EP1877245A2 - Impression par nanocontact - Google Patents

Impression par nanocontact

Info

Publication number
EP1877245A2
EP1877245A2 EP05825476A EP05825476A EP1877245A2 EP 1877245 A2 EP1877245 A2 EP 1877245A2 EP 05825476 A EP05825476 A EP 05825476A EP 05825476 A EP05825476 A EP 05825476A EP 1877245 A2 EP1877245 A2 EP 1877245A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
molecules
substrate
bonds
nucleic acid
master
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05825476A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1877245A4 (fr
Inventor
Francesco Stellacci
Arum Amy Yu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Original Assignee
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology filed Critical Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Publication of EP1877245A2 publication Critical patent/EP1877245A2/fr
Publication of EP1877245A4 publication Critical patent/EP1877245A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/0002—Lithographic processes using patterning methods other than those involving the exposure to radiation, e.g. by stamping
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L12/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L12/08—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0046—Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00351—Means for dispensing and evacuation of reagents
    • B01J2219/00385—Printing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00351—Means for dispensing and evacuation of reagents
    • B01J2219/00387—Applications using probes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00497—Features relating to the solid phase supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00497—Features relating to the solid phase supports
    • B01J2219/00527—Sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00585—Parallel processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00596—Solid-phase processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00605—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces the compounds being directly bound or immobilised to solid supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00659—Two-dimensional arrays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00677—Ex-situ synthesis followed by deposition on the substrate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • B01J2219/00722—Nucleotides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • B01J2219/00725—Peptides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • B01J2219/00729—Peptide nucleic acids [PNA]

Definitions

  • DPN atomic force microscope
  • nano-devices e.g nano-transistors, nano-sensors and nano-waveguides
  • device fabrication time and reproducibility
  • nanotechnology it would be desirable for nanotechnology to have an equivalent of micro-contact printing: the stamping technique engineered by Whitesides and coworkers (see U.S. PatentNos.
  • the methods of the invention complement chemically oriented nanolithography techniques that have been developed in recent years and that often require complex instrumentation. For example, it has already been shown that DNA testing arrays can be fabricated using dip pen nanolithography. Once the master for these devices is built, the teachings of the invention can be used to print a large number of cheap and extremely sensitive devices for the detection of, for example, biohazards, without the need for complex instrumentation and materials. Because the transfer process is self- assembly based, all the steps, besides the fabrication of the master, can be done in parallel over very large areas and on multiple substrates.
  • the invention is a method of forming a complement image of a master.
  • the method includes providing a master that comprises a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern.
  • the first set of molecules includes a nucleic acid
  • the first set of molecules includes a plurality of nucleic acids having different sequences.
  • the method further includes assembling, via attractive forces or bond formation, a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules.
  • Each molecule in the second set of molecules includes a reactive functional group and a recognition component that is attracted to or binds to one or more of the first set of molecules.
  • the method further includes contacting the reactive functional group of the second set of molecules with a surface of a second substrate to form a bond between the second set of molecules and the second substrate, breaking the attractive force or bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules to form a complement image of the master, and optionally repeating the steps of assembling, contacting and breaking one or more times.
  • Each molecule of the second set of molecules may further include one or more of an exposed functionality, a covalent bond or first spacer that links the reactive functional group to the recognition component, or a covalent bond or a second spacer that links the exposed functionality to the recognition component.
  • the second set of molecules may be assembled on the first set of molecules by contacting the master with a solution including the second set of molecules.
  • the master may be held in contact with the second substrate by capillary action of the solution containing the second set of molecules, and the attractive force or bonds between the first and second set of molecules may be broken by evaporating the solution.
  • the second set of molecules may include two or more different molecules that may have different recognition components, different exposed functionalities, or both.
  • the two or more different molecules may form a pattern on the second substrate that has a profile that includes two or more heights. At least one of the two or more different molecules may include a first spacer and another of the two or more different molecules may either have a second spacer having a different length than the first spacer, or may lack a spacer.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules may be broken by applying heat or by contacting the bonds with a solution having a high ionic strength.
  • a component of each of the first set of molecules may be a nucleic acid sequence and the recognition component of the second set of molecules may be a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% complementary to the nucleic acid sequence on the first set of molecules.
  • the bonds between the first and second sets of molecules may be broken by contacting the bonds with an enzyme.
  • the nucleic acid sequences may include DNA, RNA, modified nucleic acid sequences, or combinations of these.
  • the first set of molecules, second set of molecules, or both may include a peptide nucleic acid sequence.
  • the method may further include forming a pattern of one or more metals, metal oxides, or combinations of these on a surface of a substrate and contacting the surface with the first set of molecules.
  • each molecule of the first set of molecules has a reactive functional group that forms a bond between the metal or metal oxide and the molecules of the first set of molecules to form a master that includes a first set of molecules bound to the substrate to form a pattern.
  • the second substrate surface may be free of the second set of molecules.
  • the method may further include contacting the surface of the second substrate with a reactant selected to be chemically inert to the second set of molecules and to degrade at least the surface layer of the second substrate, thereby degrading the portion of the surface of the second substrate that is free of the second set of molecules, and removing the second set of molecules to uncover a portion of the surface of the second substrate.
  • the invention may include depositing a material on the portion of the second substrate surface that is free of the second set of molecules and removing the second set of molecules to uncover a portion of the surface of the second substrate.
  • the attractive forces between the first and second sets of molecules may be magnetic.
  • the invention is a method of forming a reproduction of a master or a portion of a master.
  • the method includes providing a master that includes a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern, assembling via bond formation a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules, contacting a reactive functional group of the second set of molecules with a surface of a second substrate to form a bond between the second set of molecules and a second substrate, breaking bonds between the first set of molecules and a recognition component on the second set of molecules to form a complement image of the master, assembling via bond formation a third set of molecules on the second set of molecules of the complement image, contacting a reactive functional group of the third set of molecules with a surface of a third substrate to form a bond between third set of molecules and the third substrate, breaking the bonds between the second set of molecules and a recognition component on the third set of molecules to form a reproduction of the master or a portion of the master, and optionally repeating the steps of assembling the third set of molecules, contacting
  • the invention is a composition including a first pattern of a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate and a complement image including a pattern of a second set of molecules bound to a second substrate via a reactive functional group on each molecule of the second set of molecules.
  • the first set of molecules includes a nucleic acid sequence
  • the first set of molecules includes a plurality of nucleic acids having different sequences and each molecule in the second set of molecules has a recognition component that binds to at least a portion of a molecule from the first set of molecules.
