EP1878995B1 - Percussion fuse with piezoelectric generator - Google Patents
Percussion fuse with piezoelectric generator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1878995B1 EP1878995B1 EP07290832A EP07290832A EP1878995B1 EP 1878995 B1 EP1878995 B1 EP 1878995B1 EP 07290832 A EP07290832 A EP 07290832A EP 07290832 A EP07290832 A EP 07290832A EP 1878995 B1 EP1878995 B1 EP 1878995B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- impact
- piston
- rocket
- cap
- generator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000009527 percussion Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000015842 Hesperis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000012633 Iberis amara Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008094 contradictory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009304 pastoral farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C11/00—Electric fuzes
- F42C11/02—Electric fuzes with piezo-crystal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C1/00—Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact
- F42C1/10—Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact without firing-pin
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is that of impact rockets for projectiles.
- Piezoelectric generators are most often constituted by one or more piezoelectric ceramics stacked on top of one another. Such a generator is placed on a support integral with the rocket body and which forms an anvil during impact.
- the rocket further comprises a piston which comes to exert a mechanical stress on the generator during the shock.
- the patent FR-1595412 describes such a known impact rocket. The resulting voltage is used to initiate an electrical primer.
- One of the problems encountered with known rockets is that, in certain impact configurations, the electrical voltage generated may be insufficient to ensure initiation of the primer.
- the patent FR-2669416 describes a priming device according to the preamble of claim 1 which comprises a piezoelectric generator integral with the rocket body and which is actuated by a hammer during impact on a target.
- a hammer is projected towards the piezoelectric generator during a shock on the cap of the rocket.
- the shock received by the generator is also too short.
- the patent WO-85/03345 also described a percussion fuse including a piezoelectric generator and means for increasing the safety of use. This last means associates a coil of self induction and a spark gap. Thus, firing is only initiated when the rising edge of the received pulse exceeds a given amplitude.
- the subject of the invention is an impact rocket comprising a body enclosing a piezoelectric generator placed on a support integral with the body and forming an anvil, a rocket comprising a piston intended to exert a mechanical stress on the generator, a piston which receives the impact force transmitted by a cap, rocket characterized in that the piston is slidably mounted relative to the body and in that it comprises a plastically deformable means which is interposed between the cap and the body, which means is deformed by the displacement of the cap during the impact on a target, this displacement causing the displacement of the piston, the energy consumed by the deformation of the means thus making it possible to ensure a longer and more progressive crushing of the piezoelectric generator during the impact on a target.
- the plastically deformable means may be constituted by a metal washer having at least one deformable crown.
- the metal washer may comprise at least two crowns separated by a groove.
- the washer may be made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
- the figure 1 shows an ogive rocket 1 for a projectile.
- This rocket is intended to be put in place at a front end of a projectile (not shown), for example an artillery or tank shell or a mortar projectile.
- the rocket 1 comprises a body 2 which has a threaded rear portion 2a which is screwed to the projectile and a front portion 2b ogivée.
- the rear part 2a encloses an electronic circuit 3 which is connected, on one side to a piezoelectric generator 4, and on the other to a primer 5.
- the piezoelectric generator 4 is placed in a housing 6 arranged at one end of the rear portion 2a of the body 2.
- the rear portion 2a of the body 2 thus constitutes an anvil support.
- the rocket 1 comprises a piston 7 which is slidably mounted in an axial bore 8 of the front portion 2b of the body 2.
- the piston 7 is intended to come to exert a mechanical stress on the generator 4 and therefore has a face which bears against this generator.
- the piston 7 is secured (for example by screwing) a cap 9 which extends the front portion 2b of the rocket body. During an impact on a target, the cap 9 transmits a force to the piston 7 which in turn communicates to the piezoelectric generator 4.
- the piston is also partially immobilized in translation by a split elastic ring 13 which is arranged in a peripheral groove of the piston. This ring 13 prevents any extraction of the piston 7 out of his home. It does not, however, prevent the piston 7 from moving towards the generator 4.
- the ring 13 could be replaced by a shoulder fitted on the piston 7.
