EP1106959A1 - Igniter tube for artillery ammunition - Google Patents
Igniter tube for artillery ammunition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1106959A1 EP1106959A1 EP00403283A EP00403283A EP1106959A1 EP 1106959 A1 EP1106959 A1 EP 1106959A1 EP 00403283 A EP00403283 A EP 00403283A EP 00403283 A EP00403283 A EP 00403283A EP 1106959 A1 EP1106959 A1 EP 1106959A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tablets
- igniter tube
- tube according
- ring
- stack
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
- F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
- F42C19/0823—Primers or igniters for the initiation or the propellant charge in a cartridged ammunition
- F42C19/0826—Primers or igniters for the initiation or the propellant charge in a cartridged ammunition comprising an elongated perforated tube, i.e. flame tube, for the transmission of the initial energy to the propellant charge, e.g. used for artillery shells and kinetic energy penetrators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
- F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
- F42C19/0823—Primers or igniters for the initiation or the propellant charge in a cartridged ammunition
- F42C19/083—Primers or igniters for the initiation or the propellant charge in a cartridged ammunition characterised by the shape and configuration of the base element embedded in the cartridge bottom, e.g. the housing for the squib or percussion cap
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is that of tubes igniters, in particular for artillery ammunition.
- Known igniter tubes generally include a stack of tablets of an ignition composition, by example of black powder, placed inside a tube, generally metallic.
- the only part that is ejected from the chamber and then temporarily stored in the turret is the metal base.
- the metal igniter tubes have for disadvantage of going beyond the base which complicates ejection of the pellet and storage.
- Patent FR2593905 proposes to replace the tube metallic by a heat-shrinkable sheath which ensures the securing of the tablets as well as of a carrying case a means of ignition (for example an igniter), housing which is fixed to the base by screwing.
- a means of ignition for example an igniter
- the advantage of such a solution is that it ensures almost complete combustion of the igniter tube.
- the only part incombustible is constituted by the support box which has a height lower than that of the base and therefore does not interfere the ejection of the latter.
- the tube has a certain flexibility which facilitates its installation in the load.
- Such weakening is due, in part to shocks grains of powder at the connection edges between the stack of tablets and the support case, and in part to the constraints that develop at the level of this junction during bending movements of the tube igniter.
- igniter tube according to the invention retains the flexibility provided by the heat shrink tubing but it has improved resistance to stress.
- the tube according to the invention is of simple design and it can be made cheaply.
- the subject of the invention is therefore an igniter tube, especially for artillery ammunition, and comprising a stacking of at least two annular tablets of a ignition composition joined together by a heat-shrinkable sheath and an ignition means these tablets which is secured to a case, tube characterized in that the housing has a part tubular inside which is introduced with clearance stacking of tablets, the tubular part covering so at least part of the stack, and in that it includes a ring which is secured to the tablets by the heat-shrinkable sheath, ring comprising a abutment surface which is kept applied by means on a complementary surface carried by a housing bore.
- the bore in the tubular part is conical, the top of the cone on the side of the ring.
- the ring will preferably be made of a material compressible.
- the compressible material may be chosen from the following material: polyurethane elastomer, rubber, nitryl, polyurethane foam.
- the abutment surface of the ring could be a surface conical.
- the holding means may be constituted by a plug integral with the housing and supporting the means ignition.
- the tubular part will preferably have a length covering at least five tablets.
- the tubular part can carry at least two holes radials regularly distributed angularly.
- an igniter tube 1 according to the invention comprises a stack 2 of tablets 3 annulars of an ignition composition, for example of black powder, which are made integral with each other by a heat-shrinkable sheath 4.
- the stack 2 is made integral with a housing 5 which comprises a tubular part 6 which is closed at its part rear by a plug 7.
- the plug 7 constitutes a conventional ignition block which has an axial cylindrical housing 8 for a means ignition constituted for example by an igniter electric or percussion 9 connected to a relay pyrotechnic 10 flame enhancer. Inflammator 9 and relays 10 are separated by a spacer 11. They are made integral with the plug 7 by an annular crimping 12.