  • the first substrate with the first pattern may be a reusable master.
  • the invention is a kit for printing a molecular pattern on a substrate.
  • the kit includes a master including a pattern of a first set of molecules bound to a substrate and a second set of molecules, each of which includes a reactive functional group, and a recognition component that binds to the first set of molecules.
  • the amount of information stored in a molecule, such as a DNA strand, can be enormous.
  • the method of the invention has the possibility of transferring this information in a massively parallel way (i.e., in one or only a few steps instead of many steps). Thus devices that are now built using multi-step techniques could be fabricated in a single step. This opportunity will redirect research and device manufacture towards increasing complexity in fabricated substrates.
  • a master were fabricated on a 1mm substrate having a series of, for example, 50 nano and microfluidic channels having 50 different types of DNA strands defining the walls of the channels, in one single printing step with the method of the invention, one could fabricate on a 1 mm substrate a complement image of the series of nano and microfluidic channels, each with the wall functionalized in a different way: a real lab on a chip.
  • a unique feature of the teachings of the invention is the ability to copy, and thus replicate, the master itself using the parallel method of the invention. This is a major advantage over any existing methods. Many masters are often needed for large production lines. This, combined with the wearing of existing molds, means that a constant production of masters is required. In the method of the invention, once a master is produced, reproductions of the master can be produced from it, and these new masters will then be used to print the final devices. Reproducibility should be improved, and the instruments for the primary master fabrication which produce features in a serial fashion will have to be used only , to fabricate the primary master.
  • the method of the invention is revolutionary not only because it can be used to print organic SAMs, but because the method can be used to transfer multiple types of information (e.g., chemical + shape) and to reproduce a master in a parallel fashion.
  • Figs. IA-D are a schematic representation of one embodiment of the method of the invention for producing a complement image.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a first set of molecules bound to a second set of molecules.
  • Figs. 3 A and 3 B are AFM images of a master having a monolayer of nucleic acid molecules bound to the surface of a substrate.
  • Fig. 3 C is an AFM image of a complement image of the master shown in Fig. 3A.
  • Fig. 3D is an AFM image of a complement image of the master shown in Fig. 3B.
  • Fig. 4A is an AFM image of a master having nucleic acids bound to a substrate in a grid pattern.
  • Fig. 4B is an AFM image of a complement image of the master shown in Fig.
  • a "master,” as used herein, is a substrate that has a first set of molecules bound to a surface of the substrate in a random or non-random pattern.
  • the first set of molecules are bound to the master in a non-random pattern.
  • the first set of molecules may include one or more different molecules.
  • the information encoded in the pattern may be from the position of each of the molecules on the surface of the substrate and/or the chemical nature of the molecule (e.g., a molecule from the first set of molecules having a particular nucleic acid sequence will bind specifically to a nucleic acid molecule having a complementary sequence).
  • a "complement image of a master,” as used herein, is an image on a substrate that is a mirror image, when the pattern on the master is asymmetrical, or a copy, when the pattern on the master is symmetrical, of the spatial and/or chemical information encoded in the master, or a portion thereof.
  • the complement image is formed by binding a second set of molecules to a second substrate.
  • a complement image of the master will be a mirror image of the master formed on a second substrate with a second set of molecules that are nucleic acids that have a sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence from the first set of molecules.
  • the chemical information transferred to the complement image is not identical to the information on the master but is enough information to allow at least a portion of the information from the master to be reproduced.
  • the first and second sets of molecules are nucleic acid molecules, at least three or more consecutive bases of a molecule from the first set of molecules may be complementary to three or more consecutive bases from the second set of molecules.
  • At least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the nucleic acid sequences on the first and second sets of molecules may be complementary.
  • a complement image can be formed from a portion of the pattern on the master by selecting molecules for the second set of molecules that only bind to a portion of the molecules of the first set of molecules that are bound to the master.
  • the height profile of the complement image may have two or more levels.
  • a complement image may encode only mirror image of the spatial information encoded in the master or may encode both the chemical and spatial information encoded in the master.
  • a complement image of the master will be a mirror image of the master formed on a second substrate with a second set of molecules that are nucleic acids that have a sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence from the first set of molecules.
  • both spatial and chemical information are transferred from the master to the complement image.
  • only a portion of the chemical information may be transferred to the complement image.
  • the second set of molecules that form the complement image may be nucleic acid sequences that are complementary to only a portion of a nucleic acid sequence on the master (e.g., not complementary to the whole sequence).
  • a "reproduction of a master,” as used herein, is copy of the spatial and/or chemical information encoded in a pattern of a master.
  • the reproduction may be a copy of only a portion of the pattern of the master or may be a copy of the entire pattern of the master.
  • a reproduction of a master may copy only the spatial information of the master or may copy both the spatial and chemical information encoded in the master.
  • a reproduction of a master may reproduce only part of the chemical information.
  • “Chemical information encoded in a molecule” refers to the ability of the molecule to bind specifically to another molecule or to a specific type of molecule, typically, in a specific conformation.
  • a particular nucleic acid sequence may bind specifically to a complementary sequence, or protein A may bind specifically to immunoglobulins.
  • pattern refers to the spatial location of each molecule in a set of molecules bound to a substrate, and the chemical structure of each molecule in the set of molecules.
  • silane refers to a functional group having the following structural formula:
  • R 2 in the above structural formula, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, an alkyl, an aryl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, and an arylalkyl.
  • chlorosilane refers to a functional group having the following structural formula:
  • R 6 in the above structural formula, for each occurrence, is independly selected from -Cl or -OR 2 , provided that at least one of R 6 is -Cl.
  • each R 6 is -Cl.
  • spacer refers to a divalent group that connects two components of a molecule.
  • Exemplary spacers include alkylene, a heteroalkylene, a heterocycloalkylene, an alkenylene, an alkynylene, an arylene, a heteroarylene, an arylalkylene, and a heteroarylalkylene, wherein the alkylene, heteroalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylalkylene, or heteroarylalkylene may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkyl as used herein, means a straight chained or branched C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon or a cyclic C 3 -C 20 hydrocarbon that is completely saturated. Alkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkylene refers to an alkyl group that has at least two points of attachment to at least two moieties (e.g., methylene, ethylene, isopropylene, etc.).
  • Alkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Alkenyl groups are straight chained or branched C 2 -C 20 hydrocarbon or a cyclic C 3 -C 20 hydrocarbon that have one or more double bonds. Alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An "alkenylene” refers to an alkenyl group that has two points of attachment to at least two moieties. Alkenylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Alkynyl groups are straight chained or branched C 2 -C 20 hydrocarbon or a cyclic C 3 -C 20 hydrocarbon that have one or more triple bonds. Alkynyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An "alkynylene” refers to an alkynyl group that has two points of attachment to at least two moieties. Alkynylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heteroalkylene refers to a group having the formula -X- ⁇ (alkylene)-X ⁇ q -, wherein X is -O-, -NR 1 -, or -S-; and q is an integer form 1 to 10.
  • R 1 is a hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Heteroalkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • aryl refers to carbocyclic aromatic groups such as phenyl.
  • Aryl groups also include fused polycyclic aromatic ring systems in which a carbocyclic aromatic ring is fused to another carbocyclic aromatic ring (e.g., 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthracyl, 2- anthracyl, etc.) or in which a carbocylic aromatic ring is fused to one or more carbocyclic non-aromatic rings (e.g., tetrahydronaphthylene, indan, etc.).
  • Aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An "arylene” refers to an aryl group that has at least two points of attachment to at least two moieties (e.g., phenylene, etc.).
  • Arylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • arylalkyl refers to an aryl group that is attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker.
  • Arylalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. When an arylalkylene is substituted, the substituents may be on either the aromatic ring or the alkylene portion of the arylalkyl.
  • arylalkylene group refers to an arylalkyl group that has at least two points of attachment to at least two moieties. The second points of attachment can be on either the aromatic ring or the alkylene.
  • An arylalkylene may be substituted or unsubstituted. When an arylalkylene is substituted, the substituents may be on either the aromatic ring or the alkylene portion of the arylalkylene.
  • heteroaryl means an aromatic heterocycle which contains 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
  • a heteroaryl may be fused to one or two rings, such as a cycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkyl, an aryl, or a heteroaryl.
  • the point of attachment of a heteroaryl to a molecule may be on the heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or aryl ring, and the heteroaryl group may be attached through carbon or a heteroatom.
  • heteroaryl groups include imidazolyl, foryl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyriniidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolyl, isoquniolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, indolizinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, indolyl, tetrahydroindolyl, azaindolyl, imidazopyrid,
  • heteroarylene refers to an heteroaryl group that has at least two points of attachment to at least two moieties. Heteroarylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heteroarylalkyl group refers to an heteroaryl group that is attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker. Heteroarylalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. When a heteroarylalkylene is substituted, the substituents may be on either the aromatic ring or the alkylene portion of the heteroarylalkyl. Heteroarylalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heteroarylalkylene refers to an heteroarylalkyl group that has at least two points of attachment to at least two moieties. Heteroarylalkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic ring which contains one or more, for example, one to four, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur (e.g., morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, and thiomorpholine). Heterocycloalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heterocycloalkylene refers to a heterocycloalkyl that has at least two points of attachment to at least two moieties. Heterocycloalkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Suitable substituents for an alkyl, an alkylene, an alkenyl, an alkenylene, an alkynyl, an alkynylene, a heteroalkyl, a heteroalkylene, a heterocycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkylene group, an aryl, an arylene group, an arylalkyl, an arylalkylene, a heteroaryl, a heteroarylene, a heteroarylalkyl, and a heteroaryalkylene groups include any substituent that is stable under the reaction conditions used in the method of the invention.
  • substituents include an aryl (e.g., phenyl), an arylalkyl (e.g., benzyl), nitro, cyano, halo (e.g., fluorine, chlorine and bromine), alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, etc.) haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl), alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, etc.), hydroxy, -NR 3 R 4 , -NR 3 C(O)R 5 , -C(O)NR 3 R 4 , -C(O)R 3 , -C(O)OR 3 , -OC(O)R 5 , wherein R 3 and R 4 for each occurrence are, independently, -H, an alkyl, an aryl, or an arylalkyl; and R 5 for each occurrence is, independently, an alkyl
  • a heteroalkylene, a heterocycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkylene, a heteroaryl, or a heteroarylene group may contain a nitrogen atom, it may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the nitrogen may be a quaternary nitrogen.
  • nucleic acids refers to a polymer of nucleotides.
  • a nucleic acid comprises at least three nucleotides.
  • the polymer may include natural nucleosides (/. e. , adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxycytidine) or modified nucleosides.
  • modified nucleotides include base modified nucleoside ⁇ e.g., aracytidine, inosine, isoguanosine, nebularine, pseudouridine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-aminopurine, 2-thiothymidine, 3-deaza-5- azacytidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, 3-nitorpyrrole, 4-methylindole, 4-thiouridine, A- thiothymidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, 2-thiouridine, 5-bromocytidine, 5- iodouridine, inosine, 6-azaui ⁇ dine, 6-chloropurine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7- deazaguanosine, 8-azaadenosine, 8-azidoadenosine, benzimidazole, Ml- methyladenosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 2-a
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • a PNA can bind specifically to a nucleic acid or another PNA that has a complementary sequence of at least three consecutive bases, for example, six consecutive bases, to the sequence of the PNA.
  • the PNA is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% complementary to the nucleic acid or second PNA.
  • attractive force is a force that draws two or more molecules together. Examples of attractive forces include attraction of a molecule having a net positive charge to a molecule having a net negative charge, dipole-dipole attraction, and magnetic attraction.
  • bind or “bound” includes both covalent and non-covalent associations, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, electrostatic interactions, magnetic interactions, covalent bonds, and van der Waals bonds.
  • recognition component is a component of a molecule that can bind specifically to another molecule.
  • Specific binding is when a recognition component of a molecule binds one or more other molecule or complex, with specificity sufficient to differentiate between the molecule or complex and other components or contaminants of a sample.
  • Molecules that include recognition components and their targets are conventional and are not described here in detail. Techniques for preparing and utilizing such systems are well known in the art and are exemplified in the publication of Tijssen, P., "Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Practice and theoriess of Enzyme Immunoassays" (1988), eds. Burdon and Knippenberg, New York:Elsevier, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein.
  • Exemplary recognition components and their targets include nucleic acid/complementary nucleic acid, antigen/antibody, antigen/antibody fragment, avidin/biotin, streptavidin/biotin, protein A/I g , lectin/carbohydrate and aptamer/target.
  • aptamer refers to a non-naturally occurring nucleic acid that binds selectively to a target.
  • the nucleic acid that forms the aptamer may be composed of naturally occurring nucleosides, modified nucleosides, naturally occurring nucleosides with hydrocarbon linkers (e.g., an alkylene) or a polyether linker (e.g., a PEG linker) inserted between one or more nucleosides, modified nucleosides with hydrocarbon or PEG linkers inserted between one or more nucleosides, or a combination of thereof.