- the rocket comprises a plastically deformable means which is interposed between the cap 9 and the body 2.
- This means is constituted by a metal washer 10 (made of aluminum or aluminum alloy) and which comprises at least one deformable crown 11. As is more particularly visible on the figure 2 the rings 11 are separated by circular grooves 12.
- the material of the washer is chosen so as to be plastically deformable during a shock on a target. This means that the deformation of the washer is irreversible.
- crowns 11 number and thickness
- rigidity of the washer 10 ensures the immobilization of the piston 7 during the storage phases or during falls.
- the crowns 11 are dimensioned so as to crash only during the impact on a target subsequent to an effective firing of the projectile.
- the energy consumed by the deformation of the washer 10 makes it possible to ensure a longer and more progressive crushing of the piezoelectric generator 4. This results in a higher electrical voltage and a greater reliability of the initiation.
- annular piston 7 associated with a piezoelectric generator also annular
- annular to allow for example the establishment of a means of programming the operating mode at the axis of the rocket.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
- General Electrical Machinery Utilizing Piezoelectricity, Electrostriction Or Magnetostriction (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Fuses (AREA)
- Actuator (AREA)
- Reverberation, Karaoke And Other Acoustics (AREA)
- Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Le domaine technique de l'invention est celui des fusées d'impact pour projectiles.The technical field of the invention is that of impact rockets for projectiles.
Il est connu de réaliser des fusées d'impact qui incorporent un générateur piézoélectrique qui engendre une tension électrique lors de l'impact de la fusée sur une cible.It is known to make impact flares that incorporate a piezoelectric generator that generates an electrical voltage during the impact of the rocket on a target.
Les générateurs piézoélectriques sont le plus souvent constitués par une ou plusieurs céramiques piézoélectriques empilées les unes sur les autres. Un tel générateur est mis en place sur un support solidaire du corps de fusée et qui forme une enclume lors du choc.Piezoelectric generators are most often constituted by one or more piezoelectric ceramics stacked on top of one another. Such a generator is placed on a support integral with the rocket body and which forms an anvil during impact.
La fusée comporte par ailleurs un piston qui vient exercer une contrainte mécanique sur le générateur lors du choc. Le brevet
Un des problèmes rencontrés avec les fusées connues est que, dans certaines configurations d'impact, la tension électrique engendrée peut s'avérer insuffisante pour assurer l'initiation de l'amorce.One of the problems encountered with known rockets is that, in certain impact configurations, the electrical voltage generated may be insufficient to ensure initiation of the primer.
Cela est dû au fait que le choc reçu par le générateur est trop bref.This is because the shock received by the generator is too short.
Par ailleurs il est nécessaire d'assurer l'intégrité de ces fusées en évitant qu'un impact d'un niveau d'énergie donné relativement faible n'engendre une détérioration de l'enveloppe pouvant perturber la fiabilité.Moreover, it is necessary to ensure the integrity of these rockets by avoiding that an impact of a given relatively low energy level does not cause deterioration of the envelope that can disturb the reliability.
Les contraintes rencontrées sont donc relativement contradictoires. Il est d'une part nécessaire de permettre une déformation suffisante du générateur pour assurer une tension électrique nominale permettant l'initiation de l'amorce. Il est d'autre part nécessaire d'interdire la déformation du générateur lors d'un choc de niveau réduit.The constraints encountered are therefore relatively contradictory. It is first necessary to allow sufficient deformation of the generator to ensure a nominal electrical voltage for the initiation of the primer. It is also necessary to prohibit the deformation of the generator during a shock of reduced level.
Le brevet
Le brevet
Le but recherché par ce brevet est différent de celui visé par l'invention puisqu'il s'agit ici de réaliser une liaison mécanique assurant une impulsion élevée et brève du piston sur le cristal.The purpose of this patent is different from that of the invention since it is here to achieve a mechanical connection ensuring a high and short pulse of the piston on the crystal.
C'est le but de l'invention que de proposer une fusée d'impact à générateur piézoélectrique ayant une fiabilité d'initiation améliorée tout en présentant une sécurité d'emploi optimale.It is the object of the invention to provide a piezoelectric generator impact rocket having improved initiation reliability while having optimum safety of use.
