstopfungen geben können.In particular, the ethylene copolymers used as nucleating agents or nucleating agents must have a low solubility in the oil in order to fulfill their function in order to crystallize out on cooling of the oil with or shortly before the paraffins. Ethylene copolymers having a low comonomer content and thus long free poly (ethylene) sequences which are particularly well suited for co-crystallization with the long-chain paraffins which precipitate out of the oil are preferably used as nucleators. However, in order to be completely dissolved above the cloud point of the oil and not itself a cause for filter blockages, these ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers require due to their increased intrinsic crystallinity, handled at elevated temperature and dosed or alternatively transported and processed in high dilution with solvents to become. Otherwise, there is a risk that the additives remain undissolved, whereby they can not develop their full effectiveness and can also give rise to filter occupancy and filter blockages.
Des weiteren erfordern insbesondere die Einspritzaggregate und Pumpen aktueller Motorenkonzepte sehr saubere Kraftstoffe. Auch kleine Anteile ungelöster Additivbestandteile sind in diesem Zusammenhang hochgradig unerwünscht. Eine Entfernung derartiger Nebenbestandteile von Polymeren durch Filtration ist, wenn überhaupt möglich, sehr aufwendig.Furthermore, in particular, the injection units and pumps require current engine concepts very clean fuels. Even small amounts of undissolved additive components are highly undesirable in this context. Removal of such minor constituents of polymers by filtration is very expensive, if at all possible.
Es ist auch bekannt, die Eigenfließfähigkeit von Ethylen-Vinylester-Copolymeren sowie deren Dispersionen durch einen hohen Anteil an so genannten Kurzkettenverzweigungen, wie er beispielsweise durch Polymerisation bei hohen Temperaturen und/oder niedrigen Drücken eingestellt werden kann, zu verbessern. Diese Kurzkettenverzweigungen entstehen durch intramolekulare Kettenübertragungsreaktionen ("back-biting mechanism") während der Radikalkettenpolymerisation und bestehen im Wesentlichen aus Butyl- und Ethylresten (siehe z.B.
Den Kurzkettenverzweigungen vergleichbare Strukturen und damit verbundene Effekte werden durch den Einbau verzweigter Comonomere wie Isobutylen (
Durch Kurzkettenverzweigungen wie auch längerkettige und insbesondere verzweigte olefinische Comonomere lässt sich die Eigenfließfähigkeit von Polymeren aus Ethylen und ungesättigten Estern zwar verbessern, doch geht dies oftmals mit einem Verlust an Wirksamkeit als Kaltfließverbesserer einher, da der für die Cokristallisation mit Paraffinen optimale Bereich der Polyethylensequenzlängen verlassen wird bzw. selbst bereits kleinere Mengen der Comonomere eine so starke Störung der Polyethylensequenzen bewirken, dass eine effektive Cokristallisation mit den Paraffinen des Öls und insbesondere eine Stimulierung der Paraffinkristallisation (Nukleierung) nicht mehr möglich ist. Darüber hinaus enthalten diese Nucleatoren oftmals sehr schwer lösliche und aus dem Öl rekristallisierende Anteile, die zu Verstopfungen von Filtern und Einspritzanlagen führen können.Although short chain branching as well as longer chain and especially branched olefinic comonomers improve the inherent flowability of polymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters, this is often accompanied by a loss of efficacy as cold flow improver since the range of polyethylene sequence lengths optimum for co-crystallization with paraffins is exited or even already smaller amounts of the comonomers cause such a strong disruption of the polyethylene sequences that an effective cocrystallization with the paraffins of the oil and in particular a stimulation of the paraffin crystallization (nucleation) is no longer possible. In addition, these nucleators often contain very poorly soluble and recrystallizing from the oil fractions, which can lead to blockages of filters and injection systems.
Der Einbau größerer Mengen der bekannten verzweigten Olefine wie Isobutylen, 4-Methylpenten oder Diisobutylen in Polymere aus Ethylen und ungesättigten Estern wird zudem dadurch begrenzt, dass diese Olefine eine dermaßen stark moderierende Wirkung auf die Polymerisation haben, so dass der Bedarf an Initiatoren ein für kommerzielle Anwendungen prohibitives Niveau erreicht, kein ausreichend hohes Molekulargewicht erreicht wird und/oder dass kein kommerziell interessanter Umsatz bei der Polymerisation zu erzielen ist. Darüber hinaus zeigen die daraus resultierenden, stark kurzkettenverzweigten Produkte keine ausreichende Wirksamkeit als Nukleierungsmittel für die Paraffinkristallisation.The incorporation of larger amounts of the known branched olefins such as isobutylene, 4-methylpentene or diisobutylene in polymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters is also limited by the fact that these olefins have such a strong moderating effect on the polymerization, so that the need for initiators for commercial Applications prohibitive level reached, not sufficiently high molecular weight is achieved and / or that no commercially interesting turnover in the polymerization can be achieved. In addition, the resulting strongly short-chain branched products do not show sufficient activity as nucleating agents for paraffin crystallization.
Es war folglich Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, Additive zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließfähigkeit von Brennstoffölen bereitzustellen, die bei möglichst niedrigen Temperaturen in möglichst konzentrierter Form fließfähig und problemlos pumpbar sind, eine gegenüber den Additiven des Standes der Technik verbesserte Wirksamkeit als Kaltfließverbesserer zeigen und keine unlöslichen, zu Ventil- und/oder Filterverstopfungen führenden Anteile enthalten.It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide additives for improving the cold flowability of fuel oils which are flowable and easily pumpable at the lowest possible temperatures in the most concentrated form possible, compared to the additives of the prior art improved effectiveness as a cold flow improver and no insoluble, too Valve and / or filter blockages contain leading portions.
Es wurde nun gefunden, dass Additivkonzentrate, die als Nukleierungsmittel für Paraffine Terpolymere aus Ethylen, Propen und ungesättigten Estern mit wenigen Kurzkettenverzweigungen enthalten eine sehr gute Handhabbarkeit und Einmischbarkeit bei niedrigen Temperaturen und gleichzeitig eine überlegene Wirksamkeit als Kälteadditiv zeigen. Zudem enthalten diese Additive weniger schwer lösliche Anteile die bekannten Ethylen-Copolymere des Standes der Technik.It has now been found that additive concentrates which contain, as nucleating agents for paraffins, terpolymers of ethylene, propene and unsaturated esters with few short-chain branching properties are very easy to handle and mix at low temperatures, and at the same time a superior one Show effectiveness as a cold additive. In addition, these additives contain less difficultly soluble portions of the known ethylene copolymers of the prior art.
Gegenstand der Erfindung sind somit Additivmischungen, enthaltend
- A) mindestens ein Terpolymer aus Ethylen, Propen und mindestens einem ethylenisch ungesättigten Ester, welches
- i) 6,0 bis 12,0 mol-% von mindestens einem ethylenisch ungesättigten Ester mit einem C1- bis C3-Alkylrest abgeleitete Struktureinheiten enthält,
- ii) 0,5 bis 4,0 vom Propen abgeleitete Methylgruppen pro 100 aliphatische C-Atome enthält,
- iii) weniger als 8,0 von Kettenenden stammende Methylgruppen pro 100 CH2-Gruppen aufweist und
- B) 0,5 bis 20 Gewichtsteile bezogen auf A) mindestens einer weiteren, als Kälteadditiv für Mineralöle wirksamen, Komponente ausgewählt aus
- B1) Copolymeren aus Ethylen und ethylenisch ungesättigten Verbindungen, deren Gehalt an ethylenisch ungesättigten Verbindungen mindestens 2 mol-% höher ist als der Gehalt des unter A) definierten Terpolymers an ethylenisch ungesättigten Estern,
- B2) Kammpolymeren, und
- B3) Mischungen aus B1) und B2).
- A) at least one terpolymer of ethylene, propene and at least one ethylenically unsaturated ester which
- i) contains from 6.0 to 12.0 mol% of structural units derived from at least one ethylenically unsaturated ester with a C 1 to C 3 alkyl radical,
- ii) contains 0.5 to 4.0 propene-derived methyl groups per 100 aliphatic C atoms,
- iii) has less than 8.0 chain end methyl groups per 100 CH 2 groups, and
- B) 0.5 to 20 parts by weight based on A) of at least one further, as a cold additive for mineral oils effective, component selected from
- B1) copolymers of ethylene and ethylenically unsaturated compounds whose content of ethylenically unsaturated compounds is at least 2 mol% higher than the content of the terpolymer defined in A) of ethylenically unsaturated esters,
- B2) comb polymers, and
- B3) mixtures of B1) and B2).
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung von Additivmischungen aus A) und B) zur Verbesserung der Kältefließfähigkeit von Brennstoffölen.Another object of the invention is the use of additive mixtures of A) and B) to improve the low-flowability of fuel oils.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Kältefließfähigkeit von Brennstoffölen, indem man dem Brennstofföl eine Additivmischung aus A) und B) zusetzt.Another object of the invention is a method for improving the low-temperature flowability of fuel oils by adding an additive mixture of A) and B) to the fuel oil.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Brennstofföle mit verbesserter Kaltfließfähigkeit, enthaltend eine Additivmischung aus A) und B).Another object of the invention are fuel oils with improved cold flowability, containing an additive mixture of A) and B).
Für die Komponente A) erfindungsgemäß geeignete ungesättigte Ester sind insbesondere Vinylester von Carbonsäuren mit 1 bis 4 C-Atomen sowie Ester der Acryl- und Methacrylsäure mit Fettalkoholen mit 1 bis 3 C-Atomen.Unsaturated esters suitable for component A) according to the invention are in particular vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and also esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid with fatty alcohols having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
Besonders bevorzugt als ethylenisch ungesättigte Ester sind Vinylester von Carbonsäuren mit 2 bis 12 C-Atomen. Dabei handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 1
CH2=CH-OCOR1 (1)
worin R1 für C1- bis C3-Alkyl und vorzugsweise für C2- bis C3-Alkyl steht. Beispiele für geeignete Vinylester sind Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Vinylbutyrat und Vinylisobutyrat. Insbesondere bevorzugt ist Vinylacetat.Particularly preferred ethylenically unsaturated esters are vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. These are preferably those of the formula 1
CH 2 = CH-OCOR 1 (1)
wherein R 1 is C 1 - to C 3 -alkyl and preferably C 2 - to C 3 -alkyl. Examples of suitable vinyl esters are vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl isobutyrate. Especially preferred is vinyl acetate.
Weiterhin bevorzugt als ethylenisch ungesättigte Ester sind Ester der Acryl- und Methacrylsäure mit Fettalkoholen mit 1 bis 12 C-Atomen. Dabei handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 2
CH2=CR2-COOR3 (2)
worin R2 Wasserstoff oder Methyl und R3 C1- bis C3-Alkyl und vorzugsweise C1- oder C2-Alkyl bedeutet. Geeignete Ester der Acryl- und Methacrylsäure umfassen z.B. Methyl(meth)acrylat, Ethyl(meth)acrylat, n- und iso-Propyl(meth)acrylat sowie Mischungen dieser Comonomere. Methylacrylat und Ethylacrylat sind besonders bevorzugt.Also preferred as ethylenically unsaturated esters are esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid with fatty alcohols having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. These are preferably those of the formula 2
CH 2 = CR 2 -COOR 3 (2)
wherein R 2 is hydrogen or methyl and R 3 is C 1 - to C 3 -alkyl and preferably C 1 - or C 2 -alkyl. Suitable esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n- and iso-propyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures of these comonomers. Methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate are particularly preferred.
Der Gehalt des Terpolymers A) an ungesättigtem Ester liegt bevorzugt zwischen 7,0 und 11,5 mol-% und insbesondere zwischen 8,0 und 11,0 mol-% wie beispielsweise zwischen 8,5 und 10,5 mol-%. Im Falle des als ethylenisch ungesättigten Ester besonders bevorzugten Vinylacetats liegt der Gehalt bevorzugt zwischen 12,0 und 29,0 Gew.-% und insbesondere zwischen 18 und 28 Gew.-% wie beispielsweise zwischen 20,0 und 27,0 Gew.-%. Die Bestimmung des Comonomergehalts erfolgt mittels Pyrolyse des Polymers und anschließender Titration der abgespaltenen Carbonsäure.The content of the terpolymer A) of unsaturated ester is preferably between 7.0 and 11.5 mol% and in particular between 8.0 and 11.0 mol%, for example between 8.5 and 10.5 mol%. In the case of the vinyl acetate which is particularly preferred as the ethylenically unsaturated ester, the content is preferably between 12.0 and 29.0% by weight and in particular between 18 and 28% by weight, for example between 20.0 and 27.0% by weight. , The comonomer content is determined by pyrolysis of the polymer and subsequent titration of the eliminated carboxylic acid.