- the plug 7 has a first external thread 13 which allows its attachment to the housing 5 and a second thread external 14 which allows the attachment of the igniter tube 1 to an ammunition base (not shown).
- a ring 15 is made secured to the stack 2 of tablets per through the heat shrink tubing 4.
- This ring has an abutment surface 16, which is here conical, and which is kept applied by holding means on a complementary surface 17 carried by a bore 18 of the housing 5. The cooperation of conical surfaces ensures a centering of the stack 2 relative to the housing 5.
- the holding means are constituted here by the plug 7, the length of which is chosen so that, after screwing on the housing 5, its crimping 12 is resting on the ring 15.
- the bore 18 is slightly conical (angle at the top of 5 to 10 °). The top of the cone on the side of the stopper 7 and the maximum diameter of the bore on the side of a part front of the housing 5.
- the taper of bore 18 allows a slight travel of stack 2 of tablets, without mechanical interference with the housing.
- the part tubular 6 thus covers at least part of length L1 of stack 2 of tablets 3.
- the length L1 will be chosen so as to cover by the tubular part 6 at least 5 tablets 3 of composition ignition. We will choose a length L1 such that, after initiation of ammunition, the tubular part 6 of the housing 5 does not protrude from the base of the munition to be ejected. Concretely, the length L1 is of the order of 30 to 40 mm.
- the ring 15 from a material compressible, for example into a polyurethane elastomer Shore A hardness of around 70 to 80 (depending on the standard ASTM D785).
- the tubular part 6 of the housing 5 will carry advantageously radial holes 19 regularly distributed angularly (here 4 holes). These holes allow the passage of the flame generated by the tablets 3 which found inside the tubular part 6.
- the tubular part 6 hardly disturbs not igniting the propellant charge.
- the tablets in another pyrotechnic ignition composition than black powder.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Le domaine technique de l'invention est celui des tubes allumeurs, notamment pour munitions d'artillerie.The technical field of the invention is that of tubes igniters, in particular for artillery ammunition.
Les tubes allumeurs connus comprennent généralement un empilement de comprimés d'une composition d'allumage, par exemple de poudre noire, disposés à l'intérieur d'un tube, généralement métallique.Known igniter tubes generally include a stack of tablets of an ignition composition, by example of black powder, placed inside a tube, generally metallic.
Aujourd'hui les munitions utilisées dans les véhicules de combat comprennent de plus en plus fréquemment une douille réalisée en matériau combustible.Today the ammunition used in vehicles of combat include more and more frequently a socket made of combustible material.
Ainsi, après le tir de la munition, la seule partie qui est éjectée hors de la chambre puis stockée temporairement dans la tourelle est le culot métallique.So after firing the ammunition, the only part that is ejected from the chamber and then temporarily stored in the turret is the metal base.
Les tubes allumeurs métalliques présentent pour inconvénient de dépasser hors du culot ce qui complique l'éjection du culot et le stockage.The metal igniter tubes have for disadvantage of going beyond the base which complicates ejection of the pellet and storage.
Le brevet FR2593905 propose de remplacer le tube métallique par une gaine thermorétractable qui assure la solidarisation des comprimés ainsi que d'un boítier portant un moyen d'allumage (par exemple un inflammateur), boítier qui est fixé au culot par vissage.Patent FR2593905 proposes to replace the tube metallic by a heat-shrinkable sheath which ensures the securing of the tablets as well as of a carrying case a means of ignition (for example an igniter), housing which is fixed to the base by screwing.
L'avantage d'une telle solution est qu'elle assure une combustion quasi complète du tube allumeur. La seule partie incombustible est constituée par le boítier support qui a une hauteur inférieure à celle du culot et ne gêne donc pas l'éjection de ce dernier.The advantage of such a solution is that it ensures almost complete combustion of the igniter tube. The only part incombustible is constituted by the support box which has a height lower than that of the base and therefore does not interfere the ejection of the latter.