  • hydrocarbon linkers e.g., an alkylene
  • a polyether linker e.g., a PEG linker
  • nucleotides or modified nucleotides of the nucleic acid ligand can be replaced with a hydrocarbon linker or a polyether linker provided that the binding affinity and selectivity of the nucleic acid ligand is not substantially reduced by the substitution (e.g., the dissociation constant of the aptamer for the target should not be greater than about 1 x 10 "6 M).
  • the target molecule of a aptamer is a three dimensional chemical structure that binds to the aptamer.
  • the aptamer is not simply a linear complementary sequence of a nucleic acid target but may include regions that bind via complementary Watson-Crick base pairing interrupted by other structures such as hairpin loops).
  • Targets of aptamers include peptide, polypeptide, carbohydrate and nucleic acid molecules.
  • the method of the invention involves stamping of molecular patterns and/or devices based on the reversible self-assembly of molecules, particularly organic molecules.
  • This method is suitable for the stamping of almost any nanofabricated device, inorganic and/or organic, and can be used to transferring a large amount of information from one substrate to another.
  • the working principle of this technique is completely different from any present nanofabrication technique.
  • a master that includes a substrate having a first set of molecules bound to at least one surface in a pattern, is used to induce the assembly of a second set of molecules via reversible supra-molecular chemistry (e.g., hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, magnetic interactions, or a combination thereof).
  • reversible supra-molecular chemistry e.g., hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, magnetic interactions, or a combination thereof.
  • substantially irreversible means that the second set of molecules are attached to the surface of the substrate by bonds that are stable under conditions that will break the bonds between the first and the second set of molecules.
  • Supra-molecular bonds may be exploited as a mechanism for shape-transfer; this avoids the need for mechanical contact between the master and the substrate being stamped, and thus constitutes a major departure from nano-imprinting developed by Chou and co-workers. This method is tailor-made to transfer organic patterns reliably.
  • the use of organic molecules allows a great number of variations and enables the transfer of multiple surface features at the same time. Referring to Fig.
  • the method of forming a complement image of a master involves providing a master 10 that comprises a first set of molecules 12 bound to a first substrate 14 to form a pattern.
  • the first set of molecules 12 may include a spacer 11 and a recognition component 13.
  • a second set of molecules 16 is assembled on the first set of molecules via bond formation.
  • the second set of molecules comprises a reactive functional group 18 and a recognition component 20 that binds to the recognition component 13 of the first set of molecules 12 (see Fig. 2, which provides a blowup of the second set of molecules bound to the first set of molecules).
  • the reactive functional group 18 of the second set of molecules 16 is then contacted with a surface of a second substrate 22.
  • the reactive functional group reacts with the surface of the second substrate to form a bond between the second set of molecules and the second substrate.
  • the remaining exposed surface of the second substrate may be further contacted with another group of molecules 24 that each have a reactive functional group, such as an alkane having a thiol substituent, e.g., mercaptohexanol, that can bind to the surface in order to cover the exposed surface of the second substrate.
  • a reactive functional group such as an alkane having a thiol substituent, e.g., mercaptohexanol
  • a lateral dimension of at least one feature of the complement image less 200 nm or less, for example, lOOnm or less, 50 nm or less, or 20nm or less.
  • the second set of molecules may also include one or more of the following components: an exposed functionality 28; a covalent bond or a first spacer 30 that links the reactive functional group to the recognition component; and a covalent bond or a second spacer (need figure) that links the exposed functionality to the recognition component.
  • the second set of molecules may include two or more different molecules.
  • two or more molecules of the second set of molecules may have different recognition components, such as different nucleic acid sequences, or two or more molecules of the second set of molecules may have both different recognition components and different exposed functionalities.
  • one or more molecules from the first set of molecules determines where each of the molecules from the second set of molecules binds.
  • the two or more different molecules of the second set of molecules form a pattern on the second substrate having a profile that includes two or more heights.
  • molecules in the second set of molecules may include spacers 30 of two or more different lengths. The difference in the length of the spacers may cause the molecular image transferred to the second substrate to vary by height.
  • the second set of molecules is assembled on the first set of molecules by contacting the master with a solution comprising the second set of molecules.
  • the master is held in contact with the second substrate by capillary action of the solution containing the second set of molecules.
  • a mechanical force for example, from 10 "3 Pa, to 1 GPa,may also be applied to hold the two substrates together.
  • the force may be on the order of about 10 "3 Pa, 1 Pa, 1 K Pa, 1 M Pa or 1 G Pa.
  • the solution containing the second set of molecules is then slowly evaporated causing the master and the second substrate to come closer together and facilitating binding of the second set of molecules to the second substrate.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules may be formed by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, magnetic interactions, pi-bond interactions, or a combination thereof.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by applying heat.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by contacting the bonds with a solution having a high ionic strength or a polar solvent.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by contacting the bonds with a solution having a high ionic strength and applying heat.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by contacting them with a solution containing an enzyme that breaks the bonds.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules can be broken without breaking most of the bonds between the second set of molecules and the second substrate.
  • the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules may be a group that can bind to the surface of the second substrate.
  • the surface of the second substrate may be gold, silver, copper, cadmium, zinc, palladium, platinum, mercury, lead, iron, chromium, manganese, tungsten, or mixtures or alloys of any of these.
  • reactive functional group is a group that can react to form a bond with a surface of a substrate.
  • the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is a silane or a chlorosilane
  • the surface of the second substrate is doped or undoped silicon, glass, fused silica, or any substrate with an oxidized surface, for example, silica, alumina, calcium phosphate ceramics, and hydroxylated polymers.
  • Non-hydroxylated surfaces may be plasma etched to create oxidized groups that can react with silanes.
  • the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is a carboxylic acid, and the surface of the second substrate is an oxide, such as silica, alumina, quartz, or glass, or an oxidized polymeric surface.
  • the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is a nitrile or an isonitrile, and the surface of the second substrate is platinum, palladium or any alloy thereof.
  • the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is a hydroxamic acid, and the surface of the second substrate is copper or aluminum. Phosphonic acids may also be used to attach the second set of molecules to aluminum substrates.
  • each of the molecules of the first set of molecules include a recognition component (how long?) that binds to one or more molecules of the second set of molecules.
  • each of the molecules of the first set of molecules may include a recognition component that is a nucleic acid sequence.