Die Terpolymere A können zusätzlich untergeordnete Mengen von beispielsweise bis zu 4 mol-%, bevorzugt bis zu 2,5 mol-% wie beispielsweise 0,1 bis 2,0 mol-% an Struktureinheiten enthalten, die sich von ungesättigten Estern mit längeren Alkylketten ableiten. Hierfür geeignete ungesättigte Ester sind Vinylester der Formel (1) und/oder (Meth)acrylsäureester der Formel (2), in denen R2 und R3 unabhängig voneinander für einen Alkylrest mit 4 bis 20 C-Atomen stehen. Diese Alkylreste können linear oder verzweigt sein. Bevorzugt sind sie verzweigt.The terpolymers A may additionally contain minor amounts of, for example, up to 4 mol%, preferably up to 2.5 mol%, such as 0.1 to 2.0 mol%, of structural units derived from unsaturated esters with longer alkyl chains , Suitable unsaturated esters for this purpose are vinyl esters of the formula (1) and / or (meth) acrylic acid esters of the formula (2) in which R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are an alkyl radical having 4 to 20 C atoms. These alkyl radicals can be linear or branched. Preferably, they are branched.
Der Gehalt des Terpolymers A) an Methylgruppen, die sich vom Propen ableiten liegt bevorzugt zwischen 0,7 und 3,5 und insbesondere zwischen 1,0 und 3,0 wie beispielsweise zwischen 1,1 und 2,5 Methylgruppen pro 100 aliphatischen C-Atomen.The content of the terpolymer A) of methyl groups derived from the propene is preferably between 0.7 and 3.5 and in particular between 1.0 and 3.0, for example between 1.1 and 2.5 methyl groups per 100 aliphatic carbon atoms. atoms.
Die Anzahl der vom Propen abgeleiteten Methylgruppen pro 100 aliphatischer C-Atome in Terpolymer A) (Propen-CH3) wird mittels 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. So zeigen Terpolymere aus Ethylen, Vinylester und Propen charakteristische Signale von an das Polymerrückgrat gebundenen Methylgruppen zwischen etwa 19,3 und 20,2 ppm, die im DEPT-Experiment ein positives Vorzeichen haben. Das Integral dieses Signals der von Propen abgeleiteten Methylseitengruppen des Polymerrückgrats wird zu demjenigen aller aliphatischen C-Atome des Polymerrückgrats zwischen etwa 22 und 44 ppm ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Gegebenenfalls von den Alkylresten der ungesättigten Ester stammende und mit den Signalen des Polymerrückgrats überlagernde Signale werden auf Basis des Signals der der Carbonylgruppe des ungesättigten Esters benachbarten Methingruppe vom Gesamtintegral der aliphatischen C-Atome subtrahiert. Derartige Messungen lassen sich zum Beispiel mit NMR-Spektrometern bei einer Messfrequenz von 125 MHz bei 30°C in Lösemitteln wie CDCl3 oder C2D2Cl4 durchführen.The number of propene-derived methyl groups per 100 aliphatic carbon atoms in terpolymer A) (propene-CH 3 ) is determined by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Thus, terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl ester and propene show characteristic signals of methyl groups attached to the polymer backbone of between about 19.3 and 20.2 ppm, which have a positive sign in the DEPT experiment. The integral of this signal of the propene-derived methyl side groups of the polymer backbone is related to that of all aliphatic carbon atoms of the polymer backbone between about 22 and 44 ppm. Optionally derived from the alkyl radicals of the unsaturated ester and superimposed with the signals of the polymer backbone signals are subtracted based on the signal of the carbonyl group of the unsaturated ester adjacent methine group of the total integral of the aliphatic C-atoms. Leave such measurements For example, with NMR spectrometers at a measurement frequency of 125 MHz at 30 ° C in solvents such as CDCl 3 or C 2 D 2 Cl 4 perform.
Die Anzahl der von Kettenenden stammenden Methylgruppen in den Terpolymeren A) liegt bevorzugt zwischen 2,0 und 7,0 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen und insbesondere zwischen 2,5 und 6,5 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen wie beispielsweise zwischen 3,0 und 6,0 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen.The number of chain ends originating from the methyl groups in the terpolymers A) is preferably from 2.0 to 7.0 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups and in particular from 2.5 to 6.5 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups such as 3.0 to 6.0 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups.
Unter der Anzahl der aus Kettenenden stammenden Methylgruppen werden alle diejenigen Methylgruppen des Terpolymers A) verstanden, die nicht aus den als Comonomere eingesetzten ungesättigten Estern stammen. Es werden hierunter folglich sowohl die an den Hauptkettenenden befindlichen Methylgruppen inclusive der aus Struktureinheiten des Moderators abgeleiteten Methylgruppen wie auch die aus Kurzkettenverzweigungen stammenden Methylgruppen verstanden.The number of methyl groups derived from chain ends is understood to mean all those methyl groups of the terpolymer A) which do not originate from the unsaturated esters used as comonomers. Consequently, this includes both the methyl groups located at the main chain ends, including the methyl groups derived from structural units of the moderator, and the methyl groups derived from short chain branches.
Die Anzahl der von Kettenenden stammenden Methylgruppen wird mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt, indem das Integral der im 1H-NMR-Spektrum üblicherweise bei einer chemischen Verschiebung zwischen etwa 0,7 und 0,9 ppm (gegenüber TMS) erscheinenden Signale der Methylprotonen mit dem Integral der bei 0,9 bis 1,9 ppm erscheinenden Signale der Methylenprotonen ins Verhältnis gesetzt wird. Die von Alkylresten der Comonomere stammenden Methyl- und Methylengruppen wie beispielsweise die Acetylgruppe des Vinylacetats werden nicht mit einbezogen bzw. herausgerechnet. Die von Struktureinheiten des Moderators verursachten Signale sind entsprechend den Methyl- bzw. Methylenprotonen zuzuordnen. Von dem dabei resultierenden Wert wird die mittels 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmte Anzahl der vom Propen abstammenden Methylgruppen subtrahiert um die Anzahl der von Kettenenden stammenden Methylgruppen zu erhalten. Geeignete 1H-NMR-Spektren können beispielsweise bei einer Messfrequenz von 500 MHz bei 30°C in Lösemitteln wie CDCl3 oder C2D2Cl4 aufgenommen werden.The number of methyl groups derived from chain ends is determined by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, in which the integral of the signals usually appearing in the 1 H-NMR spectrum with a chemical shift of between about 0.7 and 0.9 ppm (versus TMS) Methyl protons is compared with the integral of appearing at 0.9 to 1.9 ppm signals of the methylene protons. The methyl and methylene groups derived from alkyl radicals of the comonomers, for example the acetyl group of the vinyl acetate, are not included or excluded. The signals generated by the structural units of the moderator are assigned according to the methyl or methylene protons. From the resulting value, the number of propene-derived methyl groups, as determined by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy, is subtracted to obtain the number of methyl groups derived from chain ends. Suitable 1 H NMR spectra, for example, at a measurement frequency of 500 MHz at 30 ° C in solvents such as CDCl 3 or C 2 D 2 Cl 4 are recorded.
Bevorzugt liegt die Summe G aus molarem Gehalt an ungesättigtem Ester i) und der Anzahl der vom Propen abgeleiteten Methylgruppen pro 100 aliphatischen C-Atomen des Polymers ii)
zwischen 8,0 und 14,0 und speziell zwischen 9,5 und 13,0 wie beispielsweise zwischen 10,0 und 12,5. Die beiden Summanden sind als dimensionslose Zahlen zu addieren.Preferably, the sum G of molar content of unsaturated ester i) and the number of propene-derived methyl groups per 100 aliphatic carbon atoms of the polymer ii)
between 8.0 and 14.0 and especially between 9.5 and 13.0 such as between 10.0 and 12.5. The two summands are to be added as dimensionless numbers.
Das mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie gegen Poly(styrol)-Standards bestimmte gewichtsmittlere Molekulargewicht Mw der Terpolymere A) liegt bevorzugt zwischen 2.500 und 50.000 g/mol, bevorzugt zwischen 4.000 und 30.000 g/mol wie beispielsweise zwischen 5000 und 25.000 g/mol. Die bei 140°C bestimmte Schmelzviskosität der Terpolymere A) liegt zwischen 100 und 5.000 mPas, bevorzugt zwischen 150 und 2.500 mPas und insbesondere zwischen 200 und 2.000 mPas.The weight-average molecular weight M w of the terpolymers A) determined by means of gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrene) standards is preferably between 2,500 and 50,000 g / mol, preferably between 4,000 and 30,000 g / mol, for example between 5,000 and 25,000 g / mol. The melt viscosity of the terpolymers A) determined at 140 ° C. is between 100 and 5,000 mPas, preferably between 150 and 2,500 mPas and in particular between 200 and 2,000 mPas.
Für alle Analysen wird das Polymer vorab zwei Stunden bei 140°C im Vakuum (100 mbar) von Restmonomeren und eventuellen Lösemittelanteilen befreit.For all analyzes, the polymer is previously freed for two hours at 140 ° C in vacuo (100 mbar) of residual monomers and any solvent components.
Die Ethylenpolymere A) wie auch B1) sind unabhängig voneinander durch übliche Copolymerisationsverfahren wie beispielsweise Suspensionspolymerisation, Lösungsmittelpolymerisation, Gasphasenpolymerisation oder Hochdruckmassepolymerisation herstellbar. Bevorzugt wird die Hochdruckmassepolymerisation bei Drucken oberhalb 100 MPa, bevorzugt zwischen 100 und 300 MPa wie beispielsweise zwischen 150 bis 275 MPa und Temperaturen von 100 bis 340°C, bevorzugt 150 bis 310°C wie beispielsweise zwischen 200 und 280°C durchgeführt. Durch geeignete Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen sowie der eingesetzten Mengen an Monomeren lassen sich der Propengehalt wie auch das Ausmaß der Kurzkettenverzweigungen / Kettenenden einstellen. So führen insbesondere niedrige Reaktionstemperaturen und/oder hohe Drücke zu niedrigen Anteilen an Kurzkettenverzweigungen und damit zu einer niedrigen Anzahl an Kettenenden.The ethylene polymers A) and also B1) can be prepared independently of one another by customary copolymerization processes, for example suspension polymerization, solvent polymerization, gas-phase polymerization or high-pressure bulk polymerization. The high-pressure mass polymerization is preferably carried out at pressures above 100 MPa, preferably between 100 and 300 MPa, for example between 150 to 275 MPa and temperatures of 100 to 340 ° C., preferably 150 to 310 ° C., for example between 200 and 280 ° C. By suitable choice of the reaction conditions and the amounts of monomers used, the propene content as well as the extent of short chain branches / chain ends can be adjusted. In particular, low reaction temperatures and / or high pressures lead to low fractions of short chain branches and thus to a low number of chain ends.
Die Reaktion der Monomeren wird durch Radikale bildende Initiatoren (Radikalkettenstarter) eingeleitet. Zu dieser Substanzklasse gehören z.B. Sauerstoff, Hydroperoxide, Peroxide und Azoverbindungen wie Cumolhydroperoxid, t-Butylhydroperoxid, Dilauroylperoxid, Dibenzoylperoxid, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)peroxid-carbonat, t-Butylperpivalat, t-Butylpermaleinat, t-Butylperbenzoat, Dicumylperoxid, t-Butylcumylperoxid, Di-(t-butyl)peroxid, 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylpropanonitril), 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylbutyronitril). Die Initiatoren werden einzeln oder als Gemisch aus zwei oder mehr Substanzen in Mengen von 0,01 bis 10 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,05 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Monomerengemisch, eingesetzt.The reaction of the monomers is initiated by free radical initiators (free radical initiators). This class of substances includes, for example, oxygen, hydroperoxides, peroxides and azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxide carbonate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, di (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile), 2,2'-azobis ( 2-methylbutyronitrile). The initiators are used individually or as a mixture of two or more substances in amounts of 0.01 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 5 wt .-%, based on the monomer mixture.