De plus le tube présente une certaine souplesse qui facilite sa mise en place dans le chargement.In addition, the tube has a certain flexibility which facilitates its installation in the load.
Cependant ce tube allumeur présente encore des inconvénients.However, this igniter tube still has disadvantages.
On a ainsi constaté que la gaine thermorétractable était sujette à une fragilisation au niveau des arêtes de jonction entre les comprimés et le boítier support. Une telle fragilisation risque de conduire à une rupture pouvant intervenir consécutivement aux vibrations et contraintes mécaniques subies par la munition au cours des phases de transport ou de stockage.It has thus been found that the heat-shrinkable sheath was subject to embrittlement at the edges of junction between the tablets and the support case. A such embrittlement risks leading to rupture can intervene following vibrations and mechanical stresses suffered by the munition during transport or storage phases.
Une telle fragilisation est due, en partie aux chocs des grains de poudre au niveau des arêtes de raccordement entre l'empilement de comprimés et le boítier support, et en partie aux contraintes qui se développent au niveau de cette jonction lors des mouvements de flexion du tube allumeur.Such weakening is due, in part to shocks grains of powder at the connection edges between the stack of tablets and the support case, and in part to the constraints that develop at the level of this junction during bending movements of the tube igniter.
C'est le but de l'invention que de proposer un tube allumeur permettant de pallier de tels inconvénients.It is the object of the invention to propose a tube igniter which overcomes such drawbacks.
Ainsi le tube allumeur selon l'invention conserve la souplesse conférée par la gaine thermorétractable mais il présente une résistance améliorée aux contraintes.Thus the igniter tube according to the invention retains the flexibility provided by the heat shrink tubing but it has improved resistance to stress.
Le tube selon l'invention est de conception simple et il peut être fabriqué à moindre coût.The tube according to the invention is of simple design and it can be made cheaply.
Ainsi l'invention a pour objet un tube allumeur, notamment pour une munition d'artillerie, et comprenant un empilement d'au moins deux comprimés annulaires d'une composition d'allumage rendus solidaires les uns des autres par une gaine thermorétractable et un moyen d'allumage de ces comprimés qui est solidaire d'un boítier, tube caractérisé en ce que le boítier comporte une partie tubulaire à l'intérieur de laquelle est introduit avec jeu l'empilement de comprimés, la partie tubulaire couvrant ainsi au moins une partie de l'empilement, et en ce qu'il comprend un anneau qui est rendu solidaire des comprimés par la gaine thermorétractable, anneau comportant une surface de butée qui est maintenue appliquée par des moyens de maintien sur une surface complémentaire portée par un alésage du boítier.The subject of the invention is therefore an igniter tube, especially for artillery ammunition, and comprising a stacking of at least two annular tablets of a ignition composition joined together by a heat-shrinkable sheath and an ignition means these tablets which is secured to a case, tube characterized in that the housing has a part tubular inside which is introduced with clearance stacking of tablets, the tubular part covering so at least part of the stack, and in that it includes a ring which is secured to the tablets by the heat-shrinkable sheath, ring comprising a abutment surface which is kept applied by means on a complementary surface carried by a housing bore.
Selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, l'alésage aménagé dans la partie tubulaire est conique, le sommet du cône se trouvant du côté de l'anneau.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the bore in the tubular part is conical, the top of the cone on the side of the ring.
L'anneau sera de préférence réalisé en un matériau compressible.The ring will preferably be made of a material compressible.
Le matériau compressible pourra être choisi parmi les matériau suivants : élastomère de polyuréthanne, caoutchouc, nitryl, mousse de polyuréthanne.The compressible material may be chosen from the following material: polyurethane elastomer, rubber, nitryl, polyurethane foam.
La surface de butée de l'anneau pourra être une surface conique. The abutment surface of the ring could be a surface conical.