Ainsi, l'invention a pour objet une fusée d'impact comportant un corps renfermant un générateur piézoélectrique mis en place sur un support solidaire du corps et formant enclume, fusée comportant un piston destiné à venir exercer une contrainte mécanique sur le générateur, piston qui reçoit l'effort d'impact transmis par une coiffe, fusée caractérisée en ce que le piston est monté coulissant par rapport au corps et en ce qu'elle comporte un moyen plastiquement déformable qui est interposé entre la coiffe et le corps, moyen qui est déformé par le déplacement de la coiffe lors de l'impact sur une cible, ce déplacement entraînant le déplacement du piston, l'énergie consommée par la déformation du moyen permettant ainsi d'assurer un écrasement plus long et plus progressif du générateur piézoélectrique lors de l'impact sur une cible.Thus, the subject of the invention is an impact rocket comprising a body enclosing a piezoelectric generator placed on a support integral with the body and forming an anvil, a rocket comprising a piston intended to exert a mechanical stress on the generator, a piston which receives the impact force transmitted by a cap, rocket characterized in that the piston is slidably mounted relative to the body and in that it comprises a plastically deformable means which is interposed between the cap and the body, which means is deformed by the displacement of the cap during the impact on a target, this displacement causing the displacement of the piston, the energy consumed by the deformation of the means thus making it possible to ensure a longer and more progressive crushing of the piezoelectric generator during the impact on a target.
Le moyen plastiquement déformable pourra être constitué par une rondelle métallique comportant au moins une couronne déformable. La rondelle métallique pourra comporter au moins deux couronnes séparées par un sillon. Par ailleurs la rondelle pourra être réalisée en aluminium ou en alliage d'aluminium.The plastically deformable means may be constituted by a metal washer having at least one deformable crown. The metal washer may comprise at least two crowns separated by a groove. In addition, the washer may be made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre d'un mode particulier e réalisation, description faite en référence aux dessins annexés et dans lesquels :
- la
figure 1 est une vue schématique en coupe longitudinale d'une fusée selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, - la
figure 2 est une vue de face de la rondelle mise en oeuvre dans cette fusée.
- the
figure 1 is a schematic view in longitudinal section of a rocket according to one embodiment of the invention, - the
figure 2 is a front view of the washer implemented in this rocket.
La
La fusée 1 comporte un corps 2 qui présente une partie arrière 2a filetée qui se visse au projectile et une partie avant 2b ogivée. La partie arrière 2a renferme un circuit électronique 3 qui est relié, d'un côté à un générateur piézoélectrique 4, et de l'autre à une amorce 5.The rocket 1 comprises a
Ce circuit électronique ne fait pas l'objet de la présente invention et il ne sera donc pas décrit en détails.This electronic circuit is not the subject of the present invention and it will not be described in detail.
Le générateur piézoélectrique 4 est mis en place dans un logement 6 aménagé à une extrémité de la partie arrière 2a du corps 2. La partie arrière 2a du corps 2 constitue ainsi un support formant enclume.The
La fusée 1 comporte un piston 7 qui est monté coulissant dans un alésage axial 8 de la partie avant 2b du corps 2.The rocket 1 comprises a
Le piston 7 est destiné à venir exercer une contrainte mécanique sur le générateur 4 et il comporte donc une face qui est en appui contre ce générateur.The
Le piston 7 est rendu solidaire (par exemple par vissage) d'une coiffe 9 qui prolonge la partie avant 2b du corps de fusée. Lors d'un impact sur une cible, la coiffe 9 transmet un effort au piston 7 qui le communique à son tour au générateur piézoélectrique 4. Le piston est par ailleurs en partie immobilisé en translation par un anneau élastique fendu 13 qui est disposé dans une gorge périphérique du piston. Cet anneau 13 interdit toute extraction du piston 7 hors de son logement. Il n'empêche pas par contre le déplacement du piston 7 en direction du générateur 4. On pourrait remplacer l'anneau 13 par un épaulement aménagé sur le piston 7.The
Conformément à l'invention la fusée comporte un moyen plastiquement déformable qui est interposé entre la coiffe 9 et le corps 2. Ce moyen est constitué par une rondelle métallique 10 (réalisée en aluminium ou en alliage d'aluminium) et qui comporte au moins une couronne déformable 11. Comme cela est plus particulièrement visible sur la
Le matériau de la rondelle est choisi de façon à être déformable plastiquement lors d'un choc sur une cible. Cela signifie que la déformation de la rondelle est irréversible.The material of the washer is chosen so as to be plastically deformable during a shock on a target. This means that the deformation of the washer is irreversible.