Die Hochdruckmassepolymerisation wird in bekannten Hochdruckreaktoren, z.B. Autoklaven oder Rohrreaktoren, diskontinuierlich oder kontinuierlich durchgeführt, besonders bewährt haben sich kontinuierlich betriebene Rohrreaktoren. Lösungsmittel wie aliphatische und/oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische, Benzol oder Toluol, können im Reaktionsgemisch enthalten sein. Bevorzugt ist die im wesentlichen lösungsmittelfreie Arbeitsweise. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Polymerisation wird das Gemisch aus den Monomeren, dem Initiator und, sofern eingesetzt, dem Moderator, einem Rohrreaktor über den Reaktoreingang sowie über einen oder mehrere Seitenäste zugeführt. Die Comonomeren wie auch die Moderatoren können dabei sowohl gemeinsam mit Ethylen als auch getrennt über Seitenströme in den Reaktor dosiert werden. Hierbei können die Monomerenströme unterschiedlich zusammengesetzt sein (
Es hat sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, das Molekulargewicht der Polymere nicht allein über die moderierende Wirkung des Propens einzustellen sondern zusätzlich solche Moderatoren einzusetzen, die im wesentlichen nur eine Kettenübertragung bewirken und nicht in Art von Comonomeren in die Polymerkette eingebaut werden. Somit können Methylgruppen als Störstellen selektiv in das Polymerrückgrat eingebaut werden und es werden Polymere mit verbesserter Wirksamkeit als Kaltfließverbesserer erhalten. Bevorzugte Moderatoren sind beispielsweise gesättigte und ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe wie beispielsweise Propan, Hexan, Heptan und Cyclohexan sowie Alkohole wie beispielsweise Butanol sowie insbesondere Aldehyde wie beispielsweise Acetaldehyd, Propionaldehyd, n-Butyraldehyd und iso-Butyraldehyd sowie Ketone wie beispielsweise Aceton, Methylethylketon, Methylpropylketon, Methylisopropylketon, Methylbutylketon, Methylisobutylketon und Cyclohexanon. Auch Wasserstoff ist als Moderator geeignet.It has proved to be advantageous to set the molecular weight of the polymers not only on the moderating effect of propene but also to use such moderators, which effect essentially only a chain transfer and are not incorporated in the form of comonomers in the polymer chain. Thus, methyl groups can be selectively incorporated into the polymer backbone as impurities, and polymers with improved effectiveness as cold flow improvers are obtained. Preferred moderators are, for example, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as propane, hexane, heptane and cyclohexane and alcohols such as butanol and in particular aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde and ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, Methyl butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone. Hydrogen is also suitable as a moderator.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Polymere zusätzlich zu Vinylester und Propen 0,3 bis 5,0 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 0,5 bis 3,5 Gew.-% an Struktureinheiten, die sich von mindestens einem Carbonylgruppen enthaltenden Moderator ableiten. Die Konzentration dieser vom Moderator abgeleiteten Strukturelemente im Polymer kann ebenfalls mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt werden. Dies kann zum Beispiel durch Korrelation der Intensität der vom Vinylester stammenden Signale, dessen Anteil im Polymer bekannt ist, mit den bei etwa 2,4 bis 2,5 ppm erscheinenden Signalen der zur Carbonylgruppe der Moderatoren benachbarten Methylen- bzw. Methingruppe erfolgen.In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymers according to the invention contain, in addition to vinyl esters and propene, 0.3 to 5.0% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 3.5% by weight, of structural units derived from at least one carbonyl-containing moderator , The concentration of these structural elements derived from the moderator in the polymer can also be determined by means of 1 H NMR spectroscopy. This can be done, for example, by correlating the intensity of the vinyl ester-derived signals, the proportion of which in the polymer is known, with the signals appearing at about 2.4 to 2.5 ppm of the methylene or methine group adjacent to the carbonyl group of the moderators.
Als Komponente B1) geeignet sind ein oder mehrere Copolymere aus Ethylen und olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen, deren Gesamtcomonomergehaltum mindestens 2, vorzugsweise 3 mol-% höher ist als der von Komponente A. Als Ethylen-Copolymere eignen sich insbesondere solche, die neben Ethylen 9 bis 21 mol-%, insbesondere 10 bis 18 mol-% Comonomere enthalten. Comonomere können neben olefinisch ungesättigten Estern auch andere olefinisch ungesättigte Verbindungen sein. Unter Gesamtcomonomergehalt ist der Gehalt an Monomeren außer Ethylen zu verstehen.Suitable as component B1) are one or more copolymers of ethylene and olefinically unsaturated compounds whose total comonomer content is at least 2, preferably 3 mol% higher than that of component A. Suitable ethylene copolymers are, in particular, those which have ethylene 9 to 21 mol%, in particular 10 to 18 mol% comonomers. Comonomers may be other olefinically unsaturated compounds in addition to olefinically unsaturated esters. By total comonomer content is meant the content of monomers other than ethylene.
Bei den olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Vinylester, Acrylester, Methacrylester, Alkylvinylether und/oder Alkene, wobei die genannten Verbindungen mit Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein können. Es können ein oder mehrere Comonomere im Polymer enthalten sein.The olefinically unsaturated compounds are preferably vinyl esters, acrylic esters, methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or alkenes, it being possible for the abovementioned compounds to be substituted by hydroxyl groups. One or more comonomers may be included in the polymer.
Bei den Vinylestern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 3
CH2=CH-OCOR4 (3)
worin R4 C1 bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4 bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl bedeutet. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein.The vinyl esters are preferably those of the formula 3
CH 2 = CH-OCOR 4 (3)
wherein R 4 is C 1 to C 30 alkyl, preferably C 4 to C 16 alkyl, especially C 6 to C 12 alkyl. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthalten diese Ethylen-Copolymere Vinylacetat und mindestens einen weiteren Vinylester der Formel 1 worin R4 für C4 bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4 bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl steht.In a further preferred embodiment, these ethylene copolymers contain vinyl acetate and at least one further vinyl ester of the formula 1 in which R 4 is C 4 to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl ,
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform steht R4 für einen verzweigten Alkylrest oder einen Neoalkylrest mit 7 bis 11 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere mit 8, 9 oder 10 Kohlenstoffatomen. Besonders bevorzugte Vinylester leiten sich von sekundären und insbesondere tertiären Carbonsäuren ab, deren Verzweigung sich in alpha-Position zur Carbonylgruppe befindet. Geeignete Vinylester umfassen Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Vinylbutyrat, Vinylisobutyrat, Vinylhexanoat, Vinylheptanoat, Vinyloctanoat, Pivalinsäurevinylester, 2-Ethylhexansäurevinylester, Vinyllaurat, Vinylstearat sowie Versaticsäureester wie Neononansäurevinylester, Neodecansäurevinylester, Neoundecansäurevinylester.In a further preferred embodiment, R 4 is a branched alkyl radical or a neoalkyl radical having 7 to 11 carbon atoms, in particular having 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred vinyl esters are derived from secondary and especially tertiary carboxylic acids whose branching is in the alpha position to the carbonyl group. Suitable vinyl esters include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl heptanoate, vinyl octanoate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate and versatic acid esters such as vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl neoundecanoate.
Bei den Acrylestern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 4
CH2=CR2-COOR5 (4)
worin R2 Wasserstoff oder Methyl und R5 C1- bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4- bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl bedeutet. Geeignete Acrylester umfassen z.B. Methyl(meth)acrylat, Ethyl(meth)acrylat, Propyl(meth)acrylat, n- und isoButyl(meth)acrylat, Hexyl-, Octyl-, 2-Ethylhexyl-, Decyl-, Dodecyl-, Tetradecyl-, Hexadecyl-, Octadecyl(meth)acrylat sowie Mischungen dieser Comonomere. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein. Ein Beispiel für einen solchen Acrylester ist Hydroxyethylmethacrylat.The acrylic esters are preferably those of the formula 4
CH 2 = CR 2 -COOR 5 (4)
wherein R 2 is hydrogen or methyl and R 5 is C 1 - to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 - to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl. Suitable acrylic esters include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, n- and isobutyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl , Hexadecyl, octadecyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures of these comonomers. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups. An example of such an acrylic ester is hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
Bei den Alkylvinylethern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Verbindungen der Formel 5
CH2=CH-OR6 (5)
worin R6 C1- bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4- bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl bedeutet. Beispielsweise seien genannt Methylvinylether, Ethylvinylether, isoButylvinylether. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein.The alkyl vinyl ethers are preferably compounds of the formula 5
CH 2 = CH-OR 6 (5)
wherein R 6 is C 1 - to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 - to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl. Examples which may be mentioned are methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
Bei den Alkenen handelt es sich vorzugsweise um einfache ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe mit 3 bis 30 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere 4 bis 16 Kohlenstoffatomen und speziell 5 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen. Geeignete Alkene umfassen Propen, Buten, Isobutylen, Penten, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten, Octen, Diisobutylen sowie Norbornen und seine Derivate wie Methylnorbornen und Vinylnorbornen. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein.The alkenes are preferably simple unsaturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, especially 4 to 16 carbon atoms and especially 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Suitable alkenes include propene, butene, isobutylene, pentene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and norbornene and its derivatives such as methylnorbornene and vinylnorbornene. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
Besonders bevorzugte Terpolymerisate des 2-Ethylhexansäurevinylesters, des Neononansäurevinylesters bzw. des Neodecansäurevinylesters enthalten außer Ethylen bevorzugt 3,5 bis 20 mol-%, insbesondere 8 bis 15 mol-% Vinylacetat und 0,1 bis 12 mol-%, insbesondere 0,2 bis 5 mol-% des jeweiligen langkettigen Vinylesters, wobei der gesamte Comonomergehalt zwischen 9 und 21 mol-%, bevorzugt zwischen 12 und 18 mol-% liegt. Weitere besonders bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen und 8 bis 18 mol-% Vinylestern noch 0,5 bis 10 mol-% Olefine wie Propen, Buten, Isobutylen, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten, Octen, Diisobutylen und/oder Norbornen.
Vorzugsweise haben diese Ethylen-Co- und Terpolymere Schmelzviskositäten bei 140°C von 20 bis 10.000 mPas, insbesondere von 30 bis 5.000 mPas, speziell von 50 bis 2.000 mPas. Die Mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmten Verzweigungsgrade liegen bevorzugt zwischen 1 und 9 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen, insbesondere zwischen 2 und 6 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen, die nicht aus den Comonomeren stammen.Particularly preferred terpolymers of 2-ethylhexanoic acid vinyl ester, vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate contain, in addition to ethylene, preferably 3.5 to 20 mol%, in particular 8 to 15 mol% vinyl acetate and 0.1 to 12 mol%, in particular 0.2 to 5 mol% of the respective long-chain vinyl ester, wherein the total comonomer content is between 9 and 21 mol%, preferably between 12 and 18 mol%. Further particularly preferred copolymers contain, in addition to ethylene and 8 to 18 mol% of vinyl esters, 0.5 to 10 mol% of olefins such as propene, butene, isobutylene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and / or norbornene.
These ethylene copolymers and terpolymers preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C. of from 20 to 10,000 mPas, in particular from 30 to 5,000 mPas, especially from 50 to 2,000 mPas. The means of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, certain degrees of branching are preferably between 1 and 9 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, especially between 2 and 6 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, which do not stem from the comonomers.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen den Terpolymeren A) und Ethylencopolymeren B1) kann je nach Anwendungsfall in weiten Grenzen variieren, wobei die Terpolymere A) als Kristallkeimbildner oftmals den kleineren Anteil darstellen. Bevorzugt enthalten derartige Additivmischungen 2 bis 70 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 3 bis 50 Gew.-% und speziell 5 bis 20 Gew.-% Bestandteil A sowie 30 bis 98 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 50 bis 97 Gew.-% und speziell 70 bis 95 Gew.-% an Bestandteil B1.Depending on the application, the mixing ratio between the terpolymers A) and ethylene copolymers B1) can vary within wide limits, the terpolymers A) often being the smaller fraction as crystal nucleating agents. Preferably, such additive mixtures contain 2 to 70 wt .-%, preferably 3 to 50 wt .-% and especially 5 to 20 wt .-% of component A and 30 to 98 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 97 wt .-% and especially 70 to 95 wt .-% of component B1.