Les moyens de maintien pourront être constitués par un bouchon solidaire du boítier et supportant le moyen d'allumage.The holding means may be constituted by a plug integral with the housing and supporting the means ignition.
La partie tubulaire aura de préférence une longueur couvrant au moins cinq comprimés.The tubular part will preferably have a length covering at least five tablets.
La partie tubulaire pourra porter au moins deux trous radiaux régulièrement répartis angulairement.The tubular part can carry at least two holes radials regularly distributed angularly.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre d'un mode particulier de réalisation, description faite en référence au dessin annexé de la figure unique 1 qui représente en coupe longitudinale partielle un tube allumeur selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention.The invention will be better understood on reading the description which follows of a particular mode of realization, description made with reference to the drawing annexed to the single figure 1 which represents in section partial longitudinal an igniter tube according to a realization of the invention.
Selon cette figure 1 un tube allumeur 1 selon
l'invention comprend un empilement 2 de comprimés 3
annulaires d'une composition d'allumage, par exemple de
poudre noire, qui sont rendus solidaires les uns des autres
par une gaine thermorétractable 4.According to this figure 1 an igniter tube 1 according to
the invention comprises a
Un tel empilement est décrit en détails par le brevet FR2593905 dont l'ensemble de la description est inclut ici par référence et auquel on pourra se reporter.Such a stack is described in detail by the patent FR2593905 whose entire description is included here by reference and to which we can refer.
On pourra par exemple réaliser un empilement de 50 comprimés de poudre noire de 1 gramme de masse chacun et de 5 mm d'épaisseur.We could for example make a stack of 50 black powder tablets of 1 gram mass each and 5 mm thick.
L'empilement 2 est rendu solidaire d'un boítier 5 qui
comprend une partie tubulaire 6 qui est fermée à sa partie
arrière par un bouchon 7.The
Le bouchon 7 constitue un bloc d'allumage classique qui
présente un logement cylindrique axial 8 pour un moyen
d'allumage constitué par exemple par un inflammateur
électrique ou à percussion 9 relié à un relais
pyrotechnique 10 renforçateur de flamme. Inflammateur 9 et
relais 10 sont séparés par une entretoise 11. Ils sont
rendus solidaires du bouchon 7 par un sertissage annulaire
12.The
Le bouchon 7 comporte un premier filetage externe 13
qui permet sa fixation au boítier 5 et un deuxième filetage
externe 14 qui autorise la fixation du tube allumeur 1 sur
un culot de munition (non représenté).The
Conformément à l'invention un anneau 15 est rendu
solidaire de l'empilement 2 de comprimés par
l'intermédiaire de la gaine thermorétractable 4. Cet anneau
comporte une surface de butée 16, qui est ici conique, et
qui est maintenue appliquée par des moyens de maintien sur
une surface complémentaire 17 portée par un alésage 18 du
boítier 5. La coopération de surfaces coniques assure un
centrage de l'empilement 2 par rapport au boítier 5.According to the invention a
Les moyens de maintien sont constitués ici par le
bouchon 7 dont la longueur est choisie de telle sorte que,
après vissage sur le boítier 5, son sertissage 12 se trouve
en appui sur l'anneau 15.The holding means are constituted here by the
L'alésage 18 est légèrement conique (angle au sommet de
5 à 10°). Le sommet du cône se trouvant du côté du bouchon
7 et le diamètre maximal de l'alésage du côté d'une partie
avant AV du boítier 5.The
La conicité de l'alésage 18 autorise un léger
débattement de l'empilement 2 de comprimés, sans
interférences mécaniques avec le boítier. La partie
tubulaire 6 couvre ainsi au moins une partie de longueur Ll
de l'empilement 2 de comprimés 3.The taper of
La longueur L1 sera choisie de façon à recouvrir par la
partie tubulaire 6 au moins 5 comprimés 3 de composition
d'allumage. On choisira une longueur Ll telle que, après
initiation d'une munition, la partie tubulaire 6 du boítier
5 ne dépasse pas du culot de munition à éjecter.