Sont donc exclues pour réaliser la rondelle 10 les matières plastiques ou les matériaux qui restent (dans les conditions de chocs sur une cible) dans un domaine de déformation élastique.Are therefore excluded to achieve the
L'Homme du Métier dimensionnera donc les couronnes 11 (nombre et épaisseur) en fonction des contraintes opérationnelles rencontrées. Par ailleurs la rigidité de la rondelle 10 assure l'immobilisation du piston 7 au cours des phases de stockage ou lors des chutes.The skilled person will therefore size the crowns 11 (number and thickness) according to the operational constraints encountered. Furthermore the rigidity of the
Les couronnes 11 sont dimensionnées de façon à s'écraser uniquement lors de l'impact sur une cible consécutif à un tir effectif du projectile. L'énergie consommée par la déformation de la rondelle 10 permet d'assurer un écrasement plus long et plus progressif du générateur piézoélectrique 4. Il en résulte une tension électrique supérieure et une plus grande fiabilité de l'initiation.The
Différentes variantes sont possibles sans sortir du cadre de l'invention.Different variants are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.
Il est ainsi possible de faire varier la position axiale de la rondelle 10 par rapport au corps 2. On notera que plus la rondelle 10 se trouve en arrière plus la fusée voit sa sensibilité augmentée lors d'un impact rasant. On pourra par ailleurs prévoir une interface conique entre le piston 7 et la coiffe 9 (tout comme décrit par le brevet
On pourra également réaliser un piston 7 annulaire (associé à un générateur piézoélectrique lui aussi annulaire) pour permettre par exemple la mise en place d'un moyen de programmation du mode de fonctionnement au niveau de l'axe de la fusée.It will also be possible to realize an annular piston 7 (associated with a piezoelectric generator also annular) to allow for example the establishment of a means of programming the operating mode at the axis of the rocket.
Claims (4)
- Impact fuse (1) comprising a body (2) containing a piezoelectric generator (4) put in place on a bracket integral with the body (2) and forming an anvil, said fuse comprising a piston (7) intended to come to exert a mechanical stress on the generator, said piston receiving the impact strain transmitted by a cap (9), said fuse being characterised in that the piston (7) is slidably fitted relatively to the body (2) and in that it comprises plastically deformable means (10) that are interposed between the cap (9) and the body (2), said means being deformed by the cap (9) movement on impact on a target, said movement causing a piston (7) movement, the energy consumed by the means (10) deformation thus allowing to ensure a longer and more gradual crushing of the piezoelectric generator (4) on impact on a target.
- Impact fuse according to claim 1, characterised in that the plastically deformable means (10) are constituted by a metal washer (10) comprising at least one deformable rim (11).
- Impact fuse according to claim 2, characterised in that the metal washer (10) comprises at least two rims (11) separated by a groove (12).