Kammpolymere als Komponente B2) sind allgemein dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie ein Polymerrückgrat enthalten, an das in regelmäßigen Abständen langkettige Verzweigungen bzw. Seitenketten wie beispielsweise Kohlenwasserstoffketten mit etwa 8 bis 50 C-Atomen gebunden sind. Diese Seitenketten können direkt über eine C-C-Bindung oder auch über eine Ether-, Ester, Amid- oder Imidbindung an das Polymerrückgrat gebunden sein.Comb polymers as component B2) are generally characterized as containing a polymer backbone to which are attached at regular intervals long chain branches, such as hydrocarbon chains of about 8 to 50 carbon atoms. These side chains can be bonded directly to the polymer backbone via a C-C bond or via an ether, ester, amide or imide bond.
Geeignete Kammpolymere als Komponente B2) können beispielsweise durch die Formel
- A
- R', COOR', OCOR', R"-COOR', OR';
- D
- H, CH3, A oder R";
- E
- H, A;
- G
- H, R", R"-COOR', einen Arylrest oder einen heterocyclischen Rest;
- M
- H, COOR", OCOR", OR", COOH;
- N
- H, R", COOR", OCOR", einen Arylrest;
- R'
- eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 8 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen;
- R"
- eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen;
- m
- eine Zahl zwischen 0,4 und 1,0; und
- n
- eine Zahl zwischen 0 und 0,6.
- A
- R ', COOR', OCOR ', R "-COOR', OR ';
- D
- H, CH 3, A or R ";
- e
- H, A;
- G
- H, R ", R" -COOR ', an aryl radical or a heterocyclic radical;
- M
- H, COOR ", OCOR", OR ", COOH;
- N
- H, R ", COOR", OCOR ", an aryl radical;
- R '
- a hydrocarbon chain of 8 to 50 carbon atoms;
- R "
- a hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms;
- m
- a number between 0.4 and 1.0; and
- n
- a number between 0 and 0.6.
R' steht bevorzugt für einen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 10 bis 24 C-Atomen und insbesondere für einen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 12 bis 18 C-Atomen. Bevorzugt ist R' linear oder überwiegend linear, das heißt R' enthält höchstens eine Methyl- oder Ethylverzweigung.R 'preferably represents a hydrocarbon radical having 10 to 24 C atoms and in particular a hydrocarbon radical having 12 to 18 C atoms. Preferably, R 'is linear or predominantly linear, that is, R' contains at most one methyl or ethyl branch.
Geeignete Kammpolymere sind beispielsweise veresterte Copolymere ethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren wie Malein- oder Fumarsäure bzw. deren reaktiver Derivate mit anderen ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren wie Olefinen oder Vinylestern. Besonders geeignete Olefine sind dabei α-Olefine mit 10 bis 24 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise 1-Decen, 1-Dodecen, 1-Tetradecen, 1-Hexadecen, 1-Octadecen und deren Mischungen. Auch längerkettige Olefine auf Basis oligomerisierter C2-C6-Olefine wie beispielsweise Poly(isobutylen) mit hohem Anteil endständiger Doppelbindungen sind als Comonomere geeignet. Besonders bevorzugt sind Copolymere aus Maleinsäure bzw. Maleinsäureanhydrid und/oder Fumarsäure mit Hexadecen, Octadecen sowie mit Mischungen dieser Olefine. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthalten die Copolymere bis zu 15 mol-% wie beispielsweise 1 bis 10 mol-% Poly(isobutylen) mit einem Molekulargewicht Mw zwischen 300 und 5.000 g/mol. Als Comonomere besonders geeignete Vinylester leiten sich von Fettsäuren mit 1 bis 12 C-Atomen und insbesondere 2 bis 8 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Vinylbutyrat, 2-Ethylhexansäurevinylester, Neononansäurevinylester, Neodecansäurevinylester und Neoundecansäurevinylester ab. Auch Mischungen verschiedener Vinylester sind geeignet. Besonders bevorzugt sind Copolymere von Fumarsäure mit Vinylacetat.Suitable comb polymers are, for example, esterified copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic or fumaric acid or their reactive Derivatives with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as olefins or vinyl esters. Particularly suitable olefins are α-olefins having 10 to 24 carbon atoms such as 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and mixtures thereof. Even longer-chain olefins based on oligomerized C 2 -C 6 -olefins such as poly (isobutylene) with a high proportion of terminal double bonds are suitable as comonomers. Copolymers of maleic acid or maleic anhydride and / or fumaric acid with hexadecene, octadecene and mixtures of these olefins are particularly preferred. In a further preferred embodiment, the copolymers contain up to 15 mol%, such as, for example, 1 to 10 mol% of poly (isobutylene) having a molecular weight Mw between 300 and 5,000 g / mol. Vinyl esters which are particularly suitable as comonomers are derived from fatty acids having 1 to 12 C atoms and in particular 2 to 8 C atoms such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, 2-ethylhexanoic acid vinyl, neononanoic vinyl ester, vinyl neodecanoate and vinyl neoundecanoate. Also mixtures of different vinyl esters are suitable. Particularly preferred are copolymers of fumaric acid with vinyl acetate.
Üblicherweise werden diese Copolymere zu mindestens 50 % mit Alkoholen mit 10 bis 24 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise mit 12 bis 18 C-Atomen verestert. Geeignete Alkohole umfassen n-Decan-1-ol, n-Dodecan-1-ol, n-Tetradecan-1-ol, n-Hexadecan-1-ol, n-Octadecan-1-ol, n-Eicosan-1-ol und deren Mischungen. Besonders bevorzugt sind n-Tetradecan-1-ol, n-Hexadecan-1-ol und deren Mischungen.Usually, these copolymers are at least 50% esterified with alcohols having 10 to 24 carbon atoms such as with 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Suitable alcohols include n-decan-1-ol, n-dodecan-1-ol, n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol, n-octadecan-1-ol, n-eicosan-1-ol and their mixtures. Particular preference is given to n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol and mixtures thereof.
Als Kammpolymere B2) ebenfalls geeignet sind Polymere und Copolymere von α-Olefinen, sowie veresterte Copolymere aus Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid, und veresterte Copolymere aus Stryol und Fumarsäure. Auch hier sind die oben genannten Alkohole mit 10bis 24 C-Atomen zur Veresterung bevorzugt. Des weiteren sind Poly(alkylacrylate), Poly(alkylmethacrylate) und Poly(alkylvinylether), die sich von Alkoholen mit 12 bis 20 C-Atomen ableiten sowie Poly(vinylester), die sich von Fettsäuren mit 12 bis 20 C-Atomen ableiten, als Kammpolymere geeignet. Ebenso geeignet sind Copolymere auf Basis der vorgenannten Alkylacrylate, Methacrylate, Alkylvinylether und/oder Vinylester wie beispielsweise Copolymere aus Alkylacrylaten und Vinylestern. Auch Mischungen von zwei oder mehr Kammpolymeren sind erfindungsgemäß geeignet.Also suitable as comb polymers B2) are polymers and copolymers of α-olefins, and also esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride, and esterified copolymers of stryol and fumaric acid. Again, the above-mentioned alcohols having 10 to 24 carbon atoms are preferred for esterification. Further, poly (alkyl acrylates), poly (alkyl methacrylates) and poly (alkyl vinyl ethers) derived from alcohols having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and poly (vinyl esters) derived from fatty acids having 12 to 20 carbon atoms, as Comb polymers suitable. Also suitable are copolymers based on the abovementioned alkyl acrylates, methacrylates, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or vinyl esters, for example copolymers of alkyl acrylates and vinyl esters. Also mixtures of two or more comb polymers are suitable according to the invention.
Die Kammpolymere der Komponenten B2) haben bevorzugt Molekulargewichte Mw zwischen ca. 2.000 und ca. 50.000 g/mol, bevorzugt zwischen 3.000 und 20.000 g/mol.The comb polymers of components B2) preferably have molecular weights Mw between about 2,000 and about 50,000 g / mol, preferably between 3,000 and 20,000 g / mol.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen Komponente A) und Kammpolymer B2) liegt üblicherweise im Bereich von 10:1 bis 1:3 vorzugsweise zwischen 6:1 und 1:2 wie beispielsweise zwischen 5:1 und 1:1. Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen Komponente B1) und Kammpolymer B2) liegt üblicherweise zwischen von 10:1 bis 1:3 vorzugsweise zwischen 6:1 und 1:2 wie beispielsweise zwischen 5:1 und 1:1The mixing ratio between component A) and comb polymer B2) is usually in the range from 10: 1 to 1: 3, preferably between 6: 1 and 1: 2, for example between 5: 1 and 1: 1. The mixing ratio between component B1) and comb polymer B2) is usually between 10: 1 to 1: 3, preferably between 6: 1 and 1: 2, for example between 5: 1 and 1: 1
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen werden zwecks besserer Handhabbarkeit üblicherweise als Konzentrate in organischen Lösemitteln eingesetzt. Geeignete Lösemittel bzw. Dispergiermittel sind beispielsweise höhersiedende aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, Alkohole, Ester, Ether und deren Gemische. Bevorzugt enthalten Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen der erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen 10 bis 90 Gew.-%, insbesondere 20 bis 80 Gew.-% und speziell 40 bis 75 Gew.-% Lösemittel.The additive mixtures according to the invention are usually used for the purpose of better handling as concentrates in organic solvents. Suitable solvents or dispersants are, for example, higher-boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers and mixtures thereof. Preferably, solutions or dispersions of the additive mixtures according to the invention contain from 10 to 90% by weight, in particular from 20 to 80% by weight and especially from 40 to 75% by weight, of solvent.
Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, dass die Lösungen der erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen einen niedrigeren Eigenstockpunkt aufweisen als entsprechende Mischungen auf Basis von Terpolymeren aus Ethylen, ungesättigten Estern und höheren Olefinen gemäß Stand der Technik. Zudem zeigen sie eine verbesserte Wirksamkeit in Bezug auf die Kaltfließverbesserung von Brennstoffölen und insbesondere eine verbesserte Löslichkeit in Brennstoffölen auch bei niedrigen Temperaturen. Somit können diese Additive bei niedrigen Temperaturen auch ohne vorheriges Erwärmen von Öl und/oder Additiv eingesetzt werden, ohne dass es im additivierten Öl zu Filtrationsproblemen durch ungelöste oder rekristallisierte Anteile des Polymers A) kommt. Andererseits können die erfindungsgemäßen Additive bei gleicher Temperatur mit geringerem Lösemittelanteil transportiert und verarbeitet werden als entsprechende Additive des Standes der Technik, wodurch Transport- und Lagerkosten reduziert werden.Surprisingly, it has been found that the solutions of the additive mixtures according to the invention have a lower ownstock point than corresponding mixtures based on terpolymers of ethylene, unsaturated esters and higher olefins according to the prior art. In addition, they show improved efficacy in terms of the cold flow improvement of fuel oils, and in particular, improved solubility in fuel oils even at low temperatures. Thus, these additives can also be used at low temperatures without prior heating of oil and / or additive, without filtration problems in the additized oil resulting from undissolved or recrystallized portions of the polymer A). On the other hand, the additives according to the invention can be transported at the same temperature with a lower solvent content and processed as corresponding additives of the prior art, whereby transport and storage costs are reduced.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen können Mitteldestillaten zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließfähigkeit auch in Kombination mit weiteren Additiven wie beispielsweise öllöslichen polaren Stickstoffverbindungen, Alkylphenolharzen, Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen und/oder Olefincopolymeren zugesetzt werden.The additive mixtures according to the invention can also be added to middle distillates for improving the cold flowability in combination with other additives such as, for example, oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds, alkylphenol resins, polyoxyalkylene compounds and / or olefin copolymers.