Concrètement la longueur Ll est de l'ordre de 30 à 40 mm.The length L1 will be chosen so as to cover by the
Ainsi grâce à l'invention, il n'y a plus entre le boítier support et l'empilement de comprimés d'arête de jonction qui se trouverait en contact avec le chargement de poudre (non représenté) dans l'étui d'une munition. La résistance de l'empilement aux contraintes subies par la munition est donc fortement augmentée et les risques de découpe du tube allumeur sont diminués.Thus thanks to the invention, there is no longer between the support box and stack of edge tablets junction which would be in contact with the load of powder (not shown) in the case of an ammunition. The resistance of the stack to the stresses undergone by the ammunition is therefore greatly increased and the risks of cutout of the igniter tube are decreased.
Suivant une autre caractéristique de l'invention, on
réalisera avantageusement l'anneau 15 en un matériau
compressible, par exemple en un élastomère de polyuréthanne
de dureté shore A de l'ordre de 70 à 80 (suivant la norme
ASTM D785).According to another characteristic of the invention, we
advantageously make the
On pourra également réaliser l'anneau en caoutchouc
nitryl ou en mousse de polyuréthanne. Un tel choix de
matériau donne un certaine souplesse à la liaison entre
l'empilement 2 de comprimés et le boítier 5. Le tube
allumeur 1 peut ainsi tolérer de légères déformations
angulaires par rapport au boítier sans risques de rupture.We can also make the rubber ring
nitryl or polyurethane foam. Such a choice of
material gives flexibility to the bond between
the
La partie tubulaire 6 du boítier 5 portera
avantageusement des trous radiaux 19 régulièrement répartis
angulairement (ici 4 trous). Ces trous permettent le
passage de la flamme engendrée par les comprimés 3 qui se
trouvent à l'intérieur de la partie tubulaire 6.The
Ainsi, la partie tubulaire 6 ne perturbe pratiquement
pas l'allumage du chargement propulsif.Thus, the
De plus elle assure un maintien rigide d'une longueur
L1 de l'empilement 2 de comprimés 3. Une telle disposition
assure, en cas de rupture accidentelle de l'empilement 2 au
niveau de sa sortie hors de la partie tubulaire 6, la
persistance d'un tube allumeur d'une longueur Ll minimale
pouvant assurer un allumage. On accroít ainsi la fiabilité
et la sécurité d'emploi du tube allumeur.In addition it provides a rigid support of a length
L1 of
Diverses variantes sont possibles sans sortir du cadre
de l'invention. Il est ainsi possible de faire varier la
forme de l'anneau 15 et notamment de sa surface de butée
qui pourra être éventuellement plane ou hémisphérique.Various variants are possible without leaving the frame
of the invention. It is thus possible to vary the
shape of the
Il est également possible de réaliser les comprimés en une autre composition pyrotechnique d'allumage que de la poudre noire. Par exemple on pourra réaliser des comprimés en un mélange bore/nitrate de potassium incorporant un liant à base de nitrocellulose.It is also possible to make the tablets in another pyrotechnic ignition composition than black powder. For example we can make tablets in a boron / potassium nitrate mixture incorporating a nitrocellulose-based binder.