  • each of the first set of molecules includes a nucleic acid sequence, for example, DNA, RNA, modified nucleic acid sequences or combinations of these, and the recognition component of the second set of molecules is a nucleic acid sequence.
  • the nucleic acid recognition component of each of the second set of molecules may be complementary to at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence of at least one of the molecules from the first set of molecules.
  • three or more consecutive nucleic acid bases, e.g., six or more nucleic acid bases, of a molecule from the second set of molecules are complementary with three or more consecutive nucleic acid bases, e.g., six or more nucleic acid bases, of a molecule from the first set of molecules.
  • at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the nucleotides on the first set of molecules are complementary to those molecules from the second set of molecules to which they are bound.
  • the second set of molecules will hybridize with molecules from the first set of molecules that have a complementary sequence, or a portion thereof, to the nucleic acid recognition component of the second set of molecules.
  • the first set of molecules bound to the master is contacted with a solution of the second set of molecules under conditions that promote hybridization.
  • Conditions that promote hybridization are known to those skilled in the art. A general description of hybridization conditions are discussed in Ausebel, F. M., et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc, and Wiley- Interscience, 1989, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Factors such as sequence length, base composition, percent mismatch between the hybridizing sequences, temperature and ionic strength influence the stability of nucleic acid hybrids.
  • the first set of molecules includes two or more different molecules that have recognition components that are different nucleic acid sequences.
  • the second set of molecules includes molecules that have a nucleic acid sequence, or a portion thereof, that is complementary to at least one of the molecules of the first set of molecules.
  • hydrogen bonds between hybridized molecules from the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by contacting the hydrogen bonds with an enzyme.
  • an enzyme from the helicase family of enzymes may be use to break the bonds between hybridized nucleic acid molecules.
  • Various helicases have been reported to dehybridize double stranded oligonucleotides. For example, E. coli Rep, E. coli DnaB, E.
  • coli UvrD also known as Helicase II
  • E. coli RecBCD also known as Helicase II
  • E. coli RecQ bacteriophage T7 DNA helicase, human RECQL series
  • WRN(RECQ2) BLM(RECQL3)
  • RECQL4 RECQL5
  • S. Pombe rqhl C. elegance T04A11.6
  • Helicases can be divided into two types: 1) helicases that move along the nucleic acid strand in the 3' direction, and 2) helicases that more along the nucleic acid strand in the 5' direction.
  • the particular type of helicase used to break the hydrogen bonds between the hybrided nucleic acids are selected by considering structural hindrance of the particular hybridized nucleic acids.
  • Cofactors that stabilize single stranded DNA such as single stranded DNA binding protein (SSB), may be added.
  • SSB single stranded DNA binding protein
  • restriction endonuclease Another method of breaking the bonds between two hybridized nucleic acids is to use a restriction endonuclease, which recognizes a specific base sequence and cleaves both strands at a specific location in the nucleic acid sequence.
  • restriction endonucleases include BamHI, EcoRI, and BstXI.
  • Other methods of dehybridazition of nucleic acids using enzymes can be found in Lubert Stryer , Biochemistry, 4th Edition; Benjamin Lewin, Gene VII; Kristen Moore Picha and Smita S. Patel, "Bacteriophage T7 DNA Helicase Binds dTTP, Forms Hexamers, and Binds DNA in the Absence of Mg2+," J Biol. Chem.
  • a component of each of the first set of molecules is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence and the recognition component of the second set of molecules is a PNA sequence.
  • a component of each of the molecules from the first set of molecules is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence and the recognition component of the second set of molecules is a nucleic acid sequence, or vice versa.
  • PNA molecules hybridize to other PNA molecules and to nucleic acid sequences in a manner similar to that of nucleic acid hybridization to other nucleic acid.
  • At least one or more molecule from the second set of molecules must have at least three consecutive bases, e.g., six consecutive bases, that are complementary to at least three consecutive bases, e.g., six consecutive bases, of a molecule from the first set of molecules.
  • at least 80%, at least 9%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the nucleotides on the first set of molecules are complementary to those molecules from the second set of molecules to which they are bound.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by applying heat, by contacting the bonds with a solution having a high ionic strength or polarity, by applying a magnetic or electric field, or any combination of the above.
  • the molecules When a set of molecules binds to the surface of a substrate, the molecules may fold or stack against one another such that a portion of the molecule will be exposed at the surface of the substrate.
  • the exposed functionality may be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or an amphipathic functionality.
  • the exposed functionality may be a functionality that selectively binds various biological or other chemical species such as proteins, antibodies, antigens, sugars and other carbohydrates, and the like.
  • the exposed functionality may comprise a member of any specific or non-specific binding pair, such as either member of the following non-limiting list: antibody/antigen, antibody/hapten, enzyme/substrate, enzyme/inhibitor, enzyme/cofactor, binding protein/substrate, carrier protein/substrate, lectin/carbohydrate, receptor/hormone, receptor/effector, complementary strands of nucleic acid, repressor/inducer, or the like.
  • Other examples of exposed functionalities include but are not limited to -OH, -CONH-, -CONHCO-, -NH 2 , -NH-, -COOH,
  • the exposed functionality may include a protecting group which may be removed to effect further modification of the complement image or the reproduction of the master.
  • a photoremovable protecting group may be used.
  • positive light-reactive groups are known in the art, for example, nitroaromatic compounds such as o-nitrobenzyl derivatives or benzylsulfonyl.
  • Photoremovable protective groups are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, as well as Patchornik, JACS, 92:6333 (1970) and Amit et al, JOC, 39:192, (1974), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the complement image may be further modified by binding the exposed functional group of at least one of the second set of molecules to a metal or a metal ion.
  • the exposed functional group may include an amine, amide, nitrosyl, cyano, carbonyl, thiol, thiocarbonyl, selenocarbonyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or cyclopentadiene group at their end, or a linear or cyclic organic group having one or more double bonds or a conjugated pi system.
  • These groups may be coordinated with atoms or ions of metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, gold, silver, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, sodium, platinum, palladium, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, magnesium, rhenium, ruthenium, and osmium.
  • metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, gold, silver, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, sodium, platinum, palladium, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, magnesium, rhenium, ruthenium, and osmium.
  • the second set of molecules may be modified to attach an appropriate chelating group to at least a portion of the molecules.
  • a porphyrin or corrin ring may be attached to at least a portion of the second set of molecules using the same coupling chemistries described below for attaching the recognition component of the second set of molecules to a spacer.
  • the second set of molecules may include a peptide sequence or a section of an enzyme or other protein whose function is to bind a metal atom or ion.