Geeignete öllösliche polare Stickstoffverbindungen sind vorzugsweise Umsetzungsprodukte von Fettaminen mit Verbindungen, die eine Acylgruppe enthalten. Bei den bevorzugten Aminen handelt es sich um Verbindungen der Formel NR7R8R9, worin R7, R8 und R9 gleich oder verschieden sein können, und wenigstens eine dieser Gruppen für C8-C36-Alkyl, C6-C36-Cycloalkyl, C8-C36-Alkenyl, insbesondere C12-C24-Alkyl, C12-C24-Alkenyl oder Cyclohexyl steht, und die übrigen Gruppen entweder Wasserstoff, C1-C36-Alkyl, C2-C36-Alkenyl, Cyclohexyl, oder eine Gruppe der Formeln -(A-O)x-E oder -(CH2)n-NYZ bedeuten, worin A für eine Ethyl- oder Propylgruppe steht, x eine Zahl von 1 bis 50, E = H, C1-C30-Alkyl, C5-C12-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C30-Aryl, und n = 2, 3 oder 4 bedeuten, und Y und Z unabhängig voneinander H, C1-C30-Alkyl oder -(A-O)x bedeuten. Die Alkyl- und Alkenylreste können linear oder verzweigt sein und bis zu zwei Doppelbindungen enthalten. Bevorzugt sind sie linear und weitgehend gesättigt, das heißt sie haben Jodzahlen von weniger als 75 gl2/g, bevorzugt weniger als 60 gl2/g und insbesondere zwischen 1 und 10 gl2/g. Besonders bevorzugt sind sekundäre Fettamine, in denen zwei der Gruppen R7, R8 und R9 für C8-C36-Alkyl, C6-C36-Cycloalkyl, C8-C36-Alkenyl, insbesondere für C12-C24-Alkyl, C12-C24-Alkenyl oder Cyclohexyl stehen. Geeignete Fettamine sind beispielsweise Octylamin, Decylamin, Dodecylamin, Tetradecylamin, Hexadecylamin, Octadecylamin, Eicosylamin, Behenylamin, Didecylamin, Didodecylamin, Ditetradecylamin, Dihexadecylamin, Dioctadecylamin, Dieicosylamin, Dibehenylamin sowie deren Mischungen. Speziell enthalten die Amine Kettenschnitte auf Basis natürlicher Rohstoffe wie z.B. Cocosfettamin, Talgfettamin, hydriertes Talgfettamin, Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und Di(hydriertes Talgfettamin). Besonders bevorzugte Aminderivate sind Aminsalze, Imide und/oder Amide wie beispielsweise Amid-Ammoniumsalze sekundärer Fettamine, insbesondere von Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und Distearylamin.Suitable oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds are preferably reaction products of fatty amines with compounds containing an acyl group. The preferred amines are compounds of the formula NR 7 R 8 R 9 , in which R 7 , R 8 and R 9 may be identical or different, and at least one of these groups is C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 - C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 -alkyl, C 12 -C 24 -alkenyl or cyclohexyl, and the other groups are either hydrogen, C 1 -C 36 -alkyl, C 2 -C 36 alkenyl, cyclohexyl, or a group of the formulas - (AO) x -E or - (CH 2 ) n -NYZ, where A is an ethyl or propyl group, x is a number from 1 to 50, E = H, C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 30 -aryl, and n = 2, 3 or 4, and Y and Z independently of one another are H, C 1 -C 30 Alkyl or - (AO) x . The alkyl and alkenyl radicals can be linear or branched and contain up to two double bonds. They are preferably linear and substantially saturated, ie they have iodine numbers of less than 75 gl 2 / g, preferably less than 60 gl 2 / g and in particular between 1 and 10 gl 2 / g. Particular preference is given to secondary fatty amines in which two of the groups R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 -C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 alkyl, C 12 -C 24 alkenyl or cyclohexyl. Suitable fatty amines are, for example, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, eicosylamine, behenylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, ditetradecylamine, dihexadecylamine, dioctadecylamine, dieicosylamine, dibehenylamine and mixtures thereof. Specifically, the amines contain chain cuts based on natural raw materials such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine, hydrogenated tallow fatty amine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and di (hydrogenated tallow fatty amine). Particularly preferred amine derivatives are amine salts, imides and / or amides such as, for example, amide ammonium salts of secondary fatty amines, in particular dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and distearylamine.
Unter Acylgruppe wird hier eine funktionelle Gruppe folgender Formel verstanden:
> C = O
By acyl group is meant here a functional group of the following formula:
> C = O
Für die Umsetzung mit Aminen geeignete Carbonylverbindungen sind sowohl monomere wie auch polymere Verbindungen mit einer oder mehreren Carboxylgruppen. Bei den monomeren Carbonylverbindungen werden solche mit 2, 3 oder 4 Carbonylgruppen bevorzugt. Sie können auch Heteroatome wie Sauerstoff, Schwefel und Stickstoff enthalten. Geeignete Carbonsäuren sind beispielsweise Malein-, Fumar-, Croton-, Itacon-, Bernsteinsäure, C1-C40-Alkenylbernsteinsäure, Adipin-, Glutar-, Sebacin-, und Malonsäure sowie Benzoe-, Phthal-, Trimellit- und Pyromellitsäure, Nitrilotriessigsäure, Ethylendiamintetra-essigsäure und deren reaktive Derivate wie beispielsweise Ester, Anhydride und Säurehalogenide. Als polymere Carbonylverbindungen haben sich insbesondere Copolymere ethylenisch ungesättigter Säuren wie beispielsweise Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure und Itaconsäure erwiesen, besonders bevorzugt sind Copolymere des Maleinsäureanhydrids. Als Comonomere sind solche geeignet, die dem Copolymer Öllöslichkeit verleihen. Unter öllöslich wird hier verstanden, dass sich das Copolymer nach Umsetzung mit dem Fettamin in praxisrelevanten Dosierraten rückstandsfrei im zu additivierenden Mitteldestillat löst. Geeignete Comonomere sind beispielsweise Olefine, Alkylester der Acrylsäure und Methacrylsäure, Alkylvinylester und Alkylvinylether mit 2 bis 75, bevorzugt 4 bis 40 und insbesondere 8 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen im Alkylrest. Bei Olefinen bezieht sich die Kohlenstoffzahl auf den an die Doppelbindung gebundenen Alkylrest. Die Molekulargewichte der polymeren Carbonylverbindungen liegen bevorzugt zwischen 400 und 20.000, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 500 und 10.000 wie beispielsweise zwischen 1.000 und 5.000 g/mol.Suitable carbonyl compounds for the reaction with amines are both monomeric and polymeric compounds having one or more carboxyl groups. In the case of the monomeric carbonyl compounds, preference is given to those having 2, 3 or 4 carbonyl groups. They can also contain heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of suitable carboxylic acids are maleic, fumaric, crotonic, itaconic, succinic, C 1 -C 40 -alkenylsuccinic, adipic, glutaric, sebacic, and malonic acids and benzoic, phthalic, trimellitic and pyromellitic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid , Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and their reactive derivatives such as esters, anhydrides and acid halides. Copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated acids, such as, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid, have proven particularly suitable as polymeric carbonyl compounds, particular preference is given to copolymers of maleic anhydride. Suitable comonomers are those which impart oil solubility to the copolymer. Oil-soluble means here that the copolymer dissolves without residue in the middle distillate to be additive after reaction with the fatty amine in practice-relevant metering rates. Suitable comonomers are, for example, olefins, alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, alkyl vinyl esters and alkyl vinyl ethers having 2 to 75, preferably 4 to 40 and in particular 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical. In the case of olefins, the carbon number refers to the alkyl radical attached to the double bond. The molecular weights of the polymeric carbonyl compounds are preferably between 400 and 20,000, particularly preferably between 500 and 10,000, for example between 1,000 and 5,000 g / mol.
Besonders bewährt haben sich öllösliche polare Stickstoffverbindungen, die durch Reaktion aliphatischer oder aromatischer Amine, vorzugsweise langkettiger aliphatischer Amine, mit aliphatischen oder aromatischen Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren oder deren Anhydriden erhalten werden (vgl.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen den erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen und öllöslichen polaren Stickstoffverbindungen kann je nach Anwendungsfall variieren. Bevorzugt enthalten derartige Mischungen bezogen auf die Wirkstoffe 0,1 bis 10 Gewichtsteile, bevorzugt 0,2 bis 5 Gewichtsteile mindestens einer öllöslichen polaren Stickstoffverbindung pro Gewichtsanteil der erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischung.The mixing ratio between the additive mixtures according to the invention and oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds may vary depending on the application. Such mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, based on the active ingredients, of at least one oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound per part by weight of the additive mixture according to the invention.
Geeignete Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sind insbesondere solche Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze, die sich von Alkylphenolen mit ein oder zwei Alkylresten in ortho- und/oder para-Position zur OH-Gruppe ableiten. Besonders bevorzugt als Ausgangsmaterialien sind Alkylphenole, die am Aromaten mindestens zwei zur Kondensation mit Aldehyden befähigte Wasserstoffatome tragen und insbesondere monoalkylierte Phenole. Besonders bevorzugt befindet sich der Alkylrest in der paraStellung zur phenolischen OH-Gruppe. Die Alkylreste (darunter werden für die Alkylphenolharze generell Kohlenwasserstoffreste gemäß nachstehender Definition verstanden) können bei den mit den erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen einsetzbaren Alkylphenol-Aldehyd-Harzen gleich oder verschieden sein. Die Alkylreste können gesättigt oder ungesättigt sein. Sie können linear oder verzweigt sein, bevorzugt sind sie linear. Sie besitzen 1 bis 200, vorzugsweise 1 bis 24, insbesondere 4 bis 16 wie beispielsweise 6 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatome. Bevorzugt handelt es sich um n-, iso- und tert.-Butyl-, n- und iso-Pentyl-, n- und iso-Hexyl-, n- und iso-Octyl-, n- und iso-Nonyl-, n- und iso-Decyl-, n- und iso-Dodecyl-, Tetradecyl-, Hexadecyl-, Octadecyl-, Eicosyl-, Tripropenyl-, Tetrapropenyl-, Poly(propenyl)- und Poly(isobutenyl)reste. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden zur Herstellung der Alkylphenolharze Mischungen von Alkylphenolen mit unterschiedlichen Alkylresten eingesetzt. So haben sich beispielsweise Harze auf Basis von Butylphenol einerseits und Octyl-, Nonyl- und/oder Dodecylphenol im molaren Verhältnis von 1:10 bis 10:1 andererseits besonders bewährt.Suitable alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are in particular those alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which are derived from alkylphenols having one or two alkyl radicals in ortho and / or para position to the OH group. Particularly preferred as starting materials are alkylphenols which carry at least two hydrogen atoms capable of condensation with aldehydes on the aromatic and in particular monoalkylated phenols. Particularly preferably, the alkyl radical is in the para position to the phenolic OH group. The alkyl radicals (which are generally understood as hydrocarbon radicals as defined below for the alkylphenol resins) may be identical or different in the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which can be used with the additive mixtures according to the invention. The alkyl radicals can be saturated or unsaturated. They can be linear or branched, preferably they are linear. They have 1 to 200, preferably 1 to 24, especially 4 to 16 such as 6 to 12 carbon atoms. It is preferably n-, iso- and tert-butyl, n- and iso-pentyl, n- and iso-hexyl, n- and iso-octyl, n- and iso-nonyl-, n - and iso-decyl, n- and iso-dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, tripropenyl, tetrapropenyl, poly (propenyl) - and poly (isobutenyl) radicals. In a preferred embodiment, mixtures of alkylphenols having different alkyl radicals are used for the preparation of the alkylphenol resins. For example, resins based on Butylphenol on the one hand and octyl, nonyl and / or dodecylphenol in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 on the other hand particularly proven.
Geeignete Alkylphenolharze können auch Struktureinheiten weiterer Phenolanaloga wie Salicylsäure, Hydroxybenzoesäure sowie deren Derivate wie Ester, Amide und Salze enthalten oder aus ihnen bestehen.Suitable alkylphenol resins may also contain or consist of structural units of other phenol analogs such as salicylic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and derivatives thereof such as esters, amides and salts.