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9915710A FR2802297B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 1999-12-08 | IGNITION TUBE FOR ARTILLERY AMMUNITION |
FR9915710 | 1999-12-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1106959A1 true EP1106959A1 (en) | 2001-06-13 |
EP1106959B1 EP1106959B1 (en) | 2006-05-03 |
Family
ID=9553203
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00403283A Expired - Lifetime EP1106959B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2000-11-24 | Igniter tube for artillery ammunition |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6474239B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1106959B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60027676T2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2802297B1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL139904A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3092660A1 (en) | 2019-02-13 | 2020-08-14 | Nexter Munitions | ROCKET FOR A PROJECTILE TO BE FIRED BY A CANNON |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2508523C2 (en) * | 2012-04-26 | 2014-02-27 | Открытое акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие "Краснознаменец" | Igniter tube of electric impact action |
RU209348U1 (en) * | 2021-08-23 | 2022-03-15 | ФКП "Саранский механический завод" | PYROTECHNICAL RETAILER |
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GB683247A (en) * | 1949-10-11 | 1952-11-26 | Energa | Safety device for rocket projectiles |
GB1037743A (en) * | 1962-05-09 | 1966-08-03 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Improvements in or relating to cartridges for firing projectiles and the like |
GB1535733A (en) * | 1974-11-29 | 1978-12-13 | Bofors Ab | Primer for ammunition |
US4669383A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1987-06-02 | Dynamit Nobel Aktiengesellschaft | Propellant charge igniter |
FR2591735A1 (en) * | 1985-12-17 | 1987-06-19 | Thomson Brandt Armements | Pyrotechnic gas generator and use in a device for ejecting sub-munitions from a warhead |
FR2593905A1 (en) | 1986-02-03 | 1987-08-07 | France Etat Armement | Destructible igniter for propellant charges |
EP0822385A1 (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-02-04 | Rheinmetall Industrie Aktiengesellschaft | Primer for propulsive charge |
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DE4240273A1 (en) * | 1992-12-01 | 1994-06-09 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Propellant lighter |
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FI108965B (en) * | 1997-01-24 | 2002-04-30 | Patria Vammas Oy | Arrangement to support a grenade in the barrel of a rear loading weapon |
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US6272996B1 (en) * | 1998-10-07 | 2001-08-14 | Shock Tube Systems, Inc. | In-line initiator and firing device assembly |
-
1999
- 1999-12-08 FR FR9915710A patent/FR2802297B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-11-24 DE DE60027676T patent/DE60027676T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-11-24 EP EP00403283A patent/EP1106959B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-11-24 IL IL13990400A patent/IL139904A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-12-08 US US09/731,794 patent/US6474239B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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GB683247A (en) * | 1949-10-11 | 1952-11-26 | Energa | Safety device for rocket projectiles |
GB1037743A (en) * | 1962-05-09 | 1966-08-03 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Improvements in or relating to cartridges for firing projectiles and the like |
GB1535733A (en) * | 1974-11-29 | 1978-12-13 | Bofors Ab | Primer for ammunition |
US4669383A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1987-06-02 | Dynamit Nobel Aktiengesellschaft | Propellant charge igniter |
FR2591735A1 (en) * | 1985-12-17 | 1987-06-19 | Thomson Brandt Armements | Pyrotechnic gas generator and use in a device for ejecting sub-munitions from a warhead |
FR2593905A1 (en) | 1986-02-03 | 1987-08-07 | France Etat Armement | Destructible igniter for propellant charges |
EP0822385A1 (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-02-04 | Rheinmetall Industrie Aktiengesellschaft | Primer for propulsive charge |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3092660A1 (en) | 2019-02-13 | 2020-08-14 | Nexter Munitions | ROCKET FOR A PROJECTILE TO BE FIRED BY A CANNON |
WO2020165699A1 (en) | 2019-02-13 | 2020-08-20 | Nexter Munitions | Rocket for a projectile intended to be fired by a cannon |
US11774225B2 (en) | 2019-02-13 | 2023-10-03 | Nexter Munitions | Fuze for a projectile intended to be fired by a cannon |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20010018878A1 (en) | 2001-09-06 |
FR2802297B1 (en) | 2002-10-11 |
US6474239B2 (en) | 2002-11-05 |
IL139904A0 (en) | 2002-02-10 |
EP1106959B1 (en) | 2006-05-03 |
DE60027676T2 (en) | 2007-02-22 |
FR2802297A1 (en) | 2001-06-15 |
IL139904A (en) | 2004-01-04 |
DE60027676D1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
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