  • a metal atom or ion may be coordinated to functional groups on two, three, or more of the second set of molecules.
  • the first and second spacers of the first and second sets of molecules may be independently selected from the group consisting of an alkylene, a heteroalkylene, a heterocycloalkylene, an alkenylene, an alkynylene, an arylene, a heteroarylene, arylalkylene, and aheteroarylalkylene.
  • the alkylene, heteroalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylalkylene, and heteroarylalkylene spacers may be substituted or unsubstituted. In one embodiment, either the first or the second spacers, or both the first and the second spacers are substituted with one or more halogen and/or hydroxy.
  • the substrate that is being deposited is fabricated with a spacer anchored to the substrate by a silane or other reactive functional group.
  • the end of the spacer includes a reactive group such as epoxy or carboxylate.
  • the recognition component 20 of the second set of molecules includes a reactive group that reacts with the reactive group on the spacer to create a covalent bond between the spacer and the recognition component.
  • the recognition component may be an amine-terminated molecule, e.g., amine-terminated DNA.
  • Carboxyl-terminated molecules also react with epoxy groups to form an anhydride.
  • reaction conditions may be selected to maintain the stability of the recognition component. For example, while some recognition components are not stable with respect to heat or particular solvents, they may be stable with respect to short exposures (e.g., a few hours) to such conditions.
  • the reactive groups on the ends of the second set of molecules and the spacer do not react with themselves to prevent the spacers or the molecules being deposited from attaching to one another instead of linking the second set of molecules to the substrate.
  • the master may be prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art (see Xia, et al, Chem. Rev. (1999), 99: 1823- 1848, the entire teachings of which are incorporated by reference).
  • the method of forming the master may be a nanopatterning method.
  • the master is prepared by forming a pattern of one or more metals, metal oxides, or combinations thereof on a surface of a substrate using electron beam lithography. The surface of the substrate is then contacted with a first set of molecules.
  • each of the first set of molecules has a reactive functional group that forms a bond between the metal or metal oxide and the molecules of the first set of molecules, so that the first set of molecules binds to the substrate forming a master having a first set of molecules bound to the substrate to form a pattern.
  • the reactive groups and substrate materials used to form the master may be the same or different than those used to pattern the second set of molecules.
  • the master can be prepared using dip pen nanolithography.
  • Methods of preparing molecularly patterned substrates using dip pen nanolithography are described in Schwartz, Langmuir (2002), 75:4041-4046 and in Piner, et al, Science (1999), 255:661-663, the entire teachings of both references are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the master can be prepared using replacement lithography, nanoshading or nanografting. These methods are described in Sun, et al, JACS (2002), 124(11):2414-2415; Amro, et al, Langmuir (2000), 15:3006-3009; Liu, et al, Nano Letters (2002), 2(8):863-867; and Liu, et al, Acc. Chem. Res. (2000), 55:457-466; the entire teachings of these references are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Another embodiment is a lithographic method in which at least one portion of the second substrate surface is free of the second set of molecules.
  • the exposed surface of the second substrate is contacted with a reactant selected to be chemically inert to the second set of molecules, which acts as a resist, and to degrade at least the surface layer of the second substrate, thereby degrading the portion of the surface of the second substrate that is free of the second set of molecules.
  • the reactant is a reactive ion etching compound.
  • the second set of molecules is then removed to uncover a portion of the surface of the second substrate.
  • At least one portion of the second substrate surface is free of the second set of molecules, and a material is deposited on the portion of the second substrate surface that is free of the second set of molecules.
  • deposited material include semiconductors, dielectrics, metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, and combinations thereof.
  • the second set of molecules is then removed to uncover a portion of the surface of the second substrate.
  • the method of forming a complement image of a master involves assembling a second set of molecules via attractive forces on the first set of molecules.
  • attractive forces include attraction of a molecule having a net positive charge to a molecule having a net negative charge, dipole-dipole attraction, and magnetic attraction.
  • the attractive force is a magnetic force.
  • one or more molecules from the first set of molecules and from the second set of molecules include an iron or iron oxide component.
  • the attractive forces between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules can be broken by applying a magnetic field.
  • the method involves forming a reproduction of a master, or a portion thereof.
  • the master used in this embodiment of the method of the invention comprises a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern.
  • a second set of molecules is assembled on the first set of molecules via bond formation.
  • the second set of molecules comprises a reactive functional group and a recognition component that binds to the first set of molecules.
  • the reactive functional group of the second set of molecules is then contacted with a surface of a second substrate.
  • the reactive functional group reacts with the surface of the second substrate to form a bond between the second set of molecules and the second substrate.
  • the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are then broken, and the second set of molecules bound to the second substrate forms a complement image of the master.
  • a third set of molecules is then assembled via bond formation on the second set of molecules of the complement image.
  • Each molecule in the third set of molecules comprises a reactive functional group, and a recognition component that binds to the second set of molecules.
  • the reactive functional group of the third set of molecules is then contacted with a surface of a third substrate.
  • the surface of the third substrate reacts with the reactive functional group of the third set of molecules to form a bond between the third set of molecules and the third substrate.
  • the bonds between the second set of molecules and the third set of molecules are then broken, and the third set of molecules bound to the third substrate form a reproduction of the pattern, or portion thereof, of the master.
  • a lateral dimension of at least one feature of the reproduction is 200 nm or less, for example, 100 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 20 nm or less.
  • the method of forming a reproduction is the same as that used to form a complement image except that the complement image of the master is used as a template (or "master") to transfer the pattern to the third substrates.
  • the embodiments and examples disclosed above for the second set of molecules and the second substrate apply as well to the third set of molecules and the third substrate, respectively.
  • the invention relates to a molecular printer for generating a complement image of a master, wherein the master has a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate.
  • the molecular printer includes a device for delivering a solution of a second set of molecules to a surface of the master, and a device for contacting the second set of molecules with a second substrate.
  • the second set of molecules comprises a reactive functional group; and a recognition component that binds to the first set of molecules, we need some details on this
  • the apparatus may include one or more reservoirs that contain the second set of molecules and one or more vessels or components for holding a master in position for delivery of the solution containing the second set of molecules.
  • the apparatus may include a computer-controlled device for transferring the solution of the second set of molecules from the reservoirs to the surface using the master.
  • a clamp that secures the master to the second substrate may also be included in the apparatus.
  • the temperature of the solution of the second set of molecules and the vessel containing the master may also be controlled.