Geeignete Aldehyde für die Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sind solche mit 1 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen und vorzugsweise solche mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen wie beispielsweise Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Propionaldehyd, Butyraldehyd, 2-Ethylhexanal, Benzaldehyd, Glyoxalsäure sowie deren reaktive Equivalente wie Paraformaldehyd und Trioxan. Besonders bevorzugt ist Formaldehyd in Form von Paraformaldehyd, und insbesondere Formalin.Suitable aldehydes for the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are those having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and preferably those having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 2-ethylhexanal, benzaldehyde, glyoxalic acid and their reactive equivalents such as paraformaldehyde and trioxane. Particularly preferred is formaldehyde in the form of paraformaldehyde, and especially formalin.
Das mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie gegen Poly(styrol)-Standards in THF gemessene Molekulargewicht der Alkylphenol-Aldehyd-Harze beträgt bevorzugt 500 - 25.000 g/mol, besonders bevorzugt 800- 10.000 g/mol und speziell 1.000 - 5.000 g/mol wie beispielsweise 1500- 3.000 g/mol. Voraussetzung ist hierbei, dass die Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze zumindest in anwendungsrelevanten Konzentrationen von 0,001 bis 1 Gew.-% öllöslich sind.The molecular weight of the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins measured by gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrene) standards in THF is preferably 500-25,000 g / mol, more preferably 800-10,000 g / mol, and especially 1,000-5,000 g / mol such as 1,500-3,000 g / mol. The prerequisite here is that the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins, at least in application-relevant concentrations of 0.001 to 1 wt .-% are oil-soluble.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich dabei um Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharze, die Oligo- oder Polymere mit einer repetitiven Struktureinheit der Formel
Für den Einsatz in Mitteldestillaten wie Diesel und Heizöl besonders bevorzugt sind Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze mit C2-C40-Alkylresten des Alkylphenols, bevorzugt mit C4-C20-Alkylresten wie beispielsweise C6-C12-Alkylresten. Die Alkylreste können linear oder verzweigt sein, bevorzugt sind sie linear. Besonders geeignete Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze leiten sich von linearen Alkylresten mit 8 und 9 C-Atomen ab.Particularly preferred for use in middle distillates such as diesel and heating oil are alkylphenol-aldehyde resins having C 2 -C 40 -alkyl radicals of the alkylphenol, preferably having C 4 -C 20 -alkyl radicals such as C 6 -C 12 -alkyl radicals. The alkyl radicals can be linear or branched, preferably they are linear. Particularly suitable alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are derived from linear alkyl radicals having 8 and 9 C atoms.
Für den Einsatz in schweren Heizölen und insbesondere in Destillationsrückstände enthaltenden Brennstoffölen besonders bevorzugt sind Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze, deren Alkylreste 4 bis 50 C-Atome, bevorzugt 10 bis 30 C-Atome tragen. Der Polymerisationsgrad (n) liegt hier bevorzugt zwischen 2 und 20, bevorzugt zwischen 3 und 10 Alkylphenoleinheiten.Particularly preferred for use in heavy fuel oils and in particular in distillation residues containing fuel oils are alkylphenol-aldehyde resins whose alkyl radicals carry 4 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 10 to 30 carbon atoms. The degree of polymerization (n) here is preferably between 2 and 20, preferably between 3 and 10 alkylphenol units.
Diese Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sind z.B. durch Kondensation der entsprechenden Alkylphenole mit Formaldehyd, d.h. mit 0,5 bis 1,5 Mol, bevorzugt 0,8 bis 1,2 Mol Formaldehyd pro Mol Alkylphenol. Die Kondensation kann lösemittelfrei erfolgen, bevorzugt erfolgt sie jedoch in Gegenwart eines nicht oder nur teilweise wassermischbaren inerten organischen Lösemittels wie Mineralöle, Alkohole, Ether, und ähnliches. Besonders bevorzugt sind Lösemittel, die mit Wasser Azeotrope bilden können. Als derartige Lösemittel werden insbesondere Aromaten wie Toluol, Xylol Diethylbenzol und höher siedende kommerzielle Lösemittelgemische wie ®Shellsol AB, und Solvent Naphtha eingesetzt. Auch Fettsäuren und deren Derivate wie beispielsweise Ester mit niederen Alkoholen mit 1 bis 5 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise Ethanol und insbesondere Methanol sind als Lösemittel geeignet. Die Kondensation erfolgt bevorzugt zwischen 70 und 200 °C wie beispielsweise zwischen 90 und 160 °C. Sie wird üblicherweise durch 0,05 bis 5 Gew.-% Basen oder vorzugsweise durch 0,05 bis 5 Gew.-% Säuren katalysiert. Als saure Katalysatoren sind neben Carbonsäuren wie Essigsäure und Oxalsäure insbesondere starke Mineralsäuren wie Salzsäure, Phosphorsäure und Schwefelsäure sowie Sulfonsäuren gebräuchliche Katalysatoren. Besonders geeignete Katalysatoren sind Sulfonsäuren, die mindestens eine Sulfonsäuregruppe und mindestens einen gesättigten oder ungesättigten, linearen, verzweigten und/oder cyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 1 bis 40 C-Atomen und bevorzugt mit 3 bis 24 C-Atomen enthalten. Besonders bevorzugt sind aromatische Sulfonsäuren, speziell alkylaromatische Mono-Sulfonsäuren mit einem oder mehreren C1-C25-Alkylresten und insbesondere solche mit C3-C22-Alkylresten. Geeignete Beispiele sind Methansulfonsäure, Butansulfonsäure, Benzolsulfonsäure, p-Toluolsulfonsäure, Xylolsulfonsäure, 2-Mesitylensulfonsäure, 4-Ethylbenzolsulfonsäure, Isopropylbenzolsulfonsäure, 4-Butylbenzolsulfonsäure, 4-Octylbenzolsulfonsäure; Dodecylbenzolsulfonsäure, Didodecylbenzolsulfonsäure, Naphthalinsulfonsäure. Auch Mischungen dieser Sulfonsäuren sind geeignet. Üblicherweise verbleiben diese nach Beendigung der Reaktion als solche oder in neutralisierter Form im Produkt. Bevorzugt werden zur Neutralisation Amine und/oder aromatische Basen eingesetzt, da sie im Produkt verbleiben können; Metallionen enthaltende und damit Asche bildende Salze werden üblicherweise abgetrennt.These alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are, for example, by condensation of the corresponding alkylphenols with formaldehyde, ie with 0.5 to 1.5 moles, preferably 0.8 to 1.2 moles of formaldehyde per mole of alkylphenol. The condensation can be carried out solvent-free, but preferably it is carried out in the presence of a non or only partially water-miscible inert organic solvent such as mineral oils, alcohols, ethers, and the like. Particularly preferred are solvents which can form azeotropes with water. As such solvents in particular aromatics such as toluene, xylene diethylbenzene and higher-boiling commercial solvent mixtures such as ® Shellsol AB, and solvent naphtha are used. Also, fatty acids and their derivatives such as esters with lower alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethanol and especially methanol are suitable as solvents. The condensation is preferably carried out between 70 and 200 ° C such as between 90 and 160 ° C. It is usually catalysed by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% bases or preferably by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% acids. As sour Catalysts are in addition to carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and oxalic acid in particular strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid and sulfonic acids common catalysts. Particularly suitable catalysts are sulfonic acids which contain at least one sulfonic acid group and at least one saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched and / or cyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40 C atoms and preferably having 3 to 24 C atoms. Particular preference is given to aromatic sulfonic acids, especially alkylaromatic monosulfonic acids having one or more C 1 -C 25 -alkyl radicals and, in particular, those having C 3 -C 22 -alkyl radicals. Suitable examples are methanesulfonic acid, butanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, xylenesulfonic acid, 2-mesitylenesulfonic acid, 4-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid, isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-butylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-octylbenzenesulfonic acid; Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, didodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid. Mixtures of these sulfonic acids are suitable. Usually, these remain after completion of the reaction as such or in neutralized form in the product. For neutralization, amines and / or aromatic bases are preferably used, since they can remain in the product; Metal ions containing and thus ash-forming salts are usually separated.
Als weiterer Bestandteil geeignete Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen sind beispielsweise Ester, Ether und Ether/Ester von Polyolen, die mindestens einen Alkylrest mit 12 bis 30 C-Atomen tragen. Wenn die Alkylgruppen von einer Säure stammen, stammt der Rest von einem mehrwertigen Alkohol; kommen die Alkylreste von einem Fettalkohol, so stammt der Rest der Verbindung von einer Polysäure.Further suitable polyoxyalkylene compounds are, for example, esters, ethers and ethers / esters of polyols which carry at least one alkyl radical having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. When the alkyl groups are derived from an acid, the remainder is derived from a polyhydric alcohol; If the alkyl radicals come from a fatty alcohol, the remainder of the compound derives from a polyacid.
Geeignete Polyole sind Polyethylenglykole, Polypropylenglykole, Polybutylenglykole und deren Mischpolymerisate mit einem Molekulargewicht von ca. 100 bis ca. 5000, vorzugsweise 200 bis 2000 g/mol. Weiterhin geeignet sind Alkoxylate von Polyolen, wie beispielsweise von Glycerin, Trimethylolpropan, Pentaerythrit, Neopentylglykol, sowie die daraus durch Kondensation zugänglichen Oligomere mit 2 bis 10 Monomereinheiten, wie z.B. Polyglycerin. Bevorzugte Alkoxylate sind solche mit 1 bis 100, insbesondere 5 bis 50 mol Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid pro mol Polyol. Ester sind besonders bevorzugt.Suitable polyols are polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols and their copolymers having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 5000, preferably 200 to 2000 g / mol. Also suitable are alkoxylates of polyols, for example of glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, and the oligomers having from 2 to 10 monomer units obtainable therefrom by condensation, such as, for example, polyglycerol. Preferred alkoxylates are those having from 1 to 100, in particular from 5 to 50, mol of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per mole of polyol. Esters are especially preferred.
Fettsäuren mit 12 bis 26 C-Atomen sind zur Umsetzung mit den Polyolen zur Bildung der Esteradditive bevorzugt, wobei besonders bevorzugt C18- bis C24-Fettsäuren verwendet werden, speziell Stearin- und Behensäure. Die Ester können auch durch Veresterung von polyoxyalkylierten Alkoholen hergestellt werden. Bevorzugt sind vollständig veresterte polyoxyalkylierte Poylole mit Molekulargewichten von 150 bis 2000, bevorzugt 200 bis 600. Besonders geeignet sind PEG-600-Dibehenat und Glycerin-Ethylenglykol-Tribehenat.Fatty acids containing 12 to 26 carbon atoms are preferred for reaction with the polyols to form the ester additives, more preferably C 18 to C 24 fatty acids, especially stearic and behenic acid. The esters can also be prepared by esterification of polyoxyalkylated alcohols. Preference is given to completely esterified polyoxyalkylated polyols having molecular weights of from 150 to 2,000, preferably from 200 to 600. Particularly suitable are PEG-600 dibehenate and glycerol-ethylene glycol tribehenate.
Als weiterer Bestandteil des erfindungsgemäßen Additivs geeignete Olefincopolymere können sich direkt von monoethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren ableiten oder indirekt durch Hydrierung von Polymeren, die sich von mehrfach ungesättigten Monomeren wie Isopren oder Butadien ableiten, hergestellt werden. Bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen Struktureinheiten, die sich von α-Olefinen mit 3 bis 24 C-Atomen ableiten und Molekulargewichte von bis zu 120.000 g/mol aufweisen.