- Impact fuse according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterised in that the washer (10) is implemented of aluminium or aluminium alloy.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL07290832T PL1878995T3 (en) | 2006-07-13 | 2007-07-02 | Percussion fuse with piezoelectric generator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0606449A FR2903772B1 (en) | 2006-07-13 | 2006-07-13 | IMPACT FUSE WITH PIEZOELECTRIC GENERATOR. |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1878995A2 EP1878995A2 (en) | 2008-01-16 |
EP1878995A3 EP1878995A3 (en) | 2008-08-27 |
EP1878995B1 true EP1878995B1 (en) | 2011-02-16 |
Family
ID=37734825
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07290832A Active EP1878995B1 (en) | 2006-07-13 | 2007-07-02 | Percussion fuse with piezoelectric generator |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7661363B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1878995B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE498817T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602007012487D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2361441T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2903772B1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO336875B1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL1878995T3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU205478U1 (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2021-07-15 | Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное объединение "Курганприбор" | PIEZOGENERATOR EXPLOSER |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10502537B1 (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2019-12-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Enhanced terminal performance medium caliber multipurpose traced self-destruct projectile |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2827851A (en) * | 1954-08-13 | 1958-03-25 | Peter B Ferrara | Energizer assembly |
US2900906A (en) * | 1955-06-30 | 1959-08-25 | Charles R Olsen | Self-destruction device |
US3324317A (en) * | 1965-01-21 | 1967-06-06 | Magnavox Co | Solid state inertial energy generatorstorage system |
FR1595412A (en) | 1968-12-19 | 1970-06-08 | ||
DE2058968A1 (en) * | 1970-12-01 | 1972-06-15 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Piezoelectric energy source |
CH537000A (en) * | 1971-02-16 | 1973-05-15 | Oerlikon Buehrle Ag | Impact fuse for projectiles |
DE2232051A1 (en) * | 1972-06-30 | 1974-01-03 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | ELECTRICAL IGNITION DEVICE WITH A CERAMIC OR QUARTZ ELEMENT AS AN ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCE FOR BULLETS OR MISSILES, IN PARTICULAR FOR SMALL-CALIBRATED BULLETS |
GB1431600A (en) * | 1973-10-31 | 1976-04-07 | Ici Ltd | Method of blasting and a detenator firing device therefor |
DE2457946C2 (en) * | 1974-12-07 | 1982-12-02 | Rheinmetall GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf | Ignition system for projectiles |
FR2669416B1 (en) * | 1980-11-21 | 1994-06-03 | France Etat Armement | PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE FOR PRIMING A DETONATOR. |
US4434717A (en) * | 1981-08-21 | 1984-03-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Hybrid fuse triggering device |
CH655791A5 (en) * | 1984-01-25 | 1986-05-15 | Mefina Sa | Rocket power shot of percussion. |
DE3414841A1 (en) * | 1984-04-19 | 1985-10-24 | Diehl GmbH & Co, 8500 Nürnberg | IGNITION RELEASE DEVICE |
US5033382A (en) * | 1987-03-25 | 1991-07-23 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Piezoelectric fuse for projectile with safe and arm mechanism |
US5040463A (en) * | 1989-09-28 | 1991-08-20 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Pressure activated power supply |
US5536990A (en) * | 1991-03-27 | 1996-07-16 | Thiokol Corporation | Piezoelectric igniter |
US7117796B1 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2006-10-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Igniter for exothermic torch rod |
-
2006
- 2006-07-13 FR FR0606449A patent/FR2903772B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-07-02 PL PL07290832T patent/PL1878995T3/en unknown
- 2007-07-02 ES ES07290832T patent/ES2361441T3/en active Active
- 2007-07-02 EP EP07290832A patent/EP1878995B1/en active Active
- 2007-07-02 AT AT07290832T patent/ATE498817T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-07-02 DE DE602007012487T patent/DE602007012487D1/en active Active
- 2007-07-05 US US11/822,400 patent/US7661363B2/en active Active
- 2007-07-12 NO NO20073609A patent/NO336875B1/en unknown
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU205478U1 (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2021-07-15 | Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное объединение "Курганприбор" | PIEZOGENERATOR EXPLOSER |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL1878995T3 (en) | 2011-07-29 |
EP1878995A3 (en) | 2008-08-27 |
FR2903772A1 (en) | 2008-01-18 |
DE602007012487D1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
EP1878995A2 (en) | 2008-01-16 |
ES2361441T3 (en) | 2011-06-17 |
ATE498817T1 (en) | 2011-03-15 |
NO20073609L (en) | 2008-01-14 |
FR2903772B1 (en) | 2010-10-22 |
NO336875B1 (en) | 2015-11-23 |
US7661363B2 (en) | 2010-02-16 |
US20080011178A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
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