  • the apparatus may also include a reservoir containing a solution for breaking the bonds between the first and the second molecules, such as a solution having a high ionic strength or a solution containing an enzyme that will break the bonds, and a device for delivering the solution.
  • a heating element may be used to heat a solution in contact with the bound first and second sets of molecules to break the bonds.
  • the computer-controlled devices for transferring solutions and controlling temperature may be any of a variety of general purpose laboratory robots, such as those disclosed by Harrison et al, Biotechniques, 14: 88-97 (1993); Fujita et al, Biotechniques, 9: 584-591 (1990); Wada et al, Rev. Set lustrum., 54: 1569-1572 (1983), the entire teachings of all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Suitable laboratory robots are also available commercially, e.g. Applied Biosystems model 800 Catalyst (Foster City, Calif.).
  • the apparatus also includes a device for separating the second substrate from the master after the bonds between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules have been broken.
  • AU glassware was cleaned with a solution of 75% H 2 SO 4 and 25%H 2 O 2 before use. All water used was ultrapure water (18M ⁇ /cm).
  • the primary DNA 5'-/5-ThiolMC6-D/ACG CAA CTT CGG GCT CTT - 3', were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT), Coraville, IA. AU DNA strands were used as received from the manufacturer.
  • the primary DNA was dissolved in water at the concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL and divided into smaller aliquots of 50 ⁇ L, and stored at -2O 0 C. When a portion of this solution was used, an aliquot was reduced by placing it in a 40 niM buffer solution (0.17 M sodium phosphate, pH 8 ) having dithiothreitol (DTT) for 16 hr.
  • the oligonucleotides were separated from the by-products of the DTT reaction using size exclusion chromatography (NAP 10 column from Pharmacia Biotech) following the manufacturer's instructions. 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was used to equilibrate the column and to elute the oligonucleotides. The concentration of the resulting DNA solution was calculated from the absorbance of the solution at 260 nm. In the case of primary DNA (i.e., the DNA used to form the master), IM potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.8) was added to the DNA solution to increase the ionic strength of the solution. The final concentration of DNA was 4-5 ⁇ M.
  • IM NaCl in TE buffer (1 OmM Tris buffer pH 7.2 and ImM EDTA) was added to increase the ionic strength of the solution.
  • the secondary DNA used was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT), Coraville, IA and had the following structure 5'-/5ThiolMC6-D/AAG AGC CCG AAG TTG CGT - 3'.
  • Clean and atomically flat gold on mica was used as a substrate.
  • This substrate was placed in the primary DNA solution prepared above for 5 days to allow the DNA to bind to the surface of the substrate.
  • the substrate was. rinsed with IM potassium phosphate buffer 2 times and with water 5 times.
  • the substrate was exposed to 1 mM spacer thiol, 6-mercapto-l-hexanol, aqueous solution for 2 hr to minimize nonspecific adsorption of single-stranded DNA, then rinsed with water 5 times.
  • the master prepared in step B was dipped into the secondary DNA solution for 2 hours to allow the complementary DNA to hybridize to the DNA bound to the master.
  • the substrate was rinsed with IM NaCl in TE buffer 2 times and with water 5 times.
  • a second clean gold on mica substrate was placed in contact with the master so that the two gold surfaces were facing each other and had a small amount of water in between them.
  • a small mechanical force was applied to push the two substrates together.
  • the spacing between the surfaces decreased due to increasing capillary attraction forces. Consequently, thiol groups of secondary DNA approached the second substrate and bound to it.
  • the substrates were dipped into IM NaCl in TE buffer solution (7O 0 C) for 20 min.
  • the substrates i.e., the master and the complement image
  • the coverage of the first substrate surface with DNA was complete.
  • the thorough coverage made AFM imaging difficult due to strong interaction between monolayer and a tip.
  • the layer transferred to the second substrate also had complete coverage.
  • Example 2 Pattern Transfer of Gold Grid An AFM calibration gold grid was dipped in 4 ⁇ M solution of the primary DNA molecules described in Example 1 for 5 days to generate a patterned master. The master was exposed to 1 mM 6-mercapto-l-hexanol aqueous solution for 2 hr to minimize nonspecific adsorption of single-stranded DNA, then rinsed with water 5 times and air-dried. The master was then exposed to a 6 ⁇ M solution of the secondary DNA described in Example 1 for 2 hours so that hybridization occurred. A second substrate of gold on mica was placed on the master so that the two gold surfaces were facing each other and had a small amount of water in between them. A small mechanical force was applied to force the two substrates together.
  • the substrates were dipped into IM NaCl in TE buffer solution (7O 0 C) for 20 min.
  • the two substrates i.e., master and the complement image
  • Both the master and the complement image were imaged using AFM tapping mode (see Figs. 4A and 4B, respectively).
  • Example 3 Fabrication of a DNA Chip
  • a master is prepared using Dip Pen Nanolithography, as described in Demer, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2001), 40: 3071-3073, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a surface of a gold on mica substrate is contacted with a 1 mM solution of 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) in ethanol for 5 min. to cover the exposed gold surface with ODT molecules.
  • ODT 1-octadecanethiol
  • the substrate is then immersed in a 1 mM solution of 1,16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) and the tip of an atomic force microscope is used to displace ODT molecules bound to the surface by contacting the surface with a force of about 0.5 nN making a 100 nm dot .
  • MHA 1,16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid
  • the carboxylic acid groups of the MHA are activated with a 10 mg/niL solution of l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminoproppyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) in 0.1 M morpholine/ethanesulfonic acid at pH 4.5, and then rinsed with a solution of 0.1M sodium borate/boric acid buffer, pH 9.5.
  • EDAC l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminoproppyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • EDAC l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminoproppyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • the master is used to print a complement image array of DNA sequences on a second substrate in which each DNA sequence is complementary to one of the DNA molecules on the master and is located at a position on the second substrate that is a mirror image of its complementary sequence on the master.
  • the complement image array is prepared by modifying a set of DNA molecules that includes all of the DNA molecules that are complementary to the DNA molecules on the master with a hexyl thiol linker.
  • the thiol modified DNA molecules are placed in a phosphate buffer having a pH of 6.8 and 1 M NaCl.
  • the master is immersed in the solution containing the thiol modified DNA molecules for 2 hrs, then master is removed from the solution and rinsed with 1 M NaCl in TE buffer once and with water five times.
  • a second clean gold on mica substrate is placed in contact with the master so that the two gold surfaces are facing each other and have a small amount of water in between them.
  • a small mechanical force is applied to push the two substrates together.