Bevorzugte α-Olefine sind Propen, Buten, Isobuten, n-Hexen, Isohexen, n-Octen, Isoocten, n-Decen, Isodecen. Der Comonomergehalt an α-Olefinen mit 3 bis 24 C-Atomen liegt bevorzugt zwischen 15 und 50 mol-%, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 20 und 35 mol-% und speziell zwischen 30 und 45 mol-%. Diese Copolymeren können auch geringe Mengen, z.B. bis zu 10 mol-% weiterer Comonomere, wie z.B. nicht endständige Olefine oder nicht konjugierte Olefine, enthalten. Bevorzugt sind Ethylen-Propen-Copolymere. Die Olefincopolymere können nach bekannten Methoden hergestellt werden, z.B. mittels Ziegler- oder Metallocen-Katalysatoren.Olefincopolymers which are suitable as further constituent of the additive according to the invention can be derived directly from monoethylenically unsaturated monomers or can be prepared indirectly by hydrogenation of polymers derived from polyunsaturated monomers such as isoprene or butadiene. In addition to ethylene, preferred copolymers contain structural units which are derived from α-olefins having 3 to 24 carbon atoms and have molecular weights of up to 120,000 g / mol.
Preferred α-olefins are propene, butene, isobutene, n-hexene, isohexene, n-octene, isooctene, n-decene, isodecene. The comonomer content of α-olefins having 3 to 24 C atoms is preferably between 15 and 50 mol%, more preferably between 20 and 35 mol% and especially between 30 and 45 mol%. These copolymers may also contain minor amounts, eg up to 10 mol% of other comonomers, such as non-terminal olefins or non-conjugated olefins. Preferred are ethylene-propene copolymers. The olefin copolymers can be prepared by known methods, for example by Ziegler or metallocene catalysts.
Weitere geeignete Olefincopolymere sind Blockcopolymere, die Blöcke aus olefinisch ungesättigten, aromatischen Monomeren A und Blöcke aus hydrierten Polyolefinen B enthalten. Besonders geeignet sind Blockcopolymere der Struktur (AB)nA und (AB)m, wobei n eine Zahl zwischen 1 und 10 und m eine Zahl zwischen 2 und 10 ist.Other suitable olefin copolymers are block copolymers containing blocks of olefinically unsaturated aromatic monomers A and blocks of hydrogenated polyolefins B. Particularly suitable are block copolymers of the structure (AB) n A and (AB) m , where n is a number between 1 and 10 and m is a number between 2 and 10.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen den erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen und Alkylphenolharzen, Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen bzw. Olefincopolymeren kann je nach Anwendungsfall variieren. Bevorzugt enthalten derartige Mischungen bezogen auf die Wirkstoffe jeweils 0,1 bis 10 Gewichtsteile, bevorzugt 0,2 bis 5 Gewichtsteile mindestens eines Alkylphenolharzes, einer Polyoxyalkylenverbindung und/oder eines Olefincopotymers pro Gewichtsanteil der erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischung.The mixing ratio between the additive mixtures according to the invention and alkylphenol resins, polyoxyalkylene compounds or olefin copolymers can vary depending on the application. Such mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, based on the active compounds at least one alkylphenol resin, a polyoxyalkylene compound and / or an olefin copolymer per part by weight of the additive mixture according to the invention.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen können allein oder auch zusammen mit anderen Additiven verwendet werden, z.B. mit anderen Stockpunkterniedrigern oder Entwachsungshilfsmitteln, mit Antioxidantien, Cetanzahlverbesserern, Dehazern, Demulgatoren, Detergenzien, Dispergatoren, Entschäumern, Farbstoffen, Korrosionsinhibitoren, Lubricity-Additiven, Schlamminhibitoren, Odorantien und/oder Zusätzen zur Erniedrigung des Cloud-Points.The additive mixtures according to the invention can be used alone or together with other additives, e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with antioxidants, cetane number improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, detergents, dispersants, defoamers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity additives, sludge inhibitors, odorants and / or cloud point depressants.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen sind geeignet, die Kaltfließeigenschaften von tierischen, pflanzlichen mineralischen und/oder synthetischen Brennstoffölen zu verbessern. Gleichzeitig haben diese Additivmischungen und ihre konzentrierten Formulierungen in Mineralöl basierten Lösemitteln niedrige Eigenstockpunkte. Dies erlaubt einen problemlosen Einsatz dieser Additivmischungen bei niedrigeren Temperaturen bzw. in höheren Konzentrationen als es mit Additiven des Standes der Technik möglich ist. Auch können die Additivmischungen auf Grund ihrer guten Löslichkeit in kalte Öle dosiert werden, ohne dass es zu Filterverstopfungen durch ungelöste oder rekristallisierte Anteile der Additivmischungen kommt.The additive mixtures according to the invention are suitable for improving the cold flow properties of animal, vegetable mineral and / or synthetic fuel oils. At the same time, these additive blends and their concentrated formulations in mineral oil based solvents have low levels of inherent stickiness. This allows a problem-free use of these additive mixtures at lower temperatures or in higher concentrations than is possible with additives of the prior art. Also, the additive mixtures can be dosed due to their good solubility in cold oils, without causing filter blockages by undissolved or recrystallized portions of the additive mixtures.
Besonders geeignet sind sie für die Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von Mineralölen und Mineralöldestillaten im Mitteldestillatbereich wie beispielsweise Jet-Fuel, Kerosin, Diesel und Heizöl. Additivmischungen, die die Komponenten A und B1 enthalten, sind insbesondere für Mitteldestillate mit Cloud Points unterhalb +5 °C wie beispielsweise zwischen -15°C und +3 °C geeignet. Insbesondere geeignet sind sie für solche Öle, die einen hohen Gehalt an besonders kältekritischen Paraffinen mit einer C-Kettenlänge von 20 und mehr C-Atomen von mehr als 3,0 Flächen-% und insbesondere mehr als 4,0 Flächen-% aufweisen. Additivmischungen, die die Komponenten A und B2 enthalten, sind insbesondere für Mitteldestillate mit Cloud Points oberhalb -4 °C wie beispielsweise oberhalb -2°C geeignet. Insbesondere geeignet sind sie für solche Öle, die einen hohen Gehalt an besonders kältekritischen Paraffinen mit einer C-Kettenlänge von 20 und mehr C-Atomen von mehr als 3,5 Flächen-% und insbesondere mehr als 4,5 Flächen-% aufweisen. Bestimmt wird der Paraffingehalt durch gaschromatographische Trennung des Öls unter Detektion durch einen FID-Detektor und Berechnung des Integrals der n-Paraffine mit einer Kettenlänge von mindestens 20 C-Atomen im Verhältnis zum Gesamtintegral des Öls. Zwecks Absenkung des Schwefelgehalts sind sie häufig einer hydrierenden Raffination unterzogen worden und enthalten bevorzugt weniger als 350 ppm Schwefel und insbesondere weniger als 100 ppm Schwefel wie beispielsweise weniger als 50 ppm oder 10 ppm Schwefel.They are particularly suitable for improving the properties of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates in the middle distillate range, such as, for example, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel and heating oil. Additive mixtures containing components A and B1 are particularly suitable for middle distillates with cloud points below + 5 ° C such as between -15 ° C and + 3 ° C. They are particularly suitable for those oils which have a high content of particularly cold-critical paraffins with a carbon chain length of 20 or more carbon atoms of more than 3.0 area% and in particular more than 4.0 area%. Additive mixtures containing components A and B2 are particularly suitable for middle distillates with cloud points above -4 ° C such as above -2 ° C. They are particularly suitable for those oils which have a high content of particularly cold-critical paraffins with a carbon chain length of 20 or more carbon atoms of more than 3.5 area% and in particular more than 4.5 area%. The paraffin content is determined by gas chromatographic separation of the oil under detection by a FID detector and calculation of the integral of n-paraffins with a chain length of at least 20 C atoms in relation to the total integral of the oil. In order to lower the sulfur content, they have often been subjected to hydrogenation refining and preferably contain less than 350 ppm sulfur, and more preferably less than 100 ppm sulfur, such as less than 50 ppm or 10 ppm sulfur.
Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Brennstofföle 5 bis 5.000 ppm, besonders bevorzugt 10 bis 2.000 ppm und speziell 50 bis 1.000 ppm der erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen.The fuel oils according to the invention preferably contain 5 to 5,000 ppm, particularly preferably 10 to 2,000 ppm and especially 50 to 1,000 ppm of the additive mixtures according to the invention.
Als Mitteldestillat bezeichnet man insbesondere solche Mineralöle, die durch Destillation von Rohöl gewonnen werden und im Bereich von 120 bis 450°C sieden, beispielsweise Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl. Besonders vorteilhaft sind die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen in solchen Mitteldestillaten, die 90 %-Destillationspunkte gemäß ASTM D86 oberhalb 340°C, insbesondere oberhalb 360°C und in Spezialfällen oberhalb 370°C aufweisen. Mitteldestillate umfassen weiterhin synthetische Brennstofföle, die im Temperaturbereich von etwa 120 bis 450°C sieden sowie Mischungen aus diesen synthetischen und mineralischen Mitteldestillaten. Beispiele für synthetische Mitteldestillate sind insbesondere nach dem Fischer-Tropsch-Verfahren aus Kohle, Erdgas oder auch Biomasse hergestellte Brennstoffe. Dabei wird zuerst Synthesegas hergestellt und dieses über den Fischer-Tropsch-Prozess in Normalparaffine überführt. Die so hergestellten Normalparaffine können anschließend beispielsweise durch katalytisches Cracken, Isomerisierung, Hydrocracken oder Hydrosiomerisierung modifiziert werden.The middle distillate is in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and boil in the range of 120 to 450 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil. The additive mixtures according to the invention are particularly advantageous in those middle distillates which have 90% distillation points according to ASTM D86 above 340 ° C., in particular above 360 ° C. and in special cases above 370 ° C. Middle distillates also include synthetic fuel oils boiling in the temperature range of about 120 to 450 ° C and mixtures of these synthetic and mineral middle distillates. Examples of synthetic middle distillates are, in particular, fuels produced from coal, natural gas or even biomass by the Fischer-Tropsch process. Synthesis gas is first produced and this is converted into normal paraffins via the Fischer-Tropsch process. The normal paraffins thus prepared can then be modified, for example, by catalytic cracking, isomerization, hydrocracking or hydrosiomerization.
Besonderes gut wirksam sind die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen auch in Mitteldestillaten, die untergeordnete Mengen wie beispielsweise bis zu 30 Vol.-% an Ölen tierischen und/oder pflanzlichen Ursprungs enthalten. Beispiele für geeignete Öle tierischen und/oder pflanzlichen Ursprungs sind sowohl Triglyceride sowie daraus abgeleitete Ester mit niederen Alkoholen mit 1 bis 5 C-Atomen wie Ethyl- und insbesondere Methylester, die beispielsweise aus Baumwolle, Palmkernen, Raps, Soja, Sonnenblumen, Talg und ähnlichem zugänglich sind.The additive mixtures according to the invention are also particularly effective in middle distillates which contain minor amounts, for example up to 30% by volume, of oils of animal and / or vegetable origin. Examples of suitable oils of animal and / or plant origin are both triglycerides and esters derived therefrom with lower alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethyl and in particular methyl esters, for example, from cotton, palm kernels, rapeseed, soy, sunflower, tallow and the like are accessible.
- Verfahren A): In einem kontinuierlich betriebenen Rohrreaktor wurden Ethylen, Propen und Vinylacetat bei 200 MPa und einer Spitzentemperatur von 250 °C unter Zusatz einer Mischung verschiedener Radikalkettenstarter und des in Tabelle 1 angegebenen Molekulargewichtsreglers copolymerisiert. Das entstandene Polymer wurde vom Reaktionsgemisch abgetrennt und anschließend von Restmonomeren befreit.Process A): In a continuously operated tubular reactor, ethylene, propene and vinyl acetate were copolymerized at 200 MPa and a peak temperature of 250 ° C with the addition of a mixture of various free-radical initiators and the molecular weight regulator indicated in Table 1. The resulting polymer was separated from the reaction mixture and then freed of residual monomers.
- Verfahren B): In einem kontinuierlich betriebenen Hochdruckautoklaven wurden Ethylen, Vinylacetat und Propen unter Zugabe einer 10 gew.-%igen Lösung von Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-peroxidicarbonat als Initiator und dem in Tabelle 1 angegebenen Molekulargewichtsregler copolymerisiert. Das entstandene Polymer wurde vom Reaktionsgemisch abgetrennt und anschließend von Restmonomeren befreit.Method B): In a continuously operated high-pressure autoclave, ethylene, vinyl acetate and propene were copolymerized with addition of a 10% strength by weight solution of bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxydicarbonate as initiator and the molecular weight regulator indicated in Table 1. The resulting polymer was separated from the reaction mixture and then freed of residual monomers.
Zum Vergleich wurden ein Terpolymer aus Ethylen, Vinylacetat und Propen gemäß
Der Vinylacetatgehalt wird mittels Pyrolyse des bei 150°C/100 mbar von Restmonomeren befreiten Polymers bestimmt. Hierzu werden 100 mg des Polymerisats mit 200 mg reinem Polyethylen in einem Pyrolysekolben 5 Minuten bei 450°C in einem geschlossenen System unter Vakuum thermisch gespalten und die Spaltgase in einem 250 ml-Rundkolben aufgefangen. Das Spaltprodukt Essigsäure wird mit einer NaJ/KJO3-Lösung umgesetzt und mit Na2S2O3-Lösung das freiwerdende Jod titriert.The vinyl acetate content is determined by means of pyrolysis of the polymer freed from residual monomers at 150 ° C./100 mbar. For this purpose, 100 mg of the polymer are thermally split with 200 mg of pure polyethylene in a pyrolysis flask for 5 minutes at 450 ° C in a closed system under vacuum and collected the fission gases in a 250 ml round bottom flask. The cleavage product acetic acid is reacted with a NaJ / KJO 3 solution and titrated with Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution, the liberated iodine.
Die Bestimmung der Gesamtzahl der nicht von Vinylestern stammenden Methylgruppen des Polymers erfolgt mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie bei einer Messfrequenz von 500 MHz an 10 bis 15 %igen Lösungen in C2D2Cl4 bei 300 K. Das Integral der Methylprotonen zwischen 0,7 bis 0,9 ppm wird zu dem der Methylen- und Methinprotonen zwischen 0,9 und 1,9 ppm ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Eine Korrektur der Anzahl der Methylgruppen um die vom eingesetzten Moderator abgeleiteten und mit den Signalen der Hauptkette überlagernden Struktureinheiten erfolgt auf Basis des separat erscheinenden Methinprotons des Moderators (zum Beispiel zeigen Methylethylketon Multipletts bei 2,4 und 2,5 ppm).The determination of the total number of non-vinyl ester methyl groups of the polymer by means of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy at a Measuring frequency of 500 MHz at 10 to 15% strength solutions in C 2 D 2 Cl 4 at 300 K. The integral of the methyl protons between 0.7 to 0.9 ppm becomes that of the methylene and methine protons between 0.9 and 1, 9ppm. A correction of the number of methyl groups around the structural units derived from the moderator used and superposed with the signals of the main chain is based on the separately appearing methine proton of the moderator (for example, methyl ethyl ketone multiples at 2.4 and 2.5 ppm).
Die Bestimmung des Gehalts an Methylgruppen, die sich von Propen ableiten, erfolgt mittels 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie bei einer Messfrequenz von 125 MHz an ebenfalls 10 bis 15 %igen Lösungen in C2D2Cl4 bei 300 K. Das Integral der vom Propen abgeleiteten Methylgruppen zwischen 19,3 und 20,2 ppm wird zu demjenigen der aliphatischen Kohlenstoffatome des Polymerrückgrats zwischen 22 und 44 ppm ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Vorteilhafter Weise werden 1H- und 13C-NMR-Messung an derselben Probe durchgeführt.The determination of the content of methyl groups derived from propene is carried out by means of 13 C-NMR spectroscopy at a measurement frequency of 125 MHz at also 10 to 15% solutions in C 2 D 2 Cl 4 at 300 K. The integral of the Propene-derived methyl groups between 19.3 and 20.2 ppm are proportioned to that of the aliphatic carbon atoms of the polymer backbone between 22 and 44 ppm. Advantageously, 1 H and 13 C NMR measurements are carried out on the same sample.
Die Bestimmung der Anzahl der Kettenenden erfolgt durch Subtraktion der mittels 13C-NMR bestimmten Anzahl der vom Propen abgeleiteten Methylgruppen von der mittels 1H-NMR bestimmten Gesamtzahl an Methylgruppen. Beide Werte sind dabei als dimensionslose Zahlen zu behandeln.
Charakterisierung von Fließverbessererkomponenten (B) und weiterer Fließverbessererkomponenten (C):
- B1-I) Terpolymer aus Ethylen, 14 mol-% Vinylacetat und 2 mol-% Neodecansäurevinylester mit einer bei 140 °C gemessenen Schmelzviskosität von 95 mPas
- B1-II) Copolymer aus Ethylen und 13,5 mol-% Vinylacetat mit einer bei 140°C gemessenen Schmelzviskosität von 150 mPas.
- B2-I) Alternierendes Copolymer aus Maleinsäureanhydrid und Octadecen, vollständig verestert mit einer Mischung gleicher Teile Tetradecanol und Hexadecanol.
- C-I) Mischung aus einem Umsetzungsprodukt eines Copolymers aus C16-α-Olefin und Maleinsäureanhydrid mit 2 Equivalenten Di(hydriertem Talgfett)amin und einem Nonylphenol-Formaldehydharz im Gewichtsverhältnis von 2:1.
- B1-I) Terpolymer of ethylene, 14 mol% of vinyl acetate and 2 mol% of vinyl neodecanoate with a melt viscosity of 95 mPas measured at 140 ° C.
- B1-II) copolymer of ethylene and 13.5 mol% of vinyl acetate with a measured at 140 ° C melt viscosity of 150 mPas.
- B2-I) Alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride and octadecene completely esterified with a mixture of equal parts of tetradecanol and hexadecanol.
- CI) Mixture of a reaction product of a copolymer of C 16 -α-olefin and maleic anhydride with 2 equivalents of di (hydrogenated tallow fat) amine and a nonylphenol-formaldehyde resin in a weight ratio of 2: 1.
Alle verwendeten Additive A, B und C wurden, sofern nicht anders angegeben, als 50 gew.-%ige Einstellungen in höher siedendem, vorwiegend aliphatischem Lösemittel eingesetzt.
Die überlegene Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemäßen Additive für Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate wird an Hand des CFPP-Tests (Cold Filter Plugging Test nach EN 116) beschrieben.
Zur Beurteilung der Kaltfließfähigkeit von Konzentraten der erfindungsgemäßen Polymere wurden die in Tabelle 1 beschriebenen Polymere 35 gew.-%ig in einem vorwiegend aliphatischen Lösemittelgemisch mit Siedebereich von 175 - 260°C und einem Flammpunkt von 66°C gelöst. Dazu wurden Polymer und Lösemittel unter Rühren auf 80°C erwärmt und nach Homogenisierung auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt.To assess the cold flowability of concentrates of the polymers according to the invention, the polymers described in Table 1 were dissolved in a predominantly aliphatic solvent mixture having a boiling range of 175-260 ° C. and a flash point of 66 ° C., 35% strength by weight. For this purpose, the polymer and solvent were heated with stirring to 80 ° C and cooled after homogenization to room temperature.
Anschließend wurden der Pour Point des Konzentrats gemäß DIN ISO 3016 bestimmt.
Weiterhin wurde die Filterverstopfungstendenz eines mit erfindungsgemäßen Additiven behandelten Testöls gemäß IP 387/97 bestimmt. Bei diesem Test werden 300 ml eines additivierten Dieselkraftstoffs bei definierter Temperatur und einer Pumpenleistung von 20 ml/min über ein 1,6 µm Glasfiberfilter filtriert. Der Test gilt als bestanden, wenn ein Volumen von 300 ml das Filter passiert hat, ohne dass der Druck (P) 105 kPa erreicht oder überschritten hat (Filterverstopfungstendenz FBT = (1+(P/105)2)0,5 ≤ 1,41). Er gilt als nicht bestanden, wenn der Druck 105 kPa erreicht, bevor das gesamte Volumen (V) von 300 ml den Filter passiert hat (Filterverstopfungstendenz FBT = (1+(300/V)2)0,5 >1,41). Für die Beurteilung der Additive ist weiterhin wichtig, dass die Filterverstopfungstendenz des unadditivierten Kraftstoffs durch Zugabe des Additivs so wenig wie möglich erhöht wird.Furthermore, the Filterverstopfungstendenz a treated with additives of the invention test oil was determined according to IP 387/97. In this test, 300 ml of an additive diesel fuel at a defined temperature and a pump capacity of 20 ml / min are filtered through a 1.6 micron glass fiber filter. The test is passed when a volume of 300 ml has passed through the filter without the pressure (P) reaching or exceeding 105 kPa (filter clogging tendency FBT = (1+ (P / 105) 2 ) 0.5 ≤ 1, 41). It is considered to fail when the pressure reaches 105 kPa before the total volume (V) of 300 ml has passed the filter (Filter clogging tendency FBT = (1+ (300 / V) 2 ) 0.5 > 1.41). It is also important for the assessment of the additives that the filter clogging tendency of the unadditized fuel is increased as little as possible by adding the additive.
Für die Durchführung des Tests wurden 350 ml des auf 20-22°C temperierten Testöl 6 mit 500 ppm des auf 60°C temperierten Additivs (50 %ige Lösung) versetzt. Nach manuellem Schütteln und 30-minütiger Lagerung bei 60 °C wurde das additivierte Öl 16 Stunden bei 20 °C gelagert. Anschließend wurde das additivierte Öl ohne nochmaliges Schütteln zur Filtration eingesetzt.
Die Versuche zeigen, dass die erfindungsgemäßen Additive hinsichtlich der Verbesserung der Kaltfließfähigkeit und insbesondere der CFPP-Absenkung von Mitteldestillaten den Additiven des Standes der Technik überlegen sind. Gleichzeitig sind sie bei niedrigeren Temperaturen einsetzbar. Sie sind insbesondere auch in Anwendungsfällen einsetzbar, in denen besonders saubere Kraftstoffe mit sehr geringer Filterverstopfungstendenz erforderlich sind.The experiments show that the additives according to the invention are superior to the additives of the prior art in terms of improving the cold flowability and in particular the CFPP reduction of middle distillates. At the same time, they can be used at lower temperatures. They are particularly useful in applications where particularly clean fuels with very low tendency to filter clogging are required.
Claims (14)
zwischen 8,0 und 14,0 liegt.An additive mixture as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 3, in which the sum G of molar content of unsaturated ester i) and the number of propene-derived methyl groups per 100 aliphatic C atoms of the polymer ii)
between 8.0 and 14.0.
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DE102006033150A DE102006033150B4 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2006-07-18 | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
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US (1) | US8968428B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1881053B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5348861B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101412451B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2593940C (en) |
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WO2016020144A1 (en) * | 2014-08-07 | 2016-02-11 | Clariant International Ltd | Additives for low-sulfur marine diesel |
WO2022023636A1 (en) | 2020-07-31 | 2022-02-03 | Totalenergies Marketing Services | Use of copolymers having a specific molar mass distribution for lowering the cold filter plugging point of fuels |
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DE102006033151B4 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2014-11-20 | Clariant International Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
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EP2419496B1 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2019-07-31 | California Institute of Technology | Associative polymers for mist-control |
EP2604674A1 (en) * | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-19 | Basf Se | Use of quaternised alkylamine as additive in fuels and lubricants |
CN109180954A (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-01-11 | 加州理工学院 | Association polymer and relevant composition, method and system |
CN107001644B (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2020-09-29 | 加州理工学院 | Associative polymers and related compositions, methods and systems |
US10428286B2 (en) | 2015-09-18 | 2019-10-01 | California Institute Of Technology | Associative polymers for use in a flow and related compositions, methods and systems |
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Also Published As
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JP2008024928A (en) | 2008-02-07 |
US20080016754A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
CA2593940C (en) | 2014-02-11 |
DE102006033150A1 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
JP5348861B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
ES2381371T3 (en) | 2012-05-25 |
CA2593940A1 (en) | 2008-01-18 |
EP1881053B1 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
DE102006033150B4 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
KR101412451B1 (en) | 2014-06-30 |
KR20080008285A (en) | 2008-01-23 |
US8968428B2 (en) | 2015-03-03 |
EP1881053A3 (en) | 2011-02-02 |
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