  • the spacing between the surfaces decreases due to increasing capillary attraction forces. Consequently, thiol groups of the thiol modified DNA molecules approach the second substrate and bind to it.
  • the substrates are dipped into IM NaCl in TE buffer solution (7O 0 C) for 20 min. The substrates spontaneously separate and are rinsed with IM NaCl in TE buffer 2 times and with water five times, then allowed to air dry.
  • the master can be used to prepare one or more additional complement images.
  • a DNA chip is purchased and used as a primary master.
  • the DNA chip has a 12 x 12 square array in which each square is 300 nm x 300 nm and has a different DNA sequence attached to a substrate for a total of 144 different DNA sequences.
  • the 300 nm x 300 nm squares are spaced 100 nm apart along the x- and y-axis of the surface of the substrate.
  • the master is used to print a 12 x 12 complement image array of DNA sequences on a second substrate in which each DNA sequence is complementary to one of the DNA molecules on the master and is located at a position on the second substrate that is a mirror image of its complementary sequence on the master.
  • a set of DNA molecules that includes all of the DNA molecules that are complementary to the DNA molecules on the master i.e., 144 different complementary DNA sequences
  • the thiol modified DNA molecules are placed in a phosphate buffer having a pH of 6.8 and 1 M NaCl.
  • the master is immersed in the solution containing the thiol modified DNA molecules for 2 hrs, then master is removed from the solution and rinsed with 1 M NaCl in TE buffer once and with water five times.
  • a clean gold on mica substrate is placed in contact with the master so that the gold surface of the new substrate is facing the 12 x 12 array of DNA molecules.
  • a small amount of water is in between the two surfaces.
  • a small mechanical force is applied to push the two substrates together.
  • the spacing between the surfaces decreases due to increasing capillary attraction forces. Consequently, thiol groups of the thiol modified DNA molecules approach the second substrate and bind to it.
  • the substrates are dipped into IM NaCl in TE buffer solution (7O 0 C) for 20 min. The substrates spontaneously separate and are rinsed with IM NaCl in TE buffer 2 times and with water five times, then allowed to air dry.
  • the complement image has a 12 x 12 array of DNA molecules that are complementary to the DNA molecules on the master.
  • the master can be used to prepare one or more additional complement image arrays following the same procedure.
  • the primary master can be replicated one or more times by following the procedure, as described above, except that the complement image is used in place of the master and a third set of 144 DNA molecules having the same sequences as the DNA molecules on the primary master and modified with a hexyl thiol linker is assembled on the complement image.
  • a third substrate of gold on mica is then brought in contact with the complement image as described above for the primary master and the second substrate.
  • the third set of DNA bound to the third substrate and separated from the complement image is a replica of the primary master.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'estampage de motifs moléculaires et/ou de dispositifs basés sur l'auto-assemblage réversible de molécules, notamment de molécules organiques. Ce procédé permet d'estamper pratiquement tout dispositif nanofabriqué et peut être utilisé pour le transfert simultané d'une grande quantité d'informations d'un substrat à un autre.
EP05825476A 2005-04-12 2005-04-12 Impression par nanocontact Withdrawn EP1877245A4 (fr)

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TW200715062A (en) * 2005-07-28 2007-04-16 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Composition and use thereof
DE102007024653A1 (de) 2007-05-26 2008-12-04 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh Stempel für das Mikrokontaktdrucken und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
ITBO20070627A1 (it) * 2007-09-14 2009-03-15 Twof Inc Metodo per la preparazione di dna microarray con sonde ad alta densita' lineare
ITTO20090860A1 (it) * 2009-11-10 2011-05-11 Molecular Stamping S R L Metodo per realizzare microarray a lunghi oligonucleotidi e microarray a lunghi oligonucleotidi
GB201108041D0 (en) * 2011-05-13 2011-06-29 Univ Portsmouth Method
KR102355113B1 (ko) 2014-03-28 2022-01-24 린텍 가부시키가이샤 보호막 형성용 필름 및 보호막이 형성된 반도체 칩의 제조 방법
EP3183577B1 (fr) * 2014-08-21 2020-08-19 Illumina Cambridge Limited Fonctionnalisation de surface réversible
EP3147708B1 (fr) * 2015-08-21 2018-11-28 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Compositions photosensibles, leurs procédés de préparation et composites polymères à points quantiques préparés à partir de ceux-ci
KR102149907B1 (ko) * 2016-03-03 2020-08-31 어플라이드 머티어리얼스, 인코포레이티드 주기적 공기-물 노출에 의한 개선된 자기-조립 단분자층 차단
KR20210006976A (ko) 2018-05-15 2021-01-19 바이오카피 게엠베하 마이크로어레이 변환기
DE102021109811B3 (de) 2021-04-19 2022-09-22 Biocopy Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von Komplex-Arrays

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WO2000027521A1 (fr) * 1998-11-06 2000-05-18 Solexa Ltd. Procede permettant de reproduire des reseaux moleculaires
US20020022275A1 (en) * 1998-11-27 2002-02-21 Furste Jens Peter Cloning and copying on surfaces
US20040028814A1 (en) * 1999-01-07 2004-02-12 Northwestern University Methods utilizing scanning probe microscope tips and products therefor or produced thereby
WO2004031366A2 (fr) * 2002-10-02 2004-04-15 New Light Industries, Ltd Procede de production et systeme de reproduction en sortie pour ensembles biopolymeres

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WO2000027521A1 (fr) * 1998-11-06 2000-05-18 Solexa Ltd. Procede permettant de reproduire des reseaux moleculaires
US20020022275A1 (en) * 1998-11-27 2002-02-21 Furste Jens Peter Cloning and copying on surfaces
US20040028814A1 (en) * 1999-01-07 2004-02-12 Northwestern University Methods utilizing scanning probe microscope tips and products therefor or produced thereby
WO2004031366A2 (fr) * 2002-10-02 2004-04-15 New Light Industries, Ltd Procede de production et systeme de reproduction en sortie pour ensembles biopolymeres

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HK1121719A1 (en) 2009-04-30
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WO2006112815A3 (fr) 2006-12-14
WO2006112815A2 (fr) 2006-10-26
JP2008538410A (ja) 2008-10-23
KR101205937B1 (ko) 2012-11-28
AU2005330718B2 (en) 2011-05-12
JP4954196B2 (ja) 2012-06-13
CN101218089A (zh) 2008-07-09
EP1877245A4 (fr) 2012-08-15
IL186468A0 (en) 2008-01-20
IL186468A (en) 2013-02-28
KR20080016551A (ko) 2008-02-